LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM LIMNOLOGI

Disusun oleh :

Kelompok VIII

Disusun Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Mengikuti Responsi Praktikum Mata Kuliah Limnologi Pada Fakultas Sains dan Teknik Jurusan Perikanan dan Kelautan Universitas

Jenderal Soedirman Purwokerto

Diterima dan Disahkan

Pada Tanggal, …….Juni 2012

Mengetahui

Koordinator Asisten Asisten

Anis Nafisa Azam

NIM.

i

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji dan syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat

serta hidayah-Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan laporan praktikum

Limnologi. Laporan praktikum ini disusun untuk memenuhi persyaratan mengikuti

responsi praktikum mata kuliah Limnologi di Jurusan Perikanan dan Kelautan,

Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada :

1. Drs. Asrul Sahri Siregar, M.Si, Dra. Nuraina Andriyani, M.Si dan Nuning Vita

Hidayati, S.Pi, M.Si selaku tim pengajar mata kuliah Limnologi yang telah

memberikan petunjuk-petunjuk dalam setiap kegiatan perkuliahan.

2. Seluruh asisten praktikum Limnologi yang telah memberikan arahan dan

petunjuknya selama berlangsungnya kegiatan praktikum.

3. Semua pihak yang telah membantu penulis sehingga terselesaikannya penyusunan

laporan ini.

Penulis menyadari bahwa laporan ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan. Oleh

karena itu, saran dan kritik yang bersifat membangun senantiasa penulis harapkan demi

kesempurnaan laporan ini. Semoga laporan ini bermanfaat bagi kita semua.

Purwokerto, Juni 2012

Penulis

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DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN..................................................................................... iKATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................. iiDAFTAR ISI............................................................................................................. iiiDAFTAR TABEL..................................................................................................... ixDAFTAR GAMBAR................................................................................................ xDAFTAR LAMPIRAN............................................................................................ xi

ACARA I EVAPORASI DAN TRANSPIRASI TUMBUHAN KAYU APU (Pistia stratiotes)I. PENDAHULUAN............................................................................................ 1

1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 11.2 Tujuan........................................................................................................ 2

II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA.................................................................................... 32.1 Evaporasi.................................................................................................... 32.2 Transpirasi.................................................................................................. 52.3 Evapotranspirasi......................................................................................... 82.4 Kayu Apu (Pistia stratiotes)....................................................................... 10

2.4.1 Klasifikasi......................................................................................... 102.4.2 Morfologi.......................................................................................... 112.4.3 Fisiologi............................................................................................ 12

III. MATERI DAN METODE................................................................................ 143.1 Materi Praktikum....................................................................................... 14

3.1.1 Objek ............................................................................................... 143.1.2 Alat.................................................................................................. 14 3.1.3 Bahan .............................................................................................. 14

3.2 Metode Praktikum..................................................................................... 143.3 Waktu dan Tempat.................................................................................... 153.4 Analisis Data............................................................................................. 15

IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN....................................................................... 164.1 Hasil.......................................................................................................... 164.2 Pembahasan ............................................................................................. 17

V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN....................................................................... 22iii

5.1 Kesimpulan............................................................................................... 225.2 Saran...........................................................................................................22

DAFTAR PUSTAKA............................................................................................... 23

ACARA II ANALISIS SIFAT FISIK AIR SUNGAI KRANJII. PENDAHULUAN............................................................................................. 34

1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 341.2 Tujuan........................................................................................................ 35

II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA................................................................................... 362.1 Sungai....................................................................................................... 362.2 Sifat Fisik Sungai...................................................................................... 37

2.2.1 Kecepatan Arus.............................................................................. 37 2.2.2 Debit Air........................................................................................ 38 2.2.3 Tipe Substrat.................................................................................. 38 2.2.4 Suhu............................................................................................... 39 2.2.5 TSS (Total Suspended Solid)......................................................... 39 2.2.6 TDS (Total Disolved Solid) .......................................................... 402.2.7 Warna................................................................................................. 402.2.8 Bau..................................................................................................... 41

III. MATERI DAN METODE................................................................................. 423.1 Materi Praktikum........................................................................................ 42

