ANALISIS SISTEM PENGADAAN DAN PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU JAMU TRADISIONAL PADA PT X BOGOR

7/31/2019 ANALISIS SISTEM PENGADAAN DAN PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU JAMU TRADISIONAL PADA PT X BOGOR

1/112

HGHJNYNY YNYRMC TMGFHBHHG BHG TMGFMGBHJNHG

TM\YMBNHHG LH@HG LHK] OHC] R\HBNYNEGHJ THBHTR P LEFE\

Ejm` ?

@MJMGH

H46244829

T\EF\HC YR]BN CHGHOMCMG HF\NLNYGNY

AHK]JRHY TM\RHGNHG

NGYRNR]R TM\RHGNHG LEFE\


2/112

\NGFKHYHG

@MJMGH' Hghjnyny Ynyrmc Tmgfhbhhg bhg Tmgfmgbhjnhg Tm|ymbnhhg Lh`hg Lhk}

Ohc} R|hbnyneghj Thbh TR P Lefe|' Bn lhvh` lnclngfhg GMRRNRNGHT\NJJH'

Ngb}yr|n ohc} r|hbnyneghj ~hgf cmgfejh` rhghchg elhr ymlhfhn lh`hg

lhk}g~h yhgfhr rm|fhgr}gf thbh y}clm| bh~h hjhc bhjhc cmctm|ejm` rhghchg

elhr* ~hgf }c}cg~h lm|ynahr c}ynchg bh|n h|mhj t|eb}kyn ~hgf rm|ymlh|'

Tmgfhbhhg bhg tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} cmcmfhgf tm|hghg tmgrngf

bhjhc cmgmgr}khg mamkrnqnrhy bhg manynmgyn t|eymy t|eb}kyn' B}h kmgbhjh ~hgf

bn`hbhtn bhjhc tmgfhbhhg tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} hbhjh` tm|rhch* onkh tm|ymbnhhg

lh`hg lhk} ~hgf bnrmrhtkhg tm|}yh`hhg rm|jhj} lmyh| chkh tm|}yh`hhg hkhg

cmgf`hbhtn rngffng~h lnh~h tmg~ncthghg bhg |mynke km|}yhkhg lh`hg hknlhrrm|jhj} jhch bnyncthg' Kmb}h* onkh tm|ymbnhhg rm|jhj} kminj chkh hkhg

cmgf`hclhr kmjhgih|hg t|eymy t|eb}kyn bhg rngffng~h lnh~h tmcmyhghg hknlhr

tmcmyhghg ~hgf lm|}jhgf#}jhgf'

]gr}k bhthr cmgohfh kmjhgfy}gfhg t|eymy t|eb}kyn bhg manynmgyn lnh~h*

tm|}yh`hhg tm|j} cm|mgihghkhg bmgfhg rmthr y}hr} ynyrmc tmgfhbhhg bhg

tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk}g~h' Ejm` kh|mgh nr}* tmgmjnrnhg ngn bnjhk}khg

thbh tm|}yh`hhg ~hgf lm|fm|hk bhjhc ngb}yr|n ohc} r|hbnyneghj bmgfhg r}o}hg (8.

cmgfhghjnyny kmlnohkhg tmgfmgbhjnhg lh`hg lhk} ~hgf bnrm|htkhg tm|}yh`hhg bhg

(


3/112

Cmrebm ngn bnthkhn }gr}k cmgf`ngbh|n km|}yhkhg ynctjnynh hknlhr rm|jhj} jhch

bnyncthg bn f}bhgf'

Bhjhc kmlnohkhg tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg ynctjnynh TR P lmj}c

cmgm|htkhg cmrebm rm|rmgr}' Lm|bhyh|khg kmlnohkhg tm|}yh`hhg lnh~h tmcmyhghg

}gr}k ynctjnynh oh`m cm|h` ymjhch rh`}g ='621*2> ym`ngffh rerhj lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg ymjhch

ymrh`}g ymlmyh| \t 8'22='621*44' ]gr}k ynctjnynh hbhy yeh lnh~h tmcmyhghg ~hgf

bn`hynjkhg rmkgnk TTL ymlmyh| \t 96='444*44 bhg lnh~h tmg~ncthghg ymlmyh| \t

2*82'

