II-modul 3_diversitas Genetika_16 Maret 2011

7/30/2019 II-modul 3_diversitas Genetika_16 Maret 2011

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Genetic Diversity

Indeswati Diyatri

Departemen Biologi OralFakultas Kedokteran Gigi

Universitas Airlangga


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Genetic diversity

- Refers to the variation at the level ofindividual genes (polymorphism),

- provides a mechanism for populations

to adapt to their ever-changingenvironment.


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There is an interdependencebetween biological and geneticdiversity;Changes in biodiversity result inchanges in the environment,

requiring subsequent adaptationof the remaining species.


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Genetic Diversityfundamental organizationalcomponent of biodiversity, since species

diversity is built from geneticdiversity, and ecosystem diversityderives from species diversity.


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Basic Genetics & Cell Biology

Regardless of the complexity, everyliving entity contains a blueprint forits construction in the form of a

double-helical chain of moleculescalled deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) .


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Genes and DNA

A gene is a section ofchromosome that codes for aspesific trait or funtion protein synthesis


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MUTASI

.


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MUTASI TINGKAT KROMOSOM

.


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MUTASI PADA TINGKAT GEN

Substitusi

Insersi (1 atau lebih)

Delesi (1 atau lebih)


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CONSEQUENCES OF GENETICERRORS = SOURCES OF GENETIC

VARIATION

Mutation - are changes in DNA

structure, and therefore changes inprotein and phenotype.Mutations are rare! For every 100million nucleotides added to adeveloping DNA strand only one

mistake occurs on average.


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Mutations are heritable; and

may be beneficial, neutral,lethal, detrimental or harmful

to the organism.


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T f M (2)


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Types of Mutation (2)2. Spontaneous

Proofreading mistakes duringDNA replication (Base

substitutions) - not necessarilya serious change.Frame shift mutation (Additionor deletion of a base) - seriouschange!


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Types of Mutation (3)3. Chromosomal mutations(disruption in chromosmalmorphology - inversions and

translocations).

Types of Mutation (4)


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Types of Mutation (4)A 3 letter code or codon is analogous to threeletter words in a sentence.

Original sequence THE CAT SAW THE DOG

Base or letter substitutions THE BAT SAW THE DOG

THE CAT SAW THE HOG

THE CAB SAW THE DOG

THE CAT SAW SHE DOG

THE CAT SAD THE DOG

THE CAT SAW THE DOC

f ( )


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Types of Mutation (5)Original sequence

THE CAT SAW THE DOGDeletions

THE CAT SAW TED OG

THE ATS AWT HED OG

AdditionsTHE CAT SAW THE ZDO G

THE CMA TAS WTH EDO G


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The fact that any two humansare approximately 99,9%

identical at the DNA sequencelevel indicates that we aregenetically quite similar to oneanother.


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Behavioral and environmentalfactors (tobacco use, diet,exercise, medical treatment,etc) play enormous roles in the

caution of common diseases.


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Mercury in Dentistry

Amalgam fillings (total weight 0.7-1.2grams) can cause deposition of

mercury in the spinal ganglia, anteriorpituitary, adrenal, medulla, liver,kidneys, lungs, and intestinal lymph

glands. The highest levels of mercury were

located in the kidney, gastrointestinal

tract, and jaw.


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Scientific research has alreadydemonstrated that mercury, even insmall amounts, can damage the brain,

heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, thyroidgland, adrenal glands, blood cells,enzymes and hormones, and

suppresses the body's immune(defense) system


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July 2000 : National Academy ofSciences study 60,000 children are

born at risk for adverse neuro-developmental effects each year dueto their mothers' exposure to methyl-

mercury.


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The WHO document clearly states that

the largest estimated average dailyintake and retention of mercury andmercury compounds in the generalpopulation is from dental amalgams,not from food or air.

The estimated average daily intake ofmercury from dental amalgams being3.8-21 micrograms per day.


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A Center for Disease Control and

Prevention study in March 2001 (inMorbidity and Mortality WeeklyReport) : about 10% of Americanwomen of child-bearing age are at risk

for having a baby born withneurological problems due to in uteromercury exposure (statistically

representing about 375,000babies/year).


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oral and intestinal bacteria canmethylate mercury to methyl-mercury

increasing its uptake by fetal tissues


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Further, it is obvious that one of themajor neurotoxins produced duringgingivitis and periodontal disease,methylthiol (CH3SH), reacts

immediately with Hg2+ creating a newclass of toxic, organic mercury-thiolcompounds, (CH3-S-HgCl and CH3S-

Hg-S-CH3), that are extremelydangerous.


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M d i di i


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Mercury and genetic diversity(?)

Alzheimer disease

AutismOthers (?)


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Other dental material and

genetic diversity (?)Arsenic

CeramicsOthers

II-modul 3_diversitas Genetika_16 Maret 2011

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