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for the twelfth graders

compiled by: Dra. Wulandari

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Standar Kompetensi: Menulis :

Mengungkapkan makna dalam teks tulis fungsional pendek dan esei sederhana dalam

konteks kehidupan sehari-hari.

Kompetensi Dasar:

Mengungkapkan makna dan langkah retorika dalam esei dengan menggunakan ragam

bahasa tulis secara akurat, lancar dan berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari

dalam berbagai bentuk teks.

Tujuan Pembelajaran:

Setelah melaksanakan pembelajaran dengan tidak mudah menyerah dan bertanggung

jawab, siswa dapat:

Menghasilkan teks tulis untuk menyampaikan pendapat dan pikiran (essay) dengan

menggunakan bahasa yang baik dan benar

Conceptual Map

HOW TO WRITE A GOOD ESSAY

Decode the topic

Develop supporting ideas

Write the introductory paragraph

Wirte unified supporting paragraphs

Write the concluding paragraph

Connect the supporting paragraph

Edit sentence structure

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DECODE THE TOPIC

The first and most important step when writing an essay is to decode the topic to determine what the intended outline is. Writing topics generally give very clear clues about how your answer should be constructed. It is important to follow the clear clues that are given in the topic when you are planning your answer. You probably will not be given much credit for a response that does not cover the topic in the way that is intended. Study the following essay topic: As you read the topic, you should think about the organization of the intended response that will be expected by the test graders. Your essay should start with an introduction, and that introduction should mention large weddings, small weddings, and their advantages. In the final paragraph, you should discuss whether you prefer large weddings or small weddings and why. This final paragraph serves as your conclusion because it brings together the ideas in the previous paragraphs about large and small weddings. The following is an appropriate outline for an essay on the topic above:

Essay Topic Some people prefer large weddings with lots of people, while others prefer small weddings with only very close friends and family. Discuss the advantages of each type of wedding. Then indicate which you prefer and why.

Paragraph 1: Introductory paragraph (mentioning the advantages of large and small weddings)

Paragraph 2: First supporting paragraph (listing and discussing the advantages of large weddings)

Paragraph 3: Second supporting paragraph (listing and discussing the advantages of small weddings)

Paragraph 4: Concluding paragraph (whether you prefer large or small weddings and why)

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THE WRITING TOPIC

Each writing topic shows you exactly what you should discuss and how you should organize your response. You must decode the topic carefully to determine the intended way of organizing your response.

Exercise:

For each of the following writing topics, indicate the type of information that you will

include in each paragraph of your response.

1. Some students prefer to study alone, while other students prefer to study with

others. Discuss the advantages of each type of studying. Then indicate which you

prefer and why.

2. What type of novel do you enjoy reading most? Use reasons and examples to

support your answer.

3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Patience is the most important characteristic in a teacher.

Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.

4. Some people live to eat, while other eat to live. Which type of person are you and

why? Use reasons and examples to support your response.

DEVELOP SUPPORTING IDEAS

After you have decoded a writing topic to determine the overall organization of your response, you need to plan how to develop your ideas. You need to: provide as much support as possible for the ideas in your essay, using reasons and examples and making your answer as personal as possible. To have an effective essay, you need strong support.

Essay topic Why is it important to you to learn English?

Support your response with reasons and examples.

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As you read this topic, you should quickly determine that the overall organization of your response should be an introduction, supporting paragraphs about your reasons for learning English, and a conclusion. You should take a few minutes before you begin to develop your ideas.

SUPPORTING IDEAS

Support your essay with reasons and examples, and personalize your essay as much as possible. The more support you have, the stronger your essay will be.

Introduction my reasons for learning English

Supporting Paragraph 1 for educational purposes

(examples) - going to university abroad, going to graduate

school abroad

(reason) - necessary to learn English in order to study abroad

(personal story) - the opportunity that I have to get a graduate degree abroad

with a scholarship from my company

Supporting Paragraph 2 for professional opportunities

(examples) - getting an entry-level job in a multinational company,

advancing to a higher position in the company

(reason) - necessary to learn English in order to succeed in a

multinational company

(personal story) - the low, entry-level job in a multinational company after I was

interviewed in English

Conclusion the educational and professional opportunities that result from

learning English

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Exercise: For each of the following topics, develop ideas to support it, using reasons, examples, and personal information. 1. What advice would you give to someone who is just beginning to study English

language? Give reasons and examples to support your response. 2. Some people like to visit new and different places, while others prefer to remain in

places they know. Which type of person are you? Support your response with reasons and examples.

WRITE THE INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH

The purpose of the introduction is first to interest the reader in your topic and then to explain clearly to the reader what you are going to discuss, When finished with your introduction, the reader should be eager to continue on with your essay, and the reader should have an exact idea of your topic and how you are going to organize the discussion of your topic. You do not need to give the outcome of your discussion in the introduction, you can save that for the conclusion.

