1

guk;gy;

tu;j;jf hPjpapy; jha;yhe;jpNyNa J}

hpad; gaph; nra;ag;gl;L Vw;Wkjp nra;

ag;gLfpwJ. jha;yhe;jpy; gy th;f;fq;fs;

fhzg;gLtJld; mtw;wpd; tbtk;> Ris

fspd; epwk;> fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrk;

vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mit

ngauplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,yq;ifapy; fz;b>

khj;jis> uj;dGhp> fhyp> khj;jiw Ngh

d;w gpuNjrq;fspy; J}hpad; mjpfsT gaph;

nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,J <u tya gapuhf

,Ue;jhYk; gJis> nkhduhfiy> kiy

ehl;L ,iltyak; Mfpatw;wpYk; gapupl

KbAnkd Muha;r;rpfspd; %yk; njhptp

f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghJthf ,J tPl;Lj;

Njhl;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLtJld; tpijfspd;

%yNk guk;gyile;Js;sJ. vdNt NtW

gl;l ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

ghFghL

,uhr;rpak;; - Plantae

cg ,uhr;rpak; - Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)

cau; gphpT - Spermatophyta (tpijj; jhtuq;fs;)

gphpT - Magnoliophyta (G+f;Fe; jhtuq;fs;)

tFg;G (Class) - Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledanae)

cg tFg;G (Sub class) - Dilleniidae

tu;zk; (Order) - Malvales

FLk;gk; (Family) - Bombacaceae

Nfhj;jpuk; (Tribe) - Durioneae

rhjp (Genus) - Durio Adanson

,dk; (Species) - Durio zibethinus Murr.

mad kz;ly goq;fspy; uh[h vdg;gLk;

J}hpad; re;ijapy; fhzg;gLk;;. goq;fspy;

mjpf NghrizAk; RitAk; nfhz;ljhFk;.

J}hpad; 16k; E}w;whz;by;; Njhd;wpajhff;

fUjg;gLfpwJ.,J njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy;

kNyrpahitg; G+h;tPfkhff; nfhz;bUe;

jhYk; ,e;NjhNdrpah> ,yq;if> njd;dp

e;jpah> kpad;khu;> tpal;ehk;> gpypg;gPd;];>

epA+fpdpah> [nkf;fh Nghd;w ehLfSf;Fk;

gutpaJ. 1850 Mk; Mz;L kNyrpahtpyp

Ue;J vkJ ehl;bw;F nfhz;L tug;gl;l

KjyhtJ J}hpad; jhtukhdJ Nguhjid

jhtutpaw; g+q;fhtpy; cs;sjhfj; njuptp

f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

G+h;tPfk;

J}hpad; Nghk;ghNfrpNa (Bombaca

ceae) FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;j gapuhFk;. ,jd;

jhtutpaw; ngah; J}hpNah rpNgjpd]; (Duria

zibethinus) MFk;. ntt;NtW ehLfspy; gy;

NtWgl;l ngah;fspy; J}hpad; miof;fg;gL

fpd;wJ. Mdhy; rpNgl;Nlh vd;w ,yj;jPd;

ngah; mjpf kzj;ijf; Fwpg;gNjhL> kNy

nkhopapy; J}hp vd;gJ Ks;isf; Fwpf;Fk;.

,t;tpU nrhw;fSk; ,ize;Nj J}hpadpd;

jhtutpaw; ngah; cUthdJ. ,jd; %yk;

,k;kuj;jpd; gpujhd gz;G Fwpg;gplg;gLfp

d;wJ.

mwpKfk;

2

tpijapypUe;J cUthfpa xU nghpa kuk;

Jhupadpd;; Kjpu;e;j ,iy> gUkd;> tbtk;

vd;gd tu;f;fj;ij nghWj;J NtWgLk;;

jhtutpay; ,ay;Gfs;

80 - 150 tUlq;fs; tiu caph; thOk; ,U

tpj;jpiy jhtukhFk;. 25 - 50 kPw;wh; cauk;

tiu tsUk;. gpujhd jz;bd; gl;il

nrhu nrhug;ghd fgpy epwkhdJ. gpujhd

jz;bypUe;J cUthFk; fpisfs; vy;yh

jpirapYk; gue;J fhzg;gLk;. fpisfs;

gue;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikahdJ th;f;fk;> fpil

f;Fk; #hpa xspapd; msT> tpijf; fd;W

fsh xl;Lf; fd;Wfsh vd;gijg; nghW

j;J NtWgLk;. nghJthf tpijf; fd;;Wfs;

XusT caukhf tsu;e;j gpd;dNu fpisfs;

gphpAk;. Mdhy; xl;Lf; fd;Wfspy; jz;bd;

fPopUe;Nj fpisfs; cUthFk;.

,iyfspd; Nkw;Gwk; gsgsg;ghd gr;ir

epwkhdJ. fPo;Gwk; fgpy epwkhdJ.vsp

ikahd ,iyfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,iyf;

fhk;G 1 - 2.5 nr.kPl;lh;; ePskhfTk;> cU

z;il tbthfTk; fhzg;gLk;. ,iy

apd; ePsk;> ,iyapd; mb> Edpapd; tbtk;

vd;gd th;f;fj;ijg; nghWj;J NtWgLk;.

,iyfspd; ePs mfyk; KiwNa 10 - 20

nr.kPl;lh;> 2 – 8 nr.kPl;lh; MFk;. ,sk;

,iyfs; Kjypy; eL euk;gpy; RUz;bU

g;gJld;. ,iy Kjph;r;rpailAk; NghJ tphp

Ak;. jhtu tpjhdj;jpd; tbtk; th;f;fj;ij

nghWj;J NtWgLk;. nghJthf gpukpl;> ePs;

tl;l> gue;j tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;.

jz;bd; fPo;g; gFjpapy; Mzp

Nth; fhzg;gLk;. Mzp NthpypUe;J gf;f

Nth;fSk; gf;f Nth;fspypUe;J Jiz

Nth;fSk;; cUthFk;. ,t;Nth;fspd; %yNk

kukhdJ 50 kPw;wh; Mokhd gFjpapypUe;J

Nghrizfis cwpQ;Rk;.

3

©e;Jzh;

xl;Lf; fd;wpypUeJ Njhd;wpa xU Jhupahd; kuk;

g+f;fs;

J}hpadpy; gf;ff; fpisfspy; G+e;Jzh;fspy;

G+f;fs; cUthFk;. gpujhd jz;by; G+f;fs;

cUthfhJ. xU G+e;Jzupy; nghJthf 25

g+f;fs; tiu fhzg;gLk;. ,J 3 Kjy; 75

tiu NtWglyhk;. xU jlitapy; xU ku

j;jpy; 20>000 - 400000 g++f;fs; tiu cU

thFk;. Mz;> ngz; mq;fq;fs; xNu G+tpy;

fhzg;gLtjhy; ,J G+uzkhd <hpypq;fg;

G+thFk;.

G+f;fhk;gpd; ePsk; 1 - 7 nr.kPl;lh; MFk;.

,J th;f;fj;ijg; nghWj;J NtWgLk;. G+tU

k;Gfs; tl;lk; my;yJ Kf;Nfhz tbtkh

dit MFk;. Muk;gj;jpy; Gy;ypfspdhy;

KOg; G+Tk; %bapUf;Fk;. gpd; mJ gy

gFjpfshfg; (2 - 4) gphpAk;. nghJthf 5

my;;ypfs; fhzg;gLtJld;> ,J ntz;zpw

j;ij xj;j ntz;nza; epwkhFk;. th;f;fj;jp

w;F mika kQ;rs; fye;j nrk;kQ;rs;

epwk; tiu khWk;. ,it kj;jpa ghfj;jpy;

xd;whf ,ize;J gpd; xd;whf cjph;e;J

nry;Yk;. ,ize;j gpd;dh; cjpUk;.

G+f;fspd; mbg;gFjpapy; Njd;fyq;fs;

fhzg;gLk;. kfue;j $LfSld; njhlh;Gi

la kfue;j ,iofs; 4 - 6 $l;lq;fshff;

fhzg;gLk;. 35 - 80 kfue;j kzpfs; tiu

fhzg;gLk;. kfue;j ,iofs; xNu rPuhd

kl;lj;jpy; mike;jpUf;fhJ. #ofj;Jld;

njhlh;Ggl;bUf;Fk; jk;gj;jpd; Nkw; Gwk;

kQ;rs; my;yJ nrk;kQ;rs; epwkhd Fwp

fhzg;gLk;. ,it kfue;j kzpfSf;F Kd;

Kjph;r;rpailAk;.

G+f;fspd; gUkd;> mUk;Gfspd; tbtk;> kfu

e;jf; $Lfspd; vz;zpf;if> G+tpjo;fspd;

epwk;> Fwpapd; epwk; Nghd;w ,ay;Gfs;

th;f;fq;fspilNa NtWgl;L fhzg;gLtj

hy; th;f;fq;fis NtWgLj;jp mwpa ,t;tp

ay;Gfs; cjTk;.

4

kyu;e;j ©f;fs;

g+tpupAk; gbKiw

©tpd; ghfq;fs;

Gy;yp

my;yp

#yfk;jk;gk;

Fwp

fha;

goj;Njhypy; Kl;fs; fhzg;gLk;. ,k;

Kl;fs; kQ;rs; my;yJ nghd; epwkhff;

fhzg;gLk;. Kl;fspd; jbg;G> $h;ik vd;gd

th;f;fj;ijg; nghWj;J NtWgLk;. nghJthf

vy;yh fha;fspYk; Ie;J #o; miwfs;

fhzg;gLk;. ,it rijg;gpbg;ghd Ris

fshy; epuk;gpapUf;Fk;;. rpy Ntisfspy;

#o; miwfspd; vz;zpf;if NtWgL

tijf; fhzyhk;. rpy #o; miwfs; kfu

e;j Nrh;f;if ntw;wpaspf;fhikahy;; G+uz

kilahjpUf;Fk;. ,t;thwhd re;jh;g;gj;jp

y; Risfs; tpUj;jpailahky; ,Uf;Fk;;;.

,t;thwhd #o; miwfs; tsh;r;rp Fiw

thff; fhzg;gLtjhy; tpfhukhd fha;fs;

cUthFk;.

kfue;j Nrh;f;if mile;J 4 fpoikfspd;

gpd; rijg;gFjpapd; (Ris) tsh;r;rp Muk;g

khFk;;. tpijfs; rijg; gFjpahy; %bap

Ug;gJld; rijg;gFjp th;f;fj;ijg; nghW

j;J ntz;nza;> kQ;rs;> nrk;kQ;rs; epw

khff; fhzg;gLk;. fha;fs; KjpUk; NghJ

rijg;gFjp nkd;ikahf khWk;. rijg;

gFjpapd; nkd;ik> fbdj;jd;ikia

nghWj;J tuf;fh> $yhd; vd fha;fis

tifg;gLj;jyhk;. rhjhuzkhf J}hpad;

fha; xd;wpd;; epiw 500fpuhk; - 5 fp.fpuhk;

tiu NtWgLk;. tpijfs; mw;w rijg;gFjp

25 - 75 tPjk; tiu fhzg;gLk;. J}hpaD

f;F chpj;jhd kzk; mjpy; fhzg;gLk; ry;

igl;;> ,urhadg; nghUl;fshy; (Diethyldi

sulphide) Vw;gLk;.

