Kuliah 4 - Sorotan Literatur

8/11/2019 Kuliah 4 - Sorotan Literatur

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Mengenai maksud sorotan literatur danmenjelaskan kepentingannya.

Dapat mengenalpasti bahan rujukan yang

sesuai untuk membuat sorotan literatur Mengetahui langkah-langkah untuk

memulakan sorotan literatur

Menulis sorotan literatur


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Is like a summary of all the

other researches that have thesame topic interest


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Ringkasan penulisan daripada rujukan

Menjelaskan maklumat semasa dan selepas kajian

Disusunkan menjadi tajuk-tajuk Laporan bahan rujukan berdasarkan tema atau kajian

individu

Dokumen yang diperlukan untuk melaksanakan kajian

anda Mengkaji kajian-kajian berkaitan bagi mengenalpasti

sejauh mana sesuatu masalah yang diminati telah

dikaji.

Meninjau semula sesuatu sumber bahan bertulis,termasuk laporan-laporan hasil kajian yang lepas

yang telah dilakukan sebelum ini.


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is a body of text that aims to review thecritical points of current knowledge on aparticular topic.

Literature reviews are secondary sources,

and as such, do not report any new ororiginal experimental work.

Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up todate with current literature on a topic and

forms the basis for another goal, such asfuture research that may be needed in thearea.


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Aliran idea yang logik

Gaya rujukan yang sesuai, semasa, relevan

dengan konsisten

Penggunaan istilah yang sesuai

Tidak bias dan pandangan yang

komprehensif daripada kajian yang lepas

Sorotan literatur yang baik mempunyai ciri-ciri:


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"a literature review uses as its database reports of

primary or original scholarship, and does not report new

primary scholarship itself.

The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal,

but in the vast majority of cases reports are written

documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical,

theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological in nature.

Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarize,

evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of primaryreports".

According to Cooper (1988)


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Bersesuaian dengan matlamat penyelidikansaintifik untuk mengukuhkan teori dalam sesuatubidang dengan sama ada mengesahkan hipotesisatau mengenepikan hipotesis yang belumdipastikan kesahihannya.

Elemen terpenting dalam sesuatu kajian.

Seharusnya relevan dengan permasalahan kajian.

Mengapa Perlu?


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1. Meluaskan asas pengetahuan dalam sesuatu bidang

penyelidikan yang dibuat.2. Penyelidik boleh mengetahui makna pemboleh ubah

yang dikaji.3. Untuk tujuan menerangkan masalah tentang kajian

yang ingin dilakukan.4. Untuk membuat justifikasi tentang kepentingan kajian

iaitu mengapa kajian tersebut perlu dijalankan.5. Memperbaiki kaedah penyelidikan6. Dapat memberi perbandingan antara kajian yang

sebelum dengan kajian penyelidik iaitu sama ada

terdapat persamaan atau perbezaan antara pembolehubah yang dikaji7. Membolehkan pengkaji membuat cadangan secara

teoritikal dan cadangan pada masa akan datang.

Tujuan Sorotan Kajian


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Menerang dan menjelaskan latar belakang masalah, mengenal pasti

dan menyatakan masalah.

Membolehkan penyelidik menentukan sejauh mana sesuatu bidang

telah dikaji

Memahami teori bidang kajian:

Memberi perspektif terhadap penyelidikan Membolehkan penilaian secara objektif, teratur dan rasional ke

atas penyelidikan.

Mempelajari kaedah dan teknik yang sesuai untuk menyelesaikan

masalah, dan mengenal pasti alat-alat kajian


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Boleh mengelak pengulangan kesilapan pada penyelidikan

terdahulu, dan mengelak pengulangan kajian yang tidakdikehendaki.

Membantu menganalisis dan mentafsir dapatan supaya lebih

bermakna dan berkesan: membiasakan diri dengan teori sesuatu

disiplin.

