PowerPoint Presentation

HOW TO DO REFERENCING FOR ECONOMETRICS PHD RESEARCH

An Academic presentation by

Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, Phdassistance Groupwww.phdassistance.com

Email: info@phdassistance.com

Introduction When to cite How to cite

Proper Use of Footnotes

Sample Citations in Text or Footnote Sample Entries in List of References Conclusion

Outline

TODAY'S DISCUSSION

The University of Chicago Press's stylistic conventions, as outlined in Chapter 16 of the 14th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, have been adopted by the Economics Department (available in the bookstore and in the reference room of the library).

This style should be followed for citations and bibliographic entries in all economic student papers and theses.

INTRODUCTION

WHEN TO CITE

Quotations, for example, are a type of citation. In general, if you use someone else's thoughts, you must credit them with a citation.

If you want to use someone else's ideas but don't want to use their exact words, use a general citation like "according to Hammami, H (2021),..." You must enclose the passage in quotation marks and reference the source, including the page number, if you use another author's exact words.

Contd...

Long passages (more than two or three sentences) should be indented from both margins, single spaced, and not quoted (but still cited appropriately).

Obviously, this theory can be taken to absurd lengths.

The basic principle of the business, for example, should be considered "common knowledge"; you don't have to go back and try and find out who was the first to suggest that companies maximise profit.

Contd...

Asageneralrule,ifanideaorhypothesisisinatextbookandthereisn'taclear citation (beyond "for more detail, see..."), you don't need to cite anybody.

Empirical research, on the other hand, is almost always specific and must be cited. It is important to use proper citation practises.

Plagiarism is the failure to correctly reference sources, which may result in penalties ranging from fines to dismissal under Reed's academic dishonesty policies.

When in doubt, cite too often rather than not often enough!

Contd...

At the stage of your writing where the ideas are used, you should cite the works. You may normally delete a source from your bibliography if it was only used for background information.

If you want to express your intellectual gratitude to such a source, (i.e., it contributed to your general knowledge of a subject but you did not use any specific ideas from it), you may include a sentence (or a footnote) that says something like, “Reading Lowes (2021) improved my understanding of this subject,” or “Sara (2021) provides a good general overview of the issues discussed below.”

HOW TO CITE

Almost all economics articles follow the “science” citation convention of referencing author and year in the text rather than the “humanities” convention of citing the entire bibliographic entry in a footnote.

This method should be used in all of research paper and thesis writing.

Most economics citations do not include a footnote; to avoid the disruption of a footnote reference; simply use the author(s) last name(s) and the year of publication in or after a sentence in the document.

Contd...

When you read economic studies, pay attention to how other writers do this, but keep in mind that most journals do not follow the Chicago Manual of Style exactly.

While it is often mislabelled as a bibliography, the latter is the norm for most economics work.

Any work mentioned in the text must be listed in the bibliography at the end of the article.

Our Experts suggest that sticking to the convention of just citing works.

The list of references should be placed at the end of the paper or thesis on a separate page(s) with the title "References."

PROPER USE OF FOOTNOTES

Economists, in contrast to many other disciplines, use footnotes much less frequently, particularly for citation purposes.

If a statement or citation is long enough and unimportant enough to disrupt the flow of the argument if it were placed directly in the document, use a footnote.

If a reader skips the footnote, he or she does not miss any key points in the discussion.

Contd...

Althoughthere

aretimeswhenfootnotesare

necessary, it can be exhausting to continually interrupt one's reading to refer to one after another at least one economics journal prohibits the use of footnotes entirely! You should probably be able to keep footnotes to one per page or less while using the author-date citation format.

If you have more than that, think about how your work might be portrayed in a more readable manner.

SAMPLE CITATIONS IN TEXT OR FOOTNOTE

There is no need for a footnote in this case.

The bibliography contains all of the publication information for Schama's 1987 work.

NON-QUOTED CITATION NOT PART OF A SENTENCE

NON-QUOTED CITATION AS PART OF A SENTENCE

There is no punctuation between the author and the date, and both are enclosed in parentheses

Contd...

It's worth noting that Lucas and Stokey are not the same person. If there are page numbers, a comma is appropriate to separate the dates.

In any case, a semicolon must be used.

To separate individual entries by different writers, use a semicolon.

CITING MULTIPLE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

MULTIPLE CITATIONS NOT PART OF A SENTENCE

SAMPLE ENTRIES IN LIST

OF REFERENCES

The references list is formatted in a "hanging indented" style, with the first line flush to the left margin and subsequent lines indented.

Authors' names appear first in the alphabetical list of entries.

Contd...

From the earliest year of publication to the most recent, works by the same author(s) are mentioned.

Multiple works by the same author(s) published in the same year are alphabetized by title (rather than chronologically within the year) and given suffix letters a, b, c, and so on.

Last-name-first is always the first author.

It's worth noting that the capitalization in the title meets standard sentence capitalization guidelines, and there are no quotation marks.

Periods are used after the name(s) of the author(s), the year, the title of the article, and at the end.

Among the journal name and the volume number, there is no punctuation

Contd...

SINGLE-AUTHOR JOURNAL ARTICLE

The title of the journal is often italicised or underlined, with all major terms capitalised.

You may offer the issue number or the month/season, but be consistent. An en dash, not a hyphen, is used to distinguish page number ranges.

TWO-AUTHOR JOURNAL ARTICLE

After the time following the first author's middle initial, a comma is used.

Only the first author's last name is mentioned first.

Contd...

This format can be used for works that are supposed to be published but have uncertain year, duration, or page numbers.

FORTHCOMING ARTICLES

Referencing is a technique for supplying facts to back up arguments and assumptions made in your own study.

Citing experts in your profession demonstrates to your marker that you are knowledgeable about the field in which you are working.

CONCLUSION

Your citations serve as a map of your discipline's vacuum, allowing you to navigate your way through it in the same way that sailors navigate by the stars.

References should always be right, enabling your readers to track down the information sources you used.

Keeping track of all the references you used when r eading and writing is the best way to ensure you reference correctly.

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