J}hpad; tpijahdJ ,ja tbtj;ijf;

nfhz;lJ. th;f;fj;ijg; nghWj;J tbtk;>

gUkd; vd;gd NtWgLk;. ed;F Kw;wpa

tpijfs; kQ;rs; fye;j fgpy epwk;

my;yJ rptg;G fye;j fgpy epwkhff;

fhzg;gLk;.

5

J}hpad; goq;fspd; gy;ypdj;jd;ik

gad;ghL

re;ijapy; fhzg;gLk; tpiy $ba

gokhFk;. fhNghitjNuw;W> Gujk;>

nfhOg;G> fdpg;nghUs;> tpl;lkpd;

vd;gd epiwe;jJ. ,jd; Risfspyp

Ue;J nlhgp> I]; fphPk;> J}hpad; rpg;];>

njhjy;> Nff; Nghd;w jpd;g

z;lq;fisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

J}hpad; tpij tprhykhdJ. ,jpy; mjp

fsthd fhNghitjNuw;Wk;> Nghrizg;

gjhh;j;jq;fSk; cs;sd. tpijfis

mtpj;J my;yJ tWj;J cz;z KbAk;.

j}hpad; tpijAld; $ba Ris

fspy; fhkj;ijj; J}z;Lk;

Fzk; ,Ug;gjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

,jd; ,iy Nth;fspy; ,Ue;J

jahhpf;fg;gl;l fyit fz;lkhiy> fha;

r;ry; vd;gtw;wpw;F epthuzpahfg; gad;gL

j;jg;gLk;.

J}hpad; kuj;jpd; jz;L 30 kPl;lh;

cauk; tiu tsh;tJld; vhpnghU

shfTk; gad;gLk;. nkd;ikahd> ngWkjp

Fiwe;j vhpnghUshf fhzg;gl;lh

Yk; $l gy;NtW nghUl;fisj; jahhp

f;fg; gad;gLk;. ,jid #oy;

NeaKs;s tptrha td

gapu;r; nra;iff;Fk; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

Njitahd fhyepiyAk;> kz;Zk;

fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 600 - 900 kPl;lh; (2000 -

3000 mb) cauk; tiuahd gpuNjrq;fspy;

gaph; nra;a KbAk;. 3000 mb

cauj;jpw;F Nkyhd gpuNjrq;fspy;

gapu;r;nra;Ak; NghJ fha;fs; cUthFk;

jd;ik Fiwthf fhzg;gLk;. 75 - 80 tPjkhd

<ug;gjDk; 1600 - 3000 kpy;ypyPw;wh; tiuahd

tUlhe;j kiotPo;r;rpAk;> 24 - 30 nrd;upfpNul;

ntg;gepiyAk; ,jd; tsu;r;rpf;F

cfe;jJ.

ePu; ed;F tbe;J nry;Yk; rkjiu my;yJ XusT

rupthd epyq;fs;; Jhupad; nra;iff;F

rpwe;jJ. Jhupadpd;; Nghriz Ntu;fs;

Nky; kz;zpw;F mUfpNyNa fhzg;gLtjh

y; Nky; kz;zhdJ Nghriz kpf;fjhf

fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

Nghrizg; ngWkhdk;

100 fpuhk; J}upad; gor;rijapy;

fhzg;gLk; Nghrizg; ngWkhdk;

rf;jp (fpNyhfNyhhp) 52.0

ePh; (fpuhk;) 66.8

Gujk; (fpuhk;) 2.5

nfhOg;G 1.6

fhNghitjNuw;W (fpuhk;) 23.8

ehh;g;nghUs; (fpuhk;) 1.4

fy;rpak; (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 20

nghRguR (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 63

nghl;lhrpak; (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 601

,Uk;G (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 0.9

Nrhbak; (fpuhk;) 1.6

jakpd; (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 0.27

iuNghgpNytpd; (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 0.29

tpl;lkpd; rp (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 57

gpl;lh fNuhl;bd; (kpy;yp fpuhk;) 10

6

5 - 6.5 tiuahd gP.vr;irAk; 1.5

kPw;wu; Mokhd> rpwe;j ePu; tbg;Gs;s

,Uthl;b kz;Zk; Jhupad; nra;iff;F kpfTk;

rpwe;jJ. kz;zpd; gP.vr; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ

Nghriz (,Uk;G> ehfk;) Fiw

ghLfisAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ctu; kz;

gapu;r;nra;if crpjkw;wJ. Nrjdg;

nghUl;fs; mlq;fpa kzy; fy

e;j ,Uthl;b tz;ly; kz; Jhupad;

nra;iff;F kpfTk; tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.

fspj;jd;ik $ba> kzy; jd;ikahd

kz;zpy; Jhupadpd; tsu;r;rp tPjk; kpfTk;

Fiwthf fhzg;gLtJld; tpisr;rYk;

FiwthfNtf; fhzg;gLk;. ntw;wpfukhd

gapu;r;nra;iff;F rpwe;j kz;

fhw;Whl;lKk;> rpwe;j ePu; tbg;Gk;

mtrpakhFk;. kz;zpy; <uypg;G mjpf

khFk; NghJ fd;Wfspd; tsu;r;rp Ntfk;

FiwtJld; Neha;fSk; njhw;Wk;.

rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l tu;f;fq;fs;

tptrha jpizf;fsj;jhy; rpghupR

nra;ag;gl;l mk;gnjd;d> fRd;> n`huz

Nfhy;l;> n`huz [k;Ngh vd 4

tu;f;fq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mk;gnjd;d

eLj;ju msthd tpisitj; jUk;. xU

goj;jpd; ruhrup epiw 1.6 fpNyhthFk;.

ePs;tl;l tbthd fha;fs;. Risfspd;

rijg;gFjp ntz;nza; epwkhdJ. Risfs;

,Wf;fkhdit.

fRd;

eLj;ju msthd tpisitj; jUk;. xU

goj;jpd; ruhrup epiw 1.6 fpNyh MFk;.

ePs;tl;l tbthd fha;fs;. Risfspd;

rijg;gFjp kQ;rs; fye;j nrk;kQ;rs;

epwkhdJNjhL> rijg;gpbg;ghdJ.

n`huz Nfhy;l;

7

Vida tu;f;fq;fis tpl ,jd; go

q;fs; ngupait. gonkhd;wpd; ruh

rup epiw 2.5 fpNyh MFk;. ePs;tl;l tbthd

fha;fs;. goq;fs; ,sk;

ntz;nza; epwk; my;yJ ,sk; gr;ir epw

khf fhzg;gLk;. Risfspd; rijg;gFjp

kQ;rs; epwkhdNjhL> jbg;ghdJ. Risfs;

XusT fbdkhdit MFk;.

gr;ir fye;j fgpy epwkhdJ. Risfs;

rijg;gpbg;ghdit. jbg;ghd Risfs;.

gjuhd tpijfs; mjpfk;. rijg;gFjp kj;jp

asT fbdkhdJ

fd;ndhWit ];tPl;

,t;tu;f;fj;jpd; goq;fs; ngupadthFk;.

gonkhd;wpd; ruhrup epiw 2.8 fpNyh

fpuhk; MFk;. XusT tl;l tbthdNjhL>

,jd; tpspk;Gfs; goj;jpypUe;J JUj;jpf;

nfhz;bUg;gJ Nghd;W Njhd;Wk;.

n`hud [k;Ngh

8

gjpa Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;

gy;NtW xl;L Kiwfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.

fpisnahl;L> mUk;nghl;L> fhw;Wg;gjp

vd;gdtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. ,jpy; fpis

nahl;Nl kpfTk; ntw;wpaspf;Fk;. fpisnah

l;by; Mg;nghl;L kpfTk; cfe;jjhFk;.

Mg;nghl;L

xl;Lf;fl;ilia jahu; nra;jy;

(tpijfisj; njupT nra;jy;> jahh; gLj;jy;>

xl;Ljy;)

MNuhf;fpakhd kuj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l

ed;F Kw;wp gOj;j goq;fspy; tpijfis

Ntwhf;fp rijg;gFjpia ed;F fOtp mfw;w

Ntz;Lk;. epuk;ghj> Nrjg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpij

fis jtpu;j;J> rpwe;j tPupakhd tpij

fis khj;jpuk; epoypy; cyh;j;j Ntz;Lk;.

,t; tpijfspd; tho;jfT tpiutpy;

,of;fg;glyhk;. vdNt cyu;e;j tpij

fis cldbahfNt kzy; ehw;WNkilap

y; my;yJ nghypj;jPd; igfspy; elTk;.

tpij Kisg;gjw;F 5 - 15 ehl;fs; vLf;Fk;.

tpij Kisj;j gpd; Nky; kz;> kzy;>

$l;nlU vd;gtw;iw 1: 1: 1 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;

fye;J 15 - 20 nrd;wp kPw;wu; tpl;l

khd 20 - 30 nr.kPw;wu; caukhd 300

Nf[; jbg;ghd nghypj;jPd; igfspy; epug;gp

mtw;wpy; eLifr; nra;aTk; (Ntu; mOfiy

jLg;gjw;F cf;fhj Nrjdg; grisfis

,l Ntz;lhk;) tpij el Kd;

gq;fR ehrpdpapy; gupfupj;jy;

mtrpakhFk;.

,t; tu;f;f gonkhd;wpd; ruhrup epiw

2 - 4.5 fpNyh fpuhk; MFk;. Risfs;

kQ;rs; fye;j nrk;kQ;rs; epwkhdit.

,dpg;G Rit mjpfkhFk;. rijg;gFjp

jbg;ghdJ. ,J 1.5 - 1.9 nr.kPl;lu;

MFk;. ,yFthf fha;fisg; gpse;J

Risfis Ntwhf;fyhk;. rijg;gFjpapd;

jbg;G mjpfkhdjhy; Risfspd; tbtk;

khwhJ mjid gpupj;njLf;fyhk;. xl;Lf;

fd;nwhd;iw eLif nra;J 6 - 7 tU

lq;fspy; Kjw;wlitahf tpisr;riyg;

ngwyhk;.

ehw;Wf;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

Jhupaid tpijfs; my;yJ gjpa Kiw

%yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;ayhk;. 4 - 5

tUl FWfpa fhyg; gFjpapy; tpisitg;

ngwf; $ba jd;ik> xl;L Kisfs; ngw

g;gl;l jha;j; jhtuj;jpd; ,ay;ig xj;j go

q;fisg; ngwf; $bajhapUj;jy;> jz;bd;

mbapypUe;J fpisfs; Njhd;Wk; jd;ik>

rpW kuq;fspNyNa fha; fisg; ngwf; $bajhf

,Uj;jy; Mfpa fhuzq;fspdhy; tu;j;jf

uPjpapy; gapu;r;nra;tjw;F gjpa Kiw

,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l xl;Lf;

fd;WfNs rpwe;jit MFk;. tpijf; fd;W

fspy; fha;g;gjw;F mjpf fhyk; (10 - 12

tUlq;fs;) vLg;gNjhL> ,tw;wpd; tsh;r;rp

rPuhff; fhzg;glhikahYk;> jha;j; jhtu

j;jpypUe;J NtWgl;l ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;l

goq;fs; cUthFtjhy; tu;j;jf uPjpapy;

gapupl tpijf; fd;Wfs; cfe;jjy;y

9

xl;L Kisia jahu; nra;tjw;F

fpisia njupjy;

Nkyjpf ,iyfis mfw;wp xl;Lf;

fl;iliaj; jahu; nra;jy;

xl;Lf; fl;iliaj; jahu;

nra;jy;

rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l tu;f;fj;jpypU

e;J xl;Lf; fpisiag; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;lJ Nghd;W xl;Lfpis

rpy ,iyfSld; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa

gf;ff; fpisfspy;; ,Ue;J ,iyfs; cU

thFtjw;F Kd; my;yJ mUk;G ntbf;f Kd;

xl;Lf;fpisiag; ngwTk;. ntl;ba xl;Lf;

fpisapd; Edpapy; fhzg;gLk; 2 - 3 ,iyfspd;

xU gFjpia glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;lthW

ntl;b mfw;wTk;. fPNo cs;s ,iy

fspy; fhk;ig khj;jpuk; kPjkhf tpl;L

,iyia KOikahf mfw;wTk;. gpd;

xl;Lf;fpisapd; mbg;gFjpia Mg;G

tbtpy; ntl;lTk;. xl;Ltjw;F Maj;jkhFk;

NtisapNyNa ,jid Nkw;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

xl;Ljy;

tpijf;fd;W (xl;Lf;fl;il) 15

nr.kPw;wu; cauk; tsu;e;j gpd; (2 - 5

thu tajhFk; NghJ) xl;l Ntz;Lk;.

