Hormon
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Tugas untuk dibaca
HORMON DAN ANTAGONIS HORMON
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A. Hormon Adenohipofisa dan Hypothalamic Releasing Factors
Hormon somatotropika. Growth hormone (GH): somatropin,
somatrem, sermorelin acetate. Obat pada kelebihan GH: 1. Somatostatin analog: octreotide,
lanreotide, vapreotide. 2. Dopamin reseptor agonis: cabergolin. 3. Growth Hormone antagonist:
pegvisomant.
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b. Prolactin (Prl) Pemicu prolactin : TRH, dopamine. Obat pada kelebihan prolactin Dopamine receptor agonist: bromocriptine, pergolide, cabergoline, quinagolide,
c. Placental lactogen (PL)
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Hormon Glikoprotein:a. Gonadotropic Hormone
Regulator gonadotropin: Gonadotropin Releasing Hormon (GnRH): factrel, lutrepulse, gonadorelin acatate; GnRH analog: leuprolide, buserelin, nafarelin, deslorelin, histrelin, goserelin, cetrorelix, ganirelix.
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1. Luteinizing hormone (LH) 2. Folicle stimulating hormone (FSH):
urofollitropin, follitropin alfa, follitropin beta, metrodin.
3. Chorionic gonadotropin (CG) : chorionic gonadotropin (pregnyl), menotropin
b. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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POMC‑Derived Hormonesa. Alfa melanocyte stimulating
hormone (alfa MSH)b. Beta melanocyte stimulating
hormone (beta MSH)c. Beta‑lipotropin (beta LPH)d. Gamma‑lipotropin (gamma‑LPH)
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B. Tiroid dan Obat Antitiroid, Paratiroid dan Obat Yang Berpengaruh Pada Metabolisme Kalsium
Thyroid dan antithyroid• Regulator fungsi thyroid:
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), Thyroid stimulating hormon (TSH). TRH inhibitors: somatostatin, dopamine, glucocorticoid.
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• Hormon tiroid : thyronine, thyroxine, 3,5,3 triiodothyronine, 3,3,5‑ triiodothyronine, diiodothyrosine, iodothyrosine. Sintetik hormon: levothyroxine‑Na,
liothyronine‑Na, liotrix.
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• Tiroid inhibitor dan obat antitiroid lainnya:
1. Antitiroid: propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole, carbimazole.
2. Ionic inhibitors: thiocyanate, perchlorate.
• Yodida. : Lugol's solution, isotop iodium: Na jodida
131.
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Hormon paratiroid, kalsium, fosfat, vitamin D, kalsitonin dan lain‑lain obat yang mepengaruhi kalsifikasi.
• Regulator fungsiparathyroid: ion Ca• Hormon Parathyroid (PTH) • Kalsium: Parenteral/IV: CaCl,
Ca‑gluceptate, Ca‑gluconate; Oral: Ca-gluconate, Ca-lactate, Ca-carbonate, Ca-phosphate, Ca‑acetate.
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• Fosfat: Na‑fosfat.• Vitamin D: ergocalciferol (vitamin
D2),cholecalciferol. (vitamin D3), calcifediol,calcitriol, analog vitamin DDHT(dihydrotachysterol), analog calcitriol: calcipotriol, paricalcitol (reduktor PTH produksi), 22‑oxacalcitriol (supresor PTH)
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• Kalsitonin (CT, hypocalcemic hormone):Salmon‑CT untuk Paget diseases
• Mineralisasi inhibitor: Biphosphonate• etidronate, clodronate, tiludronate,
alendronate, ibandronate, pamibronate, risedronate.
• Fluoride
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• Terapi osteoporesis: Ca; vitaminD/analog; SERM: raloxifene; calcitonin (CT); bisphosphonates: alendronate, palmidronate, risedronate, ibandronate; HCT; fluoride, androgen, PTH.
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C. Hormon kelamin dan antagonisnya
• Estrogen dan antiestrogen : 1. a. Estrogen: estradiol, estradiol
valerate, estradiol cypionate, ethinyl estradiol, mestranol, quinestrol, estrone, estrone sulfate, equilin,
b, Senyawa nonsteroid dengan aktivitas estrogenik: diethylstilbesterol,
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p,p'‑DDT, bisphenol‑A, genistein. 2. Selective estrogen receptor
modulators (SERMS) : tamoxifen, raloxifene, toremifene.
3. Antiestrogen: clomiphene, ICI 182,780 (faslodex)
4. Estrogen syntesis inhibitors: fortnestane, exemestane, anastrozole, letrozole, vorozole
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• Progestin dan antiprogestin : 1.a. Progestin: progesterone,
senyawa pregnane (17 alfa acetoxy progesterone), senyawa estranes (19 nortestosterone), senyawa gonane (norgestrel).
b. Steroid : medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), megestrol acetate., norethindrone acetate.
