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Bacillus subtilis, megaterium, cereus
Jenis gram: positive
bentuk sel: bacillus
bentuk koloni: seperti rantai
selain itu: bentuk endospora. B. cereus bentuk koloninya besar dan
menumpuk,biasanya berbentuk seperti rantai. B. subtilis bentuk koloninya seperti
benang-benang halus daqn berwarna cream ke cokelatan,
Habitat: sangat cocok pada tanah dan tumbuhan
patogenitas: dalam kadar normal tidak menimbulkan patogenitas, tetapi B. cereus
dapat menimbulkan penyakit pada saluran cerna seperti diare,mual,muntah. Sering
temukan pada konsumen restoran cina dengan menginfeksi sendiri
pengobatan:
basilus memproduksi substans yang di ambil dari sampel dari seorang gadis bernama
Tracy yang sekarang di kenal dengan antibiotik !enis bacitracin . obat ini
mempengaruhi sintesa peptidoglikan dan sangat efektif untuk melawan bakteri gram
positif.
"ntibiotik !enis polymy#in !uga di produksi oleh bakteri dengan genus yang sama.$bat ini beker!a dengan mempengaruhi permeabilitas membran sel, menyebabkan sel
men!adi lemah, antibiotik ini sangat cocok di gunakan untuk melawan bakteri gram
negatif.
%odel organism for prokaryotic cell differentiation and
development.
Lineage: Bacteria& Firmicutes& Bacillales& Bacillaceae& Bacillus&
Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168
'hoto( )rederick *. %ichel, "S% %icrobe+ibrary
http://void%280%29/http://void%280%29/http://void%280%29/http://void%280%29/http://void%280%29/http://void%280%29/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genome&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=27http://void%280%29/http://void%280%29/http://void%280%29/http://void%280%29/http://void%280%29/http://void%280%29/http://void%280%29/ -
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Genome Projects
'lasmid genome(
Bacillus subtilisat ast *hina niversity of Science and Technology, *hina
Bacillus subtilisat nstitute for "dvanced Biosciences /eio niversity, 0apan Bacillus subtilisat 1roningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology nstitute,
1enetics, The 2etherlands, 3aren
nstitute of %olecular and *ell Biology, Tartu niversity, stonia
Bacillus subtilisat niversity of Birmingham, School of Biological Sciences,
nited /ingdom, Birmingham
1enome sequencing(
Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 1684'ro!ect 5( 766atBS278*omplete9
Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168at Baylor *ollege of %edicine 8n
progress9
3uman 1enome Sequencing *enter, Baylor *ollege of %edicine
Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. JH642at Baylor *ollege of %edicine 8nprogress9
3uman 1enome Sequencing *enter, Baylor *ollege of %edicine
Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. L170at +eibni: nstitute for "ge 7esearch
)rit: +ipmann nstitute 8n progress9
Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. N170at +eibni: nstitute for "ge 7esearch
)rit: +ipmann nstitute 8n progress9
Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. NCIB 3610at Baylor *ollege of %edicine 8n
progress9
3uman 1enome Sequencing *enter, Baylor *ollege of %edicine
Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. S! str S!at Baylor *ollege of %edicine
8n progress9 3uman 1enome Sequencing *enter, Baylor *ollege of %edicine
Bacillus subtilis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
;Lear" m#re ab#ut citi"$ %i&ipe'ia;0ump to( navigation,search
Bacillus subtilis
T%micrographof aB. subtilis
cell in cross-section 4scale bar > nm6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=13359http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=16690http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=15996http://www.biotech.ebc.ee/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=16014http://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/nrsub/nrsub.htmlhttp://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/nrsub/nrsub.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=29889http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=29817http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=30019http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=30013http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=29891http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=29851http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:TEM.jpghttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=13359http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=16690http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=15996http://www.biotech.ebc.ee/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=16014http://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/nrsub/nrsub.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=29889http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=29817http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=30019http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=30013http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=29891http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/portal/query.fcgi?p$site=entrez&db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=29851http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometer -
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Scientific classification
/ingdom( Bacteria
'hylum( )irmicutes
*lass( Bacilli
$rder( Bacillales)amily( Bacillaceae
1enus( Bacillus
Species( subtilis
Binomial name
Bacillus subtilis4hrenberg?@A6
*ohn ?@C=
1ram-stainedBacillus subtilis
SporulatingBacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis merupakan salah satu bakteri gram positif, bakteri katalase-positif
yang hidup di tanah, ". genusBacillus,B. subtilis memiliki kemampuan untuk
membentuk suatu selubung pelindung yang di sebut endospora, memberi kemampuan
pada bakteri tersebut dapat hidup dalam kondisi lingkingan yang kurang
menguntungkan, B. subtilis dapat di kategorikan sebagai bakteri aerob obligat,
walaupun beberapa pembuktian menyatakan itu tidak benar. Bakteri ini biasa di sebut
3ay bacillus, hal ini di karenakan bakteri ini berbentuk batang halus.
