CPOB Liquid dan Semi Solid
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Transcript of CPOB Liquid dan Semi Solid
Mengapa dibuat sediaan farmasi ?
Zat aktif sulit untuk langsung digunakan (krn. dosis sangat rendah)
Pemberian dosis obat yang akurat sangat sulit Supaya zat aktif dapat memberi efek terapi
perlu diberikan dengan rute yang memadai Beberapa zat aktif berkurang khasiatnya saat
terpapar lingkungan (cahaya, lembab, dll) sehingga diperlukan penstabil agar efek terapi tercapai
Zat aktif dapat terurai di tempat pemberian
Kadangkala zat aktif dapat mengiritasi atau melukai tempat dimana ia diberikan
Kebanyakan zat aktif memiliki persepsi organoleptis yang tidak menyenangkan (pahit, rasa atau bau yang kurang enak)
Rute pemberian zat aktif tidak mungkin dimodifikasi agar sesuai dengan profil farmakokinetik
Mengapa dibuat sediaan farmasi ?
BENTUK PRODUK FARMASI
Gaseous dosage formsLiquid dosage formsSemisolid dosage formsSolid dosage forms
Gaseous dosage forms
Medicinal gases, inhalation/volatile anaesthetics (vaporised before administration by inhalation)
Aerodispersions of solid particles (e.g., antiasthmatic inhalations) or liquid particles (antiasthmatic inhalations or sprays)
Liquid dosage forms
Solutions – one homogenous phase, prepared by dissolving one or more solutes in a solvent
Suspensions▪ A dispersion system where solid particles (dispersed phase) are
dispersed in liquid phase (dispersion medium)▪ According to the size of dispersed particles (1 nm - 0,5 mm) a
molecular, colloidal and coarse dispersions can be distinguished▪ May require shaking before administration▪ Not intended for systemic administration of drugs with high potency
Emulsions▪ a dispersion system consisting of two immiscible liquids▪ o/w or w/o▪ cloudy appearance
Pharmaceutical Solutions
Aqueous
1.Douches2.Enemas3.Gargles4.Mouthwashes5.Nasal washes6.Juices7.Sprays8.Otic solutions9. Inhalations
Sweet &/or Viscid
1.Syrups2.Honeys3.Mucilages4.Jellies
Nonaqueous
1.Elixirs2.Spirits3.Collodions4.Glycerins5.Liniments6.Oleo Vitamin
Semisolid dosage forms
1- Unshaped (without specific physical shape)
▪ Ointments – semisolid dosage forms with the oleaginous (hydrocarbon), water-soluble or emulsifying base Oleaginous (hydrocabon) base: Petrolatum (Vaseline –
white, yellow) Water-soluble base: Polyethylenglycol (PEG)- ointment –
syn. macrogol ointments
▪ Pastes – semisolid dispersion system, where a solid particles (> 25%, e.g. ZnO) are dispersed in ointments – mostly oleaginous (Petrolatum)
Semisolid dosage forms
2- Shaped
▪Suppositories (for rectal administration)o different shapeso Melting/dissolving at body temperatureo Oleaginous (cacao butter, adeps neutralis) or
aqueous (PEGs, glycerinated gelatine)
▪Pessaries (vaginal suppositories)• Similar as above, PEGs or glycerinated gelatine
are often used as base.
RUTE PEMBERIAN PRODUK FARMASI
for systemic administration▪ Peroral (p.o)▪ Sublingual (S.L) and
buccal.▪ Rectal▪ Parenteral ▪ Transdermal▪ Inhalation
for local administration▪ Topical (on the skin or
mucosa) Into/onto - the eye, nose,
ear - the oral cavity
- the vagina, rectum - the brochi - the skin
▪ Local parenteral (viz Parenteral above)
▪ Oral (local effect within GIT; antacids, adsorbents)
“ Cara Pembuatan Obat yang Baik (CPOB) bertujuan untuk menjamin obat dibuat secara konsisten, memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan dan sesuai dengan tujuan penggunaannya. CPOB mencakup seluruh aspek produksi dan pengendalian mutu”
DEFINISI CPOB
Bagaimana membuat sediaan farmasi yang bermutu baik ?
