Komunitas Daerah Asal China Perantauan

Pertemuan 2

Matakuliah : E1052 / Penelitian China PerantauanTahun : 2007

Bina Nusantara

Peta daerah asal & Penyebaran China Perantauan ke Asia Tenggara

Bina Nusantara

Komunitas Daerah Asal China Perantauan

Daerah-daerah asal China Perantauan berada di daerah pesisir pantai di daerah China bagian Tenggara dan Selatan. Daerah-daerah tersebut sekarang meliputi propinsi-propinsi :

• FUJIAN• GUANGDONG• HAINAN• ZHEJIANG

Bina Nusantara

Bina Nusantara

Bina Nusantara

Bina Nusantara

FUJIAN

Xiamen with old and new buildings.

Bina Nusantara

FUJIANGeography• The province is mostly mountainous, and is traditionally

described to be "Eight parts mountain, one part water, and one part farmland" ( 八山一水一分田 ).

• The northwest is higher in altitude, with the Wuyi Mountains forming the border between Fujian and Jiangxi.

• The highest point of Fujian is Huanggang Peak in the Wuyi Mountains, with an altitude of 2157 m.

• The province faces East China Sea to the east, South China Sea to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the southeast. The coastline is ragged and has many bays and islands. Major islands include Quemoy (controlled by the Republic of China), Haitan Island, and Nanri Island.

• The River Min Jiang and its tributaries cut through much of northern and central Fujian. Other rivers include the Jinjiang River and the Jiulong River. Due to its uneven topography, Fujian has many cliffs and rapids.

Bina Nusantara

Demographics• Han Chinese make up most of the population. • Hakka, a Han Chinese people with its own distinct identity, live

in the southwestern parts of the province. • The She, scattered over mountainous regions in the north, is the

largest minority ethnic group of the province. Genetic studies have suggested that a significant proportion of Han Chinese ancestry in Fujian descend (predominantly matrilineally) from pre-Sinicization aborigines.

• Many ethnic Chinese around the world, especially Southeast Asia, trace their ancestry to Fujian. Descendants of Fujian emigrants make up the majority of the majority ethnic Chinese population of Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Singapore and Indonesia. Fujian, especially Fuzhou, is also the major source of undocumented Chinese American aliens residing in the United States.

Bina Nusantara

Guǎngdōng 广东

Bina Nusantara

HISTORY• Since the 16th century, Guangdong has had extensive trade links with

the rest of the world. European merchants coming northwards via the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea, particularly the Portuguese and British, traded extensively through Guangzhou.

• Macau, on the southern coast of Guangdong, was the first European settlement in China since 1557.

• It was the opium trade through Guangzhou that triggered the Opium Wars, opening an era of foreign incursion and intervention in China. In addition to Macau, which was then a Portuguese colony, Hong Kong was ceded to the British, and Kwang-Chou-Wan to the French. In the 19th century, Guangdong was also the major port of exit for laborers in southeast Asia and the Western United States and Canada.

• During the 1850s, the first revolt of the Taiping Rebellion by the Hakka people took place in Guangdong.

• Because of direct contact with the West, Guangdong was the center of anti-Manchu and anti-imperialist activity. The generally acknowledged founder of modern China, Sun Yat-Sen, was from Guangdong.

• In recent years, the province has seen extremely rapid economic growth, aided in part by its close trading links with Hong Kong, which borders it. It is now the province with the highest gross domestic product in China.

Bina Nusantara

Geography• Guangdong faces the South China Sea to the south and has a

total of 4,300 km of coastline. • Leizhou Peninsula is on the southwestern end of the province.

There are a few inactive volcanoes on Leizhou Peninsula. • The Pearl River Delta is the convergent point of three

upstream rivers: the East River, North River, and West River. The river delta is filled with hundreds of small islands.

• The province is geographically separated from the north by a few mountain ranges collectively called the Southern Mountain Range ( 南岭 ). The highest point in the province is about 1,600 meters above sea level.