Tmgf`mchrhg lnh~h tmcmyhghg ~hgf bn`hynjkhg rmkgnk TTL rm|`hbht

kmlnohkhg tm|}yh`hhg }gr}k ynctjnynh oh`m cm|h` ymlmyh| \t *90 hrh} ymlmyh| =2*>9 tm|ymg ymbhgfkhg }gr}k

ynctjnynh hbhy yeh ymlmyh| \t *90 hrh} ymlmyh| 10*80 tm|ymg bhg }gr}k ynctjnynh hbhy yeh hbhjh`

ymlmyh| \t 8'020'=19*82 hrh} ymlmyh| 1>*=1 tm|ymg'

Lm|bhyh|khg `hynj tmgmjnrnhg ~hgf bntm|ejm` chkh bnyh|hgkhg hfh| (8.

tm|}yh`hhg cmgff}ghkhg cmrebm C\T rmkgnk TTL kh|mgh cmclm|nkhg

tmgf`mchrhg lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg rm|lmyh|* (


4/112

HGHJNYNY YNYRMC TMGFHBHHG BHG TMGFMGBHJNHG

TM\YMBNHHG LH@HG LHK] OHC] R\HBNYNEGHJ THBHTR P LEFE\

Ejm` ?

@MJMGHH46244829

Yk|ntyn

Ymlhfhn Lhfnhg Tm|y~h|hrhg ]gr}k Cmctm|ejm` Fmjh|

Yh|ohgh Tm|rhgnhg

thbh

Ahk}jrhy Tm|rhgnhg* Ngyrnr}r Tm|rhgnhg Lefe|


AHK]JRHY TM\RHGNHG


Bmymclm|*


5/112


AHK]JRHY TM\RHGNHG


Bmgfhg ngn cmg~hrhkhg lh`vh Yk|ntyn ~hgf bny}y}g ejm` ?

Ghch ? @mjmgh

G\T ? H46244829

T|ef|hc Yr}bn ? Chghomcmg Hf|nlnygny

O}b}j Yk|ntyn ? Hghjnyny Ynyrmc Tmgfhbhhg bhg Tmgfmgbhjnhg Tm|ymbnhhg

Lh`hg Lhk} Ohc} R|hbnyneghj Thbh TR P Lefe|

bhthr bnrm|nch ymlhfhn lhfnhg tm|y~h|hrhg }gr}k cmctm|ejm` fmjh| Yh|ohgh

Tm|rhgnhg thbh Ahk}jrhy Tm|rhgnhg* Ngyrnr}r Tm|rhgnhg Lefe|'

Cmg~mr}o}n*

Beymg Tmclnclngf

N|' Gmrrn Rnght|njjh* CC

GNT' 89< 899 >1=

Cmgfmrh`}n*

Bmkhg Ahk}jrhy Tm|rhgnhg

T|ea' B|' N|' @' Y}tnhgbn Yhln`hc* C'Hf|

GNT' 894 20

Rhgffhj J}j}y ? 89 Bmymclm|


6/112

TM\G^HRHHG

BMGFHG NGN YH^H CMG^HRHKHG LH@VH YK\NTYN ^HGF LM\O]B]J

HGHJNYNY YNYRMC TMGFHBHHG BHG TMGFMGBHJNHG TM\YMBNHHG

LH@HG LHK] OHC] R\HBNYNEGHJ THBH TR P LEFE\ LMJ]C

TM\GH@ BNHO]KHG THBH TM\F]\]HG RNGFFN JHNG HRH]

JMCLHFH JHNG CHGHT]G ]GR]K R]O]HG CMCTM\EJM@ FMJH\

HKHBMCNK RM\RMGR]' YH^H O]FH CMG^HRHKHG LH@VH YK\NTYN

NGN LMGH\#LMGH\ @HYNJ KH\^H YH^H YMGBN\N BHG RNBHK

CMGFHGB]GF LH@HG#LH@HG ^HGF TM\GH@ BNR]JNY HRH]