3.1.1 Objek................................................................................................. 423.1.2 Alat.................................................................................................... 423.1.3 Bahan................................................................................................. 42

3.2 Metode Praktikum........................................................................................ 423.2.1 Kecepatan Arus.................................................................................. 423.2.2 Debit Air...............................................................................................433.2.3 Tipe Substrat...................................................................................... 433.2.4 Suhu................................................................................................... 43 3.2.5 TSS (Total Suspended Solid)............................................................. 43 3.2.6 TDS (Total Disolved Solid) ............................................................. 443.2.7 Warna................................................................................................ 443.2.8 Bau.................................................................................................... 45

3.2 Waktu dan Tempat Praktikum.................................................................... 453.3 Analisis data.............................................................................................. 45

IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN........................................................................ 464.1 Hasil.......................................................................................................... 464.2 Pembahasan.............................................................................................. 47

4.2.1 Kecepatan Arus............................................................................... 474.2.2 Debit Air......................................................................................... 484.2.3 Tipe Substrat................................................................................... 494.2.4 Suhu................................................................................................ 504.2.5 TSS (Total suspended solid) ......................................................... 514.2.6 TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) ......................................................... 534.2.7 Warna............................................................................................. 55 4.2.8 Bau................................................................................................. 56

V. KESIMPULAN.............................................................................................. 585.1 Kesimpulan............................................................................................. 585.2 Saran........................................................................................................ 58

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA............................................................................................ 59

ACARA III ANALISIS SIFAT KIMIA AIR SUNGAI KRANJII. PENDAHULUAN............................................................................................. 73

1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 731.2 Tujuan......................................................................................................... 74

II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA.................................................................................... 752.1 Sungai......................................................................................................... 75

2.1.1 Definisi............................................................................................ 752.1.2 Karakteristik.................................................................................... 75

2.2 Sifat Kimia Sungai..................................................................................... 762.2.1 Derajat Keasaman (pH) .................................................................. 762.2.2 Oksigen Terlarut.............................................................................. 762.2.3 CO2 Bebas....................................................................................... 772.2.4 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) .............................................. 78

III. MATERI DAN METODE............................................................................... 79 3.1 Materi Praktikum....................................................................................... 79

3.1.1 Objek............................................................................................. 793.1.2 Alat.................................................................................................... 793.1.3 Bahan................................................................................................. 79

3.2 Metode Praktikum........................................................................................ 793.2.1 pH...................................................................................................... 793.2.2 Oksigen Terlarut................................................................................ 793.2.3 CO2 bebas......................................................................................... 803.2.4 Penentuan BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) ............................... 813.2.5 Penentuan COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) ................................ 81

3.3 Waktu dan Tempat Praktikum..................................................................... 823.4 Analisis data................................................................................................ 83

IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN......................................................................... 844.1 Hasil............................................................................................................ 844.2 Pembahasan................................................................................................. 84

4.2.1 Potensial Hidrogen (pH) ................................................................. 844.2.2 Oksigen Terlarut............................................................................... 864.2.3 CO2 bebas......................................................................................... 874.2.4 BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) ................................................ 884.2.5 COD................................................................................................. 89

V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN......................................................................... 90 5.1 Kesimpulan................................................................................................. 90 5.2 Saran.......................................................................................................... 90DAFTAR PUSTAKA............................................................................................. 91

ACARA IV ANALISIS SIFAT BIOLOGI AIR SUNGAI (LOTIK) DI SUNGAI KRANJI, PURWOKERTOI. PENDAHULUAN............................................................................................. 98

1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 981.2 Tujuan........................................................................................................ 100

II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA................................................................................... 101 2.1 Makrobenthos........................................................................................... 101 2.1.1 Kepadatan...................................................................................... 102

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2.1.2 Keragaman..................................................................................... 103III. MATERI DAN METODE.............................................................................. 105

3.1 Materi Praktikum...................................................................................... 1053.1.1 Objek.............................................................................................. 1052.2.5 Alat................................................................................................. 1052.2.6 Bahan............................................................................................. 105

3.2 Metode Praktikum.................................................................................... 105 3.3 Waktu dan Tempat Praktikum................................................................. 106