,r; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; tpijf; fd;wpy;

,U ,iyfs; Kisj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jahu; nra;j xl;Lf; fl;ilapy;

tpj;jpiyfs; jz;Lld; ,ize;J

s;s ,lj;jpypUe;J 2 - 5 nr.kPw;wu; cau

j;jpy; fd;iw fpilahf (FWf;fhf) xl;Lf;

fj;jpapdhy; ntl;lTk;. ,jid

mLj;J ehw;wpd; ntl;;L Kfj;jpd;

eLg;gFjpapy; 2 - 3 nr.kPw;wu; fPo; gf;f

khf epiyf;Fj;jhf gpsf;fTk;. gpd; Mg;G

tbtpy; ntl;ba xl;Lf;fl;ilia glj;jpy;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW gpstpDs; nrUfTk;.

,t;thW nrUFk; NghJ xl;Lf; fpis

ahdJ xl;Lf;fl;ilia tpl jbg;G Fiw

thf fhzg;gbd; xl;Lf;fpisahdJ xl;L

fl;ilapy; xU gf;fj;jpw;F tUkhW xl;bf;

xl;Lf;fl;ilapy; gpse;j gpstpDs;

xl;Lf;fpisia cl;GFj;jy;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

,jd; gpd; xl;L ehlhtpd; %yk; Rw;wpf;

fl;l Ntz;Lk;. xl;Ltjw;F nghypnrf;

ehlhf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

10

ehlhtpdhy; Rw;wpf; fl;Ljy;

xl;L ehlhtpdhy; Rw;wpf; fl;Ljy;

epoypy; cs;s ehw;Wf;fis gbg;gbahf

#upa xspiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd; %yk;

td;ikg;gLj;jy;.

xl;Lf; fd;iw xsp CLGftpLk; nghypj;jPd;

xd;wpdhy; %Ljy;

xl;ba gpd; ehw;Wf;fSf;F mUfpy; jbfis

el;L Mjhuk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd; xsp

Gftplf; $ba nghypj;jPd; ciwfsp-

dhy; ehw;Wf;fis %b (Single propagator) epoyhd ,lj;jpy; itf;fTk;.

21 - 30 ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;

nghypj;jPd; igfis mfw;wp tiy

,y;yj;jpDs; itf;fTk;. fd;iw

jpwe;J G+thspapdhy; eP&w;w Ntz;Lk;.

,q;F 90 tPjkhd Mg;nghl;L ntw;wpa

spf;Fk;. xl;L ntw;wpaspj;j fd;Wfis

td;ikg;gLj;j xU khjj;jpd; gpd;

10 ehl;fSf;F ,ilf;fpilNa

ntapy; glr; nra;aTk;. ,t;thwhd xl;Lf;

fd;nwhd;iw xl;b 4 - 6 khj tajhFk;

NghJ Njhl;lj;jpy; elyhk;.

Kjpu;e;j xl;Lf;fd;iwg; ngwy;

xl;ba fd;iw ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F (8 - 10

khjq;fs;) nghypj;jPd; igapy; itj;jpUe;j

gpd; Njhl;lj;jpy; eLtJ ey;yJ. fd;W ngup

jhd gpd; eLtjhapd; ngupa nghypj;jPd; ig

fspy; eLif Clfj;ij epug;gp mjw;Fs;

ehw;iw khw;wp eLif nra;tjd; %yk;

11

ntw;w;paspj;j xl;Lf;fd;W

ehw;Wfs; eyptilahJ ghJfhf;f

KbAk;. Njhl;lj;jpy; eLif nra;j gpd;

ehw;Wf;fs; ,wf;Fk; tPjj;ijAk;; Fiwj;Jf;

nfhs;s KbAk;.

kPz;Lk; xl;Ljy;

ntw;wpaspf;fhj xl;L fd;Wfspy; xl;L

fl;ilapy; jbg;gile;j gFjpia ntl;b

mfw;wp Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy; kPz;Lk;

Mg;nghl;il Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

epyj;ij njupT nra;jYk;

gz;gLj;jYk;

Jhupaidg; gapupLtjw;F ed;F

#upa xsp fpilf;Fk;> rpwe;j

ePu; tbg;Gs;s 5 - 6 mbf;F

fPo; ePh; kl;lk;; fhzg;gLk;>

Mokhd kz;Zs;s epyj;ij njupT

nra;tJ ey;yJ. Fwpg;ghf eLif nra;Ak;

gpuNjrj;jp;d; fhyepiyiaf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;s

Ntz;;Lk;. kz;zpYs;s <ug;gjdp

w;F J}upad; mjpf J}z;lw;Ngw;iwf; nfhz;L

s;sikahy; ePu; tbe;J nry;y nghU

j;jkhd eltbf;iffis gpd;gw;WtJ

mtrpakhFk;. XusT rupthd

epyq;fspy; eLk; NghJ kz;zup

g;igj; jLg;gjw;fhf rkTauf; Nfh

l;bw;F mikthf ely; Ntz;Lk;.

,y;yhtpby; jiuia rupthf kl;lg;gL

j;jp elyhk;. gapu;r;nra;ifapd; Muk;g

fhyj;jpy; kz;zupg;ig jLf;f

%L gapu;r;nra;ifia Nkw;nfh

s;tJ ey;yJ. rupthd epyq;fspy;

kz;zupg;igj; jLf;fTk; Ntu;j; njhFjpf;F

mtrpakhd ePiu toq;fTk; D tbtpy;

epyj;ij rupthf mikj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.

Nghjpasthd kio ,y;yhj

,lq;;fspy; ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;tJ mtrp

akhFk;. ehw;W el rpy khjq;fSf;F

Kd; fy;> Ntu; vd;gtw;iw mfw;wp

kz; fl;bfis cilj;J> kz;iz

Jhu;itahf;fp Njitf;Nfw;g epy-

j;ij Maj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Kd;

ida gapupy; cs;s Ntu;;;fisAk;> fw;fis

Ak; mfw;wy; kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;. mz;ik

fhyj;jpy; ,wg;gu; gapu; nra;a

g;glhj epyj;ij njupT nra;tJ rpw

e;jjhFk;. Jhupad; gapu;r;nra;iff;F

gutyhd #upa xsp kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;.

NghJkhd msT #upa xsp

fpilf;Fk; tz;zk; fpof;F Nkw;fhf

ehw;Wf;fis eLif nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. rJu Kiwapy;

ehw;Wf;fis eLtJ tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.

12

,ilntsp

10 - 12 kPw;wu; ,ilntspapy; ehw;Wf;fis

eLif nra;Ak; NghJ xU n`f;laupy;

Rkhu; 70 - 100 fd;Wfis elyhk;.

ehw;W eLif

Jhupad; jd; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if

milAk; jd;ik kpfTk; FiwthFk;.

vdNt tu;j;jf uPjpapy; gapupLk; NghJ

rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l gy tu;f;fq;fis

xd;whff; fye;J nra;ifgz;zy;

ed;W. ,f; fd;Wfis eLif nra;Ak;

NghJ tu;f;fq;fis khwp> khwp fye;J

ely; Ntz;Lk;.

01 kPw;wu; ePs> mfy> Mokhd eLiff; Fop

fisj; jahu; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ehw;Wf;fis

eLtjw;F 4 fpoikfspw;F Kd;du; gUt

kio nga;aj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ Fopfis

Maj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. tskw;w kz;zpy;

ngupa Fopfisj; Njhz;LtJ rpwe;jJ.

kz;izg; gupNrhjpj;J mjd; gPvr; ngWkh

dj;jpw;fika xU Fopf;F 500 fpuhk; nlhy

ikl; ,l Ntz;Lk;. eLif FopfSf;F Nrjd

grisiaAk;> Nky; kz;iz

Ak;> 1 : 1 vd;Dk; tpfpjj;jpy;

fye;J Fopfis epug;g Ntz;Lk;. epu

g;Gk; NghJ Fopfspd;; eLg;gFjpapy;

kz; Ftpe;jhy; Nghy; epug;g Ntz;Lk;.

gpd; $dp xd;wpdhy; milahskpl;L

2 - 3 fpoikfSf;F tpl Ntz;Lk;. ehw;W

el 2 - 3 ehl;fSf;F Kd; rpghupR

nra;ag;gl;l msT mbf;fl;L grisfis

Ak; kz;Zld; fye;J tplTk;;.

mjpf kio nga;Ak; NghJ fd;W

fis elf; $lhJ. td;ikg;gLj;

jpa ehw;Wf;fisNa el Ntz;Lk;. Ntu;j;

njhFjp ghjpf;fg;glhj tifapy; ehw;W

NkilapypUe;J eLk; ,lq;fSf;F vLj;Jr;

nry;y Ntz;Lk;. fd;W elg;gl;Ls;s nghyp

j;jPd; igapd; ,U GwKk; fPo; Nehf;fp ntl;b

nghypj;jPid mfw;wpa gpd; mf; fd;iw>

Vw;fdNt Maj;jk; nra;j eLiff; Fopapd;

eLtpy; itj;J Ntupw;F ghjpg;G Vw;glhj

tifapy; rpwpJ rpwpjhf kz;iz

,l;L ehw;iw el Ntz;Lk;. nghypj;jPdpy;

cs;s ehw;Wf;fis eLk; NghJ Ntu;fs;

ghjpf;fg;gLkhapd; fd;W ];jhgpf;fg;gLtJ

ntw;wpaspf;fhJ. Nth;j;njhFjpahdJ

kz;Zld; ed;whf Nru;tjw;fhf Rw;wp cs;s

kz;iz ifapdhy; mkpo;j;jp tpl Ntz;Lk;.

ehw;W el;l gpd; ehw;wpd; mbg;gFjpapy;

ePu; Njq;fp epw;fhj tz;zk; tbfhd;fis

mikj;jy; rpwe;jJ.

eLif nra;j fd;W epiyf;Fj;jhf Neuhf

tsu;tjw;Fk; guhkupj;jypd; NghJ Vw;gLk;

ghjpg;ig jLf;fTk; 1.5 kPw;wu; caukhd

Mjhuk; xd;iw el;L> mjDld; ehw;iw

,Wf;fkhfr; Nru;j;Jf; fl;b tplTk;. ehw;W

tsUk; NghJ ,f; fl;il cau;j;jpf; fl;lTk;.

ehw;iw el;lJk; ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;aTk;.

ntg;gkhd fhyepiy epyTk;

NghJ ehw;W el;l Kjy; khjj;jpy;

ed;whf ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;tJ

mtrpakhFk;.

