K-51 & 55 Pengaturan & Pengukuran Suhu Tubuh
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Transcript of K-51 & 55 Pengaturan & Pengukuran Suhu Tubuh
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BODY TEMPERATURE
Departemen Fisiologi
Fakultas Kedokteran USU
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Homeostasis
Poikilotherms : body
temperature dictated by
the environment .
Homeotherms :
homeostatically maintain
body temp. at a level that
is optimal for cellular
metabolism.
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Thermographic image of a snake around an arm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wiki_stranglesnake.jpg
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Why is maintenance of body temperature
important? Rate of enzyme activity isrelated to temperature
Temperature Temperature
ActivitActivityy ReversiblReversibl
eeNon-Non-
ReversibleReversible
37°C37°C43°C43°C
55°C55°C
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Normal body temp.Normal body temp. → homeostatic→ homeostatic
→ cells metabolism is stable→ cells metabolism is stable ↑↑ body tempbody temp. (41. (41ooC) → seizureC) → seizure
(neuron dysfunction)(neuron dysfunction)
(43(43ooC) →C) → irreversible proteinirreversible proteindenaturation → deathdenaturation → death
body tempbody temp. →. → metab. activity metab. activity !!"" consumptionconsumption
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Temperature (C)Temperature (C)
SymptomsSymptoms
"#"# muscle failuremuscle failure
3$3$ loss of body temp.loss of body temp. controlcontrol
3333 loss ofloss of consciousnessconsciousness
3%3% normalnormal
4"4" central nervous systemcentral nervous systembrea&do'nbrea&do'n
4444 deathdeath
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Thermoregulatory
Central oreBrain
T!ora"# a$domen# muslesOuter s!ellSkin % su$ utis
Range & oral '(#) * '+#, oC
retal '(#) * '+#- oC
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Body Temperatures: Core
and kin
COLD HOT
kin temperature tends to be colder than core temperature at a normal state
!ormal
""#"$o C
%&o C $&o C"&o C
%&o C $&o C"&o C
!ormal
"&o C
Core Temperature
kin Temperature
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Central core variation :
Biological clock
' (orning ) *#& am +, - evening ) #& pm+
(enstrual cycle
ovulation / menstruation : - 0,oC
12ercise
12posure by e2treme ambient temperature
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Hypothalamic Regulation of
Core Temperature T!e !ypot!alamus contains t!e central
coordination center for temperature
re"ulation#
$t initiates t!e responses t!at %eep t!ebody from over!eatin" or overcoolin"
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The Anterior hypothalamic preoptic area contains
thermodetectors that are responsive to increased
hypothalamic temperature and hypothalamic cooling.
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Heat#regulating mechanisms are activated by
either:
Thermal receptors central 3 peripheral
Temperature changes in the blood
4ree nerve endings in the skinrespond to heat and cold and relay the
senses to the hypothalamus and
cerebral corte2.
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4actors That 5ffect Heat 6ain
B(7(uscular activity )during sustainedvigorous e&ercise in aerobically fitindividuals : increase %0 to % times +
Hormones : thyro2in 3 catecholamine
Thermic effect of food
Postural changes
and environment (radiation, conduction)
'!iverin"
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SHIVERING
7hythmic, oscillating skeletal muscle
contractions )about 80#%0 per second+
9ncrease the tone of skeletal muscle
(ay increase internal heat production %#times.
Center : dorsomedial portion of posterior
hypothalamus
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Brown Fat
4ull of mitochondria, rich blood supply and
innervation. 4ound primarily in the chest and
behind shoulder blades Bron fat is o2idised and heat is produced to
arm the animals.
Bron fat is also found in neborn humans.Babies cannot shiver at birth and bron fat is
used to produce heat
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716;T1(P175T;71T1(P175T;71
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HEA BA!ANCE RESE"B!ES
ENERG# BA!ANCE
INPUT - OUTPUT = + >>RISE IN TEMPERATURE
INPUT - OUTPUT = - >>FALL IN TEMPERATURE
INPUT - OUTPUT = 0 >>NO CHANGE IN
TEMPERATURE
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"ec$ani%m% o&
Bod'
emerature
Reulation
Fiure *+*-
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Bod' re%on%e% to temerature
c$ane%
omatic
5utonomic Hormonal
Behavior
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Heat./romotin "ec$ani%m%
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Heat.!o%% "ec$ani%m%
When the core temperature rises, the heat#
loss center is activated to cause:
@asodilation of cutaneous blood vessels
1nhanced seating
7educing activity and seeking a cooler
environment
Wearing light#colored and loose#fitting clothing
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Fiure **.*0: Homeo%tatic re%on%e% to environmental e1treme%
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Thermoneutra !one
The range of ambient
temperatures beteen
the seating and
shivering thresholds isknon as the
thermoneutral zone.
