graphics dalam R - · PDF fileGraphics dalam R • Graphs dibangun di R dengan dua prinsip...

graphics dalam R

Graphics dalam R

• Graphs dibangun di R dengan dua prinsip

1) Membangun Grafik Dasar2) Menambah infomasi pada grafik Dasar2) Menambah infomasi pada grafik Dasar

fungsi Graphics

• fungsi dengan level tinggi– Membuat grafik dari data

• Fungsi dengan level rendah– Modifikasi grafik yang telah dibuat– Modifikasi grafik yang telah dibuat

• Parameter grafik– Mengkontrol tampilan grafik

Fungsi Grafik Tingkat Tinggi

• plot()• hist()• barplot()• boxplot()• boxplot()

Fungsi Grafik tingkat Rendah

• points()• lines()• abline()• text()• text()• mtext()• title()• legend()etc

Graphical parameters

• Parameter diset dengan perintah par()• Mengkontrol bagaimana tampilan grafik

Graphical Type

• Histogram• Box Plot• Box Plot• Bar Plot• Line Plot

histogram

• Datax1= c(1,2,3,4,4,6,7,10,9)

• Plot histogram:hist(x1)

histogram

• Plot as probabilityhist(x1,prob=T)

histogram


• Add density curvelines(density(x1),col=“red”)

histogram


• Add density curvelines(density(x1),col=

“red”)“red”)

• Add “rug plot” to locate data rug(x1,col="blue")

boxplot

• boxplot functionboxplot(x1)

boxplot


• Add titletitle(main="Boxplot of title(main="Boxplot of x1")

boxplot


• Add titletitle(main="Boxplot of title(main="Boxplot of x1")

• Plot horizontallyboxplot(x1,main="Boxplot of x1",horizontal=T)

Boxplot >1

• Datax1= c(1,2,3,4,4,6,7,10,9) x2=c(2,2,2,3,4,2,3,4,1)

x3= c(2,3,7,4,8,6,9,11,2)

boxplot

boxplot(x1,x2,x3)

title(main=“three boxplots”)

boxplot

boxplot(x1,x2,x3)

title(main=“three boxplots”)

ORORbp3<-data.frame(x1,x2,x3)

boxplot(bp3)

barplot

barplot(x1)

barplot

barplot(x1,col=rainbow(20))

barplot

barplot(x1)

barplot(x1,col=rainbow(20))

barplot(x1,col=rainbow(20), horizontal=T)

Barplots data dalam group

Usia A B C D

50-54 11.7 8.7 15.4 8.4

55-59 18.1 11.7 24.3 13.6

60-64 26.9 20.3 37.0 19.3

65- 69 41.0 30.9 54.6 35.165- 69 41.0 30.9 54.6 35.1

70-74 66.0 54.3 71.1 50.0

Barplot

A=c(11.7,18.1,26.9,41,66)B=c(8.7,11.7,20.3,30.9,54.3)C=c(15.4,24.3,37,54.6,71.1)D=c(8.4,13.6,19.3,35.1,50)mydata=data.frame(A,B,C,D)rownames(mydata)=c("50-54","55-59","60-64","65-69","70-74")

mydata2=as.matrix(mydata)

Barplots for grouped data

barplot(mydata2)


barplot(mydata2)

barplot(mydata2, col=rainbow(5),legend=T)


barplot(mydata2)

barplot(mydata2, col=rainbow(5),legend=T)

barplot(mydata, col=rainbow(5), legend=T,beside=T)

scatterplot

x1=c(1,2,3,4,4,6,7,10,9)

plot(x1)plot(x1)

scatterplot

• plot(x1,type="l")

scatterplot

par(mfrow=c(3,2))

plot(x1,type="p",main="type p: points")

plot(x1,type="l",main="type l: lines")

plot(x1,type="b",main="type b: plot(x1,type="b",main="type b: both")

plot(x1,type="o",main="type o: overplot")

plot(x1,type="h",main="type h: histogram")

plot(x1,type="s",main="type s: steps")

Plotting symbols, par(pch)

• Default : 25 plotting characters dikontrol oleh pch parameter Exp :pch = n

• Parameter pch dapat berupa character, expch = “x” dan dapat juga berupa vectorpch = “x” dan dapat juga berupa vector

Plotting symbols, par(pch)x<-rep(1:5,times=5)y<-rep(1:5,each=5)

par(xpd=T)plot(x,y,type="p",pch=1:25

,cex=3,axes=F,ann=F,bty="n",bg="red")

x and y are both vectors of length 25

xpd controls “clipping” of graphics, allows data to be plotted outside the main plot area.

pch is a vector 1:25, so each point has a unique symbol"n",bg="red")

title(main="Data symbols 1:25")

text(x,y,labels=1:25,pos=1,offset=1)

has a unique symbolcex controls the symbol sizebg is background colour

axes = F and ann = F stops the drawing of axes and labels

text adds labels to the points, x and y give locations, labels contains the text, pos=1 puts the text below the points

Plotting symbols, par(pch)tb=c(160, 165, 175, 180, 185)bb=c(55,60,70,75,80)

Plotting symbols: size and width

• symbol size dikontrol oleh perintah cex– cex=n plots a figure n times the default size

• Line width dikontrol oleh lwd• Line width dikontrol oleh lwd– lwd=n

Plotting symbols: size and width

x<-rep(1:5,times=5)y<-rep(1:5,each=5)

plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,lwd=x,cex=y,xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c

x and y generated as in previous example

Also act as vectors of width: lwd=x

and size:x,cex=y,xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5),bty="n", ann=F)

title(main="R plotting symbols: size and width", xlab="Width (lwd)",ylab="Size (cex)")

and size:cex=y

pch=3 only uses a single symbol

Plotting symbols: colour

• Warna dari objects dikontrol oleh “col”• Warna dispesifikasikan berdasarkan:

