DESAIN KERJA DAN PRODUKTIVITAS -...
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P K E - T I P U B 2 0 1 5
DESAIN KERJA DAN PRODUKTIVITAS
MATERI PERKULIAHAN
• Dosen Pengampu : RLS dan SAM
Pertem
uan UTS
Pertemu
an UAS
1 Desain Kerja dan
Produktivitas 8 Konsep Dasar Ergonomi
2 Telaah Metode 9 Sistem Manusia Mesin
3 Studi Gerakan 10 Desain Stasiun Kerja
4 Peta Kerja 1 11 Antropometri
5 Peta Kerja 2 12 Beban dan Kelelahan Kerja
6 Studi Waktu 1 13 Lingkungan Fisik Kerja
7 Studi Waktu 2 14 Display
UTS UAS
NILAI DAN PERATURAN
• Nilai akhir : SAM (35%), RLS (35%), praktikum (30%)
• Nilai RLS : Tugas 30%, Kuis 20%, UTS 50%
• 15 menit keterlambatan
• Semua HP dan sejenisnya mohon silent/non-aktif
• Silakan minum dan makan sewajarnya
• Kuis tidak akan diberitahukan sebelumnya
• Izin : sakit dan keluarga dengan surat
• Nilai UTS akan diinformasikan melalui blog
• Semua pertanyaan tentang nilai UTS dilayani 1 minggu setelah
tanggal pengumuman di blog
• Ketua kelas ?
DESAIN KERJA ? ERGONOMI ?
DESAIN KERJA ? ERGONOMI ?
DESAIN KERJA ? ERGONOMI ?
• Sejarah dimulai pada Perang Dunia II ketika pakar psikologi,
fisiologi, antropologi, dokter, insinyur mulai menggabungkan
teknologi dan ilmu manusia bersama.
• Ergonomi : studi tentang interaksi manusia dan mesin dan faktor
yang mempengaruhi interaksi (Bridger, 2003).
• Ergonom : dari kata Yunani ergon (kerja) dan nomos (hukum)
(Dul and Weerdmeester, 2008).
• Ergonomics ~ Human Factors/Ergonomics (HFE)
• Perancangan/desain kerja : studi prinsip dan teknik untuk
menghasilkan desain kerja terbaik (manusia, material, lingkungan)
efektif, efisien, produktif
DESAIN KERJA ? ERGONOMI ?
Tujuan utama ergonomi dan desain kerja : Untuk
mencapai produktivitas optimal, sekaligus memperhatikan
kesehatan dan keamanan kerja
Ergonomi merupakan
penyebab kecelakaan
kerja terbesar
LINGKUP PERANCANGAN KERJA DAN ERGONOMI
LINGKUP
UTAMA
ERGONOMI
Interaksi antara
manusia, mesin,
dan lingkungan
LINGKUP
UMUM
ERGONOMI
Konsumen,
pengembangan
produk, dsb.