The following paragraph shows on possible introduction to an essay on this topic in which the author agrees with the statement.

Essay topic Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

To succeed, you should focus more on cooperation than on competition

Support your response with specific examples.

Introduction 1

In my work in a marketing company, it is very clear that employees in the company

compete with each other in order to be selected to work on the best projects and in

order to advance in the company. However, in spite of this intense competition among

employees, the most important key to the success of the company, and therefore to the

success of the employees working within the company, is for employees to cooperate in

order to produce the most effective marketing campaign. Two examples in which I have

taken part, a marketing campaign for an office supply company and a marketing campaign

for a dance theatre, demonstrate the value of cooperation among employees.

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The first part of this introduction gives background information about the writer to interest the reader in the essay. The first two sentences tell the reader that the writer works in a marketing company and recognizes that, while both competition and cooperation exist among employees of the marketing company, cooperation is the most important. From the last sentence of the introduction, it can be determined that the writer will discuss two examples from the marketing company that demonstrate the value of cooperation. The next paragraph shows another way that the essay on the above topic could be introduced. In this essay, the author disagrees with the statement.

The first part of this introduction informs the reader that the writer is a university student who regularly competes for the top grades; it also shows that the writer believes that competition is more important than cooperation. From the last sentence of the introduction, it can be determined that the writer will continue the essay by discussing two situations from the university that demonstrate the importance of competition.

THE INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH

Begin the introduction with background information about how the topic relates to you in order to get the reader interested in your essay.

End the introduction with statements that show the reader how the rest of the essay will be organized.

Introduction 2

As a student in the university, I find that, while on many occasions it is

beneficial to cooperate with other students, it is most important for me always to

compete with other students for the top grades in the courses I take. The following two

situations from my university studies indicate the importance of competition to a

student in my position.

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Exercise: Write introductory paragraph for essays on the following topics. Circle the background information that shows how the topic relates to you and underline the information that shows how the rest of the essay will be organized. 1. What course that you have taken have you enjoyed most, and why? Use reasons

and examples to support your response. 2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Parents always know what

is the best for their children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.

3. Some people are very casual about handling their money, while other people budget their money carefully. Which type of person are you? Support your response with reasons and examples.

WRITE UNIFIED SUPPORTING PARAGRAPHS

A good way to write a clear and effective supporting paragraph is to begin with a sentence to introduce the main idea of the passage, support the main idea with strong details, and connect the ideas together in a unified paragraph. The following outline shows a paragraph topic ad its supporting ideas.

to be a good employee, have a good understanding of your job

understand your responsibilities

understand the rules you must follow

understand the decision you can make

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Various methods can be used to connect ideas together in a unified paragraph: repeating a key word, rephrasing the key word, referring to the key word with a pronoun or possessive, and adding transition expression or sentences. The paragraph based on the outline above contains examples of each of these method of unifying the ideas in a paragraph.

UNIFIED SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH

Introduce each supporting paragraph with a topic sentence and support that paragraph with lots of details. Make sure that the ideas in the paragraph are unifies by using a mixture of the following methods: - Repeating a key word - Rephrasing a key word - Replacing a key word with a pronoun or possessive - Adding transition words, phrases, or sentences

If you want to be a good employee, one characteristic that you must have is a clear

understanding of the job you have. First of all, you must know what your responsibilities job transition expression

are in the position you hold. For example, you must know exactly what tasks you must do

in rephrasing of a job transition expression tasks

your job. You must also know exactly how these tasks should be done and when they

should job tasks pronoun for tasks

be done. After this, you must understand the organizational rules that you must follow in transition expression rules

your position. Every organization has rules to follow, such as when to take breaks and

what rephrasing for job rules transition expression

to do when you are sick, and it is important for you to understand these early. In addition pronoun for rules

to understanding your duties and the rules you must observe in your job, you must also

have

a clear understanding of which decisions you can and cannot make. Some types of

decisions transition expression

may be yours to make, while other kinds of decisions may be up to your supervisor. In

summary, for you to be a good employee, it is important for you to understand all

these transition expression

aspects of your job. job

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Exercise: Write a paragraph beginning with The recent news event that has affected me most ….. Then follow these directions: 1. Circle each key word the first time that it appears in the paragraph. Draw a lone

from the key word to any repetitions, rephrases, or pronoun references to that jey wor.

2. Underline any transition phrases once. 3. Underline any transition sentences twice. WRITE THE CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH

The purpose of the conclusion is to close your essay by summarizing the main points of your discussion. When finished your conclusion, the reader should clearly understand your exact ideas on the topic and the reasons you feel the way that you should do about the topic. The ideas in your conclusion should be closely related to the ideas that you began in the introduction. While in the introduction you should indicate what you intend to discuss in the essay, in the conclusion you should indicate the outcome or results of the discussion.

The following paragraphs are the conclusions to the essay that began with Introductions above.

Essay topic Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

To succeed, you should focus more on cooperation than on competition

Support your response with specific examples.