Menunjukkan kebolehan, keupayaan dan pengetahuan penyelidikdalam bidang yang dikaji

Membantu menganalisis dan mentafsir dapatan supaya lebih

bermakna dan berkesan: membiasakan diri dengan teori sesuatu

disiplin.

Menunjukkan kebolehan, ke


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Meningkatkan pemahaman tentang teori terkinidalam bidang yang dikaji

Menjelaskan latar belakang masalah yang dikaji

Mendedahkan kepada kaedah dan teknik

penyelidikan Membantu mengelakkan daripada mengulangi

kelemahan dan kesilapan

Membantu mentafsir dapatan kajian

Membantu meningkatkan kewibawaan dalamdisiplin ilmu yang dikaji

Membantu meningkatkan keyakinan dan motivasipenyelidik


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Documents the importance of the researchproblem at the beginning of the study

Supports the theory or explanation used in

the study Provides an explanation for the results in

other studies and in the theoreticalprediction at the end of the study


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Mengandungi makalah hasil penyelidikan,

penemuan terbaharu, kertas konsep, kertas

dasar.. Sumber utama penyelidik berpengalaman

untuk mengetahui perkembangan terkini

Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities


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ERIC (Educational Research Information Centre)

PsycINFO

Sociofile

Social Science Citation Index

Dissertation Abstracts


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Encyclopedia of Educational Research and Studies


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Research books in the libraries. Some of these

materials have a dedicated part in their structure

leading to a summarized form of research results. You

may see this part right after the dissertation

methodology.


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look for published thesismaterials of other

students. They will also have the literature

review section but that is not what you should be

using. Instead, use the main documents of theresearch owners as your review resource.

Always make sure that you reference each and

every factual claim they have presented in the

paper.

Thesis


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Try to look for a dissertation help online. There

are so many custom paper services availablewhich can give you free examples of literature

research parts. Aside from requesting for

examples, you may actually place an order for a

complete dissertation.

Dissertation


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The Review of Educational Research


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Panduan tidak berjilid kurang daripada 50 ms.


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e-journals


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1. Kata kunci - Identify key terms key-words (katakunci)

2. Lokasi - Locate literature - cari bahan bertulis yangterkini berkaitan dengan apa yang hendak dikaji.

3. Nilai - Critically evaluate and select the literature -baca abstrak /ringkasan untuk menentukankesesuaian bahan

4. Kenal pasti: objektif, tujuan, kaedah kajian, dapatan,perbincangan, kesimpulan & implikasi.

5. Susun - Organize the literature6. Tulis - Write a review - buat rumusan sorotan kajian

lepas untuk membentuk masalah kajian.


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Write a preliminary working title for theproject and select two or three key wordsthat capture the essence of the project

Pose a short general research question that

you would like to answer in the study Look in a thesaurus of terms to find words

that match your topic

Scan the contents in your library stacks andthe table of contents of educational journals


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Is it a good accurate source?

National journal? Reviewed source? Research study?

Is the source worthy of inclusion? Topic relevance:Is the literature on the same topic as yourproposed study?

Individual and site relevance: Does the literature examinethe same individuals and sites you want to study?

Problem relevance: Does the literature examine the sameresearch problem as you propose in your study?

Accessibility relevance: Is the literature available in yourlibrary or can it be downloaded from a Web site?