Bina Nusantara

• Guangdong is a multicultural province. The central region, which is also the political and economic center, is populated predominantly by Cantonese-speakers

• The area around the cities of Chaozhou and Shantou in eastern Guangdong, forms its own cultural sphere. Here, the people speak the Teochew (simplified Chinese: 潮语 )

• The Teochew people, the people in Hailufeng and the people in Leizhou Peninsula all speak a language similar to Min. Teochew opera (simplified Chinese: 潮剧 , traditional Chinese: 潮劇 ) is also very famous and has a unique form.

• In addition to the various local varieties of spoken Chinese, most people also speak

Bina Nusantara

GUANGDONG OVERSEAS CHINESE• Historically, many overseas Chinese communities have

their origins in Guangdong and specifically Taishan, and together with more recent emigrants from Hong Kong, Cantonese and Taishanese the local dialect of Taishan, spoken by less than 10% of Chinese people in China, continues to have more speakers among the overseas Chinese out of proportion to its number of speakers in China.

• Guangdong is also the ancestral home of large numbers of overseas Chinese. Most of the railroad labourers in Canada, Western United States and Panama in the 19th century came from Guangdong.

• Emigration in recent years has slowed with economic prosperity, but this province is still a major source of immigrants to North America and elsewhere in the world.

Bina Nusantara

Hǎinán (海南 )

Ethnolinguistic groups on Hainan in 1967

Bina Nusantara

Geography • Hainan, separated by the Qiongzhou Strait ( 瓊州海峽 ) from the

Leizho Peninsula ( 雷州半島 ) of Guangdong, is the largest island administered by the People's Republic of China.

• The PRC, however, regard it as the second largest island, since Taiwan is considered the largest. To the West of Hainan is the Gulf of Tonkin.

• Wuzh Mountain (1,876 m) is the highest mountain in the island.• In the official PRC territorial claim, Hainan Province includes not just

one island, but also some two hundred South China Sea Islands. The containment of the South China Sea Islands makes Hainan Province have a very large water body, but disproportionally small land area. James Shoal ( 曾母暗沙 Zengmu Ansha), which is presently marked by the PRC, signifies the country's southernmost border. But the Malaysians also claim it is on their continental shelf.

Bina Nusantara

• In 2000, the ethnic groups of Hainan included the Han Chinese, known as the Hainanese, who currently make a majority (84% of the population); the Li people (14.7% of the population); the Miao (Hmong) (0.7%) and the Zhuang (0.6%). The Li are the largest indigenous group on the island in terms of population. Also found on the island are the Utsuls, descendants of Cham refugees, who are classified as Hui by the Chinese government.

Bina Nusantara

Zhèjiāng 浙江

View of the West Lake in Hangzhou from the mountains to the north-west.

Bina Nusantara

Zhejiang (previously spelled Chehkiang or Chekiang) is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China.

The word Zhejiang (crooked river) was the old name of the Qiantang River, which passes through Hangzhou, the provincial capital. The name of the province is often abbreviated to "Zhe".

• Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge is being constructed between Haiyan County and Cixi; once complete, it will be the longest sea-crossing bridge in the world.

Demographics • Han Chinese make up the vast majority of the population.

The She and Hui nationalities are the two largest minorities

Bina Nusantara

Economy• South Zhejiang is mountainous and ill-suited for farming, and has

traditionally been poor and underdeveloped. The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping, however, have brought change to that region unparalleled across the rest of China. Driven by hard work, an entrepreneuring spirit, low labour costs, and an eye for the world market, south Zhejiang (especially cities such as Wenzhou and Yiwu) has become a major center of export. This, together with the traditional prosperity of north Zhejiang, has allowed Zhejiang to leapfrog over several other provinces and become one of the richer provinces of China.

• The province is traditionally known as the "Land of Fish and Rice". True to its name, rice is the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China, and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. Main cash crops include jute and cotton, and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production (the renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou). Zhejiang is also a producer of silk, for which it is ranked second among the provinces.