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2. Antiprogestin: mifepristone, onapriston, (kombinasi antiprogestin‑prostaglandin: sulprostone, gemeprost, misoprostol)
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• Kontrasepsi : a. Kombinasi oral (progestin
estrogen): monofasik, bifasik, trifasik.
b. Progestin only : oral, parenteral: DMPA, implants: norethinrone
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• Hormon androgen dan antiandrogen :1. Androgen: testosterone (histerone);
testosterone esters: testosterone enanthate, testosterone cypionate, testosterone undecanoate; 17alfa‑alkylated androgens: methyltestosterone, oxandrolone, stanozolol, fluoxymesterone, danazol.
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2. Selective androgen receptor modulators: senyawa quinolinones.
3. Antiandrogen : a. inhibitor sintesa testosterone: ketoconazole; b. inhibitor androgen action: androgen receptor antagonists: flutamide, bicalutamide, spironolactone, cyproterone acetate; c. 5‑alfa reductase inhibitors : finasteride.
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D. Hormon adrenokortikotropik dan adrenokortikosteroid
• Regulator corticotropin : Corticotropin Releasing Hormon (CRH) di hipothalamus, AVP sebagai sekretagoga, negative feed back oleh glucocorticoid. CRH preparat:corticorelin
• Hormon adrenokortikotropik ACTH (corticotropin), cosyntropin (sintetik peptida)
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• Steroid adrenokotikal : a. Glukokortikoid: hidrokortison
(cortisol)b. Mineralokortikoid aldosteron. (lihat diuretika)
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• Analog sintetik steroid adrenokortikal: aclomethasone, amcinonide, beclomethasone, betamethasone, budesonide, clobetasol, clocortolone, hydrocortisone (cortisol), cortisone acetate, desonide, desoximethasone, dexamethasone, diflorasone, fludrocortisone, flunisolide, fluocinolone, fluocinonide, fluorometholone, flurandrenolide, halcinonide, medrysone, methyl prednisolone, momethasone, prednisolone, prednison, triamcinolone.
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• Inhibitor biosintesa dan aksi dari steroid adrenokortikal:
a. Inhibitor biosintesa kortikosteroid: mitotane, metyrapone, aminoglutethimide, ketoconazole, trilostane.
b. Antiglucocorticoid: mifepristone.
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E. Insulin dan obat hipoglisemik oral
• Insulin : a. Rapid: regular soluble crystaline,
human insulin Lispro, HI-aspart. b. Intermediate: NPH (isophane),
Lente.c. Slow: Ultralente, protamine zinc,
Glargine HI.
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• Obat hipoglikernik Oral 1. Sulfonyl urea:
a. Generasi I: tolbutamide, chlorpropamide, tolazamide, acetohexamide. b. Generasi II: glyburide (glibenclamide), glipizide, gliclazide, glimipiride.
2.Biguanide: metformin.
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3. Repaglinide4. Nateglinide. 5. Thiazolidinedione: rosiglitazone,
pioglitazone. 6. Alfa‑glucosidase inhibitors:
acarbose, miglitol.
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• Glukagon, somatostatin dan diazoksid: obat untuk hipoglikemi.
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F. Vasopresin (ADH), oksitosin
Vasopresin (ADH)• Vasopresin peptida alami :
Mamalia: arginin vasopresin (AVP), lypressin, phenypressin; Non marnalia: vasotocin; Invertabrata: arginin conopressin, lysine conopressin, locust subesophageal ganglia peptides.
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• Vasopresin peptida sintetik : 1. V‑ I selective agonist : [Phe2,Ile3,
Orn8] AVP (selective V‑1a), Deamino[D‑3‑(3'‑pyridil) Ala2] AVP (selective V‑1b);
2. V‑2 selective agonists: Desmopressin deamino[Val4,D‑Arg8]AVP.
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• Vasopresin peptide antagonists: 1. V‑1 selective antagonist:
d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2]AVP (V‑1a selective), dP[Tyr(Me)2] AVP (V‑1b selective;
2. V‑2 selective antagonist: des Gly‑NH2 9 d(CH2)5[ D‑Ile2,Ile4]AVP; d(CH2)5[D Ile2, Ile4, Ala NH2 9]AVP.
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• Vasopresin non peptide antagonist:
1. V‑la selective: OPC‑21268, SR 49059,
2. V‑2 selective: SR 121463A, VPA‑985;
3. V‑1a/ V‑2 selective antagonist: OPC‑31260, YM 087
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• Antidiuretik peptida yang tersedia: vasopresin, lypressine, desmopressin acetate.
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Oksitosin :• Oxytocin, pitocin, syntocinon.• Oxytocin‑receptor antagonist:
atosiban.