3.4 Analisis data............................................................................................ 106III. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN..................................................................... 107

4.1 Hasil........................................................................................................ 1074.2 Pembahasan............................................................................................ 107

V. KESIMPULAN............................................................................................ 114 5.1 Kesimpulan............................................................................................. 114 5.2 Saran.......................................................................................................114DAFTAR PUSTAKA.......................................................................................... 115

ACARA V ANALISIS SIFAT FISIK AIR KOLAM (LENTIK) PADA KOLAM MINA AYAM SUMBANG, PURWOKERTO DAN BIASA (JPK)I. PENDAHULUAN............................................................................................. 121

1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 1211.2 Tujuan........................................................................................................ 122

II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA................................................................................... 1232.1. Kolam........................................................................................................123

2.1.1 Kolam biasa.....................................................................................123 2.1.2 Kolam mina ayam........................................................................... 124

2.2. Parameter fisik kolam............................................................................... 125 2.2.1 Suhu................................................................................................125 2.2.2 Kecerahan....................................................................................... 127 2.2.3 Kedalaman..................................................................................... 127 2.2.4 Warna............................................................................................. 128 2.2.5 Bau................................................................................................. 129

III. MATERI DAN METODE............................................................................... 131 3.1 Materi Praktikum...................................................................................... 131 3.1.1 Objek............................................................................................. 131 3.1.2 Alat............................................................................................... 131 3.1.3 Bahan........................................................................................... 131 3.2 Metode Praktikum................................................................................... 131

3.2.1 Suhu............................................................................................. 131 3.2.2 Kecerahan.................................................................................... 131 3.2.3 Kedalaman................................................................................... 132 3.2.4 Warna......................................................................................... 132 3.2.5 Bau............................................................................................. 132

3.3 Waktu dan Tempat Praktikum............................................................... 1323.4 Analisis Data......................................................................................... 132

IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN.................................................................... 1334.1 Hasil....................................................................................................... 1334.2 Pembahasan........................................................................................... 133

4.2.1 Kedalaman.................................................................................. 133

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4.2.2 Kecerahan................................................................................... 135 4.2.3 Suhu........................................................................................... 136 4.2.4 Warna ....................................................................................... 138 4.2.5 Bau............................................................................................ 139

V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN.................................................................. 1415.1 Kesimpulan......................................................................................... 1415.2 Saran...................................................................................................141

DAFTAR PUSTAKA....................................................................................... 142

ACARA VI ANALISIS SIFAT KIMIA AIR KOLAM (LENTIK) PADA KOLAM MINA AYAM SUMBANG, PURWOKERTO DAN BIASA (JPK)I. PENDAHULUAN............................................................................................. 146

1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 1461.2 Tujuan........................................................................................................147

II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA................................................................................... 1482.1. Kolam.......................................................................................................148

2.1.1 Kolam biasa................................................................................... 149 2.1.2 Kolam mina ayam.......................................................................... 149

2.2. Parameter kimia kolam........................................................................... 149 2.2.1 Oksigen terlarut............................................................................149 2.2.2 Karbondioksida bebas.................................................................... 150 2.2.3 DMA............................................................................................ 152

III. MATERI DAN METODE............................................................................. 153 3.1 Materi Praktikum.................................................................................... 153 3.1.1 Objek............................................................................................ 153

3.1.2 Alat............................................................................................ 153 3.1.3 Bahan.......................................................................................... 153

3.2 Metode Praktikum................................................................................. 153 3.2.1 Oksigen terlarut............................................................................ 153 3.2.2 CO2 Bebas................................................................................... 154 3.2.3 DMA (Daya Menggabung Asam) ............................................. 155

3.3 Waktu dan Tempat Praktikum.............................................................. 155 3.4 Analisis Data........................................................................................ 155

IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN.................................................................. 156 4.1 Hasil..................................................................................................... 156 4.2 Pembahasan......................................................................................... 156 4.2.1. Oksigen terlarut......................................................................... 156 4.2.2 CO2 bebas.................................................................................. 160 4.2.3 DMA (Daya Menggabung Asam) ............................................ 161