Pathogenesis
B. subtilistidak menimbulkan patogen pada manusia, bakteri ini mungkin
mengkontaminasi makanan namun !arang sekali menyebabkan racun pada makanan
tersebut. ,B. subtilis memproduksi en:im proteolitik subtilisin, spora dariB. subtilis
dapat bertahan dalam kondisi yang kurang menguntungkan seperti pada saat memasak
makanan.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmicuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bacillus_subtilis_Spore.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bacillus_subtilis_Spore.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bacillus_subtilis_Gram.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bacillus_subtilis_Gram.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmicuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus -
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epro!uksi
B. subtilis dapat di bagi secara asimetris, memproduksi endospora yang tahan
terhadap lingkungan yang e#trem seperti panas, asam, dan garam, dan dapat nertahan
dalam !angka waktu yang lama. ndospora memproduksi makananya sendiri hingga
keadaan lingkungan menguntungkan kembali, memutuskan untuk memproduksi
spora.bakteri men!adi lebih motil,seperti memproduksi flagela dan mengambil 52"
dari lingkungan.
eplication of the chromosome
Bacillus subtilisduplicates its single circular chromosomeby initiating 52"
replicationat a single locus, the origin 4#riC6. 7eplication proceeds bidirectionally
and two replication forks progress in the clockwise and counterclockwise directions
along the chromosome halves. *hromosome replication is completed when the forks
reach the terminus region, which is positioned opposite to the origin on thechromosome map, and contains several short 52" sequences 4(ersites6 that promote
replication arrest. Specific proteins mediate all the steps in 52" replication. The
comparison between the sets of proteins involved in chromosomal 52" replication in
B. subtilisand in)sc*eric*ia c#lireveals both similarities and differences. "lthough
the basic components promoting initiation, elongation, and termination of replication
are well conserved, some important differences can be found 4such as one bacterium
missing proteins essential in the other6. These differences underline the diversity in
the mechanisms and strategies that various bacterial species have adopted to carry out
the duplication of their genomes.8D9
"e!it#B. subtilisas a mo!el organism
B. subtilishas proven highly amenable to genetic manipulation,and has therefore
become widely adopted as a model organismfor laboratory studies, especially of
sporulation, which is a simplified e#ample of cellular differentiation. t is also heavily
flagellated, which givesB.subtilisthe ability to move quite quickly. n terms of
popularity as a laboratory model organismB. subtilisis often used as the 1ram-
positive equivalent of)sc*eric*ia c#li,an e#tensively studied 1ram-negativerod.
"e!it# $ses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#cite_note-Graumann-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_subtilis&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_manipulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_manipulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_subtilis&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bacillus_subtilis_colonies.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#cite_note-Graumann-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_subtilis&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_manipulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_subtilis&action=edit§ion=5 -
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*olonies ofB. subtilisgrown on a culture dish in amolecular biologylaboratory.
B. subtilisis used as a soil inoculantin horticultureand agriculture.B. subtilishas
been used for a biowarfare simulantduring 'ro!ect S3"54aka+r#,ect 1126.8?9B.
subtilisha:ard status is under dispute.8=9
n:ymes produced byB. subtilisandB. lic*e"i-#rmisare widely used as additives in
laundry detergents.
ts other uses include the following(
a model organism for laboratory studies
a strain ofB. subtilisformerly known asBacillus "att#is used in the
commercial production of the 0apanese delicacy nattoas well as the similar
/orean food cheongguk!ang
B. subtilisstrain EST C?A 4marketed as EST C?A or Serenade6 has a naturalfungicidal activity, and is employed as a biological control agent
can convert e#plosives into harmless compounds of nitrogen, carbon dio#ide,
and water
plays a role in safe radionuclide waste 8e.g. Thorium 4F6 and 'lutonium 4F69
disposal with the proton binding properties of its surfaces
recombinantsB. subtilisstr. pB=*? andB. subtilisstr. pB=*?"B were
used in production ofpolyhydro#yalkanoates4'3"6 and that they could use
malt waste as carbon source for lower cost of '3" production
used to create amylase en:ymes
"e!it# Genome
B. subtilishas appro#imately D,?>> genes. $f these, only ?G= were shown to be
indispensable& another CG were predicted to be essential as well. " vast ma!ority of
essential genes were categori:ed in relatively few domains of cell metabolism, with
about half involved in information processing, one-fifth involved in the synthesis of
cell envelope and the determination of cell shape and division, and one-tenth related
to cell energetics.
