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PENGELOLAANPENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN

Dihimpun dan diabstraksikan oleh:Azwar Ali, A. Catharina, Prayitno, Soemarno. PPSUB 2012PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN

DIUNDUH DARI: http://gurungeblog.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/polusi-atau-pencemaran-lingkungan/.. Polusi atau pencemaran lingkungan adalah masuknya atau dimasukkannya makhluk hidup, zat energi, dan atau komponen lain ke dalam lingkungan, atau berubahnya tatanan lingkungan oleh kegiatan manusia atau oleh proses alam sehingga kualitas lingkungan turun sampai ke tingkat tertentu yang menyebabkan lingkungan menjadi kurang atau tidak dapat berfungsi lagi sesuai dengan peruntukannya

(Undang-undang Pokok Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup No. 4 Tahun 1982).Suatu zat dapat disebut polutan apabila:1. jumlahnya melebihi jumlah normal2. berada pada waktu yang tidak tepat3. berada pada tempat yang tidak tepat

Sifat polutan adalah:1. merusak untuk sementara, tetapi bila telah bereaksi dengan zat lingkungan tidak merusak lagi2. merusak dalam jangka waktu lama.

Contohnya Pb tidak merusak bila konsentrasinya rendah. Akan tetapi dalam jangka waktu yang lama, Pb dapat terakumulasi dalam tubuh sampai tingkat yang merusak.

PENCEMARAN UDARAPencemar udara dapat berupa gas dan partikel.

Gas HzS. Gas ini bersifat racun, terdapat di kawasan gunung berapi,bisa juga dihasilkan dari pembakaran minyak bumi dan batu bara.Gas CO dan COz. Karbon monoksida (CO) tidak berwarna dan tidakberbau, bersifat racun, merupakan hash pembakaran yang tidaksempurna dari bahan buangan mobil dan mesin letup. Gas COZ dalamudara murni berjumlah 0,03%. Bila melebihi toleransi dapat meng-ganggu pernapasan. Selain itu, gas C02 yang terlalu berlebihan dibumi dapat mengikat panas matahari sehingga suhu bumi panas.Pemanasan global di bumi akibat C02 disebut juga sebagai efek rumahkaca.Partikel SOZ dan NO2. Kedua partikel ini bersama dengan partikel cairmembentuk embun, membentuk awan dekat tanah yang dapatmengganggu pernapasan. Partikel padat, misalnya bakteri, jamur,virus, bulu, dan tepung sari juga dapat mengganggu kesehatan.Batu bara yang mengandung sulfur melalui pembakaran akan meng-hasilkan sulfur dioksida. Sulfur dioksida ber$ama dengan udara sertaoksigen dan sinar matahari dapat menghasilkan asam sulfur. Asam inimembentuk kabut dan suatu saat akan jatuh sebagai hujan yangdisebut hujan asam. Hujan asam dapat menyebabkan gangguan padamanusia, hewan, maupun tumbuhan. Misalnya gangguan pernapasan,perubahan morfologi pada daun, batang, dan benih.

Sumber polusi udara lain dapat berasal dari radiasi bahan radioaktif, misalnya, nuklir. Setelah peledakan nuklir, materi radioaktif masuk ke dalam atmosfer dan jatuh di bumi. materi radioaktif ini akan terakumulusi di tanah, air, hewan, tumbuhan, dan juga pada manusia. Efek pencemaran nuklir terhadap makhluk hidup, dalam taraf tertentu, dapat menyebabkan mutasi, berbagai penyakit akibat kelainan gen, dan bahkan kematian.

Pencemaran udara dinyatakan dengan ppm (part per million) yang artinya jumlah cm3 polutan per m3 udara.DIUNDUH DARI: http://gurungeblog.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/polusi-atau-pencemaran-lingkungan/.. PENCEMARAN AIR

Polusi air dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa jenis pencemar.

Pembuangan limbah industri, sisa insektisida, dan pembuangansampah domestik, misalnya, sisa detergen mencemari air. Buanganindustri seperti Pb, Hg, Zn, dan CO, dapat terakumulasi dan bersifatracun.Sampah organik yang dibusukkan oleh bakteri menyebabkan 02 di airberkurang sehingga mengganggu aktivitas kehidupan organisme air.Fosfat hasil pembusukan bersama h03 dan pupuk pertanianterakumulasi dan menyebabkan eutrofikasi, yaitu penimbunan mineralyang menyebabkan pertumbuhan yang cepat pada alga (Bloomingalga). Akibatnya, tanaman di dalam air tidak dapat berfotosintesiskarena sinar matahari terhalang.

Salah satu bahan pencemar di laut ada lah tumpahan minyak bumi, akibat kecelakaan kapal tanker minyak yang sering terjadi. Banyak organisme akuatik yang mati atau keracunan karenanya.

Untuk membersihkan kawasan tercemar diperlukan koordinasi dari berbagai pihak dan dibutuhkan biaya yang mahal. Bila terlambat penanggulangan-nya, kerugian manusia semakin banyak. Secara ekologis, dapat mengganggu ekosistem laut.

Bila terjadi pencemaran di air, maka terjadi akumulasi zat pencemar pada tubuh organisme air. Akumulasi pencemar ini semakin meningkat pada organisme pemangsa yang lebih besar.

DIUNDUH DARI: http://gurungeblog.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/polusi-atau-pencemaran-lingkungan/.. PENCEMARAN TANAH

Pencemaran tanah disebabkan oleh beberapa jenis pencemaran berikut ini :a. sampah-sampah pla.stik yang sukar hancur, botol, karet sintesis,pecahan kaca, dan kalengb. detergen yang bersifat non bio degradable (secara alami sulitdiuraikan)c. zat kimia dari buangan pertanian, misalnya insektisida.DIUNDUH DARI: http://gurungeblog.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/polusi-atau-pencemaran-lingkungan/.. . The pressure of diffuse pollution on soils: polluted soils will eventually loose their important function as filter and buffer in the water cycle. Soils are the key element in the water cycle determining the quality of groundwater, surface water, and finally drinking waterhttp://www.eugris.info/FurtherDescription.asp?Ca=2&Cy=0&T=Diffuse%20pollution&e=91

POLUSI SUARA : BISING

Polusi suara disebabkan oleh suara bising kendaraan bermotor, kapal terbang, deru mesin pabrik, radio/tape recorder yang berbunyi keras sehingga mengganggu pendengaran.DIUNDUH DARI: http://gurungeblog.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/polusi-atau-pencemaran-lingkungan/.. NoisePollution: Definition:Human being can listen the noise up to a level if noise exceed that particular level of noise which is harmful for human health and environment which is called Noise Pollution.Causes:There are so many causes of Noise Pollution some of them describing followingNoise which comes from factories, vehicles, airplanes etc.Noise comes from loudspeakers mostly people use loudspeaker in marriages, occasions and festivals.On occasion fire works also cause of noise pollution.Prevention of Noise Pollution:We should not use horn unnecessaryWe should plant more trees because they absorb noise.

Diunduh dari: http://vijayshankarsaini.wordpress.com/2012/01/31/noise-pollution/#

PARAMETER PENCEMARAN

Dengan mengetahui beberapa parameter yang ads pads daerah/kawasan penelitian akan dapat diketahui tingkat pencemaran atau apakah lingkungan itu sudah terkena pencemaran atau belum. Paramaterparameter yang merupakan indikator terjadinya pencemaran adalah sebagai berikut :Parameter kimiaParameter kimia meliputi C02, pH, alkalinitas, fosfor, dan logam-logamberat.Parameter biokimiaParameter biokimia meliputi BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), yaitujumlah oksigen dalam air. Cars pengukurannya adalah denganmenyimpan sampel air yang telah diketahui kandungan oksigennyaselama 5 hari. Kemudian kadar oksigennya diukur lagi. BOD digunakanuntuk mengukur banyaknya pencemar organik.Menurut menteri kesehatan, kandungan oksigen dalam air minum atau BOD tidak boleh kurang dari 3 ppm.3. Parameter fisikParameter fisik meliputi temperatur, warna, rasa, bau, kekeruhan, dan radioaktivitas.4.Parameter biologiParameter biologi meliputi ada atau tidaknya mikroorganisme, misalnya, bakteri coli, virus, bentos, dan plankton.DIUNDUH DARI: http://gurungeblog.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/polusi-atau-pencemaran-lingkungan/.. Health impacts of water pollution

It is a well-known fact that clean water is absolutely essential for healthy living. Adequate supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need for all human beings on the earth, yet it has been observed that millions of people worldwide are deprived of this.http://waterpollutionandlife-shaheed.blogspot.com/2010/03/water-pollution-impact-on-health.html0

TINGKAT PENCEMARAN

Menurut WHO, tingkat pencemaran didasarkan pada kadar zat pencemar dan waktu (lamanya) kontak. Tingkat pencemaran dibedakan menjadi 3, yaitu sebagai berikut :

Pencemaran yang mulai mengakibatkan iritasi (gangguan) ringan pada panca indra dan tubuh serta telah menimbulkan kerusakan pada ekosistem lain. Misalnya gas buangan kendaraan bermotor yang menyebabkan mata pedih.Pencemaran yang sudah mengakibatkan reaksi pada faal tubuh dan menyebabkan sakit yang kronis. Misalnya pencemaran Hg (air raksa) di Minamata Jepang yang menyebabkan kanker dan lahirnya bayi cacat. Pencemaran yang kadar zat-zat pencemarnya demikian besarnya , sehingga menimbulkan gangguan dan sakit atau kematian dalam lingkungan. Misalnya pencemaran nuklir.

