K8_1_MLR_Pertanian_lanjut

M. LUTHFI RAYESM. LUTHFI RAYES

AGROEKOLOGI:

PRINSIP-PRINSIP DAN PRINSIP-PRINSIP DAN STRATEGI MENUJU PERTANIAN STRATEGI MENUJU PERTANIAN

BERKELANJUTANBERKELANJUTAN

M. LUTHFI RAYES FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIV BRAWIJAYA

REVIEWREVIEW

Ekologi : ilmu yg mempelajari interaksi (hubungan timbal balik) antara organisme dg sesamanya dan interaksi antara organisme dg lingkungannya

Satuan pokok ekologi adalah Satuan pokok ekologi adalah ekosistemekosistem


EKOSISTEMEKOSISTEM Ekosistem : suatu sistem ekologi yg

terbentuk oleh hubungan timbal balik antara makhluk hidup dg lingkungannya.

Ekosistem merupakan suatu tatanan kesatuan secara utuh dan menyeluruh antara segenap unsur lingkungan hidup yg saling mempengaruhi.

Komponen2 pembentuk ekosistem adalah:

Komponen hidup (biotik) Komponen tak hidup (abiotik)


Agro-ekologiAgro-ekologi

Agro-ekologi : ilmu yg mempelajari Agro-ekologi : ilmu yg mempelajari sistem pertanian dg menggunakan sistem pertanian dg menggunakan kaidah-kaidah ekologi.kaidah-kaidah ekologi.

Tujuan agroekologi : mengkaji sistem Tujuan agroekologi : mengkaji sistem pertanian dgn menggunakan kaidahpertanian dgn menggunakan kaidah

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ekologi shg penerapan teknologi ekologi shg penerapan teknologi pertanian tidak merusak lingkungan pertanian tidak merusak lingkungan

PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTANPERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN ((SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE)..


Konsep AgroekosistemKonsep Agroekosistem

Terjadi interaksi antara komponen Terjadi interaksi antara komponen pertanianpertanian

Interaksi normal Interaksi normal terjadi keseimbangan terjadi keseimbanganTimbul masalah bila tak seimbang Timbul masalah bila tak seimbang

interaksinya (homeostasis) tergangguinteraksinya (homeostasis) tergangguContoh Contoh : kekeringan, banjir, longsor, : kekeringan, banjir, longsor,

erosi, peledakan hama penyakit erosi, peledakan hama penyakit (wereng), mutasi tanaman (varietas), (wereng), mutasi tanaman (varietas), produktivitas tanah menurun, produktivitas tanah menurun, masyarakat petani tetap miskinmasyarakat petani tetap miskin


Konsekuensi dr Pertanian yg tidak memperhatikan Masalah lingkungan

Hortikulura di lereng curam (Lampung)

Polusi Air

Kopi monokultur di lereng curam (Lampung)


Komponen Lingkungan PertanianKomponen Lingkungan Pertanian Tanah Biota Tanah, Vegetasi Hewan/ternak Komponen iklim (Hujan, Radiasi mthr, dst) Nutrisi/pupuk Pestisida Sungai, Air Manusia Teknologi dst


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PERTANIAN TROPIKA

IKLIM

TANAH

ORGANISME

AIR

DINAMIKA & RAGAM

BUDIDAYA TANAMAN

MANAJEMEN USAHATANI

PANEN & PASCAPANEN

Penanganan Hasil ; Pengolahan; Pemasaran

Sarana produksi:

• Tanah/lahan• Benih / bibit• Air• Pupuk • Pestisida/

Obat• Tenaga Kerja

Biologi- TanamanTeknologi :• Bertanam• Memelihara

Biologi- TanamanTeknologi :• Bertanam• Memelihara

KEBERLANJUTANKEBERLANJUTAN

MAKNA SAINTIFIK “PERTANIAN”


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PERMASALAHAN SERIUS dalam Pertanian

PERMASALAHAN SERIUS dalam Pertanian

Semakin meningkatnya

biaya dan ketergantungan

thd input eksternal (bahan kimia dan energi)


biaya dan ketergantungan

thd input eksternal (bahan kimia dan energi)

Semakin menurunnya produktivitas

tanah akibat erosi tanah dan kehilangan

(pencucian) hara dari tanah

Semakin menurunnya produktivitas

tanah akibat erosi tanah dan kehilangan

(pencucian) hara dari tanah

Semakin Semakin meningkatnya meningkatnya

pencemaran air pencemaran air akibat pupuk akibat pupuk dan pestisidadan pestisida

Semakin Semakin meningkatnya meningkatnya

pencemaran air pencemaran air akibat pupuk akibat pupuk dan pestisidadan pestisida


ancaman residu bahan agrokimia thd kualitas dan

keamanan pangan


ancaman residu bahan agrokimia thd kualitas dan

keamanan pangan


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PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTANPERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN(SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE)

? ?