"e!it# Histor%n ?@A, the bacterium was originally named ibri# subtilisby *hristian 1ottfried
hrenberg,89and renamedBacillus subtilisby )erdinand *ohnin ?@C=.8H9
"e!it# eferences
?. &%adigan %& %artinko 0 4editors6. 4=>>6.Br#c& Bi#l#$/ #-
icr##r$a"isms, ??th ed., 'rentice 3all. SB2 >-?A-?DDA=G-?.
=. &2akano %%, Iuber ' 4?GG@6. J"naerobic growth of a Jstrict aerobeJ
4Bacillus subtilis6J.""u e icr#bi#l52 1650.
doi?>.??DHKannurev.micro.=.?.?H.'%5 G@G?CGC.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_inoculanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_inoculanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/simulanthttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/simulanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_SHADhttp://www1.va.gov/shad/http://www1.va.gov/shad/http://www.gulfwarvets.com/story3.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_licheniformishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonggukjanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydroxyalkanoateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydroxyalkanoateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_subtilis&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_subtilis&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#cite_note-Ehrenberg_1835-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Cohnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#cite_note-Cohn_1872-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_subtilis&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#cite_ref-Brock_0-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131443291http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#cite_ref-Nakano_1998_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.52.1.165http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9891797http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9891797http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bacillus_subtilis_colonies.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_inoculanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/simulanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_SHADhttp://www1.va.gov/shad/http://www.gulfwarvets.com/story3.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_licheniformishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonggukjanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhydroxyalkanoateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_subtilis&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_subtilis&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#cite_note-Ehrenberg_1835-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Cohnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#cite_note-Cohn_1872-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_subtilis&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#cite_ref-Brock_0-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131443291http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis#cite_ref-Nakano_1998_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.52.1.165http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9891797 -
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A. &7yan /0, 7ay *1 4editors6 4=>>D6. S*erris e'ical icr#bi#l#$/, Dth ed.,
%c1raw 3ill. SB2 >-@A@-@=G-G.
D. &2oirot ' 4=>>C6. J7eplication of the Bacillus subtilis chromosomeJ,
Bacillus Cellular a"' #lecular Bi#l#$/ rauma"" +9 e'.:.*aister
"cademic 'ress. SB2 GC@-?-G>DD-?=-C.
. &hrenberg *1?@A:. +*/si&alisc*e b*a"'lu"$e" 'er ;#e"i$lic*e"&a'emie 'er %isse"sc*a-te"
-
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@ %edicine
G 7eferences
"e!it# )lassification[edit] Higher order taxa
Bacteria& )irmicutes& Bacilli& Bacillales& Bacillaceae& Bacillus
[edit] !pecies
Bacillus a"t*racis,Bacillus cereus,Bacillus *al#'ura"s,Bacillus subtilis,Bacillus
t*uri"$ie"sis
*)B+:a-onom%Genome
"e!it# .escription an! Significance
5etergent granules containing en:ymes produced byBacillus subtilis. )rom
nnovation in urope
Bacilli are an e#tremely diverse group of bacteria that include both the causative
agent of anthra# 4Bacillus anthracis6 as well as several species that synthesi:e
important antibiotics. n addition to medical uses, bacillus spores, due to their e#treme
tolerance to both heat and disinfectants, are used to test heat sterili:ation techniques
and chemical disinfectants. Bacilli are also used in the detergent manufacturing
industry for their ability to synthesi:e important en:ymes.