DIUNDUH DARI: http://gurungeblog.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/polusi-atau-pencemaran-lingkungan/.. AtmosphereHydrosphereLithosphereBiosphereThe entire part of earth's land, soil, water & atmosphere in which living organism are found is called biosphere

Or

The combined area lithosphere, hydrosphere of & atmosphere is known as biosphere.BIOSPHERE MODELDiunduh dari : . Solar RadiationClimateGeologySoilVegetationAnimals Biotic ComponentAbiotic Component Sun provides energy for plant photosynthesisAmount of solar radiation varies with latitude & hence effects climate. solar radiation also power weather systemsSoil [provides habitat including water & air for many invertebrates addition many animals have evolved specialist cope with different soils for example the feet of camel.Volcanic activity ,mountain, ranges etc. can also affect climateClimate interacts with geology in soil formation provides water for solar climate.Plants provides food for animalsDead plants & animals decomposes & return nutrients to the soil. Nutrients are also returned to the soil through animal excrement.Vegetation gives off water vapour who helps to stabilize the climate of the earth.Climate restricts the type of plants & animals that can survive in a particular ecosystem. Water & temperature are two main climate controls.Animals alter vegetation by browsing & grazing. Human have significantly altered vegetation patterns through modification for agriculture.Soil provides water & nutrients for plants together with a physical base in which plants can root themselves. Diunduh dari : . MODEL EKOSISTEMOur current atmosphere is a mixture of many different gases & suspended particles. It is almost same every where up to an altitude of 80 Kms.The atmosphere is divided in to 4 layers-Name of sphere or layerHeight in Kms.TemperatureImportantChemical Species (Gas)Tropos-phere0-815 to 45N2,O2,CO2,H2Stratos-phere8-50-55 to 05O3,O2Mesos-phere50-80-2 to -90N2+O2Ionos-phere80-400O2,O+,NO+Exos-phere400-1600H2,HeDiunduh dari : . ATMOSFIRConstituentSymbolAverage concentrationSourceVolumeNitrogenN2780900Biotic7.809 101OxygenO2209400Biotic2-094 101 ArgonAr9300Radioactive9.3 10-1Carbon dioxideCO2318318Biotic & industrial3.18 10-2

NeonNe18Internal heliumHe5.2Radioactive5.2 10-4

MethaneCH41.3Biotic1.3 10-4

KryptonKr1.0Internal1.0 10-5

HydrogenH20.5Biotic & photochemical5.0 10-5

WaterH2O0.25Physical2.5 10-5Carbon monoxideCO0.1Photochemical & industrial1.0 10-5OzoneO30.02Photochemical2.0 10-6AmmoniaNH30-01Photochemical1.0 10-6

Nitrogen dioxideNO20.001Biotic & industrial1.0 10-7

Sulpher dioxideSO20.002Photochemical2.0 10-8

Diunduh dari : . KOMPOSISI ATMOSFIRPENCEMARAN UDARAATMOSFIR

PENCEMARAN UDARADIUNDUH DARI: .... 9/11/2012PP No.41 ayat 1 Pasal 1 Bab I Ketentuan Umum

Pencemaran udara adalah masuknya atau dimasukkannya zat, energi, dan/atau komponen lain ke dalam udara ambien oleh kegiatan manusia, sehingga mutu udara ambien turun sampai tingkat tertentu yang menyebabkan udara ambien tidak dapat memenuhi fungsinya.

PROSES TERJADINYA PENCEMARAN UDARA

PENCEMARAN UDARA: Sumber buatan manusia atau sumber anthropogenicDIUNDUH DARI: http://ultrawomen.wordpress.com/.... 9/11/2012 Kegiatan manusia yang menghasilkan bahan-bahan pencemar Udara a.l. :

Pembakaran, seperti pembakaran sampah, pembakaran pada kegiatan rumah tangga, industri, kendaraan bermotor, dan lain-lain. Bahan-bahan pencemar yang dihasilkan antara lain asap, debu, grit (pasir halus), dan gas (CO dan NO).Proses peleburan, seperti proses peleburan baja, pembuatan soda,semen, keramik, aspal. Sedangkan bahan pencemar yang dihasilkannya antara lain adalah debu, uap dan gas-gas.Pertambangan dan penggalian, seperti tambang mineral and logam. Bahan pencemar yang dihasilkan terutama adalah debu.Proses pengolahan dan pemanasan seperti pada proses pengolahan makanan, daging, ikan, dan penyamakan. Bahan pencemar yang dihasilkan terutama asap, debu, dan bau.Pembuangan limbah, baik limbah industri maupun limbah rumah tangga. Pencemarannya terutama adalah dari instalasi pengolahan air buangannya. Sedangkan bahan pencemarnya yang teruatam adalah gas H2S yang menimbulkan bau busuk.Proses kimia, seperti pada proses fertilisasi, proses pemurnian minyak bumi, proses pengolahan mineral. Pembuatan keris, dan lain-lain. Bahan-bahan pencemar yang dihasilkan antara lain adalah debu, uap dan gas-gasProses pembangunan seperti pembangunan gedung-gedung, jalan dan kegiatan yang semacamnya. Bahan pencemarnya yang terutama adalah asap dan debu.Proses percobaan atom atau nuklir. Bahan pencemarnya yang terutama adalah gas-gas dan debu radioaktif

PENCEMARAN UDARASUMBERNYA Combustion of fuel (natural gas, petroleum, coal and wood) Industrial process Natural process (Volcanic)Diunduh dari : http://apesnature.homestead.com/chapter21.html. Nitrogen oxides alone do not cause ozone and other oxidants to reach damaging levels; reactions with them are cyclic.

Pencemar Udara dan dampaknya thd kesehatan manusiaParticulate MatterDust and smoke particles cause irritation of the respiratory tract and produce bronchitis, asthma and lung diseases.Dust and smoke function as nuclei for condensation of water vapors and produce smog which attract chemicals like SO2, H2S, NO2,etc. Smog not only reduce visibility but is also harmful due to its contained chemicals. Diunduh dari : http://ultrawomen.wordpress.com/ ...9/11/2012 Partikel debu dalam emisi gas buang terdiri dari bermacam-macam komponen, dapat berbentuk padatan dan berbentuk cairan yang mengendap dalam partikel debu. Pada proses pembakaran debu terbentuk dari pemecahan unsur hidrokarbon dan proses oksidasinya. Dalam debu tersebut terkandung debu sendiri dan beberapa kandungan oksida-logam. Dalam proses paparan selanjutnya di atmosfir, kandungan metal dan debu tersebut membentuk partikulat. Beberapa unsur kandungan partikulat adalah karbon, SOF (Soluble Organic Fraction), debu, SO4, dan H2O. Sebagian partikulat keluar dari cerobong pabrik sebagai asap hitam tebal, tetapi yang paling berbahaya adalah butiran-butiran halus sehingga dapat menembus bagian terdalam paru-paru. Berdasarkan ukuran diameter partikulat dikenal dengan :

SMOGSmog is the combination of smoke and fog. It is a man made air pollutant in urban areas. The term smog was coined by H.A.Des Voeux Diunduh dari : http://greenvitals.net/greenvitalsnet/2010/1/26/new-us-anti-smog-restrictions-raising-debate-over-effects-on.html . There is always a lot of controversy anytime longstanding federal regulations are changed.

This time, the uproar came because the Environmental Protection Agency announced plans to increase the stringency of national air quality standards regarding nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions.

NO2 forms quickly from the emissions of cars, trucks, buses, power plants, and off-road equipment. In addition, the compound also contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone (also known as smog), and fine particle pollution, which is linked with a number of adverse effects on the human respiratory system.Types of Smog

Photochemical SmogPhotochemical smog is a type of air pollution caused by nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbons and sunlight. Nitrogen oxide is commonly produced from the internal combustion of engines. Photochemical smog is often prevalent in some of the sunnier U.S. cities, such as Los Angeles. This smog can have ill effects on the body and cause coughing, heart palpitations, pneumonia and even lung cancer.

Read more: The Different Types of Smog | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_6950223_different-types-smog.html#ixzz21laFkEG3Industrial SmogSulfurous SmogSulfurous smog results from a high concentration of sulfur oxides being released into the air, because of burning fossil fuels. This type of smog is prevalent in London and is sometimes referred to as "London smog." While the burning of coal is the major reason why sulfur oxides are released into the air, the other causes stem from the production of crude oil and metallic ore. Sulfurous smog had been known to cause respiratory problems and can be a particular concern for those who have asthma.

Read more: The Different Types of Smog | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_6950223_different-types-smog.html#ixzz21lalMndF

Diunduh dari : http://www.ehow.com/list_6950223_different-types-smog.html . SourcePollutionTransportation42%Fuel21%Industries14%Solid waste disposal

05%Other18%21%TransportationFuel

Is an unwanted change in the quality of earth's earths atmosphere caused by emission of gases caused by emission of gases due to burning of fossil fuel,transportation,industrial institution etc.IndustrieswasteOther

21%14%05%18%Diunduh dari : . PENCEMARAN ATMOSFIRGaseous waste: Oxides of nitrogen,SO2,CO2,CO.Cl,Br,I,O3 & smog.Complex organic chemicals: Benzene, ether.Acid prop lets: H2SO4, HNO3Agrochemicals: fertilizers, pesticides,herbicixles,fungicides, rematicides,weedicides,bectrecides etc.FluoridesMetals: Mercury,lead,Cd,Zn,Fe,Ni etc.Solid wasre:Garbage,plastic etc.Radioactive waste: Nuclear reacters,uranium,nuclear explosion.Noise waste

Diunduh dari : http://ecourses.vtu.ac.in/nptel/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-Delhi/Environmental%20Air%20Pollution/air%20pollution%20%28Civil%29/Module-1/3.htm. BERAGAM PENCEMARPrimary Air PollutantsFive major materials released directly into the atmosphere in unmodified forms.- Carbon monoxide - Sulfur dioxide- Nitrogen oxides- Hydrocarbons- Particulate matterSecondary Air PollutantsOzonePAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate)Photochemical smogAerosols and mists (H2SO4)

Secondary pollutants :These result from chemical reactions between two or more air components. Formation of secondary pollutants 2SO2+O2 2SO3 2SO3+H2O H2SO4 (Secondary pollutant) Natural Pollutants: The pollution which comes out from natural sources such as forest fires volcanic eruption decomposition of organic matter & natural radioactivity. Primary Pollutants: Harmful chemical that directly enters the air as a result of human activity. These are deforestisation burning of fossil fuel industrialization warfare etc.Diunduh dari : http://isiria.wordpress.com/2008/07/22/air-pollution-causes-widespread-damage-to-ecosystems/. PENCEMAR UDARAAir pollution causes widespread damage toecosystemsPosted: July 22, 2008 in environment

There is a lot of focus on CO2 when it comes to public awareness about climate change. Apart from CO2 though not being the only factor contributing to it, there is also very little awareness of the effects of air pollution on terrestrial environments, such as lakes, rivers, fauna and flora.

The Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies and The Nature Conservancy in the US has produced the first major research analysing large-scale effects that four air pollutants are having across a broad range of habitat types.

