ELEKTRONIKA TELEKOMUNIKASI U Rangkaian Resonator Stop...

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Rangkaian Resonator DTG2D3 ELEKTRONIKA TELEKOMUNIKASI By : Dwi Andi Nurmantris Frekuensi(Hz ) Penguatan( dB ) 0 -3 Insertion Loss Ripple Ultimate attenuation Stop Band f3 fc f2 f1 Stop Band f4 - 60 Pass Bandwidth Bandwidth ( - 60 dB)

Transcript of ELEKTRONIKA TELEKOMUNIKASI U Rangkaian Resonator Stop...

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Rangkaian

Resonator

DTG2D3

ELEKTRONIKA TELEKOMUNIKASI

By : Dwi Andi Nurmantris

Frekuensi(Hz )

Penguatan( dB )

0

-3

Insertion Loss

Ripple

Ultim

ate

atte

nuat

ion

Stop Bandf 3 f c f 2f 1

Stop

Band

f 4

- 60

Pass Bandwidth

Bandwidth ( - 60 dB)

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Ruang Lingkup Materi

Rangkaian resonator paralel (Loss less

components)

Resonator dengan “L dan C mempunyai

rugi-rugi/komponen Losses

Transformator Impedansi Tujuan:

Menaikkan Q dengan menaikkan Rs (atau

RL)

Rangkaian Resonator paralel ganda Tujuan: Untuk memperbaiki shape faktor.

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Memilih / meloloskan sinyal pada frekuensi

tertentu, meredam secara significant di luar

frekuensi yang diinginkan.

Jadi rangkaian resonator: Rangkaian yang dapat

meloloskan frekuensi tertentu dan menghentikan

frekuensi yang tidak diinginkan

RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Fungsi Rangkaian Resonator

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Penguatan (dB)

-

-

RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Karakteristik Respon Ideal Rangkaian Resonator

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Respon Rangkaian Resonator “Praktis”

Frekuensi (Hz )

Penguatan( dB )

0

-3

Insertion Loss

Ripple

Ultim

ate

atte

nu

atio

n

Stop Band

f 3 f c f 2f 1

Sto

p Ban

d

f 4

- 60

Pass Bandwidth

Bandwidth ( - 60 dB)

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Beberapa Definisi

Resonansi : kondisi dimana komponen reaktansi dari suatu impendansi berharga nol pada frekuensi tertentu.

Bandwidth / lebar pita : Perbedaan antara frekuensi atas dan frekuensi bawah (f2 – f1), respon amplitudonya -3 dB dibawah respon passband. Jadi yang diloloskan hanya diantara f1 dan f2, diluar frekuensi tersebut diredam secara signifikan.

Faktor kualitas (Q) : parameter untuk mengukur tingkat selektivitas rangkaian.

BdBW

fcQ 312 ff

fc

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Faktor bentuk ( Shape Factor = SF ) : Perbandingan BW 60dB (redaman besar)terhadap BW 3 dB (redamankecil ) pada rangkaian resonator (seberapa miring terhadap ideal).

Ultimate Attenuation :Redaman minimum akhir yang diinginkan/dikehendaki rangkaian resonansi diluar passband.

Ripple / Riak :Ukuran dari kerataan passband rangkaian resonansi yang dinyatakan dalam dB.

dBBW

dBBWSF 3

60

12

34

ff

ff

RANGKAIAN RESONATOR

Beberapa Definisi

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Beberapa Definisi

Insertion Loss : loss yang ditimbulkan oleh pemasangan suatu rangkaian (komponen tidak ideal) antara sumber tegangan dan suatu beban.

Tuning/ penalaan : pengaturan harga L dan C agar dapat beresonansi pada frekuensi kerjanya.

RS

Vout = RL

/ (RL+RS).VS

= 0.5 VSRLVS

Vout = RL

/ (RL+RS).VS

= 0. 45 VS

(tanpa C dan L)

(dengan penambahan

C dan L)

(Misal)

(Misal)

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR dB/octave dan dB/decade

an octave is a doubling or halving of a frequency

The distance between the frequencies 20 Hz and 40 Hz is 1 octave.

Example :An amplitude of 52 dB at 4 kHz decreases as frequency increases at −2

dB/octave, what is the amplitude at 13 kHz?

dB/octave

One decade is a factor of 10 difference between two

frequency (an order of magnitude difference) measured

on a logarithmic scale.

The distance between the frequencies 10 Hz and 100 Hz

is 1 decade.