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Identify key terms for the topic and put them atthe top of the map

Sort studies into topical areas or families ofstudies

Provide a label for each box which will become aheading for the review

Develop the map on as many levels as possible

Draw a box toward the bottom of the figure thatsays my proposed study

Draw lines connecting the proposed study withother branches of the literature


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Use consistent style manual approach End-of-text references

Within-text references

Tables/figures


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Possible

Improvements

Martin, Rohrlich ,

1991; Stachowski ,

1991

The Need for Teaching Programs

to Be Culturally Responsive

Bennett, 1995; Eastman,

Smi th, 1991; Gr ant 1994; Noel, 1995

Study Abroad

Programs

Attitudes Toward

Study Abroad

King, Young,1994

Personal Insights

of Preservice Teachers

Fr iesen, Kang

McDougall , 1995;

Mahan, Stachowski , 1991

Personal Insights

of Preservice

Teachers

Cockrel l, Placier,

Cockrell , M iddleton,

1999; Goodwin, 1997;

Kea, Bacon, 1999

Predominately English

Speaking Cultures

Mahan, Stachowski , 1990;

Quinn, Barr, McKay,

Jarchow, Powell , 1995;

Vall, Tenn ison, 1992

Need for Further Study:

Non-English Speaking Cultures

Question: Do shor t-term study

abroad programs in non-English

speaking cul tur es help create

cul tur al responsiveness in

preservi ce teachers?

ConventionalPrograms

Colville-Hall,

Macdonald,

Smoll en, 1995;

Rodriguez, Sjostrom,

1995; Vavrus, 1994

Cross-Cultural

Programs

Cooper, Beare,

Thorman, 1990;

Larke, Wiseman,

Br adley, 1990

U.S.

Programs


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U.S. Programs

Study Abroad

Programs

Attitudes Toward

Study Abroad

(King, Young 1994)

Personal Insights of

Preservice Teachers

(Friesen, Kang,

McDougall, 1995)

Predominately EnglishSpeaking Cultures

(Mahan, Stachowski,

1990)

Cross-Cultural

Programs

(Cooper, Beare,

Thorman, 1990)

Personal Insights

of PreserviceTeachers (Cockrell,

Placier, Cockrell,

Milleton, 1999

Need for Further Study: Non-English Speaking Cultures

Question: Do short term study abroad programs in non-English

speaking cul tures help create cul tural responsiveness in preservice teachers?

Conventional

Programs

Colville-Hall,

Macdonald, Smolen,

1995)


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Susun secara sistematik. Secara kronologi. Perincian tajuk dan penerangan isi ikut

urutan logik. Susun daripada umum kepada khusus. Susun dapatan mengikut tema/tajuk,

bincangkan dapatan yang menyokong danyang berlawanan serta rumuskan dapatan

tersebut supaya boleh dikaitkan dengankajian yang dibuat.


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Mencatat masalah atau isu yang menjadi asas kajian

Mengenalpasti perbincangan meliputi konsep-konsep utama, teori, dan model berkaitan.

Kekuatan dan kelemahan reka bentuk kajian darisegi kaedah, instrumen, persampelan, pengumpulandata, analisis data, dapatan dan tafsiran dapatan.

Maklumat pengarang, tarikh, tajuk, penerbit, tempatditerbitkan, petikan, muka surat dan sumberdicatatkan dengan tepat dan jelas.

Berhenti apabila dirasakan sudah mencukupi

(sorotan literatur sebagai sebahagian proses,bukannya hasil penyelidikan)

Teknik..


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flow of ideas yang logik.

Rujukan semasa dan relevan dengan gaya yangkonsisten dan bersesuaian.

Penggunaan terminologi yang sesuai.

Tidak bias dan pandangan yang konprehensifterhadap tajuk kajian yang lepas.


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Writing a LiteratureReview:

Types of Reviews


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Literature documents the theme identified byresearcher

No study discussed in detail

eg.Assessment for learning is based on a student-involved approach to classroom assessment andhas been well documentedby Guskey (2003),Stiggins (2002, 2001), and others.

Thematic Review


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Detailed review of each study

Studies grouped by themes

Summaries linked by transitional sentences

Eg.

Black and Wiliam (1998) proposedthat formativeassessment was an essential component ofclassroom assessment based on the assumptionthat improved student learning is ultimately the

responsibility of classroom teachers.