GMP is also sometimes referred to as "cGMP". The "c" stands for "current," reminding manufacturers that they must employ technologies and systems which are up-to-
date in order to comply with the regulation. Systems and equipment used to prevent contamination, mix-ups, and errors, which may have been "top-of-the-line" 20 years ago, may be less than adequate by today's standards.
c G M P
Other GMPs
The formalization of good manufacturing practices commenced in the 1960s and they are now in effect in over 100 countries ranging from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. Many countries have not developed local requirements and rely on the World Health Organization Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Prodducts. Regional requirements have also appeared with application to several countries. Examples of these inciude :
a) Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention (PIC) Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice for Pharmaceutical Products – Austria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom.
b) Association of South – East Asia Nations (ASEAN) – Good Manufacturing Practice : General Guidelines – Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vitnam, Fhilippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
c) European Economic Community (EEC) – Guide to Good Manufac-turing Practice for Medicinal Products-Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembrueg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom, and more recently Austria, Finland, and Sweden.
Bagaimana membuat sediaan farmasi yang bermutu baik ?
Quality Management
Quality System
Quality Assurance
QualityControl
Policy, Objective,Committent & Direction
Organization Structure,Responsibility, Accoutability
Operational & TechnicalActivities on Fulfilling Quality
Requirements
External QAInternal QA
QM, QS, QA, GMP and QC Inter-relationships
QC
GMP
It is the sum total of the organized arrangements
with the objective of ensuring that products
will be of the quality required for their
intended use
QA
QA, GMP & QC inter-relationship
Is that part of Quality Assurance aimed at
ensuring that products are consistently
manufactured to a quality appropriate to
their intended use
GMP
QA, GMP & QC inter-relationship
QA, GMP & QC inter-relationship
Is that part of GMP concerned with sampling, specification & testing, documentation & release procedures which
ensure that the necessary & relevant tests are performed & the product is released for use only after ascertaining
it’s quality
QC
QUALITY CONTROL ???
1. Melaksanakan pengawasan & pengujian terhadap
seluruh bahan awal
2. Melakukan pengawasan selama proses
produksi
3. Melakukan pengujian terhadap produkjadi
4. Melakukan pengujian stabilitas produk terhadap produk yang telah dan akan diedarkan
WEWENANG DAN TANGGUNG JAWAB:
QC and QA
Operational laboratory techniques and activities used to fulfill the requirement of Quality
QC is lab based
All those planned or systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product will satisfy the requirements for quality
QA is company based
Aspek-aspek CPOB (1)
Aspek /hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam pelaksanaan CPOB :
Karyawan Bangunan Peralatan Sanitasi dan hygiene
Aspek-aspek CPOB (2)
Produksi Pengawasan Mutu Penanganan keluhan, recall
dan produk kembalian Dokumentasi
Why GMP is important
A poor quality medicine may contain toxic substances that have been unintentionally added.
A medicine that contains little or none of the claimed ingredient will not have the intended therapeutic effect.
Quality vs GMP
A basic principle of GMP is that quality cannot be tested into a batch of product but must be built into each batch of product during all stages of the manufacturing process.
It is designed to minimize the risks involved in any pharmaceutical production that cannot be eliminated through testing the final product.
Some of the main risks are
unexpected contamination of products, causing damage to health or even death.
incorrect labels on containers, which could mean that patients receive the wrong medicine.
insufficient or too much active ingredient, resulting in ineffective treatment or adverse effects.
Pengertian kontaminasi
Kontaminasi adalah masuknya pengotor atau impurities yang dapat berupa bahan kimia, mikroba dan partikel asing kedalam bahan awal atau produk antara
Kontaminasi dapat terjadi selama proses produksi, pengambilan contoh, pengepakan, penyimpanan atau transport.
Penyebab kontaminasi
Dalam CPOB dikenal 3 jenis penyebab kontaminasi :
Bahan kimia
Mikroba
Partikel asing
Pelanggaran terhadap ketentuan CPOB (1)
Pelanggaran dapat mengakibatkan :
Teguran
Penarikan kembali obat yangberedar (recall)
Penutupan pabrik
Pelanggaran terhadap ketentuan CPOB (2)
Sanksi tersebut dikenakan karena pemerintah bertanggung jawab untuk melindungi kesehatan masyarakat pemakai obat kita.
Hal tersebut sebenarnya merupakan tanggung jawab kita juga.