BNRM\LNRKHG EJM@ TN@HK JHNG KMI]HJN YMLHFHN LH@HG

\]O]KHG ^HGF BNG^HRHKHG BHJHC GHYKH@'

Lefe|* 89

Bmymclm|


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\NVH^HR @NB]T

@mjmgh bnjh`n|khg bn Ohkh|rh thbh rhgffhj 8 Geqmclm| 8>08 bh|n h~h`

@mg|~ Hja|mb Oeymt` Chcmyh` bhg nl} G}|~hgn' Tmg}jny cm|}thkhg hghk kmrnfh

bh|n rnfh lm|yh}bh|h'

Rh`}g


8/112


9/112

]IHTHG RM\NCH KHYN@

Bhjhc kmymcthrhg ngn tmg}jny ngfng cmgf}ihtkhg rm|nch khyn` bhg

tmgf`h|fhhg kmthbh ?

8' N|' Gmrrn Rnght|njjh* CC ymjhk} beymg tmclnclngf ~hgf bmgfhg kmyhlh|hgrmjh` cmclm|nkhg lnclngfhg* h|h`hg* k|nrnk bhg yh|hg bhjhc cmjhk}khg

tmgmjnrnhg bhg tmg~}y}ghg yk|ntyn ngn'


10/112


11/112

BHARH\ NYN

@hjhchg

BHARH\ NYN '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' qnnn

BHARH\ RHLMJ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' pn

BHARH\ FHCLH\ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' pnnn

BHARH\ JHCTN\HG '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' pnq

LHL N TMGBH@]J]HG '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 8

8'8Jhrh| Lmjhkhgf ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 88'

9'8'9 Omgny#Omgny Tm|ymbnhhg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''


12/112

LHL NQ CMREBM TMGMJNRNHG '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 96

2'8 Jekhyn Tmgmjnrnhg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 96

2'< Cmrebm Tmgf}ct}jhg Bhrh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 96

2'9 Cmrebm Tmgfejh`hg bhg Hghjnyny Bhrh'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 90

2'9'8 Nbmgrnankhyn Kegbnyn Tm|}yh`hhg Bhjhc ChghomcmgTmgfmgbhjnhg Tm|ymbnhhg Lh`hg Lhk} ''''''''''''''''''''''''' 90

2'9'< Tmgmgr}hg Lh`hg Lhk} Tekek Tm|}yh`hhg '''''''''''''''''' 90

2'9'9 Tmgb}fhhg bhg Tmgmgr}hg Lnh~h Tm|ymbnhhg ''''''''''''''' 9>

2'9'2 Tmgmgr}hg Qej}cm Tmchkhnhg Lh`hg Lhk} '''''''''''''''' 24

2'9'= Tmg~my}hnhg bhg Tmgmgr}hg Vhkr} R}gff} Lh`hg

Lhk} ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 28

2'9'1 Hghjnyny Cebmj Tmgfmgbhjnhg Tm|ymbnhhg Lh`hg

Lhk} ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 28

2'2 Tm|lhgbngfhg Hgrh| Lm|lhfhn Cebmj '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 29

2'2'8 C\T RmkgnkJer Ae| Jer(JAJ. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 29

2'2'< C\T RmkgnkMiegecni E|bm| X}hgrnr~ (MEX. '''''''''' 222'2'9 C\T RmkgnkTh|r Tm|neb Lhjhgingf (TTL. ''''''''''''''''' 2=

2'2'2 Kmlnohkhg Tm|}yh`hhg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 26

2'= Hghjnyny Tm|lhgbngfhg Lnh~h '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 26

2'1 Bmangnyn Etm|hyneghj'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 20

LHL Q FHCLH\HG ]C]C TM\]YH@HHG'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2>

='8 Ymoh|h` Lm|bn|ng~h Tm|}yh`hhg'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 2>

='< Yr|}kr}| E|fhgnyhyn Tm|}yh`hhg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =4

='9 T|eb}k bhg Yr|hrmfn Tmchyh|hg TR P ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =9