DESAIN KERJA DAN LINGKUP ERGONOMI
HUMAN, MACHINE, AND ENVIRONMENT
- Temperature and Climate
- Psychology and Workload
- Control System
- Display System
- Noise and Light
- Display and Tools Optimation
- Material Handling
- Energy Consumption
- Sit Position and Design Concept
- Workplace Design
- Anthropometry
- Work Design and Biomechanic
- Neural System and EMG
- Physiologycal System
HUMAN, MACHINE, AND ENVIRONMENT
Interaction Evaluation
H > M : control actions by the
human on the machine
Anatomical : cycle time, posture
Physiological : work rate/work
load, fatigue
Psychological : mental workload
H > E : effects of the human on
the environment
Physical : working environment,
standards
M > H : feedback from the
machine
Anatomical : design
Physical : vibration, noise
Physiological : heat
Psychological : meet user
expectations
M > E : machines may alter
environment
Mainly by industrial/site
engineers and industrial
hygienists
E > H : the environment may
influence the human
Physical/physiological : noise,
temperature, lighting
E > M : the environment may
affect the machine
Industrial/site engineers,
maintenance, facilities
management
Anatomical : Posture analysis with
REBA
HUMAN, MACHINE, AND ENVIRONMENT
Physiological : Body temperature
and Heart rate Interaction Evaluation
H > M : control actions by the
human on the machine
Anatomical : cycle time, posture
Physiological : work rate/work
load, fatigue
Psychological : mental workload
H > E : effects of the human on
the environment
Physical : working environment,
standards
M > H : feedback from the
machine
Anatomical : design
Physical : vibration, noise
Physiological : heat
Psychological : meet user
expectations
M > E : machines may alter
environment
Mainly by industrial/site
engineers and industrial
hygienists
E > H : the environment may
influence the human
Physical/physiological : noise,
temperature, lighting
E > M : the environment may
affect the machine
Industrial/site engineers,
maintenance, facilities
management
HUMAN, MACHINE, AND ENVIRONMENT
Physical : Environment
temperature, dust, oxygen Interaction Evaluation
H > M : control actions by the
human on the machine
Anatomical : cycle time, posture
Physiological : work rate/work
load, fatigue
Psychological : mental workload
H > E : effects of the human on
the environment
Physical : working environment,
standards
M > H : feedback from the
machine
Anatomical : design
Physical : vibration, noise
Physiological : heat
Psychological : meet user
expectations
M > E : machines may alter
environment
Mainly by industrial/site
engineers and industrial
hygienists
E > H : the environment may
influence the human
Physical/physiological : noise,
temperature, lighting
E > M : the environment may
affect the machine
Industrial/site engineers,
maintenance, facilities
management
HUMAN, MACHINE, AND ENVIRONMENT
Psychological : drowsiness, blink
rate
Site/industrial engineering
Interaction Evaluation
H > M : control actions by the
human on the machine
Anatomical : cycle time, posture
Physiological : work rate/work
load, fatigue
Psychological : mental workload
H > E : effects of the human on
the environment
Physical : working environment,
standards
M > H : feedback from the
machine
Anatomical : design
Physical : vibration, noise
Physiological : heat
Psychological : meet user
expectations
M > E : machines may alter
environment
Mainly by industrial/site
engineers and industrial
hygienists
E > H : the environment may
influence the human
Physical/physiological : noise,
temperature, lighting
E > M : the environment may
affect the machine
Industrial/site engineers,
maintenance, facilities
management
WORK PRODUCTIVITY
• Effective ? Efficient ? Productive ?
• Example : An output standard for a worker to do a job is 250 units in
5 hours (50units/hour). Because of a method mistake, on day A the
worker could only finished 200 units in 5 hours. But on day B, the
worker was so determined that he could finished 250 units in 4
hours.
• Effectivity (units on day A) : 200/250 = 80% degree of
accomplishment (doing the right things)
• Efficiency (time on day B) : (5-4)/5 = 20% inputs usage to
produce standardized outputs (doing things right)
• Productivity (units/hour on day B) : 250/4 = 62.5 units/hour ratio
of outputs to inputs
WORK PRODUCTIVITY
FAKTOR MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKTIVITAS
• Technical factors : work method, work environment,
tools/machines, materials
• Human factors : ability, skill, motivation
• Management factors : wage, treatment, awards and punishment
PRODUKTIVITAS DAN BIAYA
WORK SPEED AND ERROR
1. Two factors as productivity
input :
- Amount/number of outputs
achieved
- Time needed to complete a
job/task
2. Productivity rate increase
must consider quality control
of the product.
Work speed and error are
generally correlated, considering
: age, experience, ability
WHAT IS WORK DESIGN AND ERGONOMICS ?
• “The science of matching the job to the worker, and the product to the
user”
• “The scientific study of human work”
• “Fitting the task/job to the human”
Worker ? User/customer ?
W O R K D E S I G N A N D E R G O N O M I C S
THANK YOU