"e!it#
Genome Structure
To date there are currently or have been = genome pro!ects on Bacillus. ncluding(
8?9Bacillus a"t*racis str. @mes "cest#r@9Bacillus a"t*racis str. 109Bacillus
a"t*racis str. 20129Bacillus a"t*racis str. mes9Bacillus a"t*racis str. ustralia
49Bacillus a"t*racis str. CN)A0669Bacillus a"t*racis str. ;ru$er B9Bacillusa"t*racis str. Ster"e9Bacillus a"t*racis str. #llum9Bacillus a"t*racis str. %ester"
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus#Medicinehttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus#Referenceshttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=1http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=2http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=3http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus_anthracishttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus_subtilishttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus_subtilishttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus_thuringiensishttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus_thuringiensishttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=1386&lvl=3&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlockhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=1386&lvl=3&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlockhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=Display&DB=genomeprjhttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=4http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/success/en/pur/0291e.htmlhttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=5http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10784http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10784http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10795http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=299http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=299http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=309http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=309http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10799http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10799http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10796http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10796http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=324http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10878http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10878http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10878http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10797http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=337http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Image:Bacillus_detergent.jpghttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus#Medicinehttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus#Referenceshttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=1http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=2http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=3http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus_anthracishttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus_subtilishttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus_thuringiensishttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus_thuringiensishttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=1386&lvl=3&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlockhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=Display&DB=genomeprjhttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=4http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/success/en/pur/0291e.htmlhttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=5http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10784http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10784http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10795http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=299http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=299http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=309http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10799http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10799http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10796http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=324http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10878http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10878http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=10797http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=337 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N#rt* merica >S6139Bacillus cereus (CC 10879Bacillus cereus (CC
1479Bacillus cereus 2419Bacillus cereus 2419Bacillus cereus NH31A89
Bacillus cereus )33L9Bacillus clausii ;SA;169Bacillus *al#'ura"s CA129
Bacillus lic*e"i-#rmis (CC 14809 Bacillus lic*e"i-#rmis (CC 14809 Bacillus
pumilus9 Bacillus pumilus SFA0329Bacillus sp. NL BA14119Bacillus subtilis
subsp. subtilis str. 1689 andBacillus t*uri"$ie"sis ser#ar "&u&ia" str. 7A27.
The sequence for the genome ofBacillus subtiliswas completed in ?GGC and was the
first published sequence for a single-living bacterium. The genome is D.= %ega-base
pairs long with D,?>> protein-coding regions.Bacillussubtilishas a plant growth
promoting rhi:obacterium shown to synthesi:e antifungal peptides. This ability has
lead to the use ofB. subtilisin biocontrol.B. subtilis has been shown to increase crop
yields, although it has not been shown whether this is because it enhances plant
growth, or inhibits disease growth.
The genome ofBacillus a"t*racisis ,==C,=GA base pairs long with ,>@ predicted
protein-coding regions. The genome ofB. a"t*racisis highly homologous with thegenomes of bothB. cereusandB. t*uri"$ie"sis which have also been sequenced. The
genome ofB. a"t*racishas only ?D? proteins that do not have a match in the protein
set ofB. cereus. "lmost all of the virulence factors associated with anthra# are coded
on its two plasmids and, surprisingly, almost all of these genes have homologues in B.
cereus.This suggests that these virulence-enhancing genes are not specifically unique
toBacillus a"t*racis, but rather are part of the common array of genes of the B.
cereusgroup 4of whichB. a"t*racis,B. cereus, andB. t*uri"$ie"sisare all a part6.B.
a"t*racisalso seems to have a decreased capacity for the e#tensive carbohydrate
metabolism seen inB. subtilis, but possesses the genes for the cleavage of
e#tracellular chitin and chitosan, which confirms its close relationship with the insect
pathogenB. t*uri"$ie"sis.
"e!it# )ell Structure an! (etabolism
Bacillus subtilisin the spore-formation phase. )rom nnovation in urope
Bacilli are rod-shaped, 1ram-positive, sporulating, aerobes or facultative anaerobes.
%ost bacilli are saprophytes. ach bacterium creates only one spore, which is
resistant to heat, cold, radiation, desiccation, and disinfectants. Bacilli e#hibit an array
of physiologic abilities that allow them to live in a wide range of habitats, including
many e#treme habitats such as desert sands, hot springs, and "rctic soils. Species in
the genusBacilluscan be thermophilic, psychrophilic, acidophilic, alkaliphilic,
halotolerant, or halophilic and are capable at growing at p3 values, temperatures, and
salt concentrations where few other organisms can survive.