The four pollutants assessed were sulfur, nitrogen, mercury, and ground-level ozone, largely originating from smokestacks, tailpipes, and (of course!) agricultural operations. While initially airborne, these pollutants eventually return to the earth surface, where they contaminate the soil and water. They often travel long distances before reaching the groundGreen house effect: Increasing global temperature. Scientists predicting that earth's temperature will increase by 3-40C by year 2030 if the pollution continues to increase at the same pace. Ozone depletion: As ozone layer in the upper atmosphere absorbs incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation but it is now getting thinner & more UVs are reaching in to earth creating different disease like cancer& eye problems.Photochemical smog: In 1952 London was covered by smog for 10 days .This smog was caused by fog, smoke, ash,& SO2 plus NO2.Sunlight played a great role in the formation of this smog .Though deaths occurring at that time were not directly attributed to the smog later statistics confirmed that 6,000 more people.Acid rain: is caused by oxides of nitrogen & sulphur.It increases acidity of soil & effects the growth of trees & plants. The majestic monument Taj Mahal in India is also affecting by this.

Diunduh dari : http://isiria.wordpress.com/2008/07/22/air-pollution-causes-widespread-damage-to-ecosystems/ . TANTANGAN LINGKUNGAN

Air pollution is a complex problem. Emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) gases from smokestacks and vehicles react in the atmosphere to form sulfate (SO4) and nitrate (NO3) particles as well as sulfuric and nitric acids in clouds and rain. Mercury (Hg) is also emitted to the atmosphere from coal burning and incinerators. Agricultural activities contribute to the nitrogen pollution problem by releasing ammonia (NH3). All of these gases, particles and dissolved chemicals can be deposited to natural ecosystems downwind of the sources. Nitrogen can accumulate in ecosystems and cause nutrient imbalances, while acid precipitation can strip important nutrients such as calcium (Ca) from the soil and mobilize toxic metals such as aluminum (Al). Acid and aluminum harm trees in the forest and fish and other aquatic animals in streams and lakes.Acid Rain

SO2 & NOX

+waterSEASeaLakeFactories, TransportationSolar RadiationH2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid)HNO3 (Nitric Acid)HUJAN ASAMAMethaneCarbon Dioxide Nitrous oxideOzone EarthEarthCarbon Dioxide 50%Methane18%Chlorofluorocarbons14%Ozone12%Nitrous oxide06%Green house gases in natural condition insulates the earth against extreme of temperature by limiting both incoming solar radiation & escape of reradiated heat in to space.This natural balance may be distorted by Green House Effect as gases such as carbon dioxide have built up in the atmosphere trapping more heat sunInfra-red radiationAtmosphereSurface Temperature normalSome reradiated heat reflected back to earthAtmospheresunSurface Temperature increasesMore reradiated heat reflected back to earthLess reradiated heat escapes in to spaceSome reradiated heat escapes in to spacesunContribution of different gases to cause green house effectNaturally Moderated Green House EffectUnbalanced Green House EffectEFEK RUMAH KACAUltraviolet rays from SunThe Ozone layer in stratosphere blocks these harmful UV raysChlorofluorocarbons are entering in to atmosphere releasing chlorine. The chlorine than break down the ozone The chlorine released from CFCs break down the ozone molecule.chlorineozoneMore ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earths surface as there is a whole in ozone layer.OxygenWhole in Ozone layerOzone layer depletionDiunduh dari : . Polusi UdaraEmissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with the hydroxyl radicals and water vapor in the atmosphere to form their respective acids, which come back down either as dry acid deposition or, mixed with water, acid precipitation.

Diunduh dari: http://apesnature.homestead.com/chapter21.htmlDefinisiAir pollution may be defined as the presence in the air (outdoor atmosphere) of one or more contaminants or combinations thereof in such quantities and of such durations as may be or tend to be injurious to human, animal or plant life, or property, or which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property or conduct of business.

Diunduh dari : http://www.tohoku-epco.co.jp/enviro/tea2005e/05/05a.html. Air Pollution Control Measures

The main air pollutants discharged from a thermal plant are sulfur oxide (SOx), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and soot and dust. We are making efforts to control emissions through fuel measures including the use of high-quality fuel and the facility improvement measures including the installation of denitrification facilities, electrostatic precipitators, and flue gas desulfurization facilities, as well as through the complete combustion management while seeking prevention of air pollution by implementing the operation measures such as monitoring of emission sources.Pencemar (Polutan) UdaraPencemaran udara diartikan sebagai adanya bahan-bahan atau zat-zat asing di dalam udara yang menyebabkan perubahan susunan (komposisi) udara dari keadaan normalnya. Kehadiran bahan atau zat asing di dalam udara dalam jumlah tertentu serta berada di udara dalam waktu yang cukup lama, akan dapat mengganggu kehidupan manusia. Apabila keadaan seperti itu terjadi maka udara dikatakan telah tercemar.

Polutan is a substance or effect dwelling temporarily or permanently in the air , which adversely alters the environment by interfering with the health, the comfort, or the food chain, or by interfering with the property values of people.A pollutant can be solid (large or sub-molecular), liquid or gas .It may originate from a natural or anthropogenic source (or both).It is estimated that anthropogenic sources have changed the composition of global air by less than 0.01%.However, it is widely accepted that even a small change can have a significant adverse effect on the climate, ecosystem and species on the planet.Examples of these are acid rain, ozone in the lower atmosphere, and photochemical smog.Diunduh dari : http://ultrawomen.wordpress.com/.. 9/11/2012. Pencemar HidrokarbonDiunduh dari : http://ultrawomen.wordpress.com/... 9/11/2012 KARAKTERISTIK HIDROKARBON

Struktur Hidrokarban (HC) terdiri dari elemen hidrogen dan karbon dan sifat fisik HC dipengaruhi oleh jumlah atom karbon yang menyusun molekul HC. HC merupakan pencemar udara yang dapat berbentuk gas, cairan dan padatan. Semakin banyak jumlah atom karbon, senyawa HC ini cenderung berbentuk padatan. Hidrokarbon dengan kandungan unsur C antara 1-4 atom karbon akan berbentuk gas pada suhu kamar, sedangkan kandungan karbon lebih dari 5 akan berbentuk cairan dan padatan.HC yang berupa gas akan tercampur dengan gas-gas hasil buangan lainnya. Sedangkan bila berupa cair maka HC akan membentuk semacam kabut minyak, bila berbentuk padatan akan membentuk asap yang pekat dan akhirnya menggumpal menjadi debu.

Berdasarkan struktur molekulnya, hidrokarbon dapat dibedakan dalam 3 kelompok yaitu hidrokarban alifalik, hidrokarbon aromatik dan hidrokarbon alisiklis. Molekul hidrokarbon alifalik tidak mengandung cincin atom karbon dan semua atom karbon tersusun dalam bentuk rantai lurus atau bercabang.

Hidrokarbon dan oksidan fotokimia merupakan komponen polutan udara yang berbeda tetapi mempunyai hubungan satu dengan yang lain. Hidrokarbon merupakan polutan primer karena dilepaskan ke udara secara langsung, sedangkan oksidan fotokimia berasal dari reaksi-reaksi yang melibatkan hidrokarbon baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Masalah yang dihadapi karena adanya polusi hidrokarbon harus mempertimbangkan juga adanya polusi oksidan fotokimia.FAKTOR EMISIDiunduh dari : http://ultrawomen.wordpress.com/... 9/11/2012 Faktor Emisi adalah adalah nilai representatif yang menghubungkan kuantitas suatu polutan yang dilepaskan ke atmosfer dari suatu kegiatan yang terkait dengan sumber polutan. Faktor-faktor ini biasanya dinyatakan sebagai berat polutan dibagi dengan satuan berat, volume, jarak, atau lamanya aktivitas yang mengemisikan polutan (misalnya, partikel yang diemisikan kilogram per megagram batubara yang dibakar). Pada beberapa kasus, faktor-faktor ini hanyalah rata-rata dari semua data yang tersedia dengan kualitas yang dapat diterima.

Persamaan umum untuk estimasi emisi adalah:

E = A x EF x (1-ER/100) E = A x EF x (1-ER/100)

Keterangan : E = emisi; A = laju aktifitas; EF = faktor emisi; ER = efisiensi pengurangan emisi keseluruhan, %.

Emisi dapat dikategorikan menjadi:Emisi langsung, adalah emisi yang keluar langsung dari aktifitas atau sumber dalam ruang batas yang ditetapkan. Contoh: emisi CO2 dari kendaraan bermotor.Emisi tidak langsung, merupakan hasil dari aktifitas di dalam ruang batas yang ditetapkan. Contoh: konsumsi energi listrik di rumah tangga.

Diunduh dari : http://ultrawomen.wordpress.com/... 9/11/2012 Contoh-contoh faktor-faktor emisi gas:

DIUNDUH DARI: .. CONTOH: BAKU MUTU KUALITAS UDARA NASIONAL

DIUNDUH DARI: .. CONTOH: BAKU MUTU KUALITAS UDARA NASIONAL

DIUNDUH DARI: .. CONTOH: BAKU MUTU KUALITAS UDARA NASIONAL

DIUNDUH DARI: .. PENCEMARAN CO

DIUNDUH DARI: .. PENCEMARAN COGANGGUAN KESEHATAN AKIBAT NOxShort-term exposure at concentrations greater than 3 parts per million (ppm) can measurably decrease lung function. Concentrations less than 3 ppm can irritate lungs. Concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm cause lung irritation and measurable decreases in lung function in asthmatics. Long-term lower level exposures can destroy lung tissue, leading to emphysema.Children may also be especially sensitive to the effects of nitrogen oxides. DIUNDUH DARI: http://www.onewalloneworld.com/bulletin.php.. Noxious Air PollutantsAir pollution is putting many things in the air that were not supposed to breathe. Among the most noxious air pollutants are nitrogen oxides, highly reactive gases containing nitrogen and oxygen, collectively known as NOx.

Where are nitrogen oxides involved in atmospheric processes? DIUNDUH DARI: http://alchemistviolet.blogspot.com/2010/12/nox.html.. We find NOx (= NO + NO2) and other nitrogen oxides nearly everywhere in atmospheric chemistry. During the night, nitrate radicals NO3 are formed and are the most activeoxidants. Radicals are chemical species, which are very instable andusually react extremely fast.IfN2O5 is formed in polluted areas, it can react on droplets or wet surfaces withwater andnitric acid HNO3is formed.HNO3 contributes to the acid character of the rain. Nitric acid, which can also be formed during the day byoxidation of NO2, is the main way how nitrogen oxides are removed again from the atmosphere, either by dry or by wet deposition (wash out by rain).Nitric acid is also part of polar stratospheric clouds. Nitric acid tryhydrate forms the particles on which the ozone hole developed

EFEK LAINNYADIUNDUH DARI: http://www.eoearth.org/article/Acid_rain .. HUJAN ASAMAcid rain is a popular term for the atmospheric deposition of acidified rain, snow, sleet, hail, acidifying gases and particles, as well as acidified fog and cloud water. The increased acidity of these depositions, primarily from the strong acids, sulfuric and nitric, is generated as a by-product of the combustion of fossil fuels containing sulfur or nitrogen, especially electrical utilities (power plants.)