Example :An amplitude of 0 dB at 4,7 MHz decreases as

frequency increases at −20 dB/decade, what is the

amplitude at 3,2 GHz?

dB/decade

decade83,2107,4

102,3Logdecadeofnumber

6

9

10

Bd6,56decade/dB20decade83,2dB0Mag Ghz2,3

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR

Rangkaian resonator paralel

(Loss less components)

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Vo

C

Rs

L

Switch

Vs

RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Rangkaian Paralel Single-Pole BPF

Rangkaian LC parallel dapat dimodelkan sebagai ideal band pass filter,

dimana :

Induktor ideal

Kapasitor ideal

Beban dibuka / „open‟

s

sp

pV

RZ

Z

Cj

1XC

LjXL

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- 3

0

f2 f1fr

Frek ( Hz)

Rs dan L ( switch ke kanan )

6 dB/octav

Rs & C (switch ke kiri )

V0/ Vs (dB)20.Log

Pe

ng

ua

tan

(d

B)

RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Respon Vo/Vs Jika Menggunakan “C kecil” dan “L Besar”

sC

C

s

o

RX

X

V

V

sL

L

s

o

RX

X

V

V

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Respon Vo/Vs Jika “C diperbesar” dan “ L diperkecil”

f1 f2

Gab :Rs,L,C

Rs& L

Rs & C

V0/ V

s(dB)20.Log

-3

Pe

ng

ua

tan

stotal

total

s

o

RX

X

V

V

LC

LCtotal

XX

XXX

LjLCRR

Lj

V

V

s

2

ss

o

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Rangkaian Resonansi

Resonansi seri Resonansi parallel

Cj

1LjRZtot

Frekuensi resonansi seri Frekuensi resonansi paralel

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Rangkaian Resonator saat RL Open

Saat rangkaian resonansi

Xc = XL = X Paralel

↓ ↓

Sehingga

Dan nilai

paralel

paralelr

dB

c

X

R

ff

f

BW

fQ

123

fC2

1 fL2

LCff cr

2

1

CRsfCf

Rs

Lf

Rs

X

RQ r

rrparalel

paralel

2

212

XLX

CRs

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Sehingga

RLRs

RLRsRlRsRp

//

frCRpfrL

Rp

Xp

RpQ

2

2

RLL

C

Vs

RpLC

RS

RANGKAIAN RESONATOR

Rangkaian Resonator saat Beban Rl (< ~ ) ,L dan C ideal

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR

-60

-50

-30

- 40

Q = 200

Q = 100

Q= 10

Q = 5

Pe

ng

ua

tan

(d

B)

Frekuensi (F/Fr)1

0

Respon Rangkaian Resonator

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Contoh Soal

1. Suatu generator dengan RS= 50 Ώ , C dan L

tanpa rugi-rugi . C= 25 pF dan L= 0,05 μ H ,

RL= open circuit. Tentukanlah nilai :

a. fc = fr = …?

b. Q = …?

c. Bw 3dB..?

2. a. jika soal no.1 diatas nilai RS= 1000 Ω hitung

nilai Q

b. Jika soal 2.a diatas diberi nilai RL = 1000 Ω

hitung nilai Q

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Contoh Soal

3. Rancanglah suatu rangkaian resonator yang

mempunyai spesifikasi sbb :

RS = 150 Ω ; RL = 1 k Ω ; C dan L ideal

Respon sbb :

example 2-1 RF Circuit design

0

-3

Penguatan ( dB )

f( M Hz ) 48,75 50 51,25

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR

Resonator dengan “L dan

C mempunyai rugi-

rugi/komponen Losses

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Kapasitor dengan Rugi-rugi

Capacitor Equivalent Circuit

C equals the capacitance,

Rs, is the heat-dissipation loss

Rp, is the insulation resistance, and

L is the inductance of the leads and plates

Power Factor In a perfect

capacitor, the alternating

current will lead the applied

voltage by 90". This phase

angle will be smaller in a real

capacitor due to the total

series resistance

Effective Series

Resistance (ESR), this

resistance is the combined

equivalent of Rs and Rp

and is the ac resistance of a

capacitor.

Dissipation

Factor-The DF is

the ratio of ac

resistance to the

reactance of a

capacitor

Q (Quality Factor) used

as a measure of the

quality of the capasitor

The Q of most capacitors is quite high over their useful frequency range, and the

equivalent shunt resistance they present to the circuit is also quite high and can

usually be neglected

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Induktor dengan Rugi-rugi

Inductor Equivalent Circuit

L is Inductance,

Rs, is the heat-dissipation loss

Cd is an aggregate of the individual parasitic

distributed capacitances of the coil

Q (Quality Factor) used as

a measure of the quality of

the inductor.