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"e!it# /colog%
5ue to the metabolic diversity in the genusBacillus, bacilli are able to coloni:e a
variety of habitats ranging from soil and insects to humans.Bacillus t*uri"$ie"sis
parasiti:es insects, and is commercially used for pest control. "lthough the most well
known of the bacilli are the pathogenic species, mostBacillus are saprophytes that
make their living off of decaying matter. Still others, namely Bacillus subtilis, inhabit
the rhi:osphere, which is the interface between plant roots and the surrounding soil.
The plants roots and associated biofilm can have a significant effect on the chemistry
of the soil, creating a unique environment.
t has recently been shown thatBacillus subtilisengages in cannibalism. They use
cannibalism as the easy way out in e#treme cases. )or survival in harsh environments,
bacilli can form spores, but it is very costly to them energy-wise. "n easier way is for
the bacteria to produce antibiotics that destroy neighboring bacilli, so that their
contents may be digested allowing for the survival of a few of the bacteria.ssentially, what they are doing is snacking on their fellow bacilli, to tide them over,
hoping for the environment to pick back up.
"e!it# Patholog%
Bacilli cause an array of infections from ear infections to meningitis, and urinary tract
infections to septicemia. %ostly they occur as secondary infections in
immunodeficient hosts or otherwise compromised hosts. They may e#acerbate
previous infection by producing tissue-damaging to#ins or metabolites that interfere
with treatment.
The most well known disease caused by bacilli is anthra#, caused by Bacillus
a"t*racis. "nthra# has a long history with humans. t has been suggested that the fifth
and si#th plagues of gypt recorded in the Bible 4the fifth attacking animals, the si#th,
known as the plague of the boils, attacking humans6. n the ?H>>s anthra# was known
as the JBlack baneJ and killed over H>,>>> cows. "nthra# has more recently been
brought to our attention as a possible method for bioterrorism. The recent anthra#
mailings have brought acute public attention to the issue and sparked e#tensive
research into the devastating disease.
"nthra# is primarily a disease of herbivores who acquire the bacterium by eatingplants with dust that contains anthra# spores. 3umans contract the disease in three
different ways. *utaneous anthra# occurs when a human comes into contact with the
spores form dust particles or a contaminated animal or carcass through a cut or
abrasion. *utaneous anthra# accounts for GM of anthra# cases worldwide. 5uring a
=-A day incubation period the spores germinate, vegetative cells multiply, and a
papule develops. $ver the following days the papule ulcerates, dries and blackens to
form the characteristic eschar. The process is painless unless infected with another
pathogen.
1astrointestinal anthra# is contracted by ingesting contaminated meat. t occurs in the
intestinal mucosa when the organisms invade the mucosa through a pree#isting
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lesions. t progresses the same way as cutaneous anthra#. "lthough it is e#tremely
rare in developed countries, it has a very high mortality rate.
'ulmonary anthra# is the result of inhaled spores that are transported to the lymph
nodes where they germinate and multiply. They are then taken into the blood stream
and lymphatics culminating in systemic arthritis which is usually fatal.
*haracteristic eschar of anthra# on an arm. )rom the niversity of Te#as %edical
Branch
"e!it# Phages
5ue to the danger of anthra# being used in biological weapons, research has been put
into other methods, besides the highly controversial vaccine, to defend against the
deadly disease. " recently discovered bacteriophage, the gamma phage, attacks
Bacillus a"t*racis9and researches are optimistic about its clinical application. The
bacteriophage is highly selective, and is e#tremely effective in lysingB. a"t*racis
cells, while ignoring those of its closely related counterpartsB. cereus andB.
t*uri"$ie"sis. The gamma phage has been over @>M effective in treating infected
mice that were in the late stages of the disease, essentially rescuing them from almost
certain death. There is the obvious concern that anthra# will develop strains that are
immune to this treatment, and we will be right back where we started. 7esearchers say
that this is unlikely because the only way to evade this predator would be a mutational
change in cell wall structure to prevent the virus from binding, and this would kill the
bacterium.
"e!it# (e!icine
5espite the pathogenic capabilities of some bacilli, many other species are used in
medical and pharmaceutical processes. These take advantage of the bacteriaNs ability
to synthesi:e certain proteins and antibiotics. Bacitracin and plymi#in, two ingredientsin 2eosporin, are products of bacilli. "lso, innocuousBacillus microbes are useful for
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studying the virulent bacillus species that are closely related.B. subtilishas multiple
carbohydrate pathways, representing the variety of carbohydrates found in the soil.