Pelanggaran akan merusak reputasiperusahaan, dan mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidup perusahaan.
GMP Covers…
ALL aspects of production; from the starting materials, premises and equipment to the training and personal hygiene of staff.
Detailed, written procedures are essential for each process that could affect the quality of the finished product.
There must be systems to provide documented proof that correct procedures are consistently followed at each step in the manufacturing process - every time a product is made.
Ten Principles of GMP
1. Design and construct the facilities and equipments properly
2. Follow written procedures and Instructions3. Document work4. Validate work5. Monitor facilities and equipment6. Write step by step operating procedures
and work on instructions7. Design ,develop and demonstrate job
competence8. Protect against contamination9. Control components and product related
processes 10. Conduct planned and periodic audits
Sepuluh aturan dasar CPOB (1)
[1] Tulislah prosedur kerja anda▪ Pastikan untuk memiliki prosedur
sebelum mulai bekerja
[2] Kerjakanlah sebagaimana prosedur yang ditulis
▪ Tanyakanlah apabila merasa raguatau tidak mengerti
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Sepuluh aturan dasar CPOB (2)
[3] Catat /dokumentasikan hasil kerja anda
▪ Lakukan pencatatan pada saat bekerja, bukan setelah (sebelum) bekerja Validasi pekerjaan anda
[4] Validasi pekerjaan anda▪ Validasi adalah tindakan pembuktian
Sepuluh aturan dasar CPOB (3)
[5] Gunakan fasilitas dan alat yang memadai
▪ Untuk mendapatkan hasil optimum▪ Menghindari kesalahan dan kecelakaan
[6] Pelihara fasilitas dan peralatan▪ Pemeliharaan yang baik akan
membuat alat selalu berfungsi baikdan siap digunakan
Sepuluh aturan dasar CPOB (4)
[7] Berlatihlah agar tetap terkini dan berkembang
[8] Biasakan untuk bersihdan rapi
▪ Kebiasaan bersih dan cara kerjayang cermat dapat menghindarkan terjadinya kontaminasi dan kesalahan
X
Sepuluh aturan dasar CPOB (5)
[9] Perhatikanlah kualitas▪ Kualitas yang baik akan
meningkatkan kepercayaan pemakaiterhadap obat kita
[10] Lakukan audit untuk mengecek kesesuaian
▪ Laksanakan program inspeksi diri
In fact Cost benefits – positive cost benefits of GMP/QA
Good plant lay out, Smooth work flows, Efficient documentation systems, well controlled process, good stores lay outs and stores records- These are Good manufacturing practices
Reduction in work in process and inventory holding costs
Avoidance of cost of Quality failure ( cost of waste, of rework, of recall, of consumer compensation and of loss of company reputation)
Cost of effective GMP
Manfaat Penerapan CPOB (1)
cGMPPRODUKSI
PROMOSI
Aman bagi konsumen
Sesuai kebutuhan konsumen
Peningkatan pangsa pasar
Manfaat Penerapan CPOB (2)
Mengurangi risiko produk tidak memenuhi syarat mutu
Mengurangi risiko ketidak sesuaian dengan peraturan
Mengurangi stres dan frustrasi
MUTU PRODUK
Peningkatan keamanan konsumen
Peningkatan company image
Peningkatan pangsa pasar
Sejarah CPOB di Indonesia
WH0-GMPvoluntary
CPOB ed 3
Op. Manual
Operational Manual
CPOB ed 1
Inspeksi 1
Sertifikasi I
1971 1989 1990 1990 1990 2001 2006
CPOB ed 2
2001
Op. ManualIn process
2007 2009
CPOBSuplement
Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan RI………………………..