Jhupad; Ntu;fs; ignlhg;njuh vd;Dk;

gq;fRtpdhy; kpf ,yFthfg; ghjp

f;fg;gLk;. vdNt Nkyjpf ePu; Njq;fp

epw;gij jtpu;g;gJ mtrpakhFk;. cf;fhj

Nrjd grisfis ,ly;> fisfisf;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; NghJ Vw;gLk; fha

q;fs; vd;gdtw;wpd; Clhf mba

Ofy; Neha; Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L.

,jdhy; jhtuj;ij Rw;wp cgfu

zq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp fisfisf; fl;L-

13

g;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. eh

w;iw eLk; NghJ rPuw;wthW kio nga;

Akhapd; ehw;iwr; Rw;wp itf;Nfhy; my;

yJ Nrjdg; grisahy; gj;jpuf; fyit

,l Ntz;Lk;. ehw;iw el;lTld; epoy; to

q;FtJ mtrpakhFk;. Kjy; Mz;by;

70 tPjk; epoy; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;

%yk; ehw;wpd; tsu;r;rp Ntfj;ij mjpfup

j;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;. epoy;

toq;Ftjw;F re;ijapy; tpw;fg;gLk; epoy;

tiyfis gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

elg;gl;l ehw;W kj;jpapy; ,Uf;fj;jf;fthW

4 mb cauj;jpy; mikg;gjd; %yk; epoiy

toq;f KbAk;. ehw;W tsh;r;rp milAk;

NghJ mtjhdpj;J xl;Lf;fl;ilapy;

Njhd;Wk; mUk;Gfis mfw;w

Ntz;Lk;. ehw;W ed;F

Njhl;lj;jpy; ];jhgpf;Fk; tiu Mjhuj;ijAk;

epoiyAk; Ngz Ntz;Lk;;.

grisaply;

Jhupahdpy; cau; jukhd> mjpfsthd

tpisitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Nrjd gris

fSld; rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l ,urhad gris

fisAk; ,LtJ mtrpakhFk;. ehw;W el

2 fpoikf;F Kd; Nrjd grisia Nky;

kz;Zld; fye;J eLif Fopfspy; epug;gpf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. kz;zpd; gp.vr; 4.5

tpl Fiwthf fhzg;gLkhapd; ehw;W

el 2 fpoikf;F Kd; 500 fpuhk; nlhy

ikl;il eLif Fopfspw;F ,l

Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd; Njitahd vy;yh

re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ed;F cf;fpa $l;nlUit

kuj;ij Rw;wpapl;L Ks;spdhy; fpswp tpl

Ntz;Lk;. ehw;W el 2 ehisf;F Kd;

rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l mbf;fl;Lg;grisia

eLiff; Fopapy; ,l;L kz;Zld; ed;F

fye;J tply; Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;fl;Lg; gris

,Lk; NghJ ehw;wpd; mbapy; ,Ue;J 40 -

45 nr.kPw;wu; njhiytpw;F mg;ghy; kuj;jpd;

tpjhdj;jpDs; grisfis ,l;L kz;Zld;

ed;whff; fye;J tpl Ntz;Lk;.

kuk; fha;f;f Muk;gpj;j gpd; grisia

tUlj;jpw;F 2 jlitfs; ,l Ntz;Lk;.

Kjy; gFjpia G+ cUthFtjw;F Kd;dUk;>

,uz;lhk; gFjpia goq;fis mWtil

nra;j gpd;du; kuj;ijf; ft;th

j;J ntl;ba gpd; ,l Ntz;Lk;. tUl

j;jpw;F 10 fpNyhfpuhk; Nrjdg; grisfis

,LtJ ey;yJ. kz;zpd; gP.vr; Fiwthff;

fhzg;gbd; xU kuj;;jpw;F 500 fpuhk; nlhy

ikl; tPjk; ,lyhk;. Nrjdg; gris> nlhy

ikl; Mfpatw;wpd; msit kuj;jpd; msT

ngupjhtjw;F Vw;g mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;s

KbAk;.

grisapLk; NghJ gris

fisg; gpupj;J gy jlit

fspy; ,LtJ tpidj;jpwdhdjhf mi

kAk;.

kuj;ijg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;>

fj;jupj;jy;> guhkupj;jy;

kuj;ij rupahd cauj;jpYk;> rpwg;ghf

tbtikj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;> Neha;> gPil

jhf;fq;fs; ,y;yhj> mjpf tpisr;riyg;

ngwTk;> mWtilf;Fg; gpd;du; Vw;gLk; ,og;G

f;fis Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> Ryg

14

grisaply;

rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l grisfspd; msTfs;

jhtuj;jpd; taJ,lNtz;ba

re;ju;gk;

grisapd; msT xU jhtuj;jpw;F fpuhk;

a+upah TSP/ ROP MOP fPriul;

el Kd; mbf;fl;Lg; gris 40 60 / 100 30 -

KjyhtJ tUlk;xt;nthU 4 khjq;;fspw;Fk;

xU jlit40 60 / 100 30 20

,uz;lhtJ tUlk;xt;nthU 4 khjq;;fspw;Fk;

xU jlit80 120 / 200 60 -

%d;whtJ tUlk;xt;nthU 4 khjq;;fspw;Fk;

xU jlit160 180 / 300 120 40

ehd;fhtJ tUlk;xt;nthU 4 khjq;;fspw;Fk;

xU jlit240 240 / 400 180 -

5tJ tUlj;jpypUe;J

fha;f;fj; njhlq;Fk;

tiu

xt;nthU 4 khjq;;fspw;Fk;

xU jlit320 300 / 500 240 80

fha;f;Fk; kuq;fSf;F

KjyhtJ> ,uz;lhtJ

tUlk;

mWtilapd; gpd;

©j;j gpd;

750250

485 / 800485 / 800

500500

100-

,uz;lhtJ tUlk;

njhlf;fk; Ie;jhtJ

tUlk; tiu

mWtilapd; gpd;

©j;j gpd;

900300

610 / 1000610 / 1000

650650

150-

MwhtJ tUlj;jpy;

,Ue;J gj;jhtJ

tUlk; tiu

mWtilapd; gpd;

©j;j gpd;

1050350

730 / 1200730 / 1200

800800

200-

gjpNdhuhtJ tUlj;jpy;

,Ue;J mjd; gpd;

mWtilapd; gpd;

©j;j gpd;

1200400

850 / 1400850 / 1400

950950

250-

TSP - Kr; Rg;gu; nghRNgw;W MOP - kpa+upNaw;Wg; nghl;lhR ROP - ghiwg; nghRNgw;W

15

jiuf;F mz;ikapy; cs;s thJfis

fj;jupj;jy;

khf mWtil nra;aTk; kuj;ij ft;th

j;J ntl;LtJ mtrpakhFk;. tPl;Lj; Njh

l;ljpw;fh my;yJ tu;j;jf gaph;r;nra;if

f;fh vd;gijg; nghWj;J ,uz;L Kiwfspy;

fj;jupf;fyhk;. jw;NghJ Njitiag; nghW

j;J Kw;wj;jpy; el;L guhkupf;ff; $ba

tifapy; rpwpa kukhf tbtikj;Jf;

nfhs;s KbAk;.

tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpy;

tPl;Lj;Njhl;lj;jpy; Jhupad; kunkhd;iw

rpwpajhf tbtikf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F Edp

aUk;ig efq;fshy; fps;sp mfw;wf; $ba

gUtj;jpy; mfw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy;; gf;f mU

k;Gfs; cUthFk;. njhlf;fj;jpy; cUthFk;

%d;W fpisfis kl;Lk; Mjhuk; xd;iw

el;L epiyf;Fj;jhf tsh;tjw;F ,lkspf;f

Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;;fpilNa cUthFk; Edp mU

k;Gfis njhlu;r;rpahf mfw;wp tpl Ntz;Lk;.

,jdhy; fpilahd tsu;r;rpia

NgZtNjhL> Njitahd cauj;jpYk; ku

j;ijg; guhkupf;f KbAk;. th;j;jf

gaph;r;nra;ifAld; xg;gpLk; NghJ

,jpy; Fiwthd tpisitNa ngwf;

$bajhapUf;Fk;. rpwpa tPl;Lj;Njh

l;lq;fspy; J}upahd; kuq;fis ,k;Kiw

apy; tbtikj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

tu;j;jf gapu;r;nra;ifapy;

ehw;iw Njhl;lj;jpy; el;L kuj;jpd; cauk;

1.5 kPw;wu; tiu tsUk; NghJ fj;jup

f;fj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;. Muk;gj;jpy;

fd;wpd; xl;Lf;fl;ilapy; cUthFk; mU

k;Gfis mfw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,it xl;Lf;

fpisapy; Njhd;Wk; mUk;Gfis tpl

tpiuthf tsu;tjhy; ,J njhlu;ghf

njhlu;;r;rpahf ftdQ; nrYj;JtJ mtrp

ak; MFk;. ,y;yhtpby; xl;Lf;fpisapy;

cUthFk; mUk;Gfs; ,we;J Nghfyhk;.

Muk;gj;jpy; jdpj; jz;lhf kuj;ijg;

guhkupg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. epyj;jpw;F kpf

mUfpy; Njhd;Wk; fpisfis kl;Lk;

mfw;wTk;. gf;ftUk;Gfis mfw;Wtij

,aYkhd tiu Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.

kuj;jpDs; #upa ntspr;rk; ed;F tpOtj-

w;F trjpahf kpfTk; mUfUNf (30 nr.kP

I tplf; Fiwthd ,ilntspapy;) cs;s

fpisfs;> Nkyjpfkhd fpisfs;> gytPd

khd fpisfs;> ePu; thJf;fs;> Neha;> gPil

fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lf; fpisfs; Mfpa

tw;iwAk; mfw;wp tplTk;.

tu;j;jf uPjpapy; gapu;r; nra;if

Nkw;;nfhs;Sk; NghJ kuj;jpd; cau

j;ij 8 - 10 kPw;wupy; NgZtjw;F Edp mU-

k;ig mfw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; gf;f

mUk;Gfspd; tsu;r;rp Jhz;lg;gLk;.

16

Njitaw;w thJfis fj;jupj;j gpd; fz;lrhd;

Nghd;w gq;fR ehrpdpiag; g+Rjy;

Njitaw;w> ,we;j thJfis mfw;Wjy;

thJfis fj;jupj;j gpd; ntl;L

Kfj;jpw;F fz;lrhd; Nghd;w gq;fR ehrpdp

iaf; nfhz;l fytidf;fpdhy; G+r

Ntz;Lk;.

fha;f;Fk; kuq;fspy; rpwe;j gaidg; ngW

tjw;F kuj;jpd; cs;Ns #upa ntspr;rk; rpw

g;ghf tpo Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F tUle; NjhWk;

fj;jupj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

nghJthf Jhupad; kuj;ij tUlj;jpw;F

,U Kiw fj;jupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

KjyhtJ jlitahf goq;fis

mWtil nra;j gpd; nrg;nlk;gu;

xf;Nlhgu; khjq;fspy; fj;jupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,jd; NghJ Neha;> gPilfspdhy; ghjp

f;fg;gl;l eypTw;w> ,we;j fpisfs;> ePu;

thJf;fs; vd;gdtw;iw mfw;w Ntz;Lk;.

kuj;jpd; cs;Ns gpujhd fpis

fspy; Njhd;Wk; rpwpa fpisfis

mfw;WtJ kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;.