V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN.................................................................. 163 5.1 Kesimpulan..........................................................................................163 5.2 Saran....................................................................................................163DAFTAR PUSTAKA.......................................................................................164

ACARA VII ANALISIS SIFAT BIOLOGI AIR KOLAM (LENTIK) PADA KOLAM MINA AYAM SUMBANG, PURWOKERTO DAN BIASA (JPK)I. PENDAHULUAN............................................................................................. 169

1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 169

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1.2 Tujuan........................................................................................................169II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA.................................................................................... 170

2.1. Kolam.........................................................................................................170 2.1.1 Kolam biasa.....................................................................................170 2.1.2 Kolam mina ayam ..........................................................................171

2.2 Plankton.....................................................................................................171 2.2.1 Definisi Plankton.............................................................................171 2.2.2 Karakteristik plankton.....................................................................171

2.2.3 Habitat plankton..............................................................................172 2.2.4 Jenis plankton..................................................................................172 2.2.5 Faktor Kelimpahan Plankton............................................................173 2.2.6 Faktor Sebaran Plankton...................................................................174 2.2.7 Kelimpahan.......................................................................................174 2.4.8 Keragaman.......................................................................................174

III. MATERI DAN METODE................................................................................1763.1 Materi Praktikum......................................................................................176

3.1.1 Objek............................................................................................176 3.1.2 Alat...............................................................................................176 3.1.3 Bahan........................................................................................... 176

3.2 Metode Praktikum..................................................................................... 176 3.2.1 Plankton............................................................................................ 1763.3 Waktu dan Tempat Praktikum................................................................... 1773.4 Analisis Data............................................................................................. 178

IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN........................................................................ 179 4.1 Hasil..........................................................................................................179 4.2 Pembahasan................................................................................................181V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN........................................................................ 185

5.1 Kesimpulan................................................................................................1855.2 Saran.........................................................................................................185

DAFTAR PUSTAKA.............................................................................................186

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman

1. Perbedaan antara Tranpirasi dan Evaporasi (Fitter et al., 1991)......................... 10 2. Evaporasi dan Transpirasi Tanaman Kayu Apu (Pistia stratiotes) Ulangan 1.. 16 3. Evaporasi dan Transpirasi Tanaman Kayu Apu (Pistia stratiotes) Ulangan 2.. 16 4. Rataan Evaporasi dan Transpirasi Tananman Kayu Apu (Pistia stratiotes)...... 17 5. Klasifikasi Kecepatan Arus (cm/s) Suatu Perairan............................................ 38 6. Pengukuran Parameter Fisika bagian Hulu dan Hilir Sungai Kranji................. 46 7. Parameter Kimia Bagian Hulu dan Hilir Sungai Kranji.................................... 84 8. Kisaran Nilai Indeks Keanekaragaman Organisme.......................................... 103 9. Kepadatan dan Keragaman Makrobenthos Bagian Hulu Sungai Kranji.......... 10710. Kepadatan dan Keragaman Makrobenthos Bagian Hilir Sungai Kranji........... 10711. Kadar N, P, dan K yang terdapat dalam Pupuk Kandang (Hardjowigeno, 1995)....................................................................................... 12512. Pengukuran Sifat Fisik Kolam Mina Ayam daerah Sumbang, Purwokerto Dan Kolam JPK, Purwokerto............................................................................. 13313. Pengukuran Sifat Kimia Kolam Mina Ayam daerah Sumbang, Purwokerto dan Kolam Jurusan Perikanan dan Kelautan, Purwokerto ........................................... 15614. Kelimpahan dan Keragaman Plankton Kolam Mina Ayam, Sumbang, Purwokerto............................................................................................................ 17915. Kelimpahan dan Keragaman Plankton Kolam Jurusan Perikanan dan Kelautan.. 180