PENERAPAN CPOB DAN PEMBARUAN PEDOMAN CPOB di INDONESIA
- 1971 : Penerapan CPOB dimulai secara sukarela (berdasarkan standar WHO)
- 1988 : Pedoman CPOB edisi I mulai diwajibkan untuk
diterapkan - 1989 – 1994 : Waktu penyesuaian pemenuhan CPOB- 1990 : Inspeksi CPOB pertama- 2001 : Pedoman CPOB edisi 2- 2005 : CPOB untuk produk Darah- 2006 : Revisi Pedoman CPOB edisi 3- 2008 : Petunjuk Operasional CPOB- 2009 : Suplement CPOB- 2012 : Revisi Pedoman CPOB edisi 4
42
Ketentuan CPOB di Indonesia (1)
Ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan menteri kesehatan 43/Menkes/SK/II/1988-Tgl.2 Peb 1988
Dengan adanya ketentuan tersebut semua industri farmasi di Indonesia harus mengacu pada ketentuan CPOB dalam seluruh rangkaian pembuatan obat jadi
43
Ketentuan CPOB
GMP yang berlaku lokal: CPOB Indonesia CGMP (current GMP) : AS
GMP yang berlaku regional - internasional ASEAN GMP WHO GMP Guideline
Penegakan Pelaksanaan CPOB
Dilakukan oleh Badan POM Badan POM mendapatkan kewenangan dari
Kemenkes
Badan POM Memberikan panduan dan
memastikan pelaksanaan CPOBdi industri farmasi
Istilah-istilah CPOB (1)
Dalam pembahasan pedoman CPOB terdapat beberapa istilah yang harus diketahui, karena sering digunakan.
Pemahaman terhadap istilah-istilah tersebut penting, untuk memudahkan memahami tentang pedoman CPOB
Produk Jadi
Produk Jadi:Produk yang telah melalui seluruh tahap proses pembuatan obat.
Telah selesai diolah dan dikemas, siap dipasarkan.
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Produk ruahan
Produk ruahan:Bahan yang telah selesai diolah, tinggal dikemas.
Contoh: tablet yang telah dicetak, kapsul yang sudah diisi.
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Produk antara
Produk antara:Bahan atau campuran bahan yang masih memerlukan tahapan pengolahan lebih lanjut untuk menjadi produk ruahan.
Contoh: granul tablet yang belum dicetak, granul kapsul yang belum diisikan.
Bahan baku (1)
Semua bahan aktif dan bahan tidak aktif yang digunakan dalam pengolahan obat.
Bahan baku aktif : Bahan yang memiliki efek langsung terhadap tubuh. Bahan yang memiliki khasiat.
Bahan baku (2)
Bahan baku tidak aktif:Bahan yang tidak memiliki efek langsung terhadap tubuh pasien.
Tidak memiliki khasiat, digunakan untuk membantu formulasi.Contohnya : Air dan gula untuk pemanis sirup.
Bahan pengemas (1)
Bahan pengemas :Semua bahan yang digunakan untuk mengemas produk.Untuk memudahkan distribusi produk dan untuk melindungi produk dari pengaruh lingkungan.
Terdiri dari: Bahan pengemas primer Bahan pengemas sekunder
Bahan pengemas (2)
Bahan pengemas primer :Bahan pengemas yang berkontak langsung dengan produk alufoil, blister, botol, vial dan ampul
Karena berkontak langsung dengan produk, proses pengemasan primer harus dilakukan di area pengolahan, tidak boleh dilakukan di area pengepakan.
Bahan pengemas (3)
Bahan pengemas sekunder :Bahan pengemas yang tidak berkontak langsung dengan produk. Unit box, dus, corrugated box
Proses pengemasan sekunder harus dilakukan di area pengepakan, tidak boleh di area pengolahan
Batch (1)
Sejumlah tertentu obat yang memiliki sifat dan mutu yang seragam. Dibuat atas satu perintah produksi :
Batch record/ batch processing order
Memiliki satu hasil pemeriksaan QC yang tersendiri: COA
Diolah dalam satu siklus pengolahan:▪ satu kali mixing, satu kali coating,
kecuali apabila hasilnya dicampurkan
Batch (2)
Satu batch produk tidak boleh dicampurkan dengan batch lain
Kecuali ada persetujuan manager QCdan disertai pencatatan yang jelas.
Perlu didukung dengan alasan yang jelas, dan pembuktian bahwa tidak terjadi penyimpangan mutu, dan stabilitas produk
Lot (1)
Lot :Bagian dari batch yang memiliki sifat dan mutu yang seragam.