,jd; %yk; G+f;fspd; msT

jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. mUk;Gfis mfw;Wk;

NghJ mUk;Gfs; jz;Lld; njhlu;GgLk;

,lj;jpy; cs;s rpwpa Kbr;Rf;fs;

fod;W tuhj tifapy; mfw;w Ntz;Lk;.

nrfl;baiu / fj;jupf;Nfhiyg; gad;gLj;jp

rpwpa fpisfis mfw;wyhk;.

Edpiaf; fj;jupj;jy;

Jhupad; kukhdJ njhlu;r;rpahf

caukhf tsu;tjw;F ,irthf;fk;

mile;Js;sikahy;> 8 - 10 kPw;wu; cau

j;jpy; kuj;ij njhlu;r;rpahfg; NgZtJ

mtrpakhFk;.

17

Kiwahf fj;jupf;fg;gl;l xU J}upad; kuk;

kuj;jpd; cs;Ns #upa ntspr;rk; ed;whf

tpOtjw;fhf mUfUfpy; mike;Js;s

fpisfis mfw;wTk;. (,U

fpisfSf;fpilapy; 40 - 50 nr.kPw;wu;

,ilntspapy; fpisfis mfw;wTk;) ngupa

thJfis rupthf ntl;l Ntz;Lk;. ntl;ba

Tld; ntl;L Kfj;jpw;F fz;lrhd;

Nghd;wtw;iw G+r Ntz;Lk;. fj;jupj;j gpd;

rpghupR nra;jthW grisfis ,l;L> ku

j;ij tsu tpl Ntz;Lk;.

KjyhtJ jlit fj;jupj;J 1 - 2 khjq;fspd;

gpd;du; mjhtJ etk;gu;> brk;gu; khjq;fspy;

,uz;lhtJ jlit fj;jupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,t;Ntis kuj;jpd;; mUfpy; tsUk; fpis

fis mfw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

kuj;jpd; cs;Ns thJfis mfw;;Wk; NghJ

kuj;jpd; taJ> gUkd; vd;gd mjpfupf;Fk;

NghJ mjid kuj;jpd; tpjhdk; tiu mjp

fupf;f nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. kuj;ij rupahd

cauj;jpw;; NgZtjw;F Edpf; fj;jupj;jiy

njhlu;r;rpahf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

kfue;jr; Nru;f;if

Jhupadpy;; mjpfsthd G+f;fs; cUthfpdhYk;

Fiwe;jsthd fha;fNs Njhd;;Wk;;. ,jw;F

rupahd Kiwapy; kfue;j Nrh;f;if ,lk;

ngwhikNa fhuzkhFk;. G+f;fs; kuj;jpd;

gf;ff; fpisfspd; G+e;Jzu;fspy; Njh

d;Wk;. nghJthf 25 - 75 G+f;fs; tiu

cUthfyhk;. G+tUk;Gfs; Njhd;wp G+f;fs;

kyh;tjw;F 45 - 50 ehl;fs; tiu nry;Yk;.

,q;F jd; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;if kpff; Fiw

thfNt eilngWk;. jd; kfue;jr; Nru;

f;if 0 - 10 tPjNk eilngWtJld; ,J

th;f;fj;ijg; nghWj;J NtWgLk;. vdNt

,q;F fha;fs; cUthFtjw;F mad; kfu

e;fr; Nrh;f;if eilngw Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F

NtW th;f;fq;fspd; kfue;j kzpfs;

Fwpia mila Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F Fwpapd;

Vw;Fk; jd;ikahdJ kfue;j kzp cjph;tj

w;F gy kzp Neuj;jpw;F Kd;dNu ,lk;

ngWk;. Fwpapd; Vw;Fk; jd;;ikahdJ khiy

2 kzp njhlf;fk; 4 kzp tiuahd fhyg;

gFjpapNyNa Muk;gkhFk;. ,J ,uT 10 kzp

tiu ePbj;jhYk; ,uT 7 - 9 kzp tiuahd

fhyg;gFjpNa rpwe;jJ MFk;. khiy 3 - 4

kzpastpyhd fhyg;gFjpapNyNa J}upahd;

G+ KOikahf tpupAk;. rpy th;f;fq;fspd;

FwpahdJ G+ mUk;ghf cs;s NghNj

ntspapy; njupAk; tifapy; JUj;jpf; nfhz;bU

f;Fk;. ,r;nraw;ghL G+f;fs; mad; kfue;j

Nrh;f;iff;F ,irthf;fk; mile;jpUg;gijf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ. J}upahdpy; mjpf G+f;fs; cU

thFtJ mad; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;iff;fhd Xh;

,irthf;fkhFk;.

18

NtW tu;f;fg; ©f;fspy; kfue;jj;ijj; jlty;

kfue;jq;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;

khiy 6 kzpf;Fg; gpd;dNu kfu

e;jf; $Lfs; ntbj;J kfue;j

kzpfs; ntspNawj; njhlq;Fk;. ,J

fhyepiyiag; nghWj;J NtW

gLk;. vdNt ,aw;ifahd kfue;jr;

Nru;f;ifahdJ mjhtJ ,uT 6.30

kzpastpy; NtW th;f;fq;fspd; kfu

e;j kzpfspd; %yk; ,lk; ngwyhk;. ,aw;i

fahd mad; kfue;j Nrh;f;if ntsths;fsp

dhYk;> ,utpy;; elkhLk; NtW gpuhzpfsp

dhYk; ,lk; ngWk;. kfue;jf; $L ntbj;j

gpd; ,uT 7 kzpastpy; iffshy; kfue;jr;

Nrh;f;ifia Nkw;; nfhs;tjd; %yk; mjp

fsthd tpisr;riyg; ngw KbAk;.

rupahd Kiwapy; kfue;j Nrh;f;if

milAk; NghJ tpfhukhd fha;fs; Fiw

thfNt cUthFk;.

nraw;ifahd kfue;jr; Nru;f;if

nraw;ifahf kfue;jr; Nru;f;ifia

Nkw;nfhs;s Njhl;lj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ 2

tu;f;fq;fshtJ fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

xU tu;f;fj;jpd; kfue;j kzpfis

kw;iwa tu;f;;fj;jpd; Fwpapy;

G+Rtjd; %yk; mad; kfue;jr; Nru;f;ifia

Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. FwpahdJ 5 gFjp

fshf gpupe;J fhzg;gLk;. ,t; Ie;J

gFjpapYk; rPuhf kfue;j kzpfis

G+Rtjd; %yk; epuk;gpa fha;fis

ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. kfue;j kzp

fis G+Rtjw;F KO G+itNah my;yJ

kfue;j kzpfisr; Nrfupj;J mjpYs;s

kfue;jq;fisNah gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

kfue;j Nru;f;if ntw;wpaspj;jhYk; ntw;wp

aspf;fhtpl;lhYk;; G+tpd; R+yfk;> Fwp jtpu;

e;j Vida gFjpfs; xU ehisf;Fs;

cjph;e;J tpLk;. kfue;j kzpfis G+rpa

gpd; kfue;j Nrh;f;if ntw;wpaspj;ij G+tpd;

#yfk; gr;ir epwkhf khwp jbj;jpUg;gjpy;

,Ue;J mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

fha; cUthfp mWtil nra;tjw;F

Vw;w gUtj;ij mila 75 - 120 eh

l;fs; vLf;Fk;. tu;f;fj;ijg; nghWj;J

,f;fhy ,ilntsp NtWglyhk;.

19

#yfKk;> FwpAk; khj;jpuk; kPjkhAs;s ©f;fs;

nraw;ifahf G+ cUthFtijj;

Jhz;ly;

Fwpj;j tajpy; G+f;fs; cUth

fhj kuq;fspYk;> Fiwe;jsT

G+f;fs; cUthFk; kuq;fspYk;> gUt

kw;w fhyq;fspy; goq;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sTk; ,urhadq;fis gad; gLj;J

tjd; %yk; G+f;fs; cUthFtijj;

J}z;l KbAk;. ,jw;F ngf;NyhgpA

w;wNrhy; vd;Dk; ,urhadg; nghU

isg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jw;F ku

khdJ NghjpasT ngupajhf tsu;

r;rp mile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kuj;jpd;

fpisfs; gue;jpUf;Fk; tpjhdj;jpd;

tpl;lj;jpw;F mika mjd; xU

kPw;wUf;F nraw;ghl;L %yfj;jpy;

1 - 1.5 fpuhk; Jhis ePupy; fiu

j;J ngwg;gl;l fiuriy kuj;jpd;

mbapypUe;J 1 - 1.5 kPw;wh; njhiytpy; tuk;G

Nghd;W mikj;J tuk;gpDs; kuj;jpd;

mbg;gFjp ed;F eidAk; tz;zk;

Cw;wTk;. ,g;gupfuzj;ij Nkw;nfh

z;L 45 - 90 ehl;fspy; G+f;fs; cU

thFk;. ,f;fiuriyg; gpuNahfpj;J 3 khj

fhyk; tiu njhlu;r;rpahf epyj;jpd; <uyp

g;igg; Ngz Ntz;Lk;. fLk; kio fhyq;fspy;

gpuNahfpg;gijj; jtph;f;f Ntz;Lk;;;.

,t; ,urhad fyitapd; nrwptpw;Nfw;g

tu;f;fq;fspd; Jhz;ly; NtWgLk;. rpy

kuq;fspy; ,iyfspd; fZtpilj;

Jhuk; Fiwe;J ,iyfs; xd;Wld;

xd;W ,ize;jhw; Nghy fhzg;gLk;.

vdNt kuj;jpw;F gpuNahfpf;Fk;

ngf;NyhgpAw;wNrhypd; msit tpjhdk; gu

e;jpUf;Fk; tpl;lj;jpd; mstpw;Nfw;g rupahd

nrwptpy; fzpj;J gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpa

khFk;.

Neha;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

ignlhg;njuh gq;fRtpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;

ignlhg;njuh ghkpNthuh vDk;

gq;frpdhy; Vw;gLk;. ,e;Neha; Jhupad;

jhtuj;jpy; ghupa Nrjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.

jhtuj;jpd; gy;NtW tsu;r;rpg;

gUtq;fspy; gy;NtW gFjp

fspy; ,J jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk;.