Several processes can result in the formation of acid deposition. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) released into the atmosphere from a variety of sources call fall to the Earths surface simply as dry deposition. This dry deposition can then be converted into acids when these deposited chemicals interact with water. Most wet acid deposition occurs when nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are converted to nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) through oxidation and dissolution in the atmosphere. Wet deposition can also form when ammonia gas (NH3) from natural and agricultural sources is converted into ammonium (NH4). Oxides of nitrogen, in the presence of sunlight, can also react with hydrocarbons, forming photochemical oxidants or smog.Also, NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation, which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.EFEK LAINNYADIUNDUH DARI: http://yqyq.net/82015-Vozdeiystvie_oksidov_azota_na_organizm_cheloveka_i_rasteniya.html.. Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations. Effects include: Bleaching or killing plant tissue. Causing leaves to fall. Reducing growth rate.Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes. Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides). Reduce visibility. Oxides nitrogen NOx may affect plants in three ways: direct contact with plants; through formed in the air, acid rain; indirectly - By the photochemical formation of oxidants such as ozone and PAN.

Direct NOx impact on plants is determined visually by yellowing or browning leaves and needles, what is happening as a result of oxidation of chlorophyll. Oxidation fatty acids in plants, occurring simultaneously with the oxidation of chlorophyll, in addition, leads to the destruction of membranes and necrosis. Formed in this in cells nitrous acid has a mutagenic effect. Negative biological effects of NOx on the plants shown in the bleaching of leaves, wilting of flowers, fruiting and cessation of growth. This action is explained formation of acids when dissolved nitrogen oxides in the intercellular and intracellular fluid.

Botany believe that the initial symptoms of damage to plants nitrogen oxides manifest themselves in a chaotic distribution of bleaching stains gray-green shade. These spots gradually coarse, dry out and become white. Oxides nitrogen are toxic at a concentration of 3 million-1. For comparison: sulfur dioxide is affected plants at higher concentrations (5 M-1). Violations growth of plants under the influence of NO2 are observed at concentrations of 0.35 mg/m3 and above. This value is the maximum concentration. The risk of damage vegetation nitrogen dioxide exists only in large cities and industrial areas, where the average concentration of NO2 is 0,2 - 0,3 mg/m3. Plants more stable (compared to humans) to the effect of pure dioxide nitrogen. This is due to the peculiarities of assimilation NO2, which is restored chloroplasts and a NH2-group is included in the amino acids. At concentrations 0,17 - 0,18 mg/m3 oxides of nitrogen used by plants as fertilizer. This ability to metabolizirovaniyu NOx man not inherent.

Sulfur Dioxide Ninety-five percent of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a heavy, colorless gas with an odor like a struck match. This gas combines easily with water vapor, forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3), a colorless, mildly corrosive liquid. This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air, forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4). DIUNDUH DARI: http://www.intechopen.com/books/air-quality/anthropogenic-air-pollution-sources..

Anthropogenic SO2 is almost exclusively formed during the combustion of fossil fuels with relevant sulphur content and most important is coal because the sulfur content of liquid and gaseous fossil fuels can be easily removed before combustion. SO2 atmospheric reaction and historical emissions. ( Popescu, 2009 )Other sulfur-containing compounds Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs. Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage. (Added in trace amounts to natural gas, providing a leak-detecting warning odor.)

Note: The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal, normally 0.7% to 2% by weight. High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6% sulfur by weight. In India, sulfur content is quite low.DIUNDUH DARI: http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v3/n12/fig_tab/ngeo989_F2.html.. Illustration of the important reaction pathways connecting SO, SO2, SO3 and H2SO4.

EFEK KESEHATAN AKIBAT SOxSulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor, it can irritate the respiratory system.Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow, making breathing difficult. Children, the elderly, those with chronic lung disease, and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects. DIUNDUH DARI: .. Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people. Impair the respiratory system's defenses against foreign particles and bacteria, when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods. Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone. (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing.)

DIUNDUH DARI: .. EFEK KESEHATAN AKIBAT SOxSulfur dioxide tends to have more toxic effects when acidic pollutants, liquid or solid aerosols, and particulates are also present. (In the past, thousands of excess deaths occurred in areas where SO2 concentrations exceeded 1 ppm for a few days and other pollutants were also high.) Effects are more pronounced among mouth breathers, e.g., people who are exercising or who have head colds.

These effects include: Health problems, such as episodes of bronchitis requiring hospitalization associated with lower-level acid concentrations. Self-reported respiratory conditions, such as chronic cough and difficult breathing, associated with acid aerosol concentrations. (Asthmatic individuals are especially susceptible to these effects. The elderly and those with chronic respiratory conditions may also be affected at lower concentrations than the general population.) Increased respiratory tract infections, associated with longer term, lower-level exposures to SO2 and acid aerosols. Subjective symptoms, such as headaches and nausea, in the absence of pathological abnormalities, due to long-term exposure.

DIUNDUH DARI: .. EFEK KESEHATAN AKIBAT SOxEfek SOx pada TumbuhanSulfur dioxide easily injures many plant species and varieties, both native and cultivated. Some of the most sensitive plants include various commercially valuable pines, legumes, red and black oaks, white ash, alfalfa and blackberry. The effects include: Visible injury to the most sensitive plants at exposures as low as 0.12 ppm for 8 hours. Visible injury to many other plant types of intermediate sensitivity at exposures of 0.30 ppm for 8 hours.

Manfaat positif pada konsentrasi rendah, dirasakan oleh beberapa jenis tumbuhan pada tanah-tanah yang defisien belerang.

Diunduh dari : . EFEK LAINNYAIncreases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals, probably through the formation of acids. (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition.) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry, paint, various fibers, paper, leather, and electrical components.

Peningkatan konsentrasi SO2 juga dapat mengganggu penglihatan (visibility). Partikulat sulfat, yang berasal dari emisi SO2, merupakan komponen utama dari campuran kompleks partikulat yang tersuspensi.

Diunduh dari : . EFEK KESEHATAN AKIBAT OZONOzone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant at the levels frequently found in most of the nation's urban areas during summer months.

Paparan ozon dapat mengakibatkan:Sesak nafas / nafas pendek. Sakit dada bila menghirup nafas panjang. Batuk-batuk.

Paparan ozon jangka panjang dengan konsnetrasi tinggi dapat mengakibatkan gangguan fungsi paru, inflammation selaput paru, dan gangguan pernafasan.

Diunduh dari : . PENCEMAR UTAMA DI UDARA

Diunduh dari : . PENCEMAR UTAMA DI UDARA

Diunduh dari : . SENYAWA KARBON DI ATMOSFER

Diunduh dari : . SENYAWA NITROGEN DI ATMOSFER

Diunduh dari : . SENYAWA BELERANG DI TROPOSFER

Diunduh dari : . BENCANA POLUSI UDARAAir Pollution, ISBN: 978-953-307-143-5 Ozone Pollution and its BioindicationBy Vanda Villanyi, Boris Turk, Franc Batic and Zsolt CsintalanDIUNDUH DARI: http://www.intechopen.com/books/air-pollution/ozone-pollution-and-its-bioindicationTriplet oxigen is a highly reactive molecule. Naturally it arises in the stratosphere, but it can as well develop through the chain reactions of photochemical smog in the troposphere. Photochemical smog occurs in highly polluted urban and industrial areas in the presence of high solar radiation. Ozone develops in the reaction of oxygen molecules with the singlet oxigen splitting off from nitrogen-oxides in the presence of UV-radiation.

Formation of ozone The short wave radiation of solar spectrum is entirely absorbed by stratospheric ozone and molecular oxygen. The infrared part of the spectrum is mostly absorbed by water vapour and carbon dioxide and some other greenhouse gases. Photochemistry in the troposphere is therefore driven by radiation with wavelengths between 300 and 600 nm (Seinfeld and Pandis,1998).Photooxidants are compounds formed by the oxidation processes of tropospheric gas phase chemistry. They include ozone and other compounds such as HNO3, PAN and aldehydes.Overview of photochemistry in the polluted planetary boundary layer (from Staehelin et al., 2000).

ASAP - SMOKEDiunduh dari : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke.. 9/11/2012. Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass.

It is commonly an unwanted by-product of fires (including stoves, candles, oil lamps, and fireplaces), but may also be used for pest control (cf. fumigation), communication (smoke signals), defensive and offensive capabilities in the military (smoke-screen), cooking (smoked salmon), or smoking (tobacco, cannabis, etc.).

Smoke is used in rituals, when incense, sage, or resin is burned to produce a smell for spiritual purposes. Smoke is sometimes used as a flavoring agent, and preservative for various foodstuffs. Smoke is also a component of internal combustion engine exhaust gas, particularly diesel exhaust.Smoke particles are an aerosol (or mist) of solid particles and liquid droplets that are close to the ideal range of sizes for Mie scattering of visible light.

Smoke particulates have three modes of particle size distribution:nuclei mode, with geometric mean radius between 2.520nm, likely forming by condensation of carbon moieties.accumulation mode, ranging between 75250nm and formed by coagulation of nuclei mode particlescoarse mode, with particles in micrometer range

KabutDiunduh dari : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabut .. 9/11/2012. Kabut atau halimun adalah uap air yang berada dekat permukaan tanah berkondensasi dan menjadi mirip awan. Hal ini biasanya terbentuk karena hawa dingin membuat uap air berkondensasi dan kadar kelembaban mendekati 100%.

Ada beberapa macam kabut:kabut adveksikabut anginkabut basahkabut eskabut lembahkabut radiasikabut uapkabut udara tropisKABUT ASAP (SMOG)

Istilah "asbut" adalah singkatan dari "asap" dan "kabut", pada perkembangan selanjutnya asbut tidak harus memiliki salah satu komponen kabut atau asap. Asbut juga sering dikaitkan dengan pencemaran udara.

Istilah "smog" pertama kali dikemukakan oleh Dr. Henry Antoine Des Voeux 1950 dalam karya ilmiahnya "Fog and Smoke", di Public Health Congress. Ada dua jenis asbut. Asbut fotokimia, seperti kasus di Los Angeles, dan asbut Industri seperti di London.