='9'8 T|eb}k '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =9

='9'< Yr|hrmfn Tmchyh|hg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =9='2 T|eymy T|eb}kyn Ohc} TR P '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =2

='2'8 T|eymy T|eb}kyn Ohc} Khty}j '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ==

='2'< T|eymy T|eb}kyn Rm` @m|lhj ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =1

LHL QN YNYRMC TM\YMBNHHG LH@HG LHK] '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =0

1'8 Omgny* Hyhj bhg K}hjnrhy Lh`hg Lhk} '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =0

1'< Tm|mgihghhg Tmgfhbhhg Lh`hg Lhk}'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =>

1'9 T|eymb}| Tmclmjnhg Lh`hg Lhk} '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' =>

1'2 Ynyrmc Tmgfhbhhg Lh`hg Lhk} ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 14

LHL QNN HGHJNYNY TMGFMGBHJNHG TM\YMBNHHG YNCTJNYNH

TR P '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 196'8 Kjhynankhyn Lh`hg Lhk} ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 19

6'< Lnh~h Tm|ymbnhhg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 12

6'9 Tmchkhnhg Lh`hg Lhk}''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 11

6'2 Vhkr} R}gff} Tmgfhbhhg Lh`hg Lhk} '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 16

6'= Ynyrmc Tmgfmgbhjnhg Tm|ymbnhhg Lh`hg Lhk} TR P ''''''''''''' 10

6'='8 Kmlnohkhg Tmgfmgbhjnhg Tm|ymbnhhg Lh`hg Lhk}

thbh TR P''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 10

6'='< Cmrebm C\T (Chrm|nhj \mx}n|mcmgr Tjhggngf. ''''''''' 68

6'='


13/112

6'='4

0'8 Kmynct}jhg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >4

0'< Yh|hg'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >8BHARH\ T]YRHKH '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >9

JHCTN\HG ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >=


14/112

BHARH\ RHLMJ

Gece| @hjhchg

Rmky

8 O}cjh` Ngb}yr|n Elhr R|hbnyneghj (NER. bhg

Ngb}yr|n Kminj Elhr R|hbnyneghj (NKER. bn Ngbegmynh

Rh`}g 8>>>#


15/112

8> Tm|lhgbngfhg A|mk}mgyn Tmcmyhghg bhg K}hgrnrhy Tmyhghg

Cmrebm C\T bmgfhg Kmlnohkhg Tm|}yh`hhg TR P*


16/112

BHARH\ FHCLH\

Gece| @hjhchg

Rmky

8 F|hank Cmrebm Hghjnyny HLI Rm|`hbht Lh`hg Lhk}'''''''''''''''''''''''


17/112

BHARH\ JHCTN\HG

Gece| @hjhchg

Rmky

8 Kjhynankhyn HLI Tm|ymbnhhg Ynctjnynh'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >=62 Tm|`nr}gfhg TTL Tm|ymbnhhg Ynctjnynh Oh`m Cm|h` bhg

Hbhy Yeh TR P 0

= Tm|`nr}gfhg Tm|ymbnhhg Ynctjnynh Oh`m Cm|h`Bmgfhg Cmrebm C\T Rmkgnk JAJ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' >>

1 Tm|`nr}gfhg Tm|ymbnhhg Ynctjnynh Oh`m Cm|h`Bmgfhg Cmrebm C\T Rmkgnk MEX ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 844

6 Tm|`nr}gfhg Tm|ymbnhhg Ynctjnynh Oh`m Cm|h`Bmgfhg Cmrebm C\T Rmkgnk TTL '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 848

0 Tm|`nr}gfhg Tm|ymbnhhg Ynctjnynh Hbhy YehBmgfhg Cmrebm C\T Rmkgnk JAJ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 84 Tm|`nr}gfhg Tm|ymbnhhg Ynctjnynh Hbhy YehBmgfhg Cmrebm C\T Rmkgnk MEX ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 849

84 Tm|`nr}gfhg Tm|ymbnhhg Ynctjnynh Hbhy YehBmgfhg Cmrebm C\T Rmkgnk TTL '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 842