,g;gq;fRtpdhy; ngr; nfq;fu; (Patch

canker) vDk; jz;by; Vw;gLk; njh

w;W> Nth; mOfy;> ,iy ntspwy;> rpwpa

fd;Wfspy; gpd;Ndhf;fpg;gly; Nghd;w Neh

a;fs; Vw;glyhk;. fha;fisAk; ,g;gq;fR

jhf;fyhk;. tpijf;fd;Wfis ,g;gq;fR

jhf;Fk; NghJ 50 tPjkhd fd;Wfs;

moptjw;F ,lKz;L. NkYk; ,g;gq;fRtp

20

fha; mOfy; Neha; mwpFwpfs;

ngr; nfq;fu;

,e; Nehapd; Muk;gj;jpy; jz;by;

gy ,lq;fspy; ePh;j;jd;ikahd

Gs;spfs; Njhd;Wk;. gpd; ,it

vupe;jJ Nghd;W khWtNjhL> ,jpyp

Ue;J rptg;G fgpy epwkhd xl;Le;

jd;ikahd jputk; ntsptUk;. jz;by;

Mq;fhq;Nf gl;il cupjy;> ,iyfs; cy

u;e;J fpisfs; gpd;Ndhf;fpg;gly; Ngh

d;w mwpFwpfSk; Njhd;Wk;. ,jd; jhf;fk;

kpfj; jPtpukhff; fhzg;gLk; NghJ ,iyfs;

cjph;e;J kuk; ,wf;Fk;. ,e;Neha; fhzg;gLk;

Vida ehLfspy; ,e;Nehiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j

gpujhd jz;L> fpisfs; Mfpatw;

wpw;F nul;iyk; (Red lime), nkl;lny

f;rpy; (Metalaxy) Nghd;wd G+rg;gLfp

d;wd. nkl;lnyf;rpy;iy G+Rtij tpl

ngh];NghNdl;il jz;bDs; cl; nrY

j;JtJ (kunkhd;wpw;F 16 fpuhk; nra

w;ghl;L %yfk; - 16g AI / tree) kpfTk;

tpidj;jpwdhd xU fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiw

ahFk;.

ignlhg;njuh fha; mOfy;

Muk;gj;jpy; fha;fspd; Nky;;

rpwpa ePu;j; jd;ikahd jho;e;j Gs;spfs;

Gs;spfs; Njhd;Wk;. ,g;Gs;spahdJ fha;fs;

gOf;Fk; NghJ fgpy epwkhf khwp>

ngupajhFk;. ,J mWtil

f;Fg; gpe;jpa xU Nehahf

fUjg;gl;l NghjpYk; $l ,sk;

fha;fspYk; Njhd;wyhk;. ,J Njhyp

ypUe;J rijg; gFjpf;Fk; tpijf;Fk;

guTk;. kpf tpiutpy;; KOf; fhANk mO

fptpLk;. ,e; Neha; kiof; fhyj;jpy; tpiu

thf guTk;.

dhy; ,it ,iyfspy; ntspwiy Vw;gL

j;jpdhYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT ghjpg;ig

Vw;gLj;jhJ.

fha;fs; mOFtij jtpu;g;gjw;F

gapuhf;ftpay; Kiwfs;> ,urhad Kiw

fis filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Nghnkhg;rp]; ,iyg;Gs;sp Neha; / fha;

mOfy; Neha;

Nghnkhg;rp]; JhupNahdp]; (Phomop

sis durionis) vd;Dk; gq;frpdhy; ,e;

Neha; Vw;gLk;. ,e;Nehahy; tpij ehw;W

f;fs; tpiutpy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. eh

w;wpd; KO ,iyAk; cjph;e;J nry;y

,lKz;L. ,iy cjpu;e;j jhtuj;jpy; ,yFtpy;

Jizj; njhw;Wf;fs; Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L.

ngupa kuq;fspy; ,e;Neha; mjpfsthd ghjp

g;ig Vw;gLj;jhJ. ,q;F ,iyfspd; Nky;

vupe;j fgpy epwkhd rpwpa Gs;spfs;

cUthfp mtw;iwr; #o kQ;rs; epwk;

fhzg;gLk;. ,it gbg;gbahf ngup

ajhfp ePs;tl;l> tl;l tbthd (tpl;lk;

1 kp.kPw;wu;) Gs;spfshf khWk; ,iyapd;

Nkw;Guk; ,g;Gs;spfs; gue;J fhzg;gl;l

21

,iyapd; kPJ ePs; tl;ltbthd Gs;spfs;

Njhd;wy;

NghjpYk; $l ,iyfspd; fPo; gf;fk;

,jid mupjhfNt fhz KbAk;. fhyQ;

nry;y ,g;Gs;spfspd; kj;jpa ghfk;

fWg;G epwkhf khWk;. ,e; Neha; njh

lu;ghf Nkyjpf Muha;r;rpfs; Nkw;nfh

s;sg;gltpy;iy. ,ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j gpN

dhkpy;> fhngd;nlrpk; Nghd;w njh

Fjpg; gq;fR ehrpdpfspy; xd;iwiaAk;

nkq;Nfhnrg;> FNshNuhjNyhdpy; Ngh

d;w ghJfhg;G gq;fR ehrpdpiaAk;

tprpw KbAk;.

gpA+rhupak; fha; mOfy;

gpA+rhupak; nrhydp (Fusarium solani) vDk;

gq;frpdhy; ,e; Neha; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. fha;

fspd; Nky; fgpy epwkhd nkd;ikahd> ePup

y; mkpo;e;jJ Nghd;w ,ay;Gila Gs;spfs;

cs; mkpo;j;jf;$ba jd;ikahf Njhd;Wk;.

,tw;wpd; Nky; nts;is epwkhd gq;fR ,io

fisf; fhzKbAk;. ,J Xh; ghuJ}ukhd

Neha; my;y.

gpd;f; Neha;

,e;Neha; vupj;jpuPrpak; nry;nkhdpnfhyu;

(Erythricium salmonicolor) vd;Dk; gq;fRtp

dhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,J Jhupad; gapu;r;

nra;ifapy; mjpfsthd ghjpg;ig Vw;gL

j;Jk; xU NehahFk;. jhtuj;jpd; td; ghfq;fs;

rpwpa fpisfs; cyh;e;J NkypUe;J fPo;

Nehf;fp ,wf;Fk;. ,e;Neha; mjpf kio

nga;Ak; Nkfq;fs; epiwe;j fhyepiy

fhzg;gLk; NghJ tpiuthfg; guTk;. ,g;

gq;fR ,iofs; ,sk; rptg;ghd nts;is

epwkhdit. ,J fpisfis %b tsUk;.

,jdhy; fpisfs; ,wg;gJld; fhyQ; nry;

Yk; NghJ gq;fR ,iofs; ,sk; rptg;G

epwkhd Kbr;Rfshff; fhzg;gLk;.

fl;Lg;ghL

kuq;fspw;fUNf fhzg;gLk; mehtrpa

khd fpisfis ntl;Ltjd; %yk; ku

q;fspw;Fr; rpwe;j fhw;Nwhl;lk; fpil

f;f topNaw;gLj;jTk;. ,we;j gFjpfis mfw;wp

vupg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. NkYk; nrg;G

mlq;fpa gq;fR ehrpdpnahd;iw tprpWtjd;

%yk; Nehiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.

iunrhf;Nlhdpah ,iy ntspwy;

,e; Neha; iunrhf;Nlhdpah nrhy

id (Rhizovtonia solani) vd;Dk;

gq;frpdhy; Vw;gLk;. Jhupahid

gutyhfg; ghjpf;Fk;> mjpf Mgj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jk; xU NehahFk;. tpijf; fd;W

fspYk;> kuq;fspYk; cs;s ,iy

fis ,J ghjpf;Fk;. ,iyfspy; ePu;j;j

d;ikahd mkpo;e;jJ Nghd;w Gs;spfs;

Njhd;WtJld; mit xd;W Nru;e;J

ngupjhfp Fwpg;gpl;l tbtkw;w <ukhd Gs;sp

fshf khWk;. gpd; cyu;e;J fgpy epw

khFk;. Nehahw; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,iyfs;

RUq;fp cyu;e;jJ Nghd;W Njhd;Wk;. Neha;

kpfj; jPtpukhff; fhzg;gLk; NghJ ,iyfs;

cjpu;e;J jz;L kl;Lk; kPjkhff; fhzg;gLk;.

22

,iyfspd; kPJ Gs;spfs; fhzg;gly;

ntz; %l;Lg; ©r;rpapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

xU J}upad; fha;

gdpg;©r;rpfspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lnjhU gok;

fl;Lg;ghL

,e;Nehiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j ngNdhkpy;

fhngd;lrpk;> jNahgNdl; Nghd;w

gq;fR ehrpdpapy; Vjhtnjhd;iw Neha;

FzkilAk; tiu rpghupR nra;ag;gl;lthW

tprpwTk;.

G+r;rpg; gPilfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

ntz;%l;Lg;G+r;rp

ntz;%l;Lg;G+r;rpfs; ,sk; ,iy> G+> ,sk;

fha;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; rhw;iw cwp;Q;rpf;

Fbf;Fk;. jhf;fg;gl;l gFjp RUq;fp tpfhu

filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; ,jd; jhf;fj;ij

fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.

go <f;fs;

ngupa Jhupad; kuq;fis tpl rpwpa J}

upahd; kuq;fspy; cUthFk; fha;fs;

go <apd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; mjpfstpw; ghjp

f;fg;gLk;. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; go <f;fs;

cauk; Fiwe;j ,lq;fspNyNa mjpfk;

fhzg;gLk;. fha; KjpUk; NghJ epiwAlyp

<f;fs; fha;fis Jisj;J Kl;il ,Ltj

dhy; jhf;fk; Vw;gLk;

fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

fha;fspw;F ciwapLtjhy;; ,jd; jhf;fj;ij

ntw;wpfukhff; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;. fha;fs;

Kjpu;tilaj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ nghypnrf;

igfis ghtpj;J fha;fspw;F ciwapL

tjd; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.

gdpg;G+r;rp

fha;fspd; Njhypy; Ruz;baJ

Nghy fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk;

fha;fspd; cl;gFjpf;F ghjpg;G

Vw;glhtpbDk; fhapd; ntspj;Njhw;wk;;

ghjpf;fg;gLk;.

kiltJld; ,jpy; fWg;G epwkhd gq;fR

tsu;;;r;rpailAk;.

,tw;wpd; jhf;fj;jhy; tpisr;rypy; mjp

fsthd ghjpg;G Vw;glhj NghjpYk; $l go

q;fspd; juq; Fd;Wk;. gapu; Rfhjhuj;ij

23

nrjpw; ©r;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;l;l fpis

nrjpw; ©r;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;l;l Xh; ,iy

nrjpw; ©r;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;l;l xU jhtuk;

Jhupad; tpij Jisg;ghd;

,yq;ifapy; ,jd; jhf;fk; mwpag;gltpy;

iy Mdhy; kNyrpah Nghd;w ehLfspy;

,g; G+r;rp mWtilf;F gpd;du; ghjpg;ig

Vw;gLj;Jk; gPilahf fUjg;gLfpwJ.

,jd; jhf;fj;jhy; tpisr;rypy; miu

thrp ,of;fg;glyhk; vd mwpf;iffs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. epiwAlyp fha;fspd;

Nky; Kl;il ,Lk;. Kl;il nghup

j;J ntsptUk; Flk;gp fha;j; Njhiy

Jisj;J cs;Nehf;fp gazpj;J tpijia

milAk;.xspg;nghwpia gad;gLj;jp epiwA

lypiag; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

Jhupad; rpypl;

,g; G+r;rpahdJ Jhupadpy; ngUkstpw; Nrjk;

tpistpf;Fk; xU gPilahff; fUjg;gLfp

d;wJ. epiwAlypfs;> mzq;Ffs; vd;gd

,iyfspy; rhw;iw cwpQ;rpf; Fbg;gj

dhy;; ,iyfs; tpfhukile;J Njhw;wk

spf;Fk;. ,tw;wpdhy; ntspaplg;gLk; xU

tifahd Rug;gpd; fhuzkhf ,iy

fspy; fWg;G epwkhd gq;fR tsu;r;rp

milAk;. ngUkstpy; ,jd; jhf;fk;

Vw;gLk; NghJ ,iyfs; ,we;J

cjpUk;. ,jdhy; Fiwe;j vz;zp

f;ifahd cUthFk;. nghJtdnjhU G+r;rp

ehrpdpia tprpWtjd; %yk; ,ijf; fl;L

g;gLj;jyhk;.

nrjpy; G+r;rpfs;

jz;L> ,iyfs;> G+f;fspy; rhw;iw

cwpQ;rpf; Fbg;gjd; %yk; jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,g;G+r;rpapdhy; ntspapl

g;gLk; xU Rug;gpd; %yk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

,lq;fspy; fWg;G epwkhd gq;fR tsu;r;rp

milAk;. ,jd; jhf;fk; mjpfkhFk; NghJ

jhtuk; ,wf;fTk; Neuplyhk;.

fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,g;

G+r;rpfspd; jhf;fk; $bf; FiwAk;.

