KEBIJAKAN PARIWISATA BERKELANJUTAN BHUTAN

TAHUN 2003-2009

Disusun dan Diajukan Untuk Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik

(S.IP) Strata-1

MALASARI

201410360311118

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

ix

viii

KATA PENGANTAR

Alhamdulillah saya ucapkan yang sebesar-besarnya atas terselesainya

karya ilmiah (skripsi) dengan judul Kebijakan Pariwisata Berkelanjutan

Bhutan Tahun 2003-2009. Puji syukur saya ucapkan kepada Allah SWT yang

telah memberikan kesehatan dan kesempatan bagi saya untuk dapat

menyelesaikan tugas terakhir saya untuk mendapatkan gelar Sarjana. Sholawat

serta salam tidak lupa saya junjung kepada nabi besar, Muhammad SAW beserta

keluarga dan para sahabatnya.

Kebijakan pariwisata berkelanjutan Bhutan yang terdapat pada pasal 5 UU

Bhutan tentang lingkungan, bertujuan untuk meningkatkan perekonomian negara,

mengurangi pengangguran, dan menciptakan lapangan kerja. Kebijakan tersebut

juga dipengaruhi oleh UNWTO sejak tahun 2003, dimana bergabungnya Bhutan

sebagai anggota UNWTO, karena misi UNWTO adalah untuk mempromosikan

pariwisata terhadap negara-negara anggotanya. Pariwisata Bhutan penyumbang

kedua dalam ekonomi negara setelah pertanian. Peningkatan jumlah wisatawan

meningkat setelah bergabungnya Bhutan dalam UNWTO.

Penelitian ini, dalam BAB I membahas mengenai latar belakang

munculnya pemikiran mengenai permasalahan dalam penelitian ini. BAB II,

penelitian ini membahas mengenai kebijakan pariwisata Bhutan, Bhutan sebagai

negara di Asia Selatan, dan kebijakan pariwisata berkelanjutan Bhutan beserta

potensi pariwisata. Dalam BAB III, penelitian ini membahas mengenai pariwisata

Bhutan sebelum dan sesudah bergabung dalam UNWTO. BAB IV, peneliti

membahas pariwisata Berkelanjutan Bhutan terhadap pariwisata berkelanjutan

UNWTO berserta dampak kebijakan pariwisatanya. Sedangkan dalam BAB V,

penelitian ini membahas mengenai kesimpulan dari penelitian ini dan saran bagi

penelitian-penelitian selanjutnya.

@@@@@@@

Karya ilmiah (Skripsi) ini tidak akan terselesaikan dengan sendirinya. Bagi

penulis, karya ilmiah ini terlahir karena adanya bantuan, dukungan, serta saran,

dan doa dari orang-orang disekitarnya. Terima kasih banyak, saya ucapkan

kepada:

ix

1. Bapak Havidz Ageng Prakoso, M.A dan Ibu Demeiati Nur Kusumaningrum,

M.A selaku dosen pembimbing skripsi. Berkat dukungan dan bantuannya

saya dapat menyelesaikan karya ilmiah ini dengan tepat waktu. Selain itu,

untuk kedua penguji saya, yakni Ibu Shannaz Deniar Mutiara, M.A dan Ibu

Palupi Anggraheni, M.A terima kasih banyak atas bantuan, saran, dan kritik

saat proses sidang.

2. Kedua Orang tua, yakni ibu (Solikah) dan bapak (Sudjud) serta nenek

(Romelah) dan Kakek (Supri), Tante (Sri Lestari) dan kakak (Hendri) terima

kasih banyak atas bantuan dan motivasinya selama ini, sehingga Mala bisa

menyelesaikan dan mendapat gelar sarjana.

3. Ketiga sahabat terbaikku, Haviza Diva Rosalinda yang selalu memberi

semangat, mengingatkan makan, serta menemani bimbingan, love you full

sayang aku. Kemudian Ipan yang setia menemaniku makan, menyemangatiku

dalam skripsi, kepeduliannya yang besar kepadaku. Fransiska Ica, cepet balik

Malang jangan ke Malaysia terus, cepet nyusul ya sayang aku, terima kasih

banyak sudah bersedia menjadi sahabat terbaikku selama ini, selalu

mendengarkan semua curhatanku, dan memberikan saran pada semua

tindakanku.