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman

1. Proses Evaporasi........................................................................................... 5 2. Proses Transpirasi......................................................................................... 7 3. Proses Evapotranspirasi............................................................................... 8 4. Siklus Evapotranspirasi................................................................................ 9 5. Aliran Air dari Bawah ke Atas pada Tanaman............................................10 6. Kayu apu (Pistia stratiotes)......................................................................... 117. Laju Pengurangan Massa Air Pada Berbagai Prosentase Biomassa Kayu Apu (Pistia stratiotes).......................................................................... 19 8. Perbandingan Kecepatan Arus Hulu dan Hilir Sungai Kranji dengan Pustaka..................................................................................................... 47 9. Perbandingan Debit pada Bagian Hulu dan Hilir Sungai Kranji dengan Pustaka....................................................................................................... 49 10. Perbandingan Suhu Hulu dan Hilir Sungai Kranji dengan Pustaka.......... 5011. Perbandingan TSS Hulu dan Hilir Sungai Kranji dengan Pustaka............ 5212. Perbandingan TDS pada Hulu dan Hilir Sungai Kranji dengan Pustaka... 5413. Perbandingan pH pada Hulu dan Hilir Sungai Kranji dengan pustaka...... 8514. Perbandingan O2 Terlarut pada Hulu dan Hilir Sungai Kranji dengan Pustaka........................................................................................................ 8615. Perbandingan CO2 Bebas pada Hulu dan Hilir Sungai Kranji dengan Pustaka......................................................................................................... 8716. Perbandingan BOD pada Hulu dan Hilir Sungai Kranji dengan Pustaka.... 8817. Perbandingan COD pada Hulu dan Hilir Sungai Kranji dengan Pustaka... 8918. Kepadatan Makrobenthos pada Bagian Hulu Sungai................................. 10819. Kepadatan Makrobenthos pada Bagian Hilir Sungai.................................. 10920. Kepadatan Total pada Hulu dan Hilir muara..................................................11021. Keragaman Makrobenthos Bagian Hulu dan Hilir Sungai kranji.................. 11122. Perbandingan Kedalaman pada Kolam Mina Ayam dan Kolam Biasa dengan Pustaka.............................................................................................. 13413. Perbandingan Kecerahan pada Kolam Mina Ayam dan Kolam Biasa dengan Pustaka............................................................................................. 135

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24. Perbandingan Suhu pada Kolam Mina Ayam dan Kolam Biasa dengan Pustaka.......................................................................................................... 13625. Perbandingan Oksigen Terlarut pada Kolam Mina Ayam dan Kolam Biasa dengan Standar Baku Mutu ................................................................ 15926. Perbandingan CO2 Bebas pada Kolam Mina Ayam dan Kolam Biasa dengan Standar Baku Mutu ............................................................................. 16027. Perbandingan DMA pada Kolam Mina Ayam dan Kolam Biasa dengan Pustaka................................................................................................ 16228. Kelimpahan Plankton Pada Kolam Mina Ayam Sumbang, Purwokerto........... 18129. Kelimpahan Plankton Pada Kolam Biasa (JPK)............................................... 18130. Total kelimpahan plankton pada dua habitat yang berbeda yaitu kolam mina ayam Sumbang, Purwokerto dan kolam biasa (JPK).................................18331. Perbandingan Keragaman Plankton pada Kolam Mina Ayam dan Kolam Biasa (JPK).............................................................................................................................183

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran

Halaman

1. Perhitungan Pengurangan Massa Air pada Berbagai Prosentase Biomassa ...... 252. Gambar Tanaman Kayu Apu (Pistia stratiotes)....................................................323. Perhitungan Sifat Fisik Air Sungai Kranji...............................................................624. Gambar Penampang Hulu dan Hilir Sungai Kranji................................................. 725. Perhitungan Sifat Kimia Air Sungai Keranji............................................................. 936. Sifat Biologi Air Sungai Keranji.............................................................................. 1187. Gambar Zoobenthos................................................................................................ 1208. Perhitungan Sifat Fisik Kolam Mina Ayam dan Kolam Biasa di Purwokerto..... 144 9. Perhitungan Sifat Kimia Kolam Mina Ayam dan Kolam Biasa di Purwokerto... 16610. Nilai Kelimpahan dan Keragaman Plankton Kolam Mina Ayam dan Kolam

JPK .............................................................................................................................188

11. Gambar Beberapa Sampel Plankton................................................................. 191

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