,kpNlhFNshgpupl; Nghd;w G+r;rp ehrpdpfis

tprpWtjd; %yk; ,jidf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

24

gl;ilfspy; JisapLk; tz;L

gl;il Jisg; GOtpd; jhf;fk;

gl;il Jisg;ghd;fspd; jhf;fk;

gl;il Jisg;ghd;

Batocera rufomaculata vDk; G+r;rpapd;

Flk;gpfshy; ,j;jhf;fk; Vw;gLk;.

kuj;jpd; mbapy; fhzg;gLk; Jisfs;

%yNkh my;yJ kuj;ijr; Rw;wp tpOe;Js;s

<ukhd kuj;Jhs; %yNkh ,jd; jhf;fj;ij

mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. Flk;gp kuj;jpd;

gl;iliaj; Jisj;J nry;tjdhy; ,jd;

jhf;fj;jpd; gpd; kuj;jpd; tsu;r;rp ghjp-

f;fg;gLk;. ,jd; jhf;fk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ

kuk; ,wf;fTk; Neuplyhk;.

,jd; jhf;fk; njhlu;gpy; Vw;fdNt mDgtk;

,Ug;gpd; kuj;jpd; mbapy; fhzg;gLk;

Jisfs; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

,f; Flk;gpfs; czit cl;nfhz;L ntsp

Naw;Wk; fopTfis kuj;jpYs;s Jisapd;

cs;NsAk;> kuj;jpd; mbg;gFjpapYk; fhz

KbAk;.

,jd; jhf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j mjpf

rpuj;ijAld; njhlu;r;rpahf mtjhdp

g;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;. jz;bd; Jis

fspy; fhzg;gLk; GOf;fis mfw;W

jy;> cldbahf MNyhridfisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; vd;gdTk; Kf;fpakh

ditahFk;. ,jidf; fl;Lg;gLj;j

FNshNuhigupngh];> ,kplf;FNshgpl;

Nghd;w iguJnuhapl; G+r;rpehrpdpfis

Flk;gpfs; fhzg;gLk; JisapDs;

Cw;wp tpl Ntz;Lk;. gl;ilia ed;whf

Rj;jg;gj;jpa gpd; fpUkpehrpdpia

Cw;WtJ rpwe;jJ. ehrpdpia

Cw;wpa gpd; cyu;tij jLg;gjw;F

gl;ilia %b tpl Ntz;Lk;. fz;lrhd;

Nghd;w gq;fR ehrpdpfis jz;bw;F G+R

tJk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

epiwAlypfs; gl;ilapd; Nky; Kl;ilfis

,Lk;. gl;ilapYs;s Jisfis ,jw;Fg;

gad;gLj;Jk;. mbg;gFjpiaAk; jz;ilAk;

Rj;jkhf itj;jpUg;gJk; Kf;fpakhFk;.

25

jz;L Jis tz;bd; jhf;fk;

jz;L tz;bd; ngupjhf;fg;gl;l cUtk;

© Jisf;Fk; tz;bd; jhf;fk;

jz;L Jisf;Fk; tz;L

,J 5 - 6 kp.kPw;wh; ePskhd rpwpa tz;bd-

khFk;.

jz;by; Mq;fhq;Nf Jisfis

,Lk;. ,jidf; fl;Lg;gLj;jhtpby; Jisfs;

fhzg;gLk; KO fpisAk; ,wf;Fk;.

,jd; jhf;fj;ij Jisfspy; ,Ue;J ntsp-

te;j kuj;J}spypUe;J mwpa KbAk;. ,J rpwpa

mUk;GfisAk; ngupa jhtuq;fisAk;

jhf;Fk;. jhf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j

ehshe;jk; Muha;e;J rpghupR

nra;ag;gl;l G+r;rpehrpdpia tprpWtjd;

%yk; ,g; gPilia fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

G+ Jisf;Fk; GO

,g;GO J}upahdpd;; G+tUk;Gfspy;

,iyfisAk; kfue;jq;fisAk; Jisj;J

cz;Zk;.

nghJthf ,uT Neuq;fspNyNa ,jd;

jhf;fk; fhzg;gLk;. rpghupR nra;ag;gl;l

G+r;rp ehrpdpia tprpWtjd; %yk; ,jidf;

fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

clw;nwhopypay; Neha;fs;

fha;fs; mrhjhuzkhf gOj;jy;

,J Xu; mrhjhuz epiyahFk;. ,jdhy;

rpy Risfspd; rijg; gFjp nkd;ikahf

,y;yhky; ,Wf;fkhf mjhtJ fbdkhf

khWk;. ,tw;wpy; Rit> kzk; vd;gd

,y;yhjpUf;Fk;. Mdhy; ,Nj go

j;jpYs;s Vida Risfs; ed;whf

gOj;J kzkhfTk; RitahfTk;

fhzg;gLk;. nghJthf rpy Risfspy; khj;jp

uNk ,e;epiy Vw;gLk;. Mdhy; rpy Ntisfspy;

KO fhANk ,t;thW ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.

26

nghUj;jkw;w ePu; tbg;gpdhy; Vw;gl;l jhf;fk;

goq;fspd; ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; ,ij

mtjhdpf;f KbahJ. goj;ij ntl;ba

gpd;dNu ,jid mwpa KbAk;. mjpf vz;zp

f;ifahd Risfs; cs;s ngupa goq;fspy;

,e;epiy Vw;gLtjw;fhd rhj;jpak; mjpfk;.

Nghriz> ePu;> R+ow; fhuzpfs; Nghd;w

midj;Jk; ,e;epiyf;F fhuzkhFk;.

Nrjd grisaply;. nlhyikl; ,ly; vd;g

tw;wpd; %yk; mrhjhuzkhd Kiw

apy; fha;fs; gOj;jiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;j

KbAk;. tpij fd;Wfs; %yk;

cUthFk; kuq;fspy; rpy Ntis

fspy; ,e;epiy kuj;jpw;Nf cupj;jhd

,ay;ghff; fhzg;gLk;.

eLg;gFjp ePu;j;; jd;ikahf khWjy;

,J fhapd; eLg;gFjpapYk;> Ris

fspd; rijg;gFjpapYk; Vw;gLk; mjp

fsthd ePu;j; jd;ikahdjhFk;. ,e;Nehapd;

jhf;fk; Fiwthf cs;s NghJ Risfs;

rijg; gFjpAld; njhlu;GgLk; ,lj;jpy;

kl;Lk; ,e; epiyiaf; fhz KbAk;.

jhf;fk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; NghJ KO

rijg;gFjpANk ePu;j;jd;ikahdjhf khWk;.

mWtil nra;tjw;F Kd;du; kio nga;

jy;> kz;zpy; <uj;jd;ik mjpfkhff;

fhzg;gly;> nghl;lhrpak; Nghrizf; Fiw

ghL vd;gdNt ,jw;fhd fhuzp-

fshFk;. Gjpjhf fha;f;Fk; ku

q;fspy; ,e;epiy cUthFjw;fhd

rhj;jpaf;$W mjpfkhFk;. fha; Kjpu;tj-

w;F xU khjj;jpw;F Kd; kz;zpw;F ngh-

l;lhrpak; cuk; ,Ljy;> mjpf kioapd; gpd;

ePh; tbe;J nry;y topNaw;gLj;jy;> kio

nga;J ,uz;L ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd; mWtil

nra;jy; vd;gd ,jidj; jLf;f cjTk;.

Risfspd; Edp vupjy;

,q;F Risfspd; mbg;gFjp fgpy epwkhd

vupe;j jd;ikahf khWk;. ,e;epiyf;F rijg;

gFjpapd; tsh;r;rpapd; NghJ rupahd mstpy;

Nghriz> ePh; vd;gd fpilf;fhikNa fhuz

khFk;. nghJthf fha;f;Fk; kuq;fspYk;

rupahd fhyj;jpw;F Kd; KjpUk;

ngupa fha;fspYk; MNuhf;fpakw;w ku

q;fspYk; ,e;epiyiaf; fhzyhk;.

jfhj fhyepiyapdhy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fk;

nghJthf ,e;epiy Kiwahf ePu; tbe;J

nry;yhik> ePu;g;gw;whf;FiwT> ePu; mjp

fstpy; Njq;fp epw;wy;> $ba ntg;gepiy

Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; Vw;glyhk;.

27

tu;f;fk; ehl;fs;

Fiwe;j taJ 75 - 95

eLj;ju taJ 95 - 120

ePz;l tsJ 120 - 140

fha;fis Ijhf;fy;

xl;L kuq;fspy; mjpfsthd fha;fs; cU

thFk; NghJ (xl;L kuj;jpy; 150 - 200

fha;fs; NghJkhdit) tpfhukhd fha;

fs; R+idf; fha;fs;> kpfr;rpwpa fha;fs;>

xU nfhj;jpy; mjpfkhd (2 - 3 ,w;F

Nkw;gl;l) fha;fs; fhzg;gLk; NghJ Njit

aw;w fha;fis gpLq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;

ifahf fha;fs; cjph;e;j gpd;dNu fha;

fis mfw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; nghU

shjhu uPjpahd tUkhdj;ij njhlh;e;Jk;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

tpisr;rYk;> mWtil nra;jYk;

<utyaj;jpy; ngg;utup khjj;jpy;

Vw;gLk; FWfpa twl;rpahd fhyj;jpd;

gpd;dh; G+f;fs; cUthFk;. mjhtJ

ngg;utup khu;r; khjq;fspy; MFk;. rpy

Ntisfspy; Mf];l; khj cyu; fhy

epiyAld; nrg;nlk;gu; - xf;Nlh

gu; khjq;fspYk; XusT G+f;fs; cU

thfyhk;. ,q;F gpujhd tpisr;ry;

[_d; - Mf];l; khjq;fspNy fpilf;Fk;.

Mdhy; kiyehl;L ,il tyaq;fspYk;

Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; gpujhd tpisit

etk;gu; - ngg;utup khjq;fspy; ngwyhk;.