Dalam proses pengolahan suatu produk dapat ditemui tahapan yang mengharuskan untuk membagi batch kedalam beberapa bagian Misalnya: karena kapasitas mesin yang kecil:
mixer, coating dan autoclave
Lot (2)
Batch tidak dibagi kedalam Lot apabila hasil akhirnya dicampurkan. Sebelum bagian-bagian batch dapat
dicampurkan, harus dipastikan bahwa semua bagian memiliki sifat mutu yang seragamMisal : hasil pengeringan FBD
Apabila bagian batch tidak dijamin memiliki mutu seragam, harus dibagi kedalam lot-lot, dan masing-masing lot diperiksa.Misal : hasil autoclave, coating, mixing
BANGUNAN 1. PEMILIHAN LOKASI
• Tidak dilingkungan perumahan
• Sebaiknya dikawasan Industri • Bebas pencemaran : udara, tanah, air, lingkungan
2. RANCANG BANGUN DAN PENATAAN GEDUNG
Berdasarkan Kontak dengan luar
• Tempat penerimaan & penyimpanan : Bahan baku, bahan pengemas, dan produk jadi. • Tempat ganti pakaian • Tempat pembersihan diri & Toilet
Berdasarkan Jenis produksi
• Bangunan terpisah : Produksi - Laktam ; non - Laktam: Sefalosporin; Hormon estrogen.
• Ruang terpisah : Produk steril & non steril
Kelas-kelas ruangan (1)
Kelas ruangan di industri farmasi ada 3 : Kelas hitam Kelas abu-abu Kelas putih
Kelas ruangan disesuaikan dengan tujuan pemakaiannya.
Kelas-kelas ruangan (2)
Pembagian kelas berdasarkan : Jumlah partikel (terutama) Tingkat kebersihan Jumlah mikrobanya
Secara teknis tiap kelas berbeda pada: Konstruksi Material Sistem pengendalian udara
Kelas hitam
Pakaian kerja Baju, celana sepatu Tutup kepala, masker
Kelas hitam digunakan untuk:
Penanganan produk ruahan yang sudah tertutup kemasan primer: pengepakanWadah tertutup rapat : gudang
Kegiatan di kelas hitam :- Gudang- Pengemasan sekunder
Kelas abu-abu
Digunakan untuk Pengolahan Pengambilan contoh
bahan baku Pengemasan primer
Pakaian kerja Baju, celana sepatu Tutup kepala, masker
Kelas putih
Digunakan untuk pengolahanproduk steril
Merupakan kelas yang tertinggi tingkat kebersihannya, baik dari segi partikelataupun jumlah mikrobanya.
Pakaian kerja (khusus) Baju, celana, sepatu Tutup kepala, masker Sarung tangan, goggle (kaca mata)
65
Facility Parameters That Need To Be Controlled
Temperature
Humidity
Air Cleanliness
Room Pressure
Air movement
Lighting
ASEAN
PICs FDA At rest In operationMaximum permitted number of particles/m3 equal to or above
0,5 mm 5mm 0,5mm 5mm
I A 100 (UDAF)
3 500 0 3 500 0
I B 100 (Turb.)
3 500 0 350 000 2000
II C 10 000 350 000 2 000 3 500 000 20 000
III D 100 000 3 500 000 20 000 Not defined
Not defined
IV NC NC Not defined Not defined Not defined
Not defined(LAF/UDAF) = laminar air flow or uni-directional air flow
(Turb.) = turbulent or non-uni-directional air flow
Ref. PICS GMP 2006 WHO TRS 902
Jumlah maksimum partikel /m³ yang diperbolehkan
KeteranganKelas At Rest Operasional
0,5µm 5µm 0,5µm 5µm
Eruang proses
3.500.000
20.000
Tidak di- tetapkan
Tidak di- tetapkan
Jumlah mikroba ditetapkan oleh masing-masing industri farmasi, misal: ruang pengolahan dan pengemasan primer.
Fruang penge-masan sekunder
Tidak di- tetapkan
Tidak di- tetapkan
Tidak di- tetapkan
Tidak di- tetapkan
Ruang pengemasan sekunder tidak berhubungan langsung dengan area luar; untuk memasuki ruang ini disarankan melewati suatu ruang penyangga udara (airlock) atau ruang antara (ante- room).
Ggudang, tehnik, lab, kantin
Tidak di- tetapkan
Tidak di- tetapkan
Tidak di- tetapkan
Tidak di-tetapkan Ruang penyimpanan (gudang).
Rekomendasi Jumlah Partikel di Lingkungan Produksi Nonsteril.