18/112

LHL N

TMGBH@]J]HG

8'8Jhrh| LmjhkhgfNgbegmynh cm|}thkhg yhjh` yhr} gmfh|h bn b}gnh ~hgf kh~h hkhg

kmhgmkh|hfhchg `h~hrn' Bntm|kn|hkhg ymknrh| 94'444 ytmynmy r}cl}`hg ~hgf

r}cl}` bhjhc `}rhg `}ohg r|etnkh bn Ngbegmynh' Bh|n o}cjh` rm|yml}r rm|bhthr

ymknrh| 8'


19/112

bmgfhg `h|fh ~hgf yhgfhr rngffn' Kmghnkhg `h|fh elhr#elhrhg rm|yml}r cmgbe|egf

chy~h|hkhr }gr}k lm|hjn` km tmgfelhrhg r|hbnyneghj' Ymjhng nr} tm|hg tmcm|ngrh`

bhjhc tmgfmclhgfhg termgyn r}cl}`hg elhr bhg r|mgb lhik re ghr}|m bhjhc fh~h

`nb}t chy~h|hkhr o}fh cmgintrhkhg tmj}hgf lhfn tm|kmclhgfhg ngb}yr|n ohc}

r|hbnyneghj' Tm|}yh`hhg#tm|}yh`hhg ~hgf lm|fm|hk bhjhc ngb}yr|n ohc} r|hbnyneghj

lhnk bhjhc ykhjh lmyh| ~hgf bnkmjectekkhg bhjhc Ngb}yr|n Elhr R|hbnyneghj

(NER. hrh}t}g bhjhc ykhjh kminj bhg cmgmgfh` ~hgf bnkmjectekkhg bhjhc

Ngb}yr|n Kminj Elhr R|hbnyneghj (NKER. o}cjh`g~h ymjhj} cmgngfkhr ymrnht rh`}g'

Tmgngfkhrhg o}cjh` NER bhg NKER ymohk rh`}g 8>>> yhcthn >>#>> 66 ==>

140

>>#


20/112

Rhlmj '411


21/112

~hgf lm|}jhgf#}jhgf' Tm|mgihghhg ~hgf rnbhk rmthr hkhg cmgncl}jkhg ngmanynmgyn

lhnk bhjhc t|eymy t|eb}kyn hrh}t}g lnh~h t|eb}kyn ym`ngffh bhthr

cmgfhknlhrkhg km|}fnhg lhfn tm|}yh`hhg'

8'


22/112

TR P c}jhn cmgfmclhgfkhg }yh`h bmgfhg cmctm|j}hy bhm|h` tmchyh|hg km

Ohkh|rh* Jhct}gf bhg Lhjn'

Ynctjnynh ~hgf bnf}ghkhg TR P bhjhc t|eymy t|eb}kyn ymlhfnhg lmyh|

bntm|ejm` bh|n tmchyek ~hgf lm|hbh bn ^ef~hkh|rh' Oh}`g~h oh|hk bh|n tmchyek

bhg ynahr ynctjnynh ~hgf rm|fhgr}gf thbh hjhc cmcl}hr tn`hk tm|}yh`hhg tm|j}

cm|mgihghkhg y}hr} ynyrmc tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} ymih|h mamkrna

bhg manynmg' Thbh l}jhg Ohg}h|n rh`}g '440 lerej hrh} ymlmyh|

16*


23/112

ymlmyh| 89*0> tm|ymg bh|n rh`}g ymlmj}cg~h' @hj rm|yml}r cmg~mlhlkhg km|}fnhg

lmyh| lhfn tm|}yh`hhg'

Rhlmj 9' \mkhtnr}jhyn T|eb}kyn bhg Tmgo}hjhg T|eb}k Ohc} TR P Rh`}g


24/112

8'2Kmf}ghhg Tmgmjnrnhg@hynj bh|n tmgmjnrnhg ngn bn`h|htkhg bhthr ymlhfhn ?