Kabut Asap atau lebih dikenal smog (smoke and fog), adalah sejenis kasus pencemaran udara berat yangbisa terjadi berhari-hari hingga hitungan bulan. Asbut sendiri merupakan koloid jenis aerosol padat dan aerosol cair.

KABUT FOTOKIMIADiunduh dari : http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-Delhi/Environmental%20Air%20Pollution/air%20pollution%20%28Civil%29/Module-1/3.htm.. 9/11/2012. Kabut fotokimia adalah campuran polutan termasuk ozon, aldehida, dan peroksi-asetil nitrat (PAN) yang dihasilkan dari interaksi nitrogen dioksida dan senyawa-senyawa organik mudah menguap dengan sinar matahari dalam suatu lingkungan hangat. Dua komponen paling merusak dari kabut fotokimia adalah ozon dan peroksiasetil nitrat. Ozon adalah molekul sangat reaktif yang mengganggu jaringan pernafasan dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan paru-paru yang permanen. Ozon dapat merusak klorofil tumbuh-tumbuhan. Peroksiasetil nitrat dapat menyebabkan iritasi mata.Photochemical smogPhotochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants which includes particulates, nitrogen oxides, ozone, aldehydes, peroxyethanoyl nitrate (PAN), unreacted hydrocarbons, etc. The smog often has a brown haze due to the presence of nitrogen dioxide. It causes painful eyes.

Kabut Los Angeles

Photochemically- produced Associated with motor vehicle emissions Brown in colorDiunduh dari : http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AirPollution.html . Photochemical smogIn bright sunlight nitrogen oxides , hydrocarbons and oxygen

Interact chemically to produce powerful oxidants like ozone (O3) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). These secondary pollutants are damaging to plant life and lead to the formation of photochemical smog. PAN is primarily responsible for the eye irritation so characteristic of this type of smog. The figure outlines representative reactions leading to the formation of photochemical smog. Radicals are atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons. They are very reactive chemically. The catalytic converter in automobile exhaust systems reduces air pollution by oxidizing hydrocarbons to CO2 and H2O and, to a lesser extent, converting nitrogen oxides to N2 and O2.

Kabut Los Angeles

Los Angeles Smog: driven by the photochemistryof the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) andoxygenated nitrogen species (NOx) contained inexhaust from combustion engines.Photochemical smog is air saturated with ozone,VOCs and aerosol particles.Diunduh dari : http://apesnature.homestead.com/chapter21.html. .

When VOCs are present, reactions lead to accumulation of damaging compounds; ozone is the most injurious.Kabut IndustriThe gray air in industrial cities in cold winter areas, caused from burning fossil fuel. Industrial smog is in the forms of dust, smoke, soot, ashes, asbestos, oil, lead, heavy metals, and sulfur oxides. In 1952, industrial smog held in place by a thermal inversion caused the 4,000 deaths in London. Diunduh dari : http://apesnature.homestead.com/chapter21.html . Industrial smog, or gray smog, occurs where coal is burned and the atmosphere is humid.

Fig. 22.4AIndustrial Smog London SmogLondon smog:fogsoot particlessulfur dioxidetarThis forms a highly acidic mist.Some incidents of deaths associated with sulfurous smog:1930 Meuse Valley, Belgium 631948 Donora, Pennsylvania 201952 London (5 days) 40001962 London 700These deaths lead to a reduction in coal consumption and an increasein alternative fuels, such as gasoline...Diunduh dari : http://apesnature.homestead.com/chapter21.html. This is a simplified model of atmospheric cleansing by the hydroxyl radical. The first step is the photochemical destruction of ozone. The second step produces hydroxyl that reacts rapidly with many pollutants.

Debu (Pneumoconiosis)

Inorganic Dust Coal Dust - AnthracosisSilica - Silicosis Asbestos - Asbestosis Iron - SiderosisOrganic Dusts Cane Fiber - Bagassosis (Bronchi gets affected)

Cotton dust - Byssinosis (In Textile industries) Tobacco - Tobaccosis, Lung Cancer Grain Dust - Farmers Lungs

Diunduh dari : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust . Dust consists of particles in the atmosphere that come from various sources such as soil dust lifted by wind (an Aeolian process), volcanic eruptions, and pollution. Dust in homes, offices, and other human environments contains small amounts of plant pollen, human and animal hairs, textile fibers, paper fibers, minerals from outdoor soil, human skin cells, burnt meteorite particles and many other materials which may be found in the local environment.Dust may worsen hay fever. Circulating outdoor air through a house by keeping doors and windows open, or at least slightly ajar, may reduce the risk of hay fever-causing dust. In colder climates, occupants seal even the smallest air gaps, and eliminate outside fresh air circulating inside the house. So it is essential to manage dust and airflow.

House dust mites are ubiquitous everywhere humans live indoors. Positive tests for dust mite allergies are extremely common among people with asthma. Dust mites are microscopic arachnids whose primary food is dead human skin cells. They do not actually live on people, though. It is probably not possible to entirely eradicate them. They and their feces and other allergens they produce are major constituents of house dust, but because they are so heavy they are not long suspended in the air.

Dust in the atmosphere is produced by saltation and sandblasting of sand-sized grains, and it is transported through the troposphere. This airborne dust is considered an aerosol and once in the atmosphere, it can produce strong local radiative forcing.

Asbestos - Asbestosis

Iron- SiderosisThe iris has the " rusty " appearance that results from siderosis. Diunduh dari : . Pneumoconiosis

A disease of the lungs characterized by fibrosis and caused by the chronic inhalation of mineral dusts, especially silica and asbestos. When Insoluble Inorganic Material (like silica and asbestos) enters the lungs, they stay in the lungs and cause inflammation and disease

Diunduh dari : . Ozone - Broncho constriction

Diunduh dari : .

Sulphur dioxide COPD, AsthmaCOPD - diseases of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed Diunduh dari : . CO It is formed by incomplete combustion of carbon fuels in various industries , motor vehicles, hearths,etc. It causes impairment of judgment and vision, headache and dizziness.SO2 It is produced in large quantity during smelting of metallic ores. It causes trachial irritation, cough, bronchial spasms.Diunduh dari : . Diunduh dari : http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-Delhi/Environmental%20Air%20Pollution/air%20pollution%20%28Civil%29/Module-1/3.htm. 9/11/2012 PANSmog is caused by the interaction of some hydrocarbons and oxidants under the influence of sunlight giving rise to dangerous peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN).

Nitrogen Oxides:Produced from burning of fossil fuelsContributes to acid rain, smogAutomobile engine main sourceNew engine technology has helped reduce, but many more cars.

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons - organic compounds with hydrogen, carbonFrom incomplete burning or evaporated from fuel suppliesMajor source is automobiles, but some from industryContribute to smogImprovements in engine design have helped reduceDiunduh dari : http://www.shodor.org/Master/environmental/air/photochem/smogapplication.html. 9/11/2012 SMOG PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN THE TROPOSPHEREPhotochemical smog is an atmospheric condition that produces severe eye irritation and poor visibility, to name just two of the effects. Three ingredients -- energy from a light source (ultraviolet), hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides -- are needed for photochemical smog to be formed. Two of those components are produced through the burning of fossil fuels, most notably automobiles. Photochemical smog is also sometimes known as "oxidizing smog", in that it has a high concentration of oxidizing agents. Ozone is a common oxidizing agent found in photochemical smog. Another type of smog, "reducing smog", has high concentrations of sulfur dioxide, which is a reducing agent.

Diunduh dari : http://www.zeably.com/Photochemical_smog. 9/11/2012 KABUT FOTOKIMIASmog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health. Ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide are especially harmful for senior citizens, children, and people with heart and lung conditions such as emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma. It can inflame breathing passages, decrease the lungs' working capacity, cause shortness of breath, pain when inhaling deeply, wheezing, and coughing. It can cause eye and nose irritation and it dries out the protective membranes of the nose and throat and interferes with the body's ability to fight infection, increasing susceptibility to illness. Hospital admissions and respiratory deaths often increase during periods when ozone levels are high.

Diunduh dari : http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/slc/climate/TemperatureInversions.php . 9/11/2012 What are temperature inversions? On most days, the temperature of air in the atmosphere is cooler the higher up in altitude you go. This is because most of the suns energy is converted to sensible heat at the ground, which in turn warms the air at the surface. The warm air rises in the atmosphere, where it expands and cools. Sometimes, however, the temperature of air actually increases with height. The situation of having warm air on top of cooler air is referred to as a temperature inversion, because the temperature profile of the atmosphere is "inverted" from its usual state. There are two types of temperature inversions: surface inversions that occur near the Earth's surface, and aloft inversions that occur above the ground. Surface inversions are the most important in the study of air quality.

PENCEMARAN BISING

NOISE POLLUTIONThe term noise is applied to the sound that cause irritation on hearing of healthy human being.Sources Transport noise--- Originates from road traffic (vehicular), air craft and rail traffic. Industrial noise--- It produced by presses; punch and stamp machine, pneumatic drills, milling machines, cutter and routers, dust extractors. etc. Domestic noise--- It is generated from domestic appliance like washing machines, spin dryers, food mixer, sink waste grinder and vacuum cleaner. DIUNDUH DARI: .. BISING Sound is what we hear while Noise is unwanted sound. In simple words noise is defined as any sound that is undesired by the recipient. A particular sound may be musical to one but noise to another, pleasant when soft, but noise when loud. The word noise is derived from the Latin word nausea, meaning a feeling of sickness at the stomach with an urge to vomit. For humans, hearing is normally limited to frequencies between about 12 Hz and 20,000 Hz (20 kHz). Noise pollution can be defined as unwanted or offensive sound that unreasonably intrudes into our daily activities (EPA 1986). DIUNDUH DARI: . http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/newsletter/scilence_zone%20html/zone%20intro_green.html. Some Typical sound levels in dB of various noise sources are given belowNo.SourcesNoise levels (dB)1Rusting of leaves due to gentle wind202Normal Conversation50-603Average Office noise554Small Shop605Printing Press806Heavy traffic807Large Factory908Train whistle909Boiler Factory11010Firecrackers11011Aeroplane noise (at a distance of 3 meters)130Effects Of Noise PollutionHearing damage from noise exposurePathological and Physiological disorders

The impact of noise may cause permanent hearing loss due to the exposure to noise levels exceeding 90 dBDIUNDUH DARI: http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/newsletter/scilence_zone%20html/zone%20intro_green.html.. Auditory Effects - The most acute and immediate effect of noise pollution is impairing of hearing which may cause auditory fatigue and may even finally lead to deafness.Auditory fatigue occurs when exposed to noise levels of 90 dB or above. In metro cities, most of the shopkeepers, cobblers, fruit sellers complain tinnitus in ear.Deafness occurs when exposed to loud noise. The workers working in the noisy workplace environment may suffer from Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL). Hearing loss may be temporary or permanent. Prolonged exposure to high noise levels leads to permanent deafness.