Differential Pressure / perbedaan tekanan Ruang produksi non-betalaktam
Tekanan udara dalam ruang pengolahan liquid > tekanan udara di koridor
Tekanan udara dalam ruang pengolahan solida < tekanan udara di koridor ( ∆ P = 10-15 Psi)
Tekanan udara dalam ruang produksi > tekanan udara di koridor ( ∆ P = 10-15 Psi)
Ruang produksi betalaktam (dry sirup, kapsul, tablet)
Tekanan udara dalam ruang pengolahan < tekanan udara di koridor ( ∆ P = 10-15 Psi)
Tekanan udara dalam ruang produksi < tekanan udara luar ( ∆ P = 10-15 Psi)
Diferensial Pressure / perbedaan Tekanan (∆P)Bertujuan untuk meniadakan kemungkinan terjadi Cross Contamination/kontaminasi silang antara ruangan pengolahan, koridor & udara luar.
“One way air lock” =
Ruang antara yang pintunya hanya bisa dibuka salah satu saja
1. Tekanan ruang pengolahan sediaan solid < tek. di ruang koridor (bertujuan agar debu yang dihasilkan di ruang pengolahan solid tidak menyebar ke ruang lain via koridor)
2. Tekanan ruang pengolahan sediaan Liquid > tek. di ruang koridor/solid (bertujuan agar debu yang berasal dari solid tidak pindah ke ruang pengolahan liquid yang relatif tidak berdebu)
3. Tekanan diruang produksi non-betalaktam > tekanan udara luar (bertujuan agar debu yang berasal luar gedung tidak dapat masuk ke dalam gedung melalui aliran udara luar)
Kesimpulan :
P. ruang liquid > P. ruang koridor > P. ruang solid > P. ruang luar
Alur Pengolahan Sediaan Liquida - Semisolida
Dispensing
Pengolahan
Liquida - Semisolida
Pencampuran
Akhir
Pengisian
Pengemasan Primer
Pengemasan Sekunder/Tersi
er
Produk Jadi
Release
Gudang
IPCIPC
InspeksiAkhir (QA)
Bahan Awal Produk AntaraProduk Ruah
Produk JadiMonitoring
Alur Proses
Flow pattern on Mixing Liquid
Radial movement, acting in a direction vertical to the impeller shaft
Longitudinal / axial movement, acting parallel to the impeller shaft
Tangential movement, acting in direction that is a tangent to circle of rotation round the impeller shaft
PENGADUK
Jenis pengadukDiameter
daun pengaduk Jenis aliran
Putaran lambat
Pengaduk SangkarP. BingkaiP. PalletP. Impeller
Besar Tangensial
Putaran cepat
P. PropellerP. CakramP. Cakram+gigi Kecil Axial+Radial
Pengaruh pengaduk pada pola aliran
Jenis pengaduk ukuran putaran Pola aliran
P. jangkar Øblade = 95% x Øbejana
lambat tangensial
P. Gate paddle Øblade = 2/3 x Øbejana
lambat tangensial
P. leaf+pallet Øblade = ½ x Øbejana
lambat tangensial
P. 3leaf bended impeller
Øblade = ½ - 2/3 x Øbejana
100-200 rpm Axial – RadialHigh shear stress
2-3 leaf propeller Øblade = 1/3 -1/10 x Øbejana
cepat Axial - Medium shear stress
turbin Øblade kecil cepat Axial - Radial
Cakram + gigi Øblade = 1/6-1/2 x Øbejana
cepat Axial - Radial
Rotor + stator Øblade = 1/6 – ½ x Øbejana
cepat Radial
Jenis pengaduk Aplikasi
3leaf impeller Melarutkan solute dlm solvent, membuat suspensi/ emulsa
propeller Dgunakan dlm proses fluidisasi, cocok utk cairan bviskositas rendah,mmiliki efek kavitasi shg efektif utk proses aerasi
Cakram+gigi Rotor+stator
Sgt cocok utk suspensi/emulsa yang viskos, dpt dgunakan sbg disolver/disperser, karena shear stress tinggi mnimbulkan efek pengecilan ukuran partikel
Pencampur getar digunakan pada suspensi/emulsa bviskosita rendah, guna memperhalus ukuran partikel. kerja alat menimbulkan turbulensi tinggi akibat getaran vertikal yang kuat, sehingga bahan dipaksa mlewati lubang2 krucut. Utk mhindari aerasi, gunakan vakum tinggi, efek samping mnimbulkan bising+klelahan pd alat.