"e!it# eferences
1raumann, '. =>>C.Bacillus subtilis( *ellular and %olecular Biology. *aister
"cademic 'ress. SB2 GC@-?-G>DD-?=-C
nnovation in urope( The decoding of theBacillus subtilis genome
vanova, 2atalia et al. =>>A. 1enome sequence of Bacillus cereus and comparative
analysis with Bacillus anthracis. 2ature, Fol. D=A( @C-G?.
/unst, ). ?GGC. The complete genome sequence of the 1ram-positive bacterium
Bacillus subtilis. 2ature, AG>( =DG-=H.
7ead, T. 5. et al. =>>A. The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis "mes and
comparison to closely related bacteria. 2ature, Fol. D=A( =A-=.
7osovit:, %. 0. O Stephen 3. +eppla. =>>=. %edicine( Firus deals anthra# a killer
blow. 2ature, Fol. D?@( @=-@=H.
Schuch, 7aymond, 5aniel 2elson O Fincent ". )ischetti. =>>=. " bacteriolytic agent
that detects and kills Bacillus anthracis. 2ature, Fol. D?@( @@D-@@G
niversity of Te#as %edical Branch(Bacillus
niversity of Pisconsin-%adison(Bacillus a"t*racis and anthra#
Bacillus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bacillus
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=11http://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://europa.eu.int/comm/research/success/en/pur/0291e.htmlhttp://europa.eu.int/comm/research/success/en/pur/0291e.htmlhttp://europa.eu.int/comm/research/success/en/pur/0291e.htmlhttp://europa.eu.int/comm/research/success/en/pur/0291e.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v423/n6935/abs/nature01582_fs.html&dynoptions=doi1054748259http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v423/n6935/abs/nature01582_fs.html&dynoptions=doi1054748259http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v390/n6657/full/390249a0_fs.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v390/n6657/full/390249a0_fs.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v390/n6657/full/390249a0_fs.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v390/n6657/full/390249a0_fs.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12721629&dopt=Abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12721629&dopt=Abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12192391&dopt=Abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12192391&dopt=Abstracthttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6900/abs/nature01026.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6900/abs/nature01026.htmlhttp://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch015.htmhttp://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch015.htmhttp://www.bact.wisc.edu/microtextbook/disease/anthrax.htmlhttp://www.bact.wisc.edu/microtextbook/disease/anthrax.htmlhttp://www.bact.wisc.edu/microtextbook/disease/anthrax.htmlhttp://www.bact.wisc.edu/microtextbook/disease/anthrax.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ten_things_you_may_not_know_about_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ten_things_you_may_not_know_about_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#searchInputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bacillus_subtilis_Gram.jpghttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=11http://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://europa.eu.int/comm/research/success/en/pur/0291e.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v423/n6935/abs/nature01582_fs.html&dynoptions=doi1054748259http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v423/n6935/abs/nature01582_fs.html&dynoptions=doi1054748259http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v390/n6657/full/390249a0_fs.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v390/n6657/full/390249a0_fs.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12721629&dopt=Abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12721629&dopt=Abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12192391&dopt=Abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12192391&dopt=Abstracthttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6900/abs/nature01026.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6900/abs/nature01026.htmlhttp://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch015.htmhttp://www.bact.wisc.edu/microtextbook/disease/anthrax.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ten_things_you_may_not_know_about_Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#column-onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#searchInput -
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Bacillus subtilis,1ram stained
Scientific classification
/ingdom( Bacteria
5ivision( )irmicutes
*lass( Bacilli$rder( Bacillales
)amily( Bacillaceae
1enus( Bacillus*ohn ?@C=
Species
2umerous, including(
Bacillus a"t*racis
Bacillus cereusBacillus c#a$ula"s
Bacillus $l#bi$ii
Bacillus lic*e"i-#rmis
Bacillus me$aterium
Bacillus "att#
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus sp*aericus
Bacillus t*uri"$ie"sis
(*is pa$e is ab#ut t*e bacterial $e"us. F#r t*e class9 seeBacilli.
F#r r#'As*ape' bacteria i" $e"eral9 seeBacteria.
F#r t*estic& i"sect$e"us9 seeBacillus i"sect:.