Noise pollution This era has rightly been called as the era of noise.because heavy industrialization we are exposed to a high level of noise all around us. Noise has become a very important stress factor in modern life.it leads many health hazards.Some of the sources of noise pollution are aircraft,automobiles,factories,loudspeakers& pop& Rock-n-Roll music in clubs

. Noise produces following health problems- 1)Auditory fatigue 2)Deafness or impaired vision 3)Rise in blood pressure, pulse rate 4)Headache 5)Nausea 6)Disturbed sleep 7)Emotional disturbances Diunduh dari : .

Space vehicle launchLoudspeakerJet take off

Very High above than100db

Loud ConversationHeavy TrafficHigh Approximate 80db

Quit ConversationTicking ClockPleasant below than 80dBQuit Raining

Sports carDiunduh dari : . INTENSITAS BUNYINoise SourceNoise ScaleNoise SourceNoise ScaleBreathing10dbTraffic noise60-90dbWinds in trees20dbSports car80-90dbQuit conversation20-30dbHeavy truck90-100dbTicking clock10dbMotor cycle105dbHouse in quiet street35dbThunder storm110dbRadio music50-60dbBeat music (Electrically amplified)120dbLoud conversation60dbAir craft noise90-120dbOffice noise60dbJet take off120dbChildren play60-80dbJet engine140dbLawn mower60-80dbSpace vehicle launch (From a short distance)140-170dbVacuum cleaner80dbSUMBER BISING DAN INTENSITASNYABISINGRead more: Noise Pollution - effects, environmental, United States, impact, EPA, industrial, world, human, life, health http://www.pollutionissues.com/Na-Ph/Noise-Pollution.html#ixzz21lOSovKk

DIUNDUH DARI: .. Noise pollution is the intrusion of unwanted, uncontrollable, and unpredictable sounds, not necessarily loud, into the lives of individuals of reasonable sensitivities.

To understand noise, one must know something about sound and how loudness is measured. Sound that travels through the air in waves has two major properties: the frequency or speed at which the waves vibrate and the intensity of each vibration. It is the intensity, or how many molecules are packed together with each vibration, that for the most part produces the sense of loudness, although frequency also contributes to the determination of loudness, with higher-pitched sounds sounding louder. Loudness is measured by a decibel scale (expressed as dB), but to reflect human hearing more accurately a modified version of this scale, known as the A scale, has been developed. On the A scale, loudness is measured in dBAs. The scale increases logarithmically so that an increase of 10 dB indicates a doubling of loudness, and an increase of 20 dB represents a sound that is four times louder. Whispers measure 20 dBA, normal conversation 50 to 60 dBA, shouting 85 dBA, and loud music over 120 dBA. Continuous exposure to sounds over 85 dBA may cause permanent hearing loss.

Safe Sound Level vs. Times Allowed per Day

Over 85 dBA, over time, can cause permanent damageGELOMBANGDIUNDUH DARI: http://syahrilfisika.blogspot.com/ ... 8/11/2012Gelombang adalah energi yang merambat.

Bentuk-bentuk gelombang ada dua yaitu :

(1) TransversalGelombang transversal adalah yang arah rambatnya relatif tegak lurus terhadap arah osilasinya. Bentuk gelombang ini sesuai dengan kurva sinus, sehingga gelombang ini sering disebut sinusoidal.

satu panjang gelombang dikatakan sebagai jarak antara 1 bukit dan 1 lembah atau jarak antara dua lembah atau jarak antara dua bukit. sedangkan satu periode adalah waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menmpuh satu gelombang. Fenomena-fenomena alam yang sesuai dengan bentuk gelombang ini adalah gelombang elektromagnetik, gelombang cahaya, dan gelombang laut pada ombak.

DIUNDUH DARI: http://syahrilfisika.blogspot.com/ ... 8/11/2012(2) Gelombang Longitudinal

Gelombang longitudinal adalah gelombang yang arah rambatnya relatif sejajar dengan arah osilasinya. Satu panjang gelombang didefimisikan sebagai jarak antara 1 rapatan dan 1 regangan, jarak antara 2 regangan atau jarak antara 2 rapatan.

Contoh fenomena fisika yang sesuai dengan prinsip gelombang longitudinal adalah gelombang bunyi di udara, gelombang air ketika ada suatu benda yang jatuh ke air yang tenang. berikut ini animasi gelombang longitudinalGELOMBANG BUNYI

GELOMBANG BUNYIDIUNDUH DARI: http://indha-nilasary.blogspot.com/2012/04/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none_3323.html ... 8/11/2012Gelombang Bunyi

Bunyi merupakan bentuk dari gelombang tranversal (arah rambatan sejajar dengan arah getarannya). kuat lemah bunyi dipengaruhi Amplitudo dan tinggi rendah bunyi dipengaruhi oleh frekuensi.Resonansi adalah peristiwa ikut bergetarnya benda lain yang berfrekuensi sama dengan sebuah benda yang bergetar. contoh pantulan bunyi dalam kotak udara gitar mempunyai frekuensi yang sama....maka terjadi resonansi dan bunyi gitar menjadi lebih nyaring dari bunyi aslinya (petikan senar saja).

Pengelompokan bunyi berdasarkan frekuensinya :Bunyi Infrasonik adalah bunyi yang frekuensinya < 20 Hz. bunyi ini tidak dapat didengarkan oleh manusia namun dapat didengarkan oleh laba-laba, jangkrik dan lumba-lumba.Bunyi audiosonik adalah bunyi yang frekuensinya diantara 20 Hz - 20.000 Hz. bunyi jenis inilah yang dapat didengarkan oleh manusia.Bunyi ultrasonik adalah bunyi yang frekuensinya > 20.000 Hz. bunyi jenis ini juga tidak dapat di dengarkan manusia. hewan yang mampu mengarkan bunyi jenis ini adalan lumba2, jangkrik, anjing....dll.BUNYIDIUNDUH DARI: http://nenysmadda.ucoz.org/news/sifat_dasar_gelombang_bunyi/2010-10-03-25 ... 8/11/2012Intensitas bunyi, kenyaringan dan tingkat intensitas bunyi

Ketika gelombang merambat, gelombang tersebut memindahkan energi dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain.

Gelombang tiga dimensi adalah gelombang yang merambat ke segala arah, misalnya gelombang bunyi

Jika seseorang berbicara maka orang yang berada di depan, belakang, samping kiri, samping kanan, di atas atau di bawah bisa mendengar pembicaraanmu. Hal ini dikarenakan gelombang bunyi merambat ke segala arah.

Pada saat merambat, gelombang bunyi juga membawa sejumlah energi, karena arah perambatan gelombang bunyi ke segala arah maka hal yang penting adalah intensitas.

Intensitas merupakan energi yang dibawa oleh gelombang per satuan waktu, melalui satu satuan luas yang tegak lurus dengan arah perambatan gelombang.

Energi per satuan waktu adalah daya , sehingga intensitas merupakan daya yang dibawa oleh gelombang, melalui satu satuan luas yang tegak lurus dengan arah rambatan gelombang.

FENOMENA BISINGDIUNDUH DARI: http://yusalsunjaya.wordpress.com/ ... 8/11/2012Gelombang bunyi (akustik) dapat ditemui dalam bentuknya yang alami maupun berasal dari aktivitas buatan manusia. Di antara gelombang akustik tersebut, ada yang disebut sebagai noise atau bising.

Bising atau noise dalam konteks akustik memiliki beberapa arti:bunyi atau suara yang keras, tidak disenangi, tidak terprediksi, tidak diinginkan gangguan, dalam bentuk acak dan terus menerus, yang membuat sinyal menjadi tidak jelas atau tereduksi

Pada dasarnya, bising berbentuk gelombang suara itu sendiri yang dapat berasal dari mana saja, dan bentuk apa saja. Hanya saja, status bising akan ditentukan oleh konteks situasi gelombang yang diinginkan dan tidak diinginkan.

Di studio musik, percakapan orang-orang akan menjadi status bising karena pada saat itu sedang dilakukan perekaman. Sebaliknya, di ruang pertemuan, musik akan menjadi bising karena saat itu gelombang akustik yang diinginkan adalah suara percakapan, selainnya akan mengganggu pertemuan.

Fenomena bising itu sendiri mencakup skala yang luas. Salah satunya adalah bising berbentuk suara keras yang mengganggu kenyamanan dan keamanan akustik lingkungan bagi kehidupan manusia. Sebagian mesin pabrik yang menghasilkan suara yang sangat keras, bisa merusak indra pendengaran karyawan di sekitarnya, dan bahkan bisa mengganggu ketenangan masyarakat sekitar.

PENGENDALIAN BISINGTeknologi pengendalian bising (noise control technique) adalah teknik mengendalikan gelombang suara berupa noise (bising) untuk mereduksi bahkan menghilangkan bising. Sesuai arti terminologinya, bising berarti gelombang akustik yang tidak diinginkan, sehingga harus direduksi atau dihilangkan. Saat ini telah berkembang banyak teknik pengendalian bising dari skala sinyal maupun pada tingkat intensitas suara yang tinggi.Secara konsep, cara menghilangkan kebisingan adalah dengan terlebih dahulu mengetahui karakteristik propagasi gelombang akustik sendiri, yang terdiri atas refleksi, refraksi, absorpsi, dan transmisi.

Refleksi adalah peristiwa pemantulan gelombang bunyi saat ia bertumbukan dengan sebuah permukaan. Misalkan kita tinjau sebuah titik permukaan yang ditumbuk gelombang akustik. Jika gelombang datang dengan sudut datang i maka akan dipantulkan dengan sudut r dengan i = r, sesuai hukum pemantulan.

Selanjutnya kita tinjuan permukaan secara lebih besar. Kita akan melihat bahwa pemantulan yang terjadi akan dipengaruhi oleh tingkat kekasaran permukaan tersebut. Permukaan yang rata sempurna menghasilkan pemantulan yang teratur. Sebaliknya, permukaan yang kasar akan memamtulkan gelombang secara baur/difus.