8' Lh`hg tm|rnclhgfhg lhfn tm|}yh`hhg bhjhc cmgfhclnj kml}r}`hg rmgrhgfchghomcmg tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} ym`ngffh bntm|ejm` rngfkhr tm|ymbnhhg

lh`hg lhk} ~hgf etrnchj bmgfhg lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg cngnc}c'


25/112

LHL NN

RNGOH]HG T]YRHKH


26/112

^hnr} ynctjnynh lhnk ~hgf lm|}th ynctjnynh ghlhrn* `mvhgn hrh}t}g tmjnkhg

~hgf bnchy}kkhg km bhjhc vnjh~h` Ngbegmynh bmgfhg cmjhj}n ohjhg bh|hr* jh}r

hrh} }bh|h'

Ytmkr|}c tmgff}ghhg ynctjnynh bnlhfn cmgohbn b}h ~hnr} (Y}|~hbn*


27/112

Ynctjnynh tmjnkhg `h|}y lmlhy bh|n tmgfere|hg ejm` rhgh`* lhr}* `mvhg*a|hfcmg `mvhg bhg lh`hg hyngf jhngg~h'

66* 8>60* 8>04* 8>0>* 8>>=.

lh|} rm|ihrhr 824 ytmynmy rhghchg elhr ~hgf lm|hyhj bh|n `}rhg r|etnkh

Ngbegmynh'


28/112

Lmlm|hth rhghchg elhr cm|}thkhg `hynj tm|rhgnhg ~hgf i}k}t termgynhj

cmjhj}n tmgngfkhrhg ngrmgynankhyn jh`hg tm|rhgnhg' Bhjhc }th~h cmgngfkhrkhg

tmgbhthrhg tmrhgn ymkhjnf}y cmgngfkhrkhg t|eb}krnqnrhy jh`hg yhjh` yhr}g~h

hbhjh` bmgfhg cmgff}ghkhg rhghchg elhr ymlhfhn rhghchg ymjh hrh}

cmgm|htkhg tejh rhghc ihct}|hg'

2' Rhghchg Elhr Kmj}h|fh (REFH.Thbh rh`}g 8>04 Bnromg TEC rmjh` cmgf`nclh} chy~h|hkhr Ngbegmynh

}gr}k c}jhn cmghghc rhghchg elhr bn ymknrh| |}ch` lhnk bn hrhy rhgh`

jhgfy}gf hrh} bn bhjhc ter' Rhghchg elhr ~hgf bnrhghc lnhyhg~h cm|}thkhg

rhghchg ~hgf ymjhng bhthr bnchgahhrkhg ymlhfhn elhr o}fh bhthr bnf}ghkhg

ymlhfhn l}cl} chyhkhg* cnyhjg~h oh`m* k}g~nr* kmgi}| hrh} jmgfk}hy'

Cmg}|}r hyhjg~h rhghchg elhr bnkmjectekkhg cmgohbn mcthr kmjectek

~hnr} (_}`}b* 8>>2. ?

8' Rhghchg Elhr L}bnbh~hRhghchg elhr rmjh` bnl}bnbh~hkhg ejm` chy~h|hkhr lhnk tm|yme|hgfhg bn

kml}g* yhvh` hrh}t}g bn tm|kml}ghg bhjhc o}cjh` ~hgf lmyh|' Yhhr ngn rmjh`

lhg~hk ngb}yr|n elhr r|hbnyneghj ~hgf cmgohjng kmcnr|hhg bmgfhg tmrhgn#tmrhgn

f}gh cmgohfh kegrng}nrhy thyekhg bhg k}hjnrhy lh`hg lhk}'

>2. ymknrh| 62 tm|ymg lh`hg lhk} elhr r|hbnyneghj lm|hyhj bh|n `}rhg'

9' Rhghchg Elhr Jnh|


29/112

Rhghchg ~hgf bnchgahhrkhg ymlhfhn elhr* r}cl}` jnh| lh`khg rhgth hbh

~hgf ymgfhoh cmghghc bhthr `nb}t y}l}| lh`khg `nb}t bn hgrh|h rhghchg

tm|rhgnhg hrh}t}g tm|kml}ghg ymlhfhn f}jch hrh} bn jh`hg jhng bn j}h| `}rhg

hjhc'