The word "sustain," from the Latin The word "sustain," from the Latin sustinere sustinere ((sussus-, from below and -, from below and teneretenere, to hold), to , to hold), to keep in existence or maintain, implies long-keep in existence or maintain, implies long-term support or permanenceterm support or permanence..


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PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN = SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

“Pertanian yg dapat berkembang scr tidak terbatas ke arah manfaat yg semakin besar bagi manusia, penggunaan sumberdaya yg lebih efisien, dan berkesetimbangan dg kondisi lingkungan yg sesuai utk manusia dan spesies lainnya”.

Manfaat bagi

manusiaPengguna

an sumberda

ya yg efisien

Penggunaan

sumberdaya yg

efisien

Lingkungan yg sesuai

bagi manusia & spesies lain


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3 ELEMEN PENTING PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

3 ELEMEN PENTING PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

Income Generation(menghasilk

an pendapatan

)

Food availability and consumption(Pangan dan bh konsumsi

lain)

Food availability and consumption(Pangan dan bh konsumsi

lain)

Natural Resource

Conservation (Konservasi Sumberdaya

Alam)

Natural Resource

Conservation (Konservasi Sumberdaya

Alam)


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Sustainable agriculture integrates 3 main goals:

(1) environmental stewardship,

(2) farm profitability, and

(3) prosperous farming communities.


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KONSEP “LOW INPUT” PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

KONSEP “LOW INPUT” PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

BIOLOGICAL FARMING

BIOLOGICAL FARMING

REGENERATIVE FARMING

REGENERATIVE FARMING

ECOLOGICAL FARMING

ECOLOGICAL FARMING

NATURAL FARMINGNATURAL FARMING

BIODYNAMIC FARMING

BIODYNAMIC FARMING

LOW RESOURCES FARMING

LOW RESOURCES FARMING

AGROECOLOGICAL FARMING

AGROECOLOGICAL FARMING

ECO-AGRICULTURE ECO-FARMING

ECO-AGRICULTURE ECO-FARMING

ORGANIC FARMINGORGANIC FARMING ALTERNATIVE

FARMING

ALTERNATIVE FARMING


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PRASYARAT BAGIPERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

1. Kualitas tanah tidak boleh rusak, topsoil tidak boleh menipis1. Kualitas tanah tidak boleh rusak, topsoil tidak boleh menipis

2. Sumberdaya air tersedia harus mampu memenuhi kebutuhan tanaman, tdk berlebihan & tdk kekurangan

2. Sumberdaya air tersedia harus mampu memenuhi kebutuhan tanaman, tdk berlebihan & tdk kekurangan

3. Integritas biologis dan ekologis harus dilestarikan melalui berbagai upaya pengelolaan sumberdaya genetik, siklus hara, hama tanaman, dll

3. Integritas biologis dan ekologis harus dilestarikan melalui berbagai upaya pengelolaan sumberdaya genetik, siklus hara, hama tanaman, dll

4. Sistem harus menguntungkan secara ekonomis

4. Sistem harus menguntungkan secara ekonomis

5. Ekspektasi sosial dan norma budaya harus dipenuhi, spt kebutuhan sandang dan pangan masyarakat

5. Ekspektasi sosial dan norma budaya harus dipenuhi, spt kebutuhan sandang dan pangan masyarakat


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PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

Sustainable agriculture integrates 3 main goals: environmental stewardship, farm profitability, and prosperous farming communities.

These goals have been defined by a variety of disciplines and may be looked at from the vantage point of the farmer or the consumer.

DESKRIPSI

Sustainable agriculture refers to the ability of a farm to produce food indefinitely, without causing severe or irreversible damage to ecosystem health.

Two key issues are biophysical (the long-term effects of various practices on soil properties and processes essential for crop productivity) and socio-economic (the long-term ability of farmers to obtain inputs and manage resources such as labor).


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• As it pertains to agriculture, sustainable describes farming systems that are

• "capable of maintaining their productivity and usefulness to society indefinitely.

• Such systems... must be resource-conserving, socially supportive, commercially competitive, and environmentally sound."