Study-by-study review

Cit ti


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To citeis simply to refer to someone's work in some way, naming oneor more of their publications

A citation refers, then, to the factof referring to an author or their

work. The reasonsfor referring to other authors relate more to

attribution, and may reflect a need both to recognise other writers'

work and to call upon their authority to support your own argument.

Example

Hefe, Altheide & Johnson (1994)

Cite specific works by 3 authors:

"Works and criteria suggested by Dingwall (1992), Hammersley

(1990) and Guba (1990) have been particularly helpful"

The writers make no direct evaluative and interpretive commentsabout Dingwall et al. They don't attributeany particular findings or

opinions to them; they simply citetheir work.

Citation


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To attributean idea is to publicly associate an author

with a particular opinion, finding or actual statement

(perhaps quoted).

In the examples given below, we can see not only the

association of authors and ideas, but the strength orcharacter of that association:

Examples:

Attributing an idea and an attitude:Henderson (1969) arguesthat universities are the

guardians of intellectual freedom and the search for truth.

Attribution


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Contoh artikel asal yang akan digunakan untuk


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Contoh artikel asal yang akan digunakan untuk

membuat sorotan literatur (quotation dan paraphrase)

Malaysias version of the national service is likely to be milder than

that of the South Korean model. This is because Malaysias aims

are different. The prospective trainees should look forward eagerly

to the training being provided as this will help in building up their

character and the will be mentally better prepared to face the future.

It will also be a good thing if the graduate with a greater sense ofloyalty in serving the country and their responsibilities as good

citizens. But most importantly, national service help promote racial

peace and harmony and the understanding to live as one people.

Racial discord is the biggest threat to Malaysias peace and stability

and this can destroy all the good work of years of independence.Without racial understanding, all will be last.

Adapted from The Star, 14thNovember 2002, pg. 12.

Article written by: VK Chin


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Active Form:Chin (2002) suggeststhat the most important aspect of nationalservice is that ithelps promote racial peace And harmony and the

understanding to live as one people.

Passive Form:It is suggestedthat national service is important becauseithelps promote racial peace and harmony and the understanding

to live as one people. (Chin, 2002)

Quotation


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Quotation

Teachers will need to change their role in the electronic

classroom from being information provides to counselors tohelp students develop know how and judgment to select

information sources. Key success in the Information Age

will be making the right judgments between awesome

array of choices

(Tun Mahathir Mohamed, 1996)

(Perenggan yang menjelaskan cabaran semasa pendidikan abad ke-21 yang

menekankan kepada perubahan peranan guru)..Tun Mahathir dalam

ucapannya ketika melancarkan MSC dua belas tahun yang lalu.

(Perenggan selepasnya adalah membincangkan idea yang lain tetapi

berkaitan dengan perenggan di atas pastikan continuity idea daripada

peranggan ke peranggan berterusan..


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Active Form:

Chin (2002)suggests that the most important aspect of national service isthat it can help enhance racial unity and thus help the people of Malaysia to

live as one nation.

Paraphrase

Berdasarkan artikel yang dibaca,sorotan literatur boleh dilakukan dalam bentuk paraphrase

Passive Form:

It is suggestedthat the most important aspect of national service is that itcan help enhance racial unity and thus help the people of Malaysia to live

as one nation. (Chin, 2002).

Theme: opening the sentence:

Theme position means the first word in the sentence. Whatever is placed there is what

you are talking about & has some importance in the sentence. Putting authors here

gives them far more significance than just putting them in brackets at the end of the

sentence.


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Reported speech is simply the words of the author taken outof quotation marks and put intoa reported form.

These are either verbatim statements (i.e. exact original

wording) or they are a close paraphrase;

e.g.'Marx said that ... - the rest is either verbatim or closely

paraphrased.The general rule with reported speech is to turn everything

into the past tense. This is commonly seen injournalism,

when live speech is regularly turned into the next day's news

story.