2' Rhghchg Elhr Ncte|Lmlm|hth rhghchg elhr bnncte| bh|n j}h| gmfm|n ymtm|rn bh|n Ingh* Ngbnh

bhg N|hk'


30/112

Vegefn|n* Kjhrmg* bhg Le~ejhjn }gr}k rhghchg elhr ymtm|rn lhgfjm* kmgi}|*

jmct}~hgf bhg rmc}jhvhk'

Ymgr|h t|eb}kyn rhghchg elhr >4 - rm|bhthr bn T}jh} Ohvh k`}y}yg~h

Ohvh Rmgfh` (I`hgnyh`* 8>>1.' ]gr}k rhghchg elhr l}bnbh~h lm|hyhj bh|n bhm|h`

Kjhrmg* Le~ejhjn* Vegefn|n* Rhvhgfchgf}* T}|vebhbn* Bmchk* K}b}y* Omth|h*

Chfmjhgf bhg T}|vekm|re' Bn Ohvh Rnc}| rm|bhthr bn bhm|h` Lhg~}vhgfn*

Omclm|* Chjhgf bhg Thinrhg' ]gr}k Ohvh Lh|hr hbhjh` Fh|}r bhg Y}lhgf'

Lmlm|hth rhghchg elhr l}bnbh~h ~hgf lm|hyhj bh|n j}h| T}jh} Ohvh hbhjh`

jhbh `nrhc bh|n Jhct}gf* thjh bh|n Y}jhvmyn bhg N|nhg Oh~h* kh~} chgny bh|n

Khjnchgrhg* imgfkm` bh|n Khjnchgrhg bhg Y}jhvmyn' ]gr}k rhghchg elhr `}rhg

ymgr|h t|eb}kyng~h hbhjh` Ohvh* Khjnchgrhg* Chb}|h bhg N|nhg Oh~h' Tmgf}yh`hhg

rhghchg elhr }c}cg~h bnjhk}khg ejm` tmrhgn ymih|h yvhbh~h cmjhj}n tejh

rhghchg cegek}jr}| bhg r}cthgf yh|n bmgfhg rhghchg km|hy hrh}t}g rhghchg

ymc}ync thbh jh`hg kml}g bhg jh`hg tmkh|hgfhg' ]gr}k rhghchg elhr ncte|

lm|hyhj bh|n Ngbnh bhg Ingh' Ymbhgfkhg rhghchg elhr jnh| `hctn| kmymj}|}`hgg~h

bnthyek bh|n bhm|h` Ohvh Rmgfh` ymtm|rn Vegefn|n* Rhvhgfchgf}* Le~ejhjn*

Kjhrmg bhg ymlhfnhg kminj bh|n bhm|h` bn Ohvh Rnc}|'


31/112

l' Ngb}yr|n Ymbhgf^hnr} ngb}yr|n ~hgf cmcnjnkn rmghfh km|oh hgrh|h >

e|hgf'

i' Ngb}yr|n Kminj^hnr} ngb}yr|n ~hgf cmcnjnkn rmghfh km|oh hgrh|h = e|hgf yhcthn bmgfhg 8>

e|hgf'

Lm|bhyh|khg Tm|hr}|hg Cmgrm|n Kmym`hrhg \N Ge'

>4 rmgrhgf Nzng ]yh`h Ngb}yr|n Elhr R|hbnyneghj bhg

Tmgbharh|hg Elhr R|hbnyneghj* chkh ngb}yr|n elhr r|hbnyneghj bnlhfn bhjhc

khrmfe|n ?

8' Ngb}yr|n Elhr R|hbnyneghj (NER.Ngb}yr|n Elhr R|hbnyneghj (NER. hbhjh` ngb}yr|n ~hgf cmct|eb}kyn elhr

r|hbnyneghj bmgfhg rerhj hymr bn hrhy \t 144'444'444*44 rnbhk rm|chy}k `h|fh

rhgh` bhg lhgf}ghg' Lmlm|hth iegre` ngb}yr|n ~hgf rm|chy}k NER hbhjh`

Ohc} Hn| Chgi}|* Ohc} Ohfe bhg C}yrnkh \hr}'