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In this conclusion, the writer clearly indicates the belief that cooperation is more

important than competition. The writer also refers to the two examples from the essay

that support this position.

In this conclusion, the writer clearly indicates the strong belief that competition is

very important. The writer also summarizes the two examples from the essay that

support his position.

THE CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH

Summarize the key points in your discussion. Be sure that your overall idea and the reasons for the idea are

very clear.

Exercise:

Write concluding paragraphs for the essays that you introduced in the exercises above.

In each concluding paragraph, circle your overall idea. Underline the key points of your

discussion.

Conclusion 1

Even though there is intense competition among employees to advance in the

company, the key ingredient for the success of the company is cooperation among

employees to complete the company’s various projects. The truth of this statement

should be clear from the examples of the marketing campaigns for the office supply

company and the dance theatre, where strong teamwork caused one campaign to succeed

and lack of teamwork caused the other campaign to be less successful.

Conclusion 2

If I had not competed so strongly in these two situations, my life would be very

different from what it is today. I would never have been admitted to the top university

in my country, and I would certainly never have earned a scholarship for my studies

there. It is because I believe so strongly in competition that I was able to succeed that

way.

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CONNECT THE SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH IN THE ESSAY

To make your essay as clear as possible, you should show as clearly as you can how

the ideas in the supporting paragraphs in your essay are related. This can be

accomplished with:

1. Transition expressions, such as the first, the most important, or a final way

2. Transition sentences that include the idea of the previous paragraph and the idea of

the current paragraph

It is better to use the combination of these two types of transitions. The following

example shows how transitions can be used to show the relationships among the

supporting paragraphs in the essay.

WELL-CONNECTED SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH

The supporting paragraphs of an essay can be connected with transition expressions or with transition sentences.

It is best to use a combination of these two types of transitions.

Exercise:

For each outline of an essay, write sentences to introduce each of the supporting

paragraphs. You should use a combination of transitions expressions and transition

sentences.

ESSAY OUTLINE

(introduction) characteristic of a good class

(supporting paragraph 1) an organized teacher

(supporting paragraph 2) interesting lectures

(supporting paragraph 3)` clear and reasonable assignments

TRANSITIONS

(to introduce SP1) One important characteristic pf a good class is an organized

teacher.

(to introduce SP2) In addition to having a teacher who is organized, a good class

must also have a teacher who gives interesting lectures.

(to introduce SP3) A final characteristic of a good class is that the assignments

are clear and reasonable.

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1. Intro : courses I’ve enjoyed the most

SP1 : mathematics

SP2 : physics

SP3 : chemistry

SP3 : biology

2. Intro : places in the world that I would like to see

SP1 : Great Wall in China

SP2 : Eiffel Tower in Paris

SP3 : Pyramids in Egypt

3. Intro : assignments I most dislike

SP1 : writing long research paper

SP2 : working on group assignments

SP3 : giving speeches

EDIT SENTENCE STRUCTURE

1. Simple Sentence Structure

A simple sentence is a sentence with one clause.

A simple sentence must have both a subject and a verb.

A simple sentence may not be introduced by a subordinate clause connector.

Examples of Simple Sentence Structure mistakes:

- Every day is necessary to sign in and sign out.* (missing a subject)

- His recommendation about the project.* (missing a verb)

- How the driver of the car managed to avoid the accident.* (introduced by a

subordinate connector)

2. Compound Sentence Structure

A compound sentence is a sentence that has more than one clause.

The main clauses are connected with either a coordinate conjunction (and, but,

so, or, yet) or with a comma or with a semi-colon.

The main clauses can also be connected with adverb transitions plus a semi-

colon or a comma.

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Examples of Compound Sentence Structure mistakes:

- The light bulb in the lamp has burned out I need to replace the bulb.*

- Our flight is scheduled to board soon, we must head to the gate now.*

- It has been raining steadily for days, consequently, the streets are flooded.*

3. Complex Sentence Structure

- A complex sentence is a sentence that has at least one main clause and one

subordinate clause.

- When a subject comes before an adjective clause, do not add an extra subject

after the adjective clause.

- When a noun clause is used as a subject, do not add an extra subject after the

noun clause.

Examples of Compound Sentence Structure mistakes:

- What will happen to her it is what concerns me most.*

- The classmate who presented the report he did a great job.*

- Who is responsible for the accident it is unknown.

- The tickets they will be delivered tomorrow.

EDIT WRITTEN EXPRESSION

There are several main points that should be checked when doing the editing:

Inversions and Agreement

Parallel, Comparative, and Superlative Structures

Verbs

Nouns and Pronouns

Adjectives and Adverbs

Prepositions and Usage

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Bibliography

Lougheed, Lin. Barron’s How to Prepare for the TOEFL Essay. 2004. New

York: Barron’s Educational Series.

Philips, Deborah. 2003. Longman Preparation for the TOEFL Test. New York:

Pearson Education Ltd.

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