Note:Since academic texts tend always to be regarded as

'live' documents, it is common to find the presenttense used;

e.g.:

'Henderson (1969) statesthat ...'.

Reported Speech


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The opening of the Methods section is the usual place for

more detailed reference to other researchers' use of your

methodology. Take the following example, where the writer

states her intention to 'build on the previous research':

"In order to build on the previous research and extend it to

reflect the widespread use of process-oriented ESL

composition pedagogy, the present study applies the

methodology usedby Cohen (1987) and McCurdy(1992)". (Ferris, 1995)

Methods


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More usually, you will be reporting that, at a general

level, your findings confirmwhat many other academics

have found.

Eg:"...like earlier studies of L2 students' reactions to their

teachers' feedback (Hedgecock & Lewkowicz, 1994;

McCurdy, 1992), this study showed that ESL writingstudents in general take their teachers' feedback quite

seriously and pay a lot of attention to it". (Ferris, 1995)

Results & Interpretation


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This is the section of a report where you interpretyour findings. In both

these cases, e.g., the findings seem to confirm the hypothesis of other

researchers:

"This (finding) impliesthat strategy training can be incorporated early - asour study shows, even at a pre-intermediate level - in an L2 teaching syllabus,which is in accordance with Savignon's original recommendation". (Dornyei,

1995).

or

"...like earlier studies of L2 students reactions to their teachers'

feedback (Hedgecock & Lewkowicz, 1994; McCurdy, 1992), this study

showedthat ESL writing students in general take their teachers'feedback quite seriously and pay a lot of attention to it". (Ferris, 1995)

Discussion


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You may have included Interpretation in your Results section, or

delay it to a Discussion section. A 'General Discussion' section

allows you to relate your findings back to the wider literature, notably

to the work of other researchers mentioned in your Introduction.

Eg:

"It is also interesting to note that the results yielded by this studyparallel those reported by both Santos (1988) and Vann et al (1984)

in two ways. First, in terms of relative severity of error types,

professors in all three studies considered errors of word order and

relative clause to be among the most serious ... . Second, all threestudies found that faculty in the Social Sciences were the most

tolerant of non-native-speaker writing errors in general".

(Janopoulos, 1992: 116)

General Discussion


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Contoh lain:

Arter and McTighe (2001) also agreewith instructionalbenefits in teachers using more generic rubrics and inteaching students to use them as well. From a similarperspective, Bruce (2001) proposed that self-

assessment is a way to operationalize the current focuson standards-based assessment.

Some experts viewpeer-assessment as a strategy onits own, but more often it is seen to be complementaryto self-assessment (Black, Harrison, Lee, Marshall &Wiliam, 2004). Atau (Black, et. al, 2004)


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Kata kunci dalam penulisan

sorotan literatur yang boleh

digunakan semasa andamenulis


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Examine - memeriksa

Min-Zhan Lu (1992) has examinedthe differences between ... L1

composition pedagogies ... (Severino, 1993)

Address - ????

Kuno (1992) specifically addressedthe distribution of these two

particles and concludes that ...

Develop - membentuk

Maltz and Borker (1982) developedlists of what they described

as men's and women's features of language. (Pennycook, 1993)


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use [X to do Y]menggunakan x untuk menyatakan yBarone (1989; 1993), for example, has usededucational criticism to

focus attention on how schools fail to meet the needs of underachieving

students. (Flinders & Eisner, 1994)

Stress - menekankan

In 1970, Foucault began to stressthe connection between reason

and power. (Poster, 1994)

Suggest - mencadangkan

Lakoff's pioneering work suggestedthat womens' speech typically

displayed a range of features ... which marked it as inferior and weak.(Pennycook, 1994)


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Propose - mencadangkan

Sheetz-Brunetti and Johnson (1983) have proposedthe

use of simple diagrams ... to teach ESL compositions skills

...