4. Kepada sahabat di Kost Sahabat, Sherly, Kiki, Rita, terima kasih banyak atas

dukungan kalian, sehingga skripsi saya selesai dengan baik. Ayo Sherly dan

Kiki cepat nyusul ya. Semangat buat kalian yang mengerjakan skripsi, kalian

bisa!!!.

5. Pak Ageng, dosen HI UMM yang belum menikah diusia 31 tahun. Terima

kasih banyak selama ini selalu memberikan dukungan, saran, dan bantuannya

untuk perkembangan wawasan Mala, maaf selalu merepotkan saat proses

skripsi. Semoga cepat nikah, lancar rezekinya, dan diberkahi oleh Allah

SWT, Amiinn...

6. Kepada HI UMM 2014, kelas A, yang tak bisa saya sebutkan satu persatu,

maafkan saya yang harus duluan, dan kalian harus secepatnya nyusul ya

7. Terima Kasih untuk partimer jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional yang

sudah banyak membantu.

8. Ganesha, temen main saya yang selalu menanyakan kapan lulus. Terima

kasih banyak yang selalu memberikan dukungan, bantuan, perhatian kepada

saya. Semoga kerjaanmu lancar, banyak uang, dan selalu inget untuk nraktir

saya dengan memakai kendaraan pajero pastinya . Kak Frandy, Kak Metro

selaku kakak tingkat yang mendukung dalam mengerjakan skripsi tentang

Bhutan sejak jaman SHI, terima kasih banyak bantuan dan dukungan kalian.

9. Teman-teman Malang School, Robert, Sowakil, Kak Salim, Galang,

terimaksih yang banyak atas komentar, saran saat saya di Malang School.

Ayo kalian semangat dalam mengerjakan skripsinya, jangan malas-malasan.

x

10. Untuk kedepannya, apabila ada kritik dan saran terhadap penulisan ini, dapat

menghubungi e-mail: Malasari024@gmail.com

MOTTO DAN LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN

“Jangan pernah katakan malas untuk belajar”

Karya Ilmiah (Skripsi) ini saya persembahkan kepada kedua orang tua, yakni

ibu Solikah dan ayah Sudjud, beserta nenek Romelah dan kakek Supri, dan

tante Sri Lestari yang selama ini selalu menyemangati dan mendukung semua

keputusan saya untuk menuntut ilmu.

Terima kasih untuk semuanya, Mala sayang kalian semua

Selain itu,

Karya ini juga saya persembahkan untuk kedua sahabat baik, yakni Haviza Diva

Rosalinda dan Ipan yang selalu menemani dan menyemangati saya dalam

berproses. Terima kasih pula selama ini sudah menjadi sahabat terbaik selama di

Malang.

Maaf yah sobat, aku harus lulus duluan

Dan,

Keluarga besar Malang School UMM

xi

DAFTAR ISI

Lembar Cover Dalam ............................................................................................... i

Lembar Persetujuan Skripsi .................................................................................... ii

Lembar Pengesahan Skripsi ................................................................................... iii

Berita Acara Bimbingan Skripsi ............................................................................ iv

Pernyataan Orisinalitas............................................................................................ v

Abstraksi ................................................................................................................ vi

Abstract ................................................................................................................. vii

Kata Pengantar ..................................................................................................... viii

Motto dan Lembar Persembahan ............................................................................ x

Daftar Isi................................................................................................................. xi

Daftar Gambar ...................................................................................................... xiv

Daftar Tabel .......................................................................................................... xv

Daftar Pustaka ...................................................................................................... xvi

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ........................................................................... 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................... 5

1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................. 5

1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian .............................................................................. 5

1.3.2 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................ 5

1.3.2.1. Manfaat secara akademis................................................................ 5

1.3.2.2. Manfaat secara praktis .................................................................... 6

1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu ................................................................................. 6