Jhupahdpy; tpisr;ryhdJ tu;f;fk;>

taJ Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;J NtWgLk;.

xl;Lf; fd;Wfs; eLif nra;J

5 - 6 tUlq;fspy; tpisitg; ngw

Muk;gpf;fyhk;. kuj;jpd; taJ mjpfupf;Fk;

NghJ tpisr;rYk; mjpfupf;Fk;. xl;L ku

q;fspy; 9 - 10 tUlq;fs; MFk; NghJ

100 - 200 goq;fisg;; ngwyhk;. 30

- 40 tUl tajhFk; NghJ 300 - 500

fha;fisg; ngwyhk;. 5 tUlq;fshFk;

NghJ Kjw; jlitahf tpisr;riyg;

ngwyhk;. mjd; gpd; xt;nthU tUlj;jpYk;

tpisr;rypy; mjpfupg;igf; fhzyhk;. nra

w;ifahd Kiwapy; kfue;jr; Nrh;f;ifia

Nkw;nfhs;Stjd; %yk; tpisit mjpfup

j;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

th;f;fj;ijg; nghWj;J G+f;fs; Njhd;WtJ

Kjy; fha;fs; Kjph;tjw;F vLf;Fk; fhyk;.

gpuNjrj;jpd; ntg;gepiy kz;zpd; tsk;>

gapuhf;ftpay; eltbf;if vd;gtw;iwg;

nghWj;J KjpUk; fhyk; NtWgLk;. fha;

Kjph;jiy jPh;khdpg;gjw;F goj;jpd; epwk;>

goj;ijj; jl;Lk; NghJ vOk; xyp>

Kl;fspd; jd;ik Nghd;w ,ay;GfisAk;;

ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s KbAk;.

fha;fspd;; Kl;;fs;; fLk; gr;ir epwj;jpypUe;J

,sk; gr;ir epwkhf my;yJ kQ;rs; fye;j

epwkhf khWtjpy; ,Ue;J Kjpu;e;j

fha;fis ,dq; fhz KbAk; vdpDk;

vy;yh re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ,t;thW ,dq;

fhz;gJ fbdkhFk;.

tpuy;fspdhy; jl;Lk; NghJ my;yJ

fj;jpahNyh my;yJ jbapdhNyh

Kl;fspw;fpilNa tULk; NghJ vOk; rj;j

j;jpdhy; Kjpu;r;rpaile;j goq;fis ,dq;

fhz KbAk;. fha;fspy; ,t;thwhd rj;jk;

Vw;glhJ.

fha;fspd; Kl;fspd; jd;ikiaf;

nfhz;L fha;fs; Kw;wpaij jPu;khdpf;f

28

KbAk;. Kl;fspd; Edp fgpy epwkhf khWk;.

Kl;fis iffshy; mkpo;j;Jk; NghJ

XusT tisAk; jd;ikahff; fhzg;gLk;.

Jhupad; gOf;fj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ

mjw;NfAupa kzk; tPRk;. Jhupahidr;

re;ijf;F nfhz;L nry;y my;yJ ePz;l

fhyj;jpw;Fr; Nrkpj;J it

g;gjhapd; fha;fs; gOf;f Kd; mWtil

nra;a Ntz;Lk;. jhdhf gOj;J

tpOk; goq;fNs rupahf kpfTk; Ritah

dit MFk;.

goq;fspd; jukhdJ fha;fs; Kjpu;r;rpilAk;

mstpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. J}upaid Kjpu;tjw;F

Kd; my;yJ fhyk; jho;j;jp mWtil nra;jy;

mjd;; Rit FiwAk;. vdNt rupahd msT

Kjpu;r;rpaile;j goq;fisNa mWtil

nra;jy; kpfTk; rpwe;jJ. ,jd; NghJ Efu;T>

gjg;gLj;jy;> cs;Sh;> ntspA+h; re;ijfs;>

fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa fhuzpfspYk;

ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

kio mw;w ve;Neuj;jpYk; J}upaid mWtil

nra;ayhk;. Jhupad; G+f;fs; ntt;NtW fhy

q;fspy; kyu;tjhy; vy;yh fha;fSk; xNu

Neuj;jpy; KjpuhJ. vdNt fha;fspd; Kjpu;

r;rpia jdpj;jdpNa mtjhdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ehshe;jk; my;yJ ,U ehisf;F xU

jlit mWtil nra;ayhk;. vy;yhg; goq;

fisAk; xNu jlitapy; mWtil nra;af;

$lhJ.

uk;Gl;lhd;>kh Nghd;w goq;fisg; Nghy; my;

yhJ Jhupahdpy; fpisfspy; tpjhdj;jpd;

cs;NsNa fha;fs; cUthFk;. mWtil

nra;Ak; NghJ kuj;jpy; Vwp fj;jup my;yJ

fj;jpahy; gof;fhk;ig ntl;b nghypnrf;

igapDs; ,l;L mWtil nra;tjd; %yk;

mWtilapd; NghJ fha;f;F Vw;gLk; ghjp

g;Gfisj; jtpu;f;fyhk;. fhapd; fhk;ig fap

w;why; kuj;Jld; Nru;j;J fl;b itg;gjd; %yk;

,aw;ifahf fdpe;j goq;fis mWtil

nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;. Mdhy; jha;yh

e;J Nghd;w ehLfspy; fdpe;j goq;fis

Efu;tjpy; kf;fs; mjpf ehl;lk; nfhs;tjp

y;iy epyj;jpy; tpOk; Kd; fhk;gpd; mbg;g

Fjp fouhky; ,Uf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpNy

Na mtu;fs; goq;fis mWtil nra;

aNt tpUg;gk; fhl;Ltu;. mWtil nra;;a

rpy jpdq;fSf;F Kd; gof; fhk;gpd; Njhyp

y; tisakhf fPWtjd; %yk; Kjpu;tij

tpiuTgLj;jyhk;.

mWtilf;F gpd;duhd

njhopy;El;gq;fs;;

Jhupad; mjpfk; gOjilAk; gokhFk;.

vdNt mWtil njhlf;fk; re;ij

g;gLj;Jk; tiu mWtilf;Fg; gpd;dhd njhop

El;gq;fisf; Nkw;nfhs;tJ mtrpak; MFk;.

Mrpa ehLfspy; Jhupad;

tu;j;jf uPjpapy; gapu; nra;ag;gl;lhYk;

mWtilf;F gpd;dhd njhopEl;gq;fs; ngUk

stpy; tpUj;jpailatpy;iy.

Jhupadpd; Risfis gpupj;njLj;J mjp

Fspu;epiyapd; fPo; Nrkpf;Fk; NghJ mjpf

fhyk; ghJfhf;f KbAk;. Fspu;rhjdg;

ngl;bapy; rhjhuz Fspupy;; xU fpoik

tiu Risfis Nrkpf;fyhk;.

29

Fspuhd epiyikapd; fPo; Nrkpj;J

itf;fg;gl;Ls;s J}upad; Ris

fha;fisj; njupT nra;jy;

mWtil nra;j gpd; fha;fis njupT

nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mWtil nra;j gpd; go

q;fspd; juj;jpy; gy;NtW NtWghLfisf;

fhz KbAk;. ,aw;ifahd tbtk;> gy;

NtWgl;l gUkd;> fhk;G Kwpe;j> fhk;G fo

d;W tUk; epiyapYs;s> fhk;G tise;j>

Neha; jhf;fj;jpw;Fs;shd> ntz; <> nrjpy;

G+r;rp vd;gtw;wpd; jhf;fj;jpw;Fs;shd goq;

fisf; fhzyhk;.

ehshe;jk; fha;fis njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

fopf;Fk; fha;fis Fiwe;j tpiyf;F my;

yJ Jhupad; rhu; cw;gj;jpfis Nkw;nfh

s;tjw;F tpw;gid nra;ayhk;.

jug;gLj;jy;

Jhupad; gapu;r;nra;ifapy; jug;gLj;jy;

njhlu;ghd tpNrl Kiwfs; Mrpahtpy;

jw;NghJ ,y;iy. gapu;r;nra;ifahsu;fs;>

tpahghupfs;> Vw;Wkjpahsu;fs; Jhupad;

jug;gLj;jy; gw;wp mwpe;Js;sdu;. Jhupad;

gUkdpd;gb jug;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jd; tpiy

xNu khjpupahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jha;yh

e;J Nghd;w ehLfspy; gapu;r;nra;ifahs

u;fs; re;;ijj; Njitiag; nghWj;J Jhupa

id jug;gLj;Jtu;. fdlh> ,q;fpyhe;J Ngh

d;w ehLfspy; 2.5 - 3.5 fp.fpuhk; epiw

As;s goq;fisNa kf;fs; tpUk;G

tu;. vdNt ,t;thwhd goq;fs; rpy

tw;iw xd;whf;fp> 10 - 12 fpNyh fpuhk;

epiwAs;sjhf nghjp nra;J tpw;gid

nra;tu;. n`hq;n;fhq; Nghd;w ehL

fspy; 2 - 4 fp.fpuhk; epiwAs;s goq;fis

Na kf;fs; tpUk;Gtjhy; ,g; gUkDs;s

goq;fis xU %q;fpw; $ilapy; 35 - 50

fp.fpuhk; epiw goq;fis nghjp nra;tu;.

rpq;fg;G+h;> kNyrpah Nghd;w ehLfspy; 2 -

5 fpNyh fpuhk; nghjpfshf %q;fpy; my;

yJ kug;ngl;bfspy; nghjp nra;J tpw;gid

nra;tu;.

fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;

85 % Kjph;e;j goq;fis mWtil nra;

J miw ntg;gepiy (25 - 30 ghif

nrd;up fpNul;) 3 - 6 ehl;fs; tiu Nrkp

j;J itf;fyhk;. Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; fhyk;

th;f;fq;fisg; nghWj;J NtWgLk;. ed;F

fdpe;j goq;fis 1 - 2 my;yJ mjpf

ehl;fSf;F Nrkpj;J itf;fyhk;. Mdhy;

rijg;gFjp kpfTk; nkd;ikahtJld; go

q;fspy; mjpf kzk; tPRk;. jha;yhe;jp y;; go

q;fspd; fhk;G gRikahf ,Ue;jh y; mJ

Efh; Nthupd; kdijf; ftUk; Xh; cgha

khff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,aw;i

fahf fhk;G goj;jpy; Gije;

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ePsk; ,Uf;fj;jf;fjhf mWtil nra;tu;.

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goq;fspd; fhk;;G gRikahf fhzg;gL-

30

tij cWjp nra;tjw;fhf thio ,iy

my;yJ fljhrpapdhy; Rw;wp ghJfhg;gu;.

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fhk;G thb tpLk;. gpypg;igd;];> kNyrpah>

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tpOe;j fdpfspw;Nf mjpf fpuhf;fp epyTfp

d;wJ.

nghjp nra;jy;

cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L re;ijfspw;F

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%q;fpw; $ilfs; mjpfstpw; gad;gLj;j

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f;$bajhapUg;gNj ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

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%q;fy; $ilfs; gykw;wNjhL> J}upad;

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,yFtpw; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. ,jdhy; %q;fpy;

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q;fis Ntwhf;Ftjd; %yk; goq;fs; xd;N

whnlhd;W NkhJtijj; jtpu;f;fyhk;.

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Ntz;Lk;.

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zq;fspdhy; J}upad; goq;fis re;ijapy;

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y;iy. Mdhy; jha;yhe;jpypUe;J J}upad;

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upad; goq;fspd; juk; nry;thf;Fr; nrY

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31

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y; fdpe;j goq;fs; Nghd;w rpy mk;rq;fis

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mikAk;.

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cs;Ns Risfs; mirtijf; Nfl;fyhk;.

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q;fisj; njupT nra;jy;

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32

mtpj;j Jz;lq;fs;

cyu;j;jpa $o;

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J}upadpypUe;J fljhrp cw;gj;jp