Refraksi atau pembiasan, adalah fenomena gelombang akustik saat ia melewati medium yang memiliki kerapatan yang berbeda. Akibatnya, terjadi pembelokan arah rambat gelombang berdasarkan persamaan Snellius.Absorpsi adalah peristiwa konversi energi akustik menjadi energi termal pada zat permukaan, sehingga akan terjadi pengurangan intensitas bunyi setelah ia melewati permukaan tersebut. Sementara transmisi berarti diteruskannya gelombang akustik saat ia melewati sebuah lapisan permukaan.

Dari keempat pola propagasi di atas, yaitu refleksi, refraksi, absorpsi, dan transmisi, rekayasa pengendalian bising dapat disusun dengan salah satu atau beberapa dari pola tersebut.

DIUNDUH DARI: http://yusalsunjaya.wordpress.com/ ... 8/11/2012PENGENDALIAN BISINGDIUNDUH DARI: http://yusalsunjaya.wordpress.com/... 8/11/2012Penghalang Bising (Noise Barriers)

Penghalang bising biasa diaplikasikan pada tempat tempat umum dengan tujuan menghalangi transmisi bising akibat sumber bising. Derajat absorbsi dan keterhalangan bising dengan adanya penghalang bising (noise barriers) ini bergantung pada ketebalan, ketinggian, dan koefisien absorbsi dinding.Namun, faktor lain yang juga mempengaruhi transmisi bising ini adalah :Pemantulan dan transmisi lewat tanahAngin dan cuacaPembelokan arah rambat pada jarak jauhGeometri wilayah

Peredam (Silencer)

Pembuluh peredam (duct silencer) bekerja berdasarkan prinsip pemantulan dan penyerapan.

Semua gelombang bising diarahkan pada pembuluh ini, kemudian memantul dibarengi dengan pengurangan intensitas energinya karena penyerapan, terus menerus hingga teredam.

PENGENDALIAN BISINGDIUNDUH DARI: http://www.megasorber.com/4fold-approach/sound-barrier.html... 8/11/2012Sound is Blocked by a Noise BarrierLead is known as one of the best noise barriers available due to its flexibility and denseness. Use of lead materials these days, however, is nearly extinct due to health and environmental concerns.

Megasorber Absorber-Barrier Soundproofing Composites Enhance the Barrier Performance

Through years of research and development, Megasorber has successfully developed a special range of soundproofing composite materials. Combined with the Megasorber sound absorption techniques and the specially designed decoupling layer, Megasorber soundproofing composites provide a sound transmission loss well above the mass-law prediction.

Noise Barrier Design PrinciplesDIUNDUH DARI: http://www4.uwm.edu/cuts/noise/noiseb.htm... 8/11/2012Fundamental Elements of Design

Sound Absorption This method uses plants to entrap or absorb sound vibrations. It is the most commonly used, particularly for large scale applications.Sound is absorbed by all parts of the plant such as leaves, branches, twigs and wood. The rougher the bark the better it absorbs sound. Experts say the best species for this will have many branches and thick, fleshy leaves with thin petioles (leaf stem). These broadleaf species lose their effectiveness in the winter when deciduous. Fortunately they leaf out for maximum advantage during the months when windows are open and you're spending time outdoors. In warm climates many more broadleaf evergreens can be used for sound absorption benefits all year around.A sound attenuation barrier is most effective when located closest to the source of the sound. Large shrubby trees can also be effective at scattering sound waves. The deeper and more dense the barrier the greater its scattering potential. This illustrates the biggest problem: your designer needs space for an effective solution.(http://www.landscapingnetwork.com/landscape-design/noise-reduction.html)Noise Barrier Design PrinciplesDIUNDUH DARI: http://www4.uwm.edu/cuts/noise/noiseb.htm... 8/11/2012

Noise Barrier Design PrinciplesDIUNDUH DARI: http://www4.uwm.edu/cuts/noise/noiseb.htm... 8/11/2012

Noise Barrier Design PrinciplesDIUNDUH DARI: http://www4.uwm.edu/cuts/noise/noiseb.htm... 8/11/2012Plant Categories

PENGENDALIAN BISINGPlants can be strategically placed to frame views and objects.

DIUNDUH DARI: http://www4.uwm.edu/cuts/noise/noiseb.htm... 8/11/2012

PENGENDALIAN BISINGSound Deflection and Reflection This method causes the noise to be bounced away from the recipient and sometimes back toward the source. The difference is based upon the density and rigidity of the barrier. Your designer can create attractive and effective partitions that may serve as a fence, but also double as sound barriers.When sound waves strike a 5 or 6 foot masonry wall, it does not vibrate so the waves are reflected back toward the source. The sound waves that are higher up will go right over the wall. That's why the freeway is so loud when it runs between two masonry sound walls. It's also why sound absorption plants are used in conjunction with walls to catch the higher level sound.When sound waves strike a slightly flexible panel it will vibrate. This transforms sound waves into other forms of energy, and also deflects them off in different directions. The more flexible the material, the greater the deflection. Common materials for sound deflection barriers are fiberglass and corrugated metal.A benefit of using a designer familiar with sound issues is that they will be familiar with state-of-the-art specialty materials designed for outdoor use partitions just as egg crate foam is utilized as sound proofing in music studios.

(http://www.landscapingnetwork.com/landscape-design/noise-reduction.html)

DIUNDUH DARI: http://www4.uwm.edu/cuts/noise/noiseb.htm... 8/11/2012PENGENDALIAN BISINGSound Refraction

This little known effect occurs when noise is dissipated, diffused or dispersed by striking a rough surface on any plain. It's easier to understand using a room of your house as an example. If it is empty with a bare floor and walls, every sound bounces off the hard surfaces to magnify it or even cause a slight echo as it bounces around. Add carpeting and the echo vanishes.

Outdoor surfaces coated in plants can have much the same effect. It's why freeway sound walls are often planted with clinging vines such as Boston Ivy or creeping fig. On the ground plain the most powerful tool is lawn, due to its large area and excellent refraction ability. Make sure your designer is on her toes to utilize these surface coverings whenever possible to keep urban din from bouncing around your courtyard.

(http://www.landscapingnetwork.com/landscape-design/noise-reduction.html)

DIUNDUH DARI: http://www4.uwm.edu/cuts/noise/noiseb.htm... 8/11/2012PENGENDALIAN BISING DIUNDUH DARI: http://www.avtreefarm.com/files/sound-barrier.htm BARIER VEGETASIVegetation can be used to barrier the effects many problems including noise pollution. As with plantings for wind or visual barriers, the selection and arrangement of the plant material is key to a successful outcome. Noise reduction is achieved by either deflection or absorption of the noise or a combination of the two. Most hardscape barriers work by deflecting sound (example 1in pic.). To be effective they should be close to the source of the noise as safety allows. With these barriers vegetation serves to soften the visual effect of the barrier and reduce the reverberation of sound. Earthen berms are often used in combination with trees and shrubs to deflect and absorb sound when the available space is limited (example 2.). Vegetation alone can be used where adequate space is available. To be effective the planting must be multiple rows to about 4075' in depth. Care also must be taken to plant the first row at 50' from a roadway or any area that should not be subject to extra snow deposits. Conifers or evergreen broadleaf plants will naturally provide the best year around noise reduction. Deciduous trees and shrubs can be added to the planting for variety and added summer noise reduction (example 3).

PENCEMARAN AIR

Water FactsOnly about 3% of surface water is fresh water

One-fifth of the world population lack access to clean drinking water

Over 2.6 billion people do not have adequate toilets, sewers or latrines

Water-borne Diseases : o Affect four billion people every yearo Kill five million people including 6000 children every year

PENCEMARAN AIRDiunduh dari : . Diunduh dari : http://zolushka4earth.wordpress.com/2010/08/21/38/. EUTROFIKASI

Eutrophication is a natural process that occurs in an aging lake or pond as that body of water gradually builds up its concentration of plant nutrients. Cultural or artificial eutrophication occurs when human activity introduces increased amounts of these nutrients, which speed up plant growth and eventually choke the lake of all of its animal life.

In natural lakes a distinction is sometimes made between natural and cultural (anthropogenic) eutrophication processes. Natural eutrophication depends only on the local geology and natural features of the catchment.Cultural eutrophication is associated with human activities which accelerate the eutrophication process beyond the rate associated with the natural process (e.g. by increasing nutrient loads into aquatic ecosystems).

WATER POLLUTIONSources and impactsDomestic wastes and sewage -- Sewage of municipalities, boats, ships, etc. It causes depletion of oxygen It produce foul odour and makes the water oily and brownish. Increase the sludge which make the water unfit for recreational and industrial use,It induces the growth of algal blooms.

Diunduh dari : . SURFACE RUN-OFF

The pollutants present on the surface of land and fertilizers are washed down into water bodies. The nitrites enter the blood and combine with hemoglobin to form methaemoglobin. The latter is unable to transport oxygen and gives rise to diseasecalled as methaemoglobinaemia. Infants are the most affected, showing signs of blueness around the mouth, hands and feet, having trouble breathing as well as vomiting and diarrhoea. Diunduh dari : http://www.co.portage.wi.us/groundwater/undrstnd/runoff.htm . Urban runoff adalah limpasan permukaan air hujan dibuat oleh urbanisasi. Urban limpasan ini didefinisikan sebagai aliran sungai atau jumlah limpasan permukaan dan aliran bawah permukaan limpasan permukaan.

Limpasan ini terjadi ketika simpanan permukaan dan simpanan tanah telah penuh, infiltrasi curah hujan berhenti dan selanjutnya air menjadi aliran permukaan. Diunduh dari: taufikmohar.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/urban-runoff.ppt

Runoff is the total amount of water flowing into a stream. It is the umbrella term for at least six (6) other terms: surface runoff, direct runoff, overland flow, saturation excess overland flow, interflow, baseflow, and probably a few others.INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS They are industrial wastes which are either dumped in the soil or are allowed to pass into water bodies. The effluents contains heavy metals, cyanides, thicynates, chromates, acids, alkalies, organic solvent,etc.Mercury sources ; Coal, smelting of ores, paper/paint industryMercury causes Minamata disease.Minamata disease is the name given to mercury toxicosis (poisoning) that developed in people who ate contaminated sea food taken from Minamata BayThe disease results in crippling deformityPersistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) consist of chemicals pesticides (such as DDT), industrial chemicals (such as polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs), and unwanted by-products of industrial processes or combustion (such as dioxins and furans) that are dangerously resistant to environmental degradation. With no or little alterations of their original composition, POPs are transported to oceans and coastal areas by air, water and soil, via direct industrial effluents, sewages and solid source releases, as well as irrational dumping and dredging of waste.