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CIRI PENTING PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

CROP ROTATION

Field crop - Legume -

Forage crop

CROP ROTATION

Field crop - Legume -

Forage crop

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

Pupuk Kandang/Komp

os - Pupuk Hijau

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

Pupuk Kandang/Komp

os - Pupuk Hijau

Weed Control

Olah tanahSelective

Herbicides

Weed Control

Olah tanahSelective

Herbicides

Pest Control: Biological

controlPesticide treatment

Pest Control: Biological

controlPesticide treatment

Prod. TERNAK:

Pakan hijauanPupuk

kandang

Prod. TERNAK:

Pakan hijauanPupuk

kandang


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KOMPONEN-KOMPONENSISTEM PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

KOMPONEN-KOMPONENSISTEM PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

Pengelolaan Kesuburan

Tanah

Pergiliran Tanaman

Innovative Cropping Systems

Innovative Cropping Systems

Bioteknologi &

Crop Breeding

Bioteknologi &

Crop Breeding

Integrated Pest

Management

Integrated Pest

Management Weeds

Management

Weeds Management

Conservation Tillage

Conservation Tillage

Feedcrop Management

Feedcrop Management

Animals RolesAnimals Roles


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Sustainable agriculture refers to Sustainable agriculture refers to the ability of a farm to produce the ability of a farm to produce food indefinitely, without food indefinitely, without causing severe or irreversible causing severe or irreversible damage to ecosystem health.damage to ecosystem health.


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Productivity and usefulness to society indefinitely


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Sustainable agriculture is one that produces abundant food without depleting the earth’s resources or polluting its environment.

It is agriculture that follows the principles of nature to develop systems for raising crops and livestock that are, like nature, self-sustaining.

Sustainable agriculture is also the agriculture of social values, one whose success is indistinguishable from vibrant rural communities, rich lives for families on the farms, and wholesome food for everyone.

But in the first decade of the 21st

Century, sustainable agriculture, as a set of commonly accepted practices or a model farm economy, is still in its infancy.



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PRODUKSI TANAMAN

PRODUKSI TERNAK

TANAMAN PAKAN DALAM

ROTASI

PUPUK KANDANG

RESIDU / LIMBAH

TANAMAN


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Farming sustainably means growing crops and livestock in ways that meet three objectives simultaneously: Economic profit Social benefits to the farm family and the

community Environmental conservation

Sustainability can be observed and measured; indicators that a farm or rural community is achieving the three objectives of sustainability include: economic, social, environment

PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTANPERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN


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Economic SustainabilityEconomic Sustainability The family savings or net worth is The family savings or net worth is

consistently going up. consistently going up. The family debt is consistently The family debt is consistently

going down. going down. The farm enterprises are The farm enterprises are

consistently profitable from year consistently profitable from year to year. to year.

Purchase of off-farm feed and Purchase of off-farm feed and fertilizer is decreasing. fertilizer is decreasing.

Reliance on government payments Reliance on government payments is decreasing. is decreasing.




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The farm enterprises are profitable from year to year:

Tumpangsari Pepaya dg padi gogo.


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Social Sustainability The farm supports other businesses

and families in the community. Money circulate within the local

economy. The number of rural families is going

up or holding steady. Young people take over their parents'

farms and continue farming. College graduates return to the

community after graduation.



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Environmental Sustainability There is no bare ground. Clean water flows in the farm's ditches

and streams. Wildlife is abundant. Fish are prolific in streams that flow

through the farm. The farm landscape is diverse

in vegetation.



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The farm landscape is diverse in vegetation


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These specialty crops are not for everyone;

only a certain number of hectares of land can be grown because of limited markets.


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Economic Sustainability

Selecting Profitable Enterprises to Ensure Economic Sustainability

Expanding organic markets suggest another possible niche. "Alternative" crops like herbs, mushrooms or guava may be an option.

When we try to produce a single product such as corn, or groundnuts our risk is high because "all our eggs are in one basket."

When we integrate plant and animal agriculture we distribute overhead and risk among several enterprises.


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When we integrate plant and animal agriculture we distribute overhead and risk among several enterprises.


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Social Sustainability

• Pengambilan keputusan usahatani berdampak langsung pd masyarakat sekitarnya.

• Misalnya, the decision to expand your operation requires the acquisition of your neighbor's farm.


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Social SustainabilitySocial Sustainability

Keputusan sosial termasuk:

1.buying supplies locally rather than ordering from out of state,

2.figuring out ways to connect local consumers with your farm,

3. taking a consumer-oriented approach to production and management practices where both the farmer and consumer wins,

4.finding opportunities to ensure that neighboring communities can learn about sustainable food production.


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Marketing strategies , direct marketing through farmers markets or road side stalls all have a

positive impact on the local community.