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Sweatin
;nacclimatiAed person produces more than
about 8 liter of seathour. When this person
is e2posed to hot eather for 8 to * eeks,
he or she begins to seat more profusely,often increasing ma2imum seat production
to as much as % to "
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Sweat land
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S"#n Tem$erature Can S#%ht& Ater the
Set-Po#nt 'or Core Tem$erature Contro
Thermoregulation: homeostatic Balancing of Body Temperature
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g g y p
Fiure **.23: $ermoreulator' re&le1e%
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Evaporative Heat Loss atHigh Ambient Temperatures
$ncreased temperatures reduces t!e
e(ectiveness of !eat loss by conduction)convection) and radiation#
*!en temperatures e&ceed t!e body+stemperature) t!ese mec!anisms
contribute to !eat "ain# *!en t!is occurs) t!e only avenue to
dissipate !eat is t!rou"! evaporation#
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,arious'ites to
easure'%in
Temperatur
e
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ody *emperatureody *emperature
+ariations +ariations Afebrile: Afebrile: normal body temperaturenormal body temperature
Pyrexia:Pyrexia: a body temperature abovea body temperature above
normalnormal Hyperpyrexia:Hyperpyrexia: hi,h fever usuallyhi,h fever usually
above 41above 41°°CC
HypothermiaHypothermia- decreased body- decreased bodytemperature death may occurtemperature death may occur
belo' 34belo' 34°°CC
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DenitionsDenitions
(cont.)(cont.)
/ever 0ithout a /ocus/ever 0ithout a /ocus fever fever
'ith no clear cause determined'ith no clear cause determined
by history and2or physical eamby history and2or physical eam /ever of n&no'n !ri,in/ever of n&no'n !ri,in (/!)(/!)
prolon,ed fever lastin, over % prolon,ed fever lastin, over %
1$ days 'ithout identi5ed 1$ days 'ithout identi5edcausecause
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!"!# !"!#
6levation of body temperature above6levation of body temperature abovethe normal ran,e as the result of athe normal ran,e as the result of a
chan,e in the thermore,ulatorychan,e in the thermore,ulatorycenter located in the anteriorcenter located in the anteriorhypothalamus.hypothalamus.
6levation in temperature results from6levation in temperature results fromeither increased heat productioneither increased heat production(shiverin,) or decreased loss(shiverin,) or decreased loss(peripheral vasoconstriction).(peripheral vasoconstriction).
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Release interleukin-1 (endogenous pyrogens)
reset
the hypothalamic
thermostatD
to a higher set#point
Formation of theProstaglandin
HPOTHALA!"#
Viruses,bacteria
Immune complexesTumor cells
hagocyti!e" by leu#ocytes$ macrophages $
lymphocytes
antipyretics
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Pathophysiology of fever
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.ypert!ermia
.ypert!ermia is c!aracterized by anunchanged (normothermic) setting of thethermoregulatory center in con/unction 0it!an uncontrolled increase in bodytemperature t!at e&ceeds t!e body1s abilityto lose !eat#
2&o"enous !eat e&posure and endo"enous!eat production are t0o mec!anisms by0!ic! !ypert!ermia can result indan"erously !i"! internal temperatures#
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.ypert!ermia
Normal !eat loss processes becomeine(ective and elevated body
temperatures depress t!e !ypot!alamus T!is sets up a positive-feedbac%
mec!anism) s!arply increasin" bodytemperature and metabolic rate
T!is condition) called !eat stro%e) canbe fatal if not corrected
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Hypothermia
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Comparison : hyperthermia, hypothermia 3 fever
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Fever-conceptual.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Fever-conceptual.svg