Diunduh dari : http://www.persga.org/inner.php?id=117. Sources of lead pollution

Paints, smelters, chemical and pesticide industries, petrochemicals.Lead poisoning (also known as plumbism, colica pictonium, saturnism, painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the heavy metal lead in the body. Lead interferes with a variety of body processes and is toxic to many organs and tissues including the heart, bones, intestines, kidneys, reproductive and nervous systems.

DIUNDUH DARI: . http://wondersofebt.blogspot.com/2010_07_01_archive.html. Cadmium causes renal damage, emphysema and hypertension and Itai-Itai diseases.

Cadmium is a relatively rare element that is a minor nutrient for aquatic organisms at low concentrations, but is toxic to aquatic biota at concentrations only slightly higher. In aquatic environments, organisms are exposed to cadmium in dissolved and particulate-bound forms, including ambient water, sediments, and food . Cadmium can be taken up by bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish directly or through the food chain as a potentially toxic metal, which can enter the organism body via waterborne and dietary pathways, although regulatory assessments of metal toxicity to aquatic organisms assume that toxic effects are caused by dissolved metals. In recent years, concern has been expressed about the possible effects on aquatic organisms from exposure to cadmium. Both acute and chronic toxicity tests are essential for better understanding of the response of aquatic organisms to cadmium. This topic provides many different studies on cadmium toxicity to aquatic biota.

Cadmium Pollution Sources

Smelting and refining of metals, or from the air in plants that make cadmium products such as batteries, coatings, or plastics .Cigarettes are also a significant source of cadmium exposure Cadmium is used in industry as a protective coat for iron, copper and steel Ex; telephone wires. Paint pigments DIUNDUH DARI: http://what-when-how.com/mechanisms-of-cadmium-toxicity-to-various-trophic-saltwater-organisms/toxicity-of-waterborne-cadmium-to-saltwater-aquatic-organisms-part-1/ .. Effects Effects seen on liver and kidney mainly.Organs of toxicity:- Central Nervous System, Kidney .One of the main effects of cadmium poisoning is weak and brittle bones. Spinal and leg pain is common, and a waddling gait often develops due to bone deformities caused by the cadmium. The pain eventually becomes debilitating, with fractures becoming more common as the bone weakens. Other complications include coughing, anemia, and kidney failure, leading to death Symptoms

DIUNDUH DARI: http://what-when-how.com/mechanisms-of-cadmium-toxicity-to-various-trophic-saltwater-organisms/toxicity-of-waterborne-cadmium-to-saltwater-aquatic-organisms-part-1/..

Amoebiasis, sometimes spelt amebiasis, is one of those common diseases, caused by a parasite which infects the bowel casing a type of gastroenteritis infection.

This disease generally occurs in young to middle aged adults who ingest contaminated food or water containing the Entamoeba histolytica microorganism .

AmoebiasisDIUNDUH DARI: .. Giardiasis Giardiasis (gee-ar-die-a-sis with a soft "G") is an infection of the small intestine that is caused by the parasite, Giardia lamblia The most common manifestations of giardiasis are diarrhoea and abdominal pain, particularly cramping; however, diarrhea is not invariable and occurs in 60% to 90% of patients

DIUNDUH DARI: .. PESTISIDA

They are discharged to the water body through the agricultural run-off.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon, organo pesticides and inorganic pesticides are poisonous and causes sweating, salivation, nausea, vomiting , diarrhoea and muscular tremors for the peopleChromium has carcinogenic properties.Nickel can cause damage to liver and kidney.Arsenic can cause hyper-pigmentation, Keratosis and black foot disease

DIUNDUH DARI: http://www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/pesticides.htm .. Pesticides are used to control weeds, pests and diseases in crops (including grassland). It is normal practice for several different pesticides to be applied to a single crop in any given growing season.

DIUNDUH DARI: .. MAGNIFIKASI BIOLOGISPENCEMARAN FLUORIDA96 % of fluoride is found in bones and teeth. Fluorine is essential for the normal mineralization of bones and formation of dental enamel.Water resources near granitic rocks containing more than 2.5 ppm cause Fluorosis

The cause of this diseases mainly due to consumption of high quantity of fluoride through water, food, cosmetic like fluoridated tooth paste, drugs and inhaling air contaminated with fluoride in industrial environment.

DIUNDUH DARI: .. Fluorosis was first detected in India among cattle by the farmers of Andhra pradesh State during early 1930. The farmers noticed the inability of the bullocks to walk due to painfull and stiff joints.This endemic fluorosis had been identified in total 15 state of the Indian union.Fluorosis is a clinical condition recognized by Shrott in 1937 .

DIUNDUH DARI: .. LIMBAH PADATAN Urban India produces 1,20,000 tons of MSW/Day. Per capita waste generation in major cities of India ranges from 0.8 kg to 1.0 kg per day. Of the MSW collected; 94% is dumped on land and 5% is composed. 23 metrocities generates 30,000 tons of SW/Day. Class-I cities generate 50,000 tons of solid waste per day Karnataka State generates 3553.97 tons/Day , disposes 2848.05 tons/Day and the remaining is un collected wastes. DIUNDUH DARI: http://www.wastemanagementrecycling.net/waste-recycling-benefits.html.. There are certain municipal waste management programs that are known as municipal waste to energy programs. These processes are very effective sustainable source of energy. In this waste management process, the household wastes are used that usually people through away. In converts these waste materials into sustainable power that comes back to people in the form of electricity. The best part of this process is that it only helps us in keeping our environment clean, but also is providing us energy in form of electricity..

At the end we can say that waste management is a vast field that includes various types of waste management methods for different types of waste materials. Incineration, landfilling and recycling are some of the very popular way of waste management. Among all these methods of waste management, landfilling is considered to be oldest one. Using landfills for municipal waste disposals is thus a very common method of waste management.Sumber limbah MUNICIPAL WASTES AGRICULTURAL WASTES AND SEWAGE SLUDGE INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND MINING WASTES BIO-MEDICAL WASTES E-WASTES RADIOACTIVE WASTESDIUNDUH DARI: http://www.wastemanagementrecycling.net/waste-recycling-benefits.html.. Waste Management Recycling: Provides BenefitsRecycling of waste materials is the best way of reducing wastes that helps in creating a clean living atmosphere. Waste management recycling process is scientifically very beneficial for both the environment and its living creatures. There are various methods of recycling available which are used for different types recycling products. For example: the method used in recycling of construction waste material differs from solid municipal waste recycling.

Water pollution by agricultureBrian MossPhil. Trans. R. Soc. B 12 February 2008 vol. 363 no. 1491 659-666 DIUNDUH DARI: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1491/659.shortAgriculture disrupts all freshwater systems hugely from their pristine states. The former reductionist concept of pollution was of examining individual effects of particular substances on individual taxa or sub-communities in freshwater systems, an essentially ecotoxicological concept.

It is now less useful than a more holistic approach that treats the impacts on the system as a whole and includes physical impacts such as drainage and physical modification of river channels and modification of the catchment as well as nutrient, particulate and biocide pollution.

The European Water Framework Directive implicitly recognizes this in requiring restoration of water bodies to good ecological quality, which is defined as only slightly different from pristine state.

The implications for the management of agriculture are far more profound than is currently widely realized.

. FERTILIZER POLLUTION REDUCTION STRATEGIESTheresa Connor, P.E., General Manager, and Jack Merriam, EnvironmentalManager Sarasota County Water Planning and Regulatory1001 Sarasota Center Blvd., Sarasota, Fl 34240http://www.stormwater.ucf.edu/conferences/9thstormwatercd/documents/fertilizerpollution.pdfSarasota County became interested in controlling pollution from fertilizers as a result of community concerns about red tide blooms over the last several years.

The Board of County Commissioners asked staff to look at ordinances to control fertilizer usage such as the one passed in St. Johns County. After looking at the St. Johns County ordinance and talking with their staff and commissioners Sarasota County decided to pursue a different route.

Instead of jumping right in and passing an ordinance, Sarasota County decided to establish a series of Community Conversations with four different stakeholder groups: industry, government, civic groups, and environmental groups to look at all options.

The conversations were a series of facilitated meetings which worked through questions or exercises with the ultimate goal of developing a set of comprehensive recommendations to the Board of County Commissions.

The details of the process, statistics from survey questions, and the final recommendations will be part of the paper.

. Nitrification Potential of Soils under Pollution of a Fertilizer PlantGintar SujetovienEREM Vol 53, No 3 (2010)Diunduh dari: http://www.erem.ktu.lt/index.php/erem/article/view/83

Nitrogen compounds found in soil in the form of mineral and organic bonds are available to microbes and plants as NO3- and NH4+, produced in consequence of ammonification, nitrification and N fixation.

The laboratory experiment was conducted on samples of podzolic sandy soils. Soil samples were taken in the surroundings of a nitrogen fertilizer plant Achema, situated in the center of Lithuania. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of soil contamination on the nitrification process.

Nitrification generally proceeded more rapidly in control soils than in soils under the Achema pollution. On the average, 0.004 mg NO2-N was nitrified per g N mineralized per hour in the plots under the influence of the nitrogen fertilizer producing plant pollution. In comparison with nitrified N in reference soils the values were significantly higher - 0.253 (p < 0.05). Soils from background ecosystems had, on the average, 63 times higher nitrification rate than in polluted soils.

The eutrophication of pine sandy soils stimulated biological processes and that was likely related to higher soil pH and initial NH4+.Bgm PUPUK MENCEMARI LINGKUNGAN?

.diunduh dari: http://www.ehow.com/info_7962176_fertilizers-pollution.htmlFertilizer pollution is considered a nonpoint source of water pollution, meaning that there is no single point of contamination, but rather a slow and sporadic addition of the pollutant over a wide area.

The fertilizer you add to your lawn or garden can get into the water supply in one of two ways: by being carried off the surface of the land by rainfall, or by seeping through the soil and contaminating the ground water beneath the land.

Fertilizer can also pollute if it is accidentally dropped onto paved ground, where it is quickly moved into water runoff without even getting a chance to be absorbed by the soil.

Fertilizer is not inherently bad, as all plants need these nutrients to survive, but when an area is overfertilized or incorrectly fertilized, that pollution becomes a problem.

EFEK PENCEMARAN PUPUK

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