Bacillusis a genusof rod-shaped, beta-hemolytic 1ram-positivebacteriaand a
member of the division )irmicutes.Bacillusspecies are either obligate or facultative
aerobes, and test positive for the en:ymecatalase.8?9biquitous in nature,Bacillus
includes both free-living and pathogenic species. nder stressful environmental
conditions, the cells produce oval endosporesthat can stay dormant for e#tended
periods. These characteristics originally defined the genus, but not all such species are
closely related, and many have been moved to other genera.8=9
Bacillus subtilisis one of the best understood prokaryotes in terms of molecular
biology and cell biology. ts superb genetic amenability and relatively large si:e have
provided the powerful tools required to investigate a bacterium from all possible
aspects. 7ecent improvements in fluorescence microscopy techniques have provided
novel and ama:ing insight into the dynamic structure of a single cell organism.
7esearch onBacillus subtilishas been at the forefront of bacterial molecular biology
and cytology, and the organism is a model for differentiation, geneKprotein regulation,
and cell cycle events in bacteria. 8A9
TwoBacillusspecies are considered medically significant(B. a"t*racis, which causes
anthra#, andB. cereus, which causes a foodborne illnesssimilar to that of
Stap*/l#c#ccus.8D9
" third species,B. t*uri"$ie"sis, is an important insectpathogen,and is sometimes used to control insect pests. Thetype speciesisB. subtilis, an
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmicuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_cereushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_coagulanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_globigii&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_licheniformishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_megateriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_nattohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_sphaericushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria#Morphologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria#Morphologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stick_insecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_(insect)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_(insect)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmicuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_note-Baron-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_note-Baron-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_note-Brock-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_note-Brock-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_note-Graumann-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_cereushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodborne_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_note-Sherris-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._thuringiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmicuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_cereushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_coagulanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_globigii&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_licheniformishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_megateriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_nattohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_sphaericushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria#Morphologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stick_insecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_(insect)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmicuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_note-Baron-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_note-Brock-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_note-Graumann-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_anthracishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_cereushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodborne_illnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_note-Sherris-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._thuringiensishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis -
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important model organism.t is also a notable food spoiler, causing ropiness in bread
and related food.B. c#a$ula"sis also important in food spoilage.
"n easy way to isolateBacillusis by placing non-sterile soil in a test tubewith water,
shaking, placing in melted %annitol Salt "gar, and incubating at room temperature
for at least a day. *olonies are usually large, spreading and irregularly-shaped. nderthe microscope, theBacillusappear as rods, and a substantial portion usually contain
an oval endosporeat one end, making it bulge.
)ontents
8hide9
? The cell wall
= Pord ambiguity
A See also
D #ternal links
7eferences
"e!it# he cell 0all
The cell wall ofBacillusis a structure on the outside of the cell that forms the second
barrier between the bacterium and the environment, and at the same time maintains
triangle shape and withstands the pressure generated by the cellNs turgor. The cell wall
is composed of salt, teichoic and teichuronic acids.B. subtilisis the first bacterium for
which the role of an actin-like cytoskeleton in cell shape determination andpeptidoglycan synthesis was identified and for which the entire set of peptidoglycan
synthesi:ing en:ymes was localised. The role of the cytoskeleton in shape generation
and maintenance is important89.
"e!it# 1or! ambiguit%
"lthoughBacillus, capitali:ed and italici:ed, specifically refers to the genus, the word
NbacillusN may also be used to describe any rod-shaped bacterium, and in this sense,
bacilli are found in many different ta#onomic groups of bacteria.
+ikewise,Bacillirefers to the particular classBacillusbelongs to, while bacilli are
any rod-shaped bacteria.
t should be noted that the cell morphology term bacillusdoes not necessarily indicate
1ram-positivestaining, as). c#liis a 1ram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria.
"e!it# See also
+ae"ibacillus, a genus of bacteria that was formerly included in Bacillus
"e!it# /-ternal links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_coagulanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosporehttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#The_cell_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#Word_ambiguityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_note-Scheffers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_note-Scheffers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenibacillushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_coagulanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosporehttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#The_cell_wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#Word_ambiguityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_note-Scheffers-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenibacillushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=4 -
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'athema-Bacillus 7esource
"e!it# eferences
?. &Turnbull '*B 4?GGH6.Bacillus. I" Barr#"@s e'ical icr#bi#l#$/ Bar#"S et al9 e's.:, Dth ed., niv of Te#as %edical Branch. SB2 >-GHA??C=-?-?.