– by name: colours() – by integer: palette()– by integer: palette()


• default palette:> palette()

[1] "black" "red" "green3" "blue" "cyan"

"magenta" "yellow" "gray"

• integer values for colours refer to locations • integer values for colours refer to locations in the palette, recycled as necessary

Plotting symbols: colourx<-rep(1:5,times=5)y<-rep(1:5,each=5)

plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,lwd=x,cex=y,col=1:25 , xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5)

Identical to previous example, but with a colour argument added to the plot function

col here is a vector 1:25, only 8 colours in the default palette, so they will be recycled

xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5),bty="n", ann=F)



plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,lwd=x,cex=y, col=1:25 , xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5)xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5),bty="n", ann=F)



• Built-in colour packages:– rainbow() Vary from red to violet– heat.colors() white�orange�red – terrain.colors() white�brown�green– topo.colors() white�brown�green�blue– grey() shades of grey– grey() shades of grey


x<-rep(1:5,times=5)y<-rep(1:5,each=5)

plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,lwd=x,cex=y, col=rainbow(25) , col=rainbow(25) , xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5),bty="n", ann=F)



plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,lwd=x,cex=y, col=heat.colors(25) , xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5),bxlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5),bty="n", ann=F)



plot(x,y,type="p",pch=3,lwd=x,cex=y, col=grey(1:25)/25 , xlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5),bxlim=c(0,5),ylim=c(0,5),bty="n", ann=F)


Plot dengan built in color

tb=c(160, 165, 175, 180, 185)bb=c(55,60,70,75,80)

R users group An introduction to graphics in R

Plotting two variables: scatterplot

plot(x=bb,y=tb)

Alternative formulations:

plot(bb~tb)


Different symbols, specified by pch parameter

plot(bb~tb, pch=16)


plot(bb~tb, type=“l”)


plot(bb~tb, type=“l”, lty=“dotted”)

Types of lines, par(lty)

x<-1:10plot(x,y=rep(1,10),ylim=c(1,6.5),

type="l",lty=1,axes=F,ann=F)title(main="Line Types")

for(i in 2:6){lines(x,y=rep(i,10),lty=i)}}

axis(2,at=1:6,tick=F,las=1)

linenames<-paste("Type",1:6,":",c("solid","dashed","dotted","dotdash","longdash","twodash"))

text(2,(1:6)+0.25,labels=linenames)box()

tb=c(160, 165, 175, 180, 185)bb=c(55,60,70,75,80)

Adding to plots: lines

plot(bb,tb)

reg<-lm(tb~bb)

abline(reg, col="red",lty=2)

plot(bb,tb)

reg< -lm(tb~bb)

abline(reg, col="red",lty=2)

abline(v=60,col="red")

Adding to plots: legends

y1=c(2, 5, 4, 5, 12)

y2=c(2,3,4,5,4)

plot(y1, type="o", col="blue",

ylim=c(0,12),xlab="tahun",ylab="jumlah")

lines(y2, type="o", pch=22, lty=2, col="red")

title(main="Contoh aja", col.main="red", font.main= 4)

legend(1, 6, c("A","B"), cex=0.8, col=c("blue","red "), pch=21:22, lty=1:2) legend(1, 6, c("A","B"), cex=0.8, col=c("blue","red "), pch=21:22, lty=1:2)

Pie Chart

• # Membuat vector carscars2 <- c(1, 3, 6, 4, 9)

• # Membuat pie chart dari carspie(cars)

• #Membuat pie chart dengan labelpie(cars, main="Cars", col=rainbow(length(cars)), labels=c(“SUV",“MVV",“WAGON ","Truck",“SPORT") )

• # Membuat persentasi untuk masing2 kategoricar_labels <-round(cars/sum(cars) * 100, 1)

• # Meletakan label '%‘ pada pie chart car_labels <- paste(car_labels, "%", sep="")

• # Membuat pie dengan warna tertentu• # Membuat pie dengan warna tertentupie(cars2, main="Cars", col=rainbow(length(cars)), labels=car_labels , cex=0.8 )

• # 3D Exploded Pie Chartlibrary(plotrix)slices <- c(10, 12, 4, 16, 8) lbls <- c("US", "UK", "Australia", lbls <- c("US", "UK", "Australia", "Germany", "France")pie3D(slices,labels=lbls,explode=0.1,

main="Pie Chart of Countries ")


• # Membuat persentasi untuk masing2 kategoricar_labels <-round(cars/sum(cars) * 100, 1)

• # Meletakan label '%‘ pada pie chart car_labels <- paste(car_labels, "%", sep="")

• # Membuat pie dengan warna tertentupie3D (cars, main="Cars", col=rainbow(length(cars)), pie3D (cars, main="Cars", col=rainbow(length(cars)), labels=car_labels , cex=0.8 )


Line Chart

• # Membuat vector cars <- c(1, 3, 6, 4, 9)

• # Membuat grafik line dengan titik berwarna biru plot(cars, type="o", col="blue")

• # Membuat judul grafik title(main="Autos", col.main="red", font.main=4)

• # Mendefinisikan vector ke 2trucks <- c(2, 5, 4, 5, 12)

• # Membuat grafik dengan sumbu y memiliki range antara 0 to 12 plot(cars, type="o", col="blue", ylim=c(0,12))

• # Membuat grafik trucks dengan garis putus2 berwarna merah lines(trucks, type="o", pch=22, lty=2, col="red")

• # Membuat Judul Grafik title(main="Autos", col.main="red", font.main=4)

• # Membuat Legendlegend(1, c("cars","trucks"), cex=0.8, col=c("blue ","red"), pch=21:22, lty=1:2);

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