1.4.1 Tabel Posisi Penelitian ...................................................................... 9

1.5 Kerangka Teori/Konsep.......................................................................... 12

1.5.1 Konsep Pariwisata Berkelanjutan ................................................... 12

1.6.1 Jenis Penelitian ................................................................................ 14

xii

1.6.2 Teknik Analisa Data ........................................................................ 15

1.6.3 Teknik Pengumpulan Data .............................................................. 15

1.6.4 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian ............................................................... 16

1.1. Batas Waktu .................................................................................... 16

1.2. Batasan Materi ................................................................................ 16

1.7 Argumen Pokok ...................................................................................... 16

1.8. Tabel Sistematika Penelitian ................................................................. 17

BAB II KEBIJAKAN PARIWISATA BHUTAN ............................................ 18

2.1. Bhutan sebagai Negara Asia Selatan ...................................................... 18

2.1.1 Posisi Bhutan di Asia Selatan ......................................................... 21

2.1.2 Dampak Ekonomi dan Sosial .......................................................... 25

2.2. Kebijakan Pariwisata Berkelanjutan Bhutan .......................................... 31

2.2.1 Potensi Pariwisata Bhutan ............................................................... 34

BAB III PARIWISATA BHUTAN SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH

BERGABUNG DALAM UNWTO .................................................................... 37

3.1. Regulasi Nasional Bhutan ...................................................................... 37

3.2. Aktor dan Peran ...................................................................................... 41

3.3. Keanggotaan Bhutan dalam UNWTO .................................................... 45

3.4 Kondisi dan Kesiapan Pariwisata Berkelanjutan Bhutan Tahun 2003-

2009..... .............................................................................................................. 49

BAB IV PARIWISATA BERKELANJUTAN BHUTAN ............................... 60

4.1 Kebijakan Pariwisata Berkelanjutan Bhutan Terhadap Pariwisata

Berkelanjutan UNWTO ..................................................................................... 60

4.1.1 Kebijakan dan Tata Kelola Pariwisata ............................................ 61

4.1.2 Kinerja Ekonomi, Investasi dan Daya Saing................................... 65

4.1.3 Pekerjaan, Pekerjaan Layak dan Modal Manusia ........................... 70

4.1.4 Pengurangan Kemiskinan dan Inklusi Sosial .................................. 75

4.1.5 Keberlanjutan Lingkungan Alam dan Budaya ................................ 77

xiii

4.2 Dampak Kebijakan Pariwisata Berkelanjutan Bhutan ........................... 80

BAB V PENUTUP ............................................................................................... 85

5.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................................. 85

5.2 Saran ....................................................................................................... 87

xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1 : Letak Bhutan ...................................................................................... 19

Gambar 2 : Wilayah Administratif Bhutan ........................................................... 20

xv

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Posisi Penelitian...........................................................................................9

Tabel Sistematika Penelitian...............................................................................17

Tabel 1: Pertumbuhan GDP Bhutan (Nu juta).....................................................25

Tabel 2: GDP, Ekspor, Impor (Million Nu.)........................................................26

Tabel 3: Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Bhutan Tahun 2004-2014 (%)..........................46

Tabel 4: Kedatangan Wisatawan ke Dzongkhag 2014.........................................50

Tabel 5: Kedatangan Wisatawan (2001-2011).....................................................51

Tabel 6: Tipe Kedatangan Wisatawan 2010.........................................................53

Tabel 7: Kedatangan Wisatawan Pendakian dan Budaya Berdasarkan Bulan

(2007)...................................................................................................................55

Tabel 8: Kegiatan Wisatawan di Bhutan (2007)..................................................56

Tabel 9: 9 Negara Pertumbuhan Pariwisata Tercepat di Asia Selatan dan

Tenggara...............................................................................................................66

Tabel 10: Total Delapan Hotel dan Resort yang Didanai oleh FDI (2010).........68

Tabel 11: Daya Saing Negara-Negara Paling Maju dalam Perjalanan & Wisata

2017......................................................................................................................69

Tabel 12: Tingkat Pengangguran Bhutan, 2007-2012.........................................73

Tabel 13: Sektor di Bhutan Tahun 1980-2015 dalam GDP (%)..........................75

Tabel 14: Pengurangan Kemiskinan di Bhutan, 2003-2012 (%).........................77

xvi

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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