In-line mixer Digunakan dalam proses homogenisasi kontinu thd produk bkuantitas besar dalam waktu relatif singkat. Alat mencampur produk dalam pipa dengan sdikit resirkulasi dan dalam ruangan dmana hambatan+ resirkulasi terjadi, adanya fluktuasi mnimbulkan turbulensi+resirkulasi
COLLOID MILL
The colloid mill is a fluid ultramicro smashing machinery. It performs the functions of smashing, emulsification, dispersing, homogen, milling and so on.
Chemical industry: grease, paint, emulsified bitumen, detergent, leather dyestuff
Medicine industry: Biological products, vaccine, medicinal ointment, each kind of oral liquid
Daily expenses industry: washing floods, toothpaste, shoe polish, jacket oil, cosmetics
Liquid – Semisolid Filling
The Choice of Filling Machine Depends on: The range of viscosity of the liquid Temperature Chemical compatibility Particulate size Foam characteristics and Hazardous environment considerations.
Commonly Used Filling Machines Overflow liquid filling machines: These are
commonly used in small bottle filling operations and the machine is also able to handle liquids with medium viscosity.
Servo pump liquid filling machines: These machines are very versatile liquid filling machine capable of filling nearly any type of product that can be pumped.
Peristaltic filling machines: This specially designed filler machine is used to fill liquids of high value and small volume of liquids fills with high accuracy.
Liquid - Semisolid Filling
Commonly Used Filling Machines The gravity liquid filling machines: This
is the most economical type of liquid filling machine for a limited range of applications.
Piston liquid filling machines: These machines are one of the oldest and most reliable types that are used in the packaging industry.
Net weight liquid filling machines: This type of filler is best suited for liquids that are required to fill in bulk quantities.
Liquid – Semisolid Filling (cont’d)
Overflow liquid filling machinesFor liquids with low to medium viscosity. liquids with solid particulates not exceeding 1/16" can also be filled. Note that overflow fillers are the machine of choice in handling very foamy products at higher speeds. Examples:Sauces, syrups, light gels and shampoos, foamy cleansers and chemicals, water and other non carbonated aqueous beverages.
Adv. : High performance, easy to clean, easy to operate, expandable at low cost. Offers greatest flexibility at lowest cost
Overflow liquid filling machines
The supply side (dark blue) of a two part nozzzle is used to pump product into the container. When the container fills up to the target fill height, the excess product and foam is forced out of the container (red arrows) via the return side to the original product source tank.
Both thin and thick products, and also very large particulates can all be filled on this machine. Cosmetic creams as well as thick, chunky sauces at pasteurized temperatures can all be filled.
Adv. : Fill size changeovers are practically infinite and are instantaneous by computer control. Operator setup is greatly simplified. The design also lends itself very well to sanitary applications due to the ease of automatic cleaning.
Servo pump liquid filling machines
Servo pump liquid filling machines
The filler's master computer independently tracks the rotation of each pump head so that it knows precisely how much product has been delivered. When the target fill volume is reached, each pump and nozzle is instantly shut off, resulting in high accuracy fills of your valuable products. The computer stores all fill parameters in memory for fast changeovers.
Peristaltic filling machines
Specifically designed for high value, small volume fills at very high accuracy. Suitable for aqueous and other light viscosity products.
Examples:Pharmaceutical preparations, fragrances, essential oils, reagents, inks, dyes, and specialty chemicals.
Adv. : Fluid path is disposable; easy cleanup and elimination of cross contamination problems. Accuracies of 0.5% are achievable for fill volumes less than 1 ml.
Peristaltic filling machines
The peristaltic pump makes intermittent contact on only the outside of the surgical (product) tubing so that the product only touches the inside of the tubing. The filler's master computer independently tracks the # of rotations of the peristaltic pump head so that it knows precisely how much product has been delivered. When the target fill volume is reached, the pump stops and the remaining product fluid does not drip out due to pipette action. The computer stores all fill parameters in memory for fast changeovers.