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• Social sustainability also includes the quality of life of those who work and live on the farm, including good communication, trust, and mutual support.

• Full family participation in farm planning is an indication that the quality of life is high.

• Talking openly and honestly, spending time together, a feeling of progress toward goals, and general happiness.

• Quality of life will be defined somewhat differently by each individual and family, based on their values and goals


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Perencanaan & Pengambilan Keputusan

Managing for three objectives simultaneously (economics, society, environment) depends on clear goal-setting and effective decision-making.

Several good tools for decision-making, goal-setting, and whole-farm management are available to farmers.

It is useful to assume that if your plan will not work, then develop a system for determining (as soon as possible) if it isn't working.

For example, if the goal includes increased biodiversity, the farmer needs to know—quickly—if the grazing or cropping system being used is actually increasing the number of plant species in the area of concern.

Monitoring is particularly important in sustainable agriculture, which relies on natural systems to replace some of the work done by input products like fertilizer and pesticides.



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Kemampuan mengevaluasi dan merencanakan-kembali sangat penting bagi petani guna keberlanjutan ushataninya

When part of the plan is not working as intended, it becomes necessary to replan.

The concept of planning-monitoring-controlling-replanning is a key characteristic of Holistic- Management and is referred to as the feedback loop.


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The transition toward more sustainable farming requires not only planning and decision-making skills, but access to appropriate and helpful information.

Fortunately, increased interest in sustainable agriculture has stimulated greater investment in research and education.

As a result, much more usable information is available today than ever before, accessible through various means



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Environmental Sustainability

Sustainable agriculture can be viewed as ecosystem management of complex interactions among soil, water, plants, animals, climate, and people.

The goal is to integrate all these factors into a production system that is appropriate for the environment, the people, and the economic conditions where the farm is located.


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PUPUK

PESTISIDA

TANAMANROTASI KULTIVASI

Gulma Hama Penyakit

AnorganikOrganik


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• Farms become and stay environmentally sustainable by imitating natural systems—creating a farm landscape that mimics as closely as possible the complexity of healthy ecosystems.

• The wastes of industrial agriculture (non-point-source pollution) include suspended soil, nitrates, and phosphates in stream water, and nitrates and pesticides in ground water.


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• Nature tends to function in cycles, so that waste from one process or system becomes input for another.

• Industrial agriculture, in contrast, tends to function in a linear fashion similar to a factory: inputs go in one end, and products and waste come out the other.

• It is a premise of sustainable agriculture that a farm is a nature-based system, not a factory.



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1. A low dependence on external / purchased inputs2. Menggunakan sumberdaya lokal yg “renewable”

3. Dampak lingkungan yg menguntungkan : on - farm & off - farm4. Adapted to the existing local conditions5. Long-term maintenance of productive capacity6. Biological & cultural diversity7. Knowledge of local inhabitants8. Mencukupi kebutuhan barang domestik dan barang dapat diekspor.


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SISTEM PERTANIAN SISTEM PERTANIAN SISTEM ALAMIAH SISTEM ALAMIAH

- Panen tanaman- Panen tanaman

- Teknologi Pengelolaan - Teknologi Pengelolaan

- Pemupukan - Pemupukan

- Pengolahan tanah- Pengolahan tanah

- Pengairan- Pengairan

- Aplikasi agrokimia- Aplikasi agrokimia

- Agroteknologi lainnya.- Agroteknologi lainnya.

- Panen tanaman- Panen tanaman

- Teknologi Pengelolaan - Teknologi Pengelolaan

- Pemupukan - Pemupukan

- Pengolahan tanah- Pengolahan tanah

- Pengairan- Pengairan

- Aplikasi agrokimia- Aplikasi agrokimia

- Agroteknologi lainnya.- Agroteknologi lainnya.


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The simpler we try to make agriculture, the more The simpler we try to make agriculture, the more vulnerable we become to natural disasters and vulnerable we become to natural disasters and marketplace changes. marketplace changes.

When we try to produce a single product such as wheat, When we try to produce a single product such as wheat, corn, or soybeans we are taking on huge risk. corn, or soybeans we are taking on huge risk.

If instead we diversify crops and integrate plant and If instead we diversify crops and integrate plant and animal agriculture, overhead will be spread over several animal agriculture, overhead will be spread over several enterprises, reducing risk and increasing profit. enterprises, reducing risk and increasing profit.

Table 1 offers some comparisons between two models of Table 1 offers some comparisons between two models of agriculture—farming as an industrial factory and farming agriculture—farming as an industrial factory and farming as a biological system.as a biological system.


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