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It has been shown that galanin inhibitednoradrenergic LC neurons,54

serotonergicmidbrain raphe neurons55

and histaminergic TMN neurons.

A required feature to ensure that both typesare PSP neurons was to determinetheir respective neurochemical nature, byevaluating first the well-known cellularmarkers of neurons that are sleep-active,namely galanin and GABA

5-HT, released during waking in the VLPO,mayparticipate concomitantly to seeminglyopposite mechanisms, by strengtheningarousal through the inhibition of Type-1neurons and preparing sleep via thesubthreshold

excitation of Type-2 neurons.

5-HT, yang dirilis saat bangun tidur di VLPO,

mungkin

berpartisipasi bersamaan dengan mekanismeyang tampaknya berlawanan, dengan

memperkuat

gairah melalui penghambatan Tipe-1 neuron

dan tidur mempersiapkan melalui subthresholdyang

eksitasi tipe-2 neuron.

Neurologic pathways of sleep-wakesystemIdentification of the neurologic pathwaysinvolved in thesleep-wake cycle has advanced in the lastdecade. At present,it is hypothesized that sleep involves theinteractions ofmutually inhibiting sleep and arousal centersin the brain.1-3Wakefulness is promoted by an ascendingarousal pathwaythat begins in the rostral pons and runsthrough the midbrainreticular formation.1 Brainstem andhypothalamic neuronsthat produce acetylcholine, norepinephrine,dopamine, serotonin,histamine, and orexin/hypocretin may beinvolved.3Each of these arousal networks can increasewakefulness,but coordinated activity is required for

complete alertnessand cortical activation.2,3 A switch in thehypothalamus shutsoff this arousal system during sleep.1Many of the neurons that help produce sleepand shut offthe arousal system are located within asmall cluster known asthe ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO), butother sleep-activecells also reside within adjacent regions of

Neurologis jalur dari tidur-bangun sistemIdentifikasi jalur neurologis yangterlibat dalamtidur-bangun siklus telah majudalam dekade terakhir. Saat ini,

itu dihipotesiskan bahwa tidurmelibatkan interaksisaling menghambat tidur danpusat gairah di brain.1-3

Terjaga dipromosikan oleh jalurgairah menaikyang dimulai di pons rostral danberjalan melalui otak tengahretikuler formation.1 batang otakdan neuron hipotalamusyang memproduksi asetilkolin,norepinefrin, dopamin, serotonin,histamin, dan orexin / hypocretinmungkin involved.3Masing-masing jaringan dapatmeningkatkan gairah terjaga,tetapi aktivitas yang terkoordinasidiperlukan untuk kewaspadaanlengkapdan activation.2 kortikal, 3 Sebuah

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the preoptic areaand the basal forebrain.1,3 Cell-specificlesions in this regionreduced both NREM and REM sleep, causinginsomnia.6,7

switch di hipotalamus menutupdari sistem ini gairah selamasleep.1Banyak dari neuron yangmembantu menghasilkan tidurdan mematikan

sistem gairah terletak dalamsebuah cluster kecil yang dikenalsebagaidaerah preoptik ventrolateral(VLPO), tetapi lainnya tidur-aktifsel juga berada dalam daerahyang berdekatan dari daerahpreoptikdan forebrain.1 basal, 3 yourspesifik lesi di daerah iniberkurang baik NREM dan tidurREM, menyebabkan insomnia