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PERKEMBANGAN FISIK DANKOGNITIF PADA MASA KANAK-

KANAK TENGAH

HEPI WAHYUNINGSIH

PRODI PSIKOLOGI

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM INDONESIA

2

Aspek-Aspek PerkembanganFisik

?Pertumbuhan Berat: bertambah 2x pada usia 6 ? 11

Tinggi: bertambah 2-3 inci setiap tahun

?Anak perempuan memiliki tubuh yang

lebih memiliki lapisan lemak dibanding

anak laki-laki

2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

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Nutrisi

?Anak-anak membutuhkan kurang

lebih 2400 kalori perhari

Agar tidak terjadi kegemukan danmengalami masalah jantung seorang

anak seharusnya hanyamendapatkan 30 % total kalori lemak

dan kurang dari 10% dari lemak

jenuh.

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Kebutuhan tidur

?Anak-anak usia 9 tahun

membutuhkan waktu tidur 10 jamsetiap malam.

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Kesehatan dan Keselamatan

Medis Akut

Infections

Allergies

Flu

Warts

Medis Kronis

Masalah penglihatan dan pendengaran

Asma

HIV dan AIDS

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Luka akibat kecelakaan

?Anak lebih banyak melakukan aktivitasfisik dan kurangnya pengawasan

? 88 % dapat dihindari dengan penggunaanhelm

?Kekerasan pada anak

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Kemajuan kognitif:Hubungan spasial dan kausalitas

?Concrete-operational children

have a clearer idea ofdistance from place to place

?Better use of maps

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Kemajuan Kognitif:kategorisasi

? Seriation Menyusun obyek-obyek dalam sebuah rangkaian,

didasarkan pada sebuah dimensi

Example: Lightest to darkest

? Transitive inference Mengetahui hubungan antara 2 obyek yang

didasarkan pada hubungan dengan obyek ketiga

? Class inclusion Ability to see relationship between

a whole and its parts 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

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Kemajuan kognitif: Penalaran

? Inductive

Starting specific and making generalizations

My dog barks, her dog barksall dogs bark!

? Deductive

Starting general and then making specificstatements

All dogs bark. Spot is a dog. Spot barks!

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Kemajuan kognitif:Conservation

? Conservation/konservasi: pengetahuan anak bahwa

suatu benda akan tetap sama meskipun berubah bentuk

? Anak yang berada pada tahap operasional kongkrit

dapat menjawab pertanyaan konservasi dalam kepala

mereka

? Memahami identity, reversibility and decentering

? Horizontal dcalage:

Ketidakmampuan anak mentransfer pengetahuan

konservasi

2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

11

Cognitive Advances:Number & Mathematics

? Learn to count on

?More adept at solving simple story

problems

?Some intuitively understand fractions

?Able to estimate

How much time do I

need to walk to school?

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3 Tahap perkembanganPenalaran Moral menurut Piaget

?Obedience to authority

Ages 2-7

? Increasing flexibility and autonomy

Ages 7-11

?Notion of equity

Around age 11 or 12

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Understanding Memory

?Metamemory

Knowledge about the processes of

memory

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Mnemonics:Strategies for Remembering

? External memory aids

A note pad

? Rehearsal

Repeating a phone number in your head

? Organization

Placing information into categories (animals)

? Elaboration

Imagining items associated with something else

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Language: Vocabulary,Grammar and Syntax

?Children use increasingly precise verbs

?Children start to use the passive voice

and conditional sentences

?Syntax structure continues to becomemore complex

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Pragmatics

?The practical use of language to

communicate

?Use of conversational skills

Asking questions before introducing a topic,

to make sure the other person is familiar

?Use of narrative skills

Starting to describe motives and causal

links when telling stories

2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

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Reading

Children identify print in two ways:

1. Decoding

Emphasizes phonetic, or code-emphasis,

approach

2. Visually-Based Retrieval

Whole-language approach

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Writing Skills

?Develop along with reading

?Early compositions are short

?Child must keep in mind many restraints:

Spelling

Punctuation and grammar

Capitalization

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Influences onSchool Achievement

? Self-efficacy beliefs

? Gender

? Parenting practices

? SES and social capital

? Educational system & school environment Social Promotion promoting students who do

not meet standards

? Computer and Internet use

? Culture 2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 20

Children withLearning Problems

?Mental retardation

?Learning disabilities (LD) Dyslexia

?Hyperactivity and Attention Deficits(ADHD) Issues of diagnosis, heritability and drug

therapies

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Educating Childrenwith Disabilities

? Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Ensures free, appropriate public education for allchildren with disabilities

? Inclusion Programs Integrating disabled and

non-disabled children for all

or part of day

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Identifying Gifted Children

?Criterion is high general intelligence

IQ score of 130 or higher

?Tends to exclude:

Highly creative children Disadvantaged children

Children with specific aptitudes

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Defining and Measuring Creativity

Two kinds of thinking:

1. Convergent

The kind IQ tests measure

Seeks a single answer

2. Divergent (Creativity)

Comes up with a wide array of new possibilities

Example: Listing unusual uses for a paper clip

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Educating Gifted Children

?Enrichment

Broadens knowledge through classroom

activities, research activities, field trips

?Acceleration

Speeds up education through grade

skipping, fast-paced classes or advanced

classes

2009 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc