ANTROPOLOGI KESEHATAN

Prof. (Em) Dr.dr.

H. Muhammad Rusli Ngatimin, MPH.

Kuliah ke-1

THE FIELD OF MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

08.00 – 08.50 PENGANTAR;08.55 – 09.45 DETERMINAN KESEHATAN DAN PENYAKIT;09.50 – 10.49 BUDAYA, KESEHATAN DAN PENYAKIT;10.45 – 11.35 HIDUP SEHAT: PREVENTIF DAN KURATIF

DOKTER“merasa sok pintar”

Blaming

The

Victim

PENGANTAR

KOENTJARANINGRAT:

ANTROPOLOGI KESEHATAN

Membicarakan masalah konsep sakit, sehat,

pengobatan tradisional serta kebiasaan atau

perilaku dan pantangan - pantangan suatu

kelompok masyarakat terhadap makanan

tertentu.

PENGANTAR

ANTROPOLOGI KESEHATAN:

1. Helman:

Medical anthropology is about how people in different cultures and social group explain the causes of ill health, the types treatment they believe in, and to whom they turn if they gel ill;

PENGANTAR

ANTROPOLOGI KESEHATAN (lanjt).

SUKKINK:

1. Prehistoric studies of diet and disease;

2. Some anthropologist have degrees in anthropology and medicine;

3. Others have double degreed in anthropology and public health;

SUKKINK(lanjt)

Medical anthropology

has important links to both medicine,

social science and the natural science

because in looking at health disease.

ANTROPOLOGI

Mair, 1970“talking about man”

mengungkap“all about man”

Beals and Hoijer: “the science of man”Taylor, Culture:

“knowledge, belief, art, moral, law, custom,habits,”

ACQUIRED BY MAN AS A MEMBER OF SOCIETY

ANTROPOLOGI

Hasan:Combines in one discipline

the approaches ofTHE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, THE SOCIAL SCIENCE, THE HUMANITIES.Biological and ecological approach:

ANTHROPOLOGY, MEDICINE, HEALTH

DETERMINAN KESEHATAN DAN PENYAKIT

SICK

“dia tidak sehat, sakit apa ya?”

ILLNESS

Sakit/penyakit, erat dengan sosial,perilaku

DISEASE

Sakit/penyakit, erat dengan tubuh dan

biologis.

DETERMINAN KESEHATANDAN PENYAKIT

DISEASE AND ILLNESS:

TURNOCK, 1997

bisa saja penderita “disease dan illness”

merasa sehat, setidaknya tidak merasakan adanya gangguan.

DETERMINAN KESEHATANDAN PENYAKIT

SLIKKERVEER(2001)DISEASEis described objective phenomenon characteristic by altered function of the body as biological organism;ILLNESS…. ..subjective phenomenon ----modify

their normal behavior.

DETERMINAN KESEHATANDAN PENYAKIT

MERUJUK:

“DOA,

Disability Oriented Approach”“sehat adalah bebas dari derita disability

dan jauh dari ancaman kematian”

(Ngatimin, “DOA”, 2003)

DETERMINAN KESEHATANDAN PENYAKIT

SICKsick roleILLNESSa sanction, a PUNISHMENT of wrong doing“deviance” deviated from social NORMSINDICATOR of a social system performanceDISEASE“dis-ease”

BUDAYA, KESEHATAN DAN PENYAKIT.

CULTURE:Groen et al,1962 – BEDOUIN WOMAN Negev Desert:1. Lack of sun exposed;2. Woman, most of the time indoors;3. Go out in a whole cover dark dress;4. Diet, poor vitamin A and D and Ca;5. Women in high risk of osteomalacia

PERILAKU DAN PENYAKIT

NGATIMIN, 1987

PENGAMALAN PERILAKU BUKAN

PENYEBAB PENYAKIT DAN PENYAKIT

YANG TERJADI KARENA GANGGUAN

KESEIMBANGAN

“agent, host and environment”

BUDAYA, KESEHATANDAN PENYAKIT

BELIEF:IKAN : Penyebab kecacingan UDANG: Mempersulit persalinanBUTA AYAM: Dikurung bersama ayam; Dewi MATA (India) vs. I ATI (Bugis)Kusta kutukan TuhanPelangi (Gerlach) – keguguran <- kandole?

EFEK SOSIALTERHADAP KESEHATAN

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

ketidak seimbangan antara

hasil penyuluhan

dan

perilaku berbasis kepercayaan

diperlukan perubahan perilaku melalui

ADOPTION PROCESS

ADOPTION PROCESSROGERS

1. AW areness;

2. IN terest

3. E valuation;

4. T rial’

5. A doption

HIDUP SEHATpreventif vs. kuratif

Hughes (1963)

In any society,

practices relevant to public health are generally neither wholly “megical”

nor wholly ”empirical” or “scientific”,

they are a mixture of both orientation and

often may simply be “habitual”

HIDUP SEHATpreventif vs kuratif

Paul (1955)If you wish to help a community improve its health,

YOU MUST LEARN TO THINK THE PEOPLE OF THE COMMUNITY

Ngatimin (1987)CARILAH PERSAMAAN, HINDARI

PERBEDAAN

change of the pattern of disease

THE FIVE LEVELS OF PREVENTION

o------------o------------o-----------o-----------oHEALTH SPECIFIC EARLY DIAGNOSIS DISABILITY REHABILITATION

PROMOTION PROTECTION AND PROMPT LIMITATION

TREATMENT

===1st ==== == 2nd == ======3rd ===== prevention prevention prevention

HIDUP SEHAT

TANPA OBAT (HISTO)