Argue - bersetuju

Mies arguesthat the domestication ... of women in the

metropolitan nations is dependent on the exploitation of the

Third World. (1986)


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Demonstrating a Case


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Demonstrate - ???As Tollefson (1989) demonstrates, it is often the case that U.S.

policies ... have contributed to their immigration to the U.S. in the first

place [Severino, 1993]

Show - menunjukkan

Meyer's research (1975) has shownthat the hierarchical content

structure of a text plays an important role in reading

comprehension. (Carrell, 1987)

Johnson et al (1985) showedthat on average there was actually

more Cantonese spoken than English ... (Bruce, 1990)


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Percaya

Berkata

Menurut Abdul Shukor (2005).

De Vries (2002) memberipenekanan..

Arfan (20010mendapati

Menjelaskan

Mencadangkan

Membangunkan

Solomon (2003

menyatakan

BentukAktif


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Referencesusually come at the end of a text (essay or

research report) and should contain only those workscited within the text.

Bibliographyis any list of references at the end of a text,

whether cited or not. It includes texts you made use of, notonly texts you referred to in your paper, but your own

additional background reading, and any other articles you

think the reader might need as background reading.


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Both Refs. & Bibliog. must be in alphabetical order; and

each entry must be laid out in a strictly ordered sequence.

Examples:

Cuba, L. (1988)A Short Guide to Writing in the SocialSciences. London: Scott Foresman.

Friedman, S. & S. Steinberg (1989) Writing and thinking

in the Social Sciences. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall

References vs Bibliography .


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Plagiarism


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Plagiarism is usually conceived - at least in western

academic communities - as the theft of intellectualproperty, either by:

The unattributed copying of another person's words

and/or The unacknowledged appropriation ('taking') of their

ideas.


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Students who have problems studying and

writing in a foreign language tend simply

to rely too heavily on the words and ideas ofthe writers they read.

What is plagiarism?....


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Academics tend to see their ideas and words are the 'toolsof their trade', which help define their professional identity.

But they also continually 'borrow' each other's language

and ideas - like borrowing clothes. So, they have

developed the custom of publicly acknowledging whosewords - whose 'clothes' -they have borrowed. You failure to

do this is often interpreted by teachers as pretending the

words or ideas are yours, and is therefore seen as a

crime. In this sense, it is seen as a socialcrime, adishonest attempt to claim authorship of others'words or ideasfor yourself.


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A theoretical framework is a collection ofinterrelated concepts, like a theory but not

necessarily so well worked-out. A

theoretical framework guides your research,determining what things you will measure,

and what statistical relationships you will

look for.


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The theoretical framework of the study is a

structure that can hold or support a theory of aresearch work. It presents the theory which

explains why the problem under study exists.

Thus, the theoretical framework is but a

theory that serves as a basis for

conducting research.


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Purpose: It helps the researcher see clearly the variables of

the study;

It can provide him with a general framework for data

analysis;

It is essential in preparing a research proposal using

descriptive and experimental methods

For example:


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Media Organization, Selection, and Production. McQuails

theory on media as an institution takes into account all forces

that affect medias performance. (After: Littlejohn, 1992)

Basic theory 1

Thesis examines the gatekeeping, news selection and reportage of world

news in leading Philippine dailies and primetime newscasts.

For example:


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Basic theory 2

Selective Gatekeeping. Galtung and Ruge selective gatekeeping

theory suggests that news from around the world are evaluated using

news values to determine their newsworthiness. (After Mc Quail and

Windahl 1993, p. 166)

For example:


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Basic theory 3

Model of the Agenda Setting Theory. Malcolm McCombs and Donald

Shaws theory simply states that the issues given most attention by the

media will be perceived as the most important. (Before: McQuail and

Windahl 1993)

For example:


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Combined theory

Integrated Theoretical Framework. The integrated theoretical

framework shows how media content is shaped by pressures to the

media organization, selective gatekeeping and agenda setting.


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Kuliah 4 - Sorotan Literatur

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