If the inductor were wound with a perfect conductor, its Q would be infinite and we would have

a lossless inductor. Of course, there is no perfect conductor and, thus, an inductor always has

some finite Q

At low frequencies, the Q of an inductor is very good because the only resistance in the

windings is the dc resistance of the wire-which is very small

But as the frequency increases, skin effect and winding capacitance begin to degrade the

quality of the inductor

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Akibat dari komponen Losses / ada rugi-rugi komponen :

Q tidak mungkin lebih besar dari Q untuk Lossless komponen

Respon resonator mengalami redaman pada frekuensi resonansi

Frekuensi resonansi sedikit tergeser dengan adanya Losses / rugi

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Pengertian dan Model L dan C dengan rugi-rugi :

L

L – Ideal

Menyimpan seluruh energi dalam

Medan Magnet

L praktis dengan rugi-rugi

Ada energi yang dibuang / dilepas

berupa panas di resistor

C – Ideal

Menyimpan seluruh energi dalam

Medan Listrik

C praktis dengan rugi-rugi

Ada sebagian energi yang dilepas

berupa panas di resistor

C RC

LR

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Tingkat rugi-rugi pada L/C dinyatakan dalam factor kualitas Q

Untuk L/C seri dengan R :

Rseri ≈ Rs

sR

sXsQ

sfCsX

2

1

RsLs

RsCs

sLfsX ...2

Untuk L/C paralel dengan R : (Kadang Induktor L atau Kapasitor C dengan rugi-

rugi juga dimodelkan sebagai rangkaian paralel dengan R-nya)

Rparalel ≈ Rp

RLp

Lp

RCp

Cp

2 pfLpX pfC

pX2

1

p

Cp

p

Lp

pX

R

X

RQ

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR

Konversi dari “seri” ke “paralel” ekivalennya, jika Rs dan Xs diketahui maka Xp dan Rp bisa dicari

12QRspR

pQ

pRpX

pQsQQ

Rs

Rp

Xs

Xp

Seri

Paralel Ekivalen

sRQpR .2

Qp, Qs, Q :Faktor kualitas Komponen

Untuk Q < 10, Untuk Q > 10,

sXpX

sR

sXsQ

pX

pRpQ

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR

1. Suatu inductor 50 nH dengan hambatan rugi-rugi yang disusun secara seri sebesar 10 . Pada f = 100 MHz. Carilah besarnya L dan R baru jika ditransformasikan ke rangkaian ekivalen Paralelnya !

example 2-2 RF Circuit design

Contoh Soal

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Solusi

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Rangkaian Resonator menggunakan L dan C dengan rugi-rugi

Vs

R s

L

RLs

C

R Cs

RL

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Rangkaian Ekivalen untuk menentukan Q (Vs short):

Rs L

RLs

C

RCs

RL

Rs Lp RLp Cp RCp RL

P

LSLP

p

p

dB

csistem

X

RRR

X

R

BW

fQ

////

3

pfC2

1Xp = 2 fLp atau Xp =

Lp Cp Rp

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Perbandingan Respon LC untuk 3 kondisi:

0 dB

-3dB

Beban + Losses Component( Praktis)

Beban + Lossless Component

Open circuit + Lossless Compnent(Ideal)

Insertion loss

Penguatan(dB)

Frekuensi (Hz)

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Pengaruh Komponen Losses (Q komponen) terhadap insertion Loss

Penambahan rangkaian

resonansi dengan komponen L

tidak ideal

Akibatnya seolah-olah

muncul impedansi paralel

Rp yang mengakibatkan

Insertion Loss dBIL 9,0

5,0

45,0log20

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Contoh Soal

1. Rancanglah rangkaian resonansi sederhana supaya menghasilkan BW3dB = 10 MHz pada frekuensi tengah 100 MHz!! Komponen yang dipakai sebagai berikut :

a. Hambatan sumber dan beban masing-masing 1000 , Kapasitor yang digunakan Ideal (Lossless C)

b. Sedangkan Induktor mempunyai factor Q = 85

Kemudian Carilah besarnya “Insertion Loss” rangkaian tersebut!

