vi

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................ i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. ii

SURAT PERNYATAAN....................................................................................... iii

PRAKATA ............................................................................................................. iv

DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................... vi

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ....................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR GAMBAR .............................................................................................. x

DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................. xi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................... xii

INTISARI ............................................................................................................. xiii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1

1.1. Latar Belakang ................................................................................. 1

1.2. Perumusan Masalah ......................................................................... 3

1.3. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................. 4

1.3.1. Tujuan Umum ........................................................................ 4

1.3.2. Tujuan Khusus ....................................................................... 4

1.4. Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................... 4

1.4.1. Manfaat Teoritis ..................................................................... 4

1.4.2. Manfaat Praktis ...................................................................... 4

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................... 5

2.1. Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) ........................................ 5

2.1.1. Fungsi ..................................................................................... 5

2.1.2. PDGF pada Penyakit Ginjal ................................................... 7

2.2. Gagal Ginjal Akut atau Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) ....................... 9

2.2.1. Definisi ................................................................................... 9

2.2.2. Klasifikasi .............................................................................. 9

2.2.3. Diagnosis .............................................................................. 12

2.2.4. Gejala Klinis ........................................................................ 12

2.2.5. Pengobatan ........................................................................... 13

vii

2.2.6. Diuretic Agents .................................................................... 13

2.2.7. Terapi Penggantian Ginjal ................................................... 14

2.2.8. Pengaruh Gentamisin pada Gagal Ginjal Akut. ................... 14

2.3. Mesenchymal Stem Cell ................................................................. 16

2.4. Pengaruh MSC terhadap kadar PDGF pada tikus gagal ginjal akut.

....................................................................................................... 17

2.5. Kerangka Teori .............................................................................. 20

2.6. Kerangka Konsep .......................................................................... 20

2.7. Hipotesis ........................................................................................ 20

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ..................................................................... 21

3.1. Jenis Penelitian dan Rancangan Penelitian .................................... 21

3.2. Variabel dan Definisi Operasional Penelitian ............................... 21

3.2.1. Variabel Penelitian ............................................................... 21

3.2.2. Definisi Operasional Penelitian ........................................... 21

3.3. Populasi dan Sampel ...................................................................... 22

3.3.1. Populasi Penelitian ............................................................... 22

3.3.2. Sampel .................................................................................. 22

3.3.3. Cara Pengambilan Sampel ................................................... 22

3.3.4. Besar Sampel........................................................................ 23

3.4. Alat dan Bahan .............................................................................. 23

3.4.1. Alat ....................................................................................... 23

3.4.2. Bahan ................................................................................... 24

3.5. Prosedur Penelitian ........................................................................ 24

3.5.1. Pra Kondisi ........................................................................... 24

3.5.2. Teknik isolasi Mesenchymal Stem Cell dari Umbilical Cord

.............................................................................................. 25

3.5.3. Kultur Sel ............................................................................. 26

3.5.4. Proses Pemanenan Sel .......................................................... 26

3.5.5. Proses Penghitungan Sel ...................................................... 27

3.5.6. Perlakuan pada tikus gagal ginjal akut ................................. 27

3.5.7. Analisis PDGF dengan Elisa ................................................ 27

viii

3.6. Alur Penelitian ............................................................................... 29

3.7. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ....................................................... 30

3.7.1. Tempat Penelitian ................................................................ 30

3.7.2. Waktu Penelitian .................................................................. 30

3.8. Analisis Hasil ................................................................................. 30

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN .................................... 31

4.1. Hasil Penelitian .............................................................................. 31

4.2. Pembahasan ................................................................................... 34

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................ 39

5.1. Kesimpulan .................................................................................... 39

5.2. Saran .............................................................................................. 39

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 40

LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................... 44

ix

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

AKI : Acute Kidney Injury

EGF : Epidermal Growth Factor

ELISA : Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

ESKD : End-Stage Kidney Disease

FGF : Fibroblast Growth Factor

IGF : Insulin Growth Factor

LFG : Laju Filtrasi Glomerulus

MSC :Mesenchymal Stem Cell

PDGF : Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

PI3K : Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase

ROS : Reactive Oxygen Species

SCCR : Stem Cell & Cancer Research

STAT3 : Signal Transducer And Activator of Transcription 3

TNF-α : Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha

VEGF : Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

x

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 4. 1. Diagram batang rerata penghitungan kadar PDGF antar

kelompok perlakuan ....................................................................... 32

xi

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2. 1. Temuan laboratorium klasik di AKI ................................................... 10

Tabel 4. 1. Data penghitungan kadar PDGF antar kelompok perlakuan .............. 32

Tabel 4. 2. Hasil uji normalitas (Uji Shapiro-Wilk) .............................................. 33

Tabel 4. 3. Hasil uji homogenitas (Uji Levene) .................................................... 33

Tabel 4. 4. Hasil Uji Post Hoc LSD ...................................................................... 34

xii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Hasil Uji Statistik Deskriptif ............................................................ 44

Lampiran 2. Hasil Uji Analisis Deskriptif ............................................................ 44

Lampiran 3. Hasil Uji Analisis Normalitas ........................................................... 45

Lampiran 4. Hasil Uji Analisis Homogenitas ....................................................... 46

Lampiran 5. Hasil Uji One Way Anova ................................................................. 46

Lampiran 6. Hasil Post Hoc .................................................................................. 46

Lampiran 7. Ethical Clearance ............................................................................. 47

Lampiran 8. Hasil Prakondisi ................................................................................ 48

Lampiran 9. Dokumentasi Penelitian .................................................................... 49

Lampiran 10. Surat Keterangan ............................................................................ 49