=. &%adigan %& %artinko 0 4editors6. 4=>>6.Br#c& Bi#l#$/ #-
icr##r$a"isms, ??th ed., 'rentice 3all. SB2 >-?A-?DDA=G-?.
A. &1raumann ' 4editor6. 4=>>C6.Bacillus Cellular a"' #lecular Bi#l#$/, ?st
ed., *aister "cademic 'ress. SB2 GC@-?-G>DD-?=-C.
D. &7yan /0& 7ay *1 4editors6 4=>>D6. S*erris e'ical icr#bi#l#$/, Dth ed.,
%c1raw 3ill. SB2 >-@A@-@=G-G.
. &Scheffers 50 4=>>C6. JThe *ell Pall of Bacillus subtilis=9 Bacillus Cellular
a"' #lecular Bi#l#$/ rauma"" +9 e'.:. Caister ca'emic +ress.ISBN
78A1A044A12A7.
Bacteria
Bacteria are one-celled organisms that do not have membranes binding their nuclear
material 4prokaryotes6. This feature distinguishes them from proto:oa which have a
more comple# cellular structure and a distinct nucleus 4eukaryotes6. 2ot all bacteria
cause diseases. Bacteria are present in some fermented foods. Qogurt, for e#ample,hasLact#bacillus bul$aricusand Strept#c#ccus t*erm#p*ilusbacteria. The human
mouth and intestines harbor over D>> different types of bacteria that produce some
vitamins and ferment fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids. Bacteria that cause
diseases are called JpathogenicJ bacteria. 'ntibiotics, like penicillin, are substances
that are to#ic to the bacteria, but relatively harmless to people. They have been very
useful in combatting disease, but their increased use has produced antibiotic-resistant
bacteria. Bacteria are classified by their shape and the color that they take when
stained. " bacillusis elongated like a sausage, a coccusis round, and a spirocheteis
helical 4spiral6 in shape. 3ans *hristian 1ram 4?@A-?GA@6 developed a staining
technique that colors some bacteria deep blue 41ram positive6, whereas others remain
unstained 41ram negative6. 3ere is a list of common bacteria and some of their
attributes(
Staphylococcus - normally found on the skin, but can cause boils and pimples.
%ethicillin-resistant Stap*/l#c#ccus aureus4%7S"6 is responsible for many
serious infections that are sometimes fatal.
'imple
http://pathema.jcvi.org/cgi-bin/Bacillus/PathemaHomePage.cgihttp://pathema.jcvi.org/cgi-bin/Bacillus/PathemaHomePage.cgihttp://pathema.jcvi.org/cgi-bin/Bacillus/PathemaHomePage.cgihttp://pathema.jcvi.org/cgi-bin/Bacillus/PathemaHomePage.cgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_ref-Baron_0-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.925http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.925http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0963117211http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_ref-Brock_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131443291http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_ref-Graumann_2-0http://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_ref-Sherris_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838585299http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_ref-Scheffers_4-0http://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://pathema.jcvi.org/cgi-bin/Bacillus/PathemaHomePage.cgihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_ref-Baron_0-0http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.925http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.925http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0963117211http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_ref-Brock_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0131443291http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_ref-Graumann_2-0http://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_ref-Sherris_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838585299http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus#cite_ref-Scheffers_4-0http://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://www.horizonpress.com/bachttp://www.horizonpress.com/bac -
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scherichia coli - normal inhabitant of the colon, hence called JcoliformJ
bacteria
. coli $?C(3C is a virulent strain that produces to#ins that
can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and even kidney failure.
*hlamydia - a se#ually transmitted disease 4ST56 caused by the bacterium
C*lam/'ia trac*#matis.$ver one million cases of chlamydia were reported in the nited States in
=>>H.
+earn more about se#ually transmitted diseases.
Salmonella - frequent cause of food poisoning
Fibrio cholerae - causes cholera, an infection of the small intestine
characteri:ed by watery diarrhea
2eisseria gonorrhoeae - a leading cause of se#ually transmitted disease
%ycobacterium tuberculosis - the cause of tuberculosis
Qersinia pestis - causes bubonic plague, transferred by flea bites
Treponema pallidum - a spiral-shaped 4spirochete6 bacteria that causes
syphilis
Bacillus anthracis - the organism that causes anthra#, characteri:ed by black
lesions.
Bacterial Shapes
Bacillus *occus Spirochete
http://www.scientificpsychic.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases.htmlhttp://www.scientificpsychic.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases.html