example 2-3 RF Circuit design

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Kesimpulan

Faktor Kualitas Q dari rangkaian resonator (Loaded Q) ditentukan oleh : Impedansi Sumber (Source Resistance) RS

Impedansi Beban (Load Resistance) RL

Pemilihan Besar Nilai Komponen L dan C

Faktor Kualitas dari Komponen

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR

Transformator Impedansi

Tujuan: Menaikkan Q dengan

menaikkan Rs (atau RL)

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR TRANSFORMATOR IMPEDANSI

low values of source and load impedance tend to load a given resonant

circuit down and, thus, tend to decrease its loaded Q and increase its

bandwidth

This makes it very difficult to design a simple LC high Q resonant circuit

for use between two very low values of source and load resistance

even if we were able to come up with a design on paper, it most likely

would be impossible to build due to the extremely small (or negative)

inductor values that would be required

One method of getting around this potential design problem is to make

use of one of the impedance transforming circuits that will fool the

resonant circuit into seeing a source or load resistance that is much larger

than what is actually present

the impedance transforming circuits are useful for designs that need

loaded Q‟s that are greater than 10

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR TRANSFORMATOR IMPEDANSI Tapped Capacitor

Transformasi Impedansi

dengan kapasitor yang

di-tapped di tengah

Rangkaian ekivalen untuk

mencari Q

Rs’ = RL transfer

daya maximum

AC

RLL

C2

C1

RS

Rs Rs'

21

21T

C C

C C C

2

2

1C1 Rs Rs'

C

RS’ RLCT L

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR TRANSFORMATOR IMPEDANSI

Transformasi

Impedansi dengan

Induktor yang di-

tapped

Rangkaian

ekivalennya

AC

RS

CRLn2

n1

1

2 Rs Rs'

n

n2

RS’ RLC LT

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Contoh Soal

Rancang suatu Resonator dengan spesifikasi

sbb:

Q = 20 pada fc = 100 MHz

Rs = 50 ohm , RL = 2000 ohm

Gunakan rangkaian transformasi impedansi C

tapped dengan asumsi QL = 100 pada 100

MHz

• example 2-4 RF Circuit design

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR

Rangkaian Resonator paralel

ganda

(Coupling Mechanism)

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Rangkaian Resonator Paralel Ganda

In many applications where steep passband skirts and small shape factors

are needed, a single resonant circuit might not be sufficient

In situations such as this, individual resonant circuits are often coupled

together to produce more attenuation at certain frequencies than would

normally be available with a single resonator, that‟s called Coupling

Mechanism of Resonant Circuit

The most common forms of coupling are: Capacitive Coupling

Inductive Coupling

transformer (mutual) Coupling

active (transistor) coupling

The coupling mechanism that is used is generally chosen specifically for

each application, as each type of coupling has its own peculiar

characteristics that must be dealt with.

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Respon „Resonator ganda‟

aQ 0,707 Q Q

coupling critical kondisi Pada

gandatotal

Resonator

tunggal [Qa ]

Resonator

ganda [Q tot]

0 dB

-3 dB

- 60 dB

f1 f1'

fR f2f2'

Penguatan

f

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR

Qa = faktor kualitas rangkaian single resonator

aQ

C 12C

singleQ

awalQ aQ

RS

L LC CAC

C12

RL

Resonator 1 Resonator 2

Capacitive Coupling

Advantages : Simplicity

and Inexpensive

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Inductive Coupling

Qa = faktor kualitas rangkaian single

resonator

L Q L a12

singleawala QQ Q

RS

L LC CAC RL

L12

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Active Coupling

12

Q Q Q

1

1totalakhir

n

Q1 : faktor kualitas

resonator

tunggal

n : banyaknya

rangkaian

resonator

kaskade

LLL CC C

VIN

+8V

High Loaded Q/ Very

Narrow bandwidth 3dB

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RANGKAIAN RESONATOR Contoh Soal: example 2-5 RF Circuit design

Desainlah suatu rangkaian resonator yang terdiri dari 2

buah resonator identik yang dihubungkan seri dengan

kopling induktor (diset pada kondisi critical coupling),

sehingga terpenuhi spesifikasi sbb:

fc = 75 MHz ; BW3dB = 3,75 MHz ; Rs = 100 ohm

RL = 1000 ohm ; Asumsikan QL = 85 pada fc

• Terakhir gunakan transformasi impedansi C yang di tapped

(di sumber) untuk menaikkan Q!

AC LLC1C

C2RS

L12

RL

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