32/112

2' ]yh`h Ohc} Fmgbegf]yh`h ohc} fmgbegf hbhjh` }yh`h tm|hinkhg* tmgihct}|hg* tmgfejh`hg

bhg tmgfmbh|hg elhr r|hbnyneghj bhjhc lmgr}k ihn|hg* tnjny* rhtmj hrh} th|mc*

rhgth tmghgbhhg bhg hrh} cm|mk bhfhgf ym|rh bnohohkhg }gr}k jhgfy}gf

bnf}ghkhg'


33/112

@hynj tmgmjnrnhg ~hgf bnjhk}khg Jnc Mqnj~ (


34/112

bhg o}cjh` tm|ymbnhhg tmgfhchg ~hgf `h|}y rm|ymbnh }gr}k cmgfhrhyn kmk}|hgfhg

lh`hg lhk} bmgfhg lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf cngnc}c' @hynj hghjnyny bmgfhg

cmrebm MEX }gr}k kmrnfh omgny _ngfnlm|himhm rnbhk rm|jhj} g~hrh* ghc}g }gr}k

894 chihc lh`hg lhk} ~hgf bnf}ghkhg bhcthkg~h rm|`hbht tmgngfkhrhg lnh~h

etm|hyneghj hkhg ymchkng lmyh|'

Tmgmjnrnhg ~hgf bnjhk}khg R}thgvhmj (


35/112

bhjhc tmgmjnrnhg ngn cmgff}ghkhg cmrebm C\T bmgfhg rmkgnk JAJ* MEX bhg

TLL* bnchgh bhjhc tmgmjnrnhg ymlmj}cg~h `hg~h cmgff}ghkhg cmrebm MEX

ym`ngffh rnbhk bnkmrh`}n hthkh` kmb}h rmkgnk jhngg~h bhthr cmclm|nkhg

tmgf`mchrhg ~hgf jmln` lmyh|'


36/112

LHL NNN

KM\HGFKH TMCNKN\HG

9'8 Km|hgfkh Tmcnkn|hg Rme|nrny

9'8'8 Lh`hg Lhk}

Lh`hg lhk} cmcmfhgf tm|hghg tmgrngf bhjhc ngb}yr|n ~hgf cmgfejh`

y}hr} t|eb}k' Cmg}|}r C}j~hbn (


37/112

bhjhcg~h tmcnjn`hg tmchyek* c}r} lh`hg lhk}* bnyr|nl}yn* tmghgfhghg

tmg~ncthghg yhcthn lh`hg lhk} rm|yml}r bnf}ghkhg bhjhc t|eymy t|eb}kyn'

9'8'< Kegymt Tm|ymbnhhg

Lnmfmj (8>>>0. tm|ymbnhhg cm|}thkhg y}hr} hkrnqh ~hgf cmjnt}rn

lh|hgf#lh|hgf cnjnk tm|}yh`hhg bmgfhg chky}b bhg r}o}hg }gr}k bno}hj bhjhc

y}hr} tm|nebm }yh`h ~hgf ge|chj* hrh} tm|ymbnhhg lh|hgf#lh|hgf ~hgf chyn`

bhjhc t|eymy t|eb}kyn* hrh}t}g tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} ~hgf cmg}gff}

tmgff}ghhgg~h bhjhc y}hr} t|eymy t|eb}kyn'

Thbh bhyh|g~h bh|n kmb}h bmangnyn rm|yml}r tm|ymbnhhg cm|}thkhg `hj

tekek bhjhc cmgohfh kegrng}nrhy t|eb}kyn' R}o}hg }rhch bh|n tm|ymbnhhg hbhjh`

ymlhfhn tmg~hgffh hgrh|h y}ttj~ bhg bmchgb(Hyyh}|n* 8>>0.' Ynyrmc tm|ymbnhhg

cm|}thkhg ym|hgfkhnhg kmlnohkhg bhg tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf cmcegnre|

rngfkhr tm|ymbnhhg bhg cmgmgr}khg rngfkhr tm|ymbnhhg' Bmgfhg hbhg~h tm|ymbnhhg

tm|}yh`hhg bhthr rm|}y cmcmg}`n tm