Gravity Liquid Filling
For liquids with very thin viscosities that do not change with ambient temperature or with batch variation. This machine is also suited for applications where recirculation of the liquid in the fluid path is not desireable. Although this type of filler is used predominantly on products that do not foam, foam may be limited and controlled by subsurface/bottom-up-fill capability.
Examples:Water, solvents, alcohol, specialty chemicals, paint, inks, corrosive chemicals i.e. acids and bleach.
Advantages:This is the most economical type of filling machine for a limited range of applications. It is especially well suited for corrosive chemicals.
Gravity Liquid Filling
The product bulk supply is pumped into a holding tank above a set of pneumatically operated valves. Each valve is independently timed by the filler's master computer so that precise amounts of liquid will flow by gravity into the container. Gravity fillers built with bottom up fill capability can handle a wide range of flowable liquids including foamy products.
Piston liquid filling machines
This type of piston filler is best suited for viscous products that are paste, semi paste, or chunky with large particlates.
Examples: Heavy sauces, salsas, salad dressings, cosmetic creams, heavy shampoo, gels, and conditioners, paste cleaners and waxes, adhesives, heavy oils and lubricants.
Adv. : This lower cost conventional technology is easy to understand for most users. Fast fill rates are achievable with fairly thick products. Warning: this technology is nearly obsolete with the advent of servo positive displacement fillers.
Piston liquid filling machines
The piston is drawn back in its cylinder so that the product is sucked into the cylinder. A rotary valve then changes position so that the product is then pushed out of the nozzle instead of back into the hopper.
Net weight liquid filling machines
For liquids filled in bulk quantities e.g. 5 gallon pails, etc. or products that have a very high manufactured value.
The product bulk supply is pumped into a holding tank above a set of pneumatically operated valves. Each valve is independently timed by the filler's master computer so that precise amounts of liquid will flow by gravity into the container. Gravity fillers built with bottom up fill capability can handle a wide range of flowable liquids including foamy products.
Volumetric Filling
Volumetric Fillers are ideal for filling liquids with low to medium viscosity. There are tube filling machines used for filling viscous and semi viscous products.
Types of Volumetric Filling Machines Pnematic Volumetric Filling Machines: These machines
are operated using volumetric displacement pump based filling system.
Manual Volumetric Filling Machines: As the name suggests, they are operated manually.
Kemasan Sediaan Liquid & Semisolid
Presentation Identification Protection Convenience Containment during storage
Primary Package Secondary Package Tertiary Package
Primary Packaging
Liquid Generally glass has been the
material of choice for the packaging of liquid
Variety plastics used they have little or no permeability to the liquid
Semisolid flexible tubes made from aluminium or plastic
such as PE
STORAGE product must be stored under proper
conditions - to ensure the stability of a
pharmaceutical prepn for the period of its intended shelf life
Labeling of each product - includes the desired conditions of
storage
Terms employed for the desired conditions as defined by the USP:
Cold - any temp not exceeding 8oC
(46oF) - a refrigerator is a cold place
where the temp. is maintained bet. 2o and 8oC (36o and 46oF)
Cool - any temp bet. 8o and 15oC (46o
and 59oF)
Room Temp. - temp prevailing in a working area - 20o to 25oC (68oF to 77oF) but also allows for
temp variations bet 15o and 30oC (59o and 86oF) experienced in pharmacies, hospitals, and drug warehouses
Warm - any temp bet 30o and 40oC (86o and 104oF)
Excessive Heat - any temp above 40oC (104oF)
Terms employed for the desired conditions as defined by the USP:
Signs of degradation of the specific dosage forms must be observed and reported
Oral Solutions and Suspensions: Appearance, precipitation, pH, color, odor, dispersibility (suspension) and clarity (solutions)
Topical creams: ointments, lotions, solutions, and gels. Appearance, color, homogeneity, odor, pH, resuspendability (lotions), consistency, particle size, distribution strength, weight loss.
Opthalmic and Nasal and Oral inhalation preparations: Appearance, color consistency, pH, clarity (solutions), particle size, and resuspendability (suspensions, ointments), strength and sterility.
Suppositories: Softening range; appearance and melting.
Emulsions: Appearance (such as phase separation) color, odor, pH, and viscosity.
Signs of degradation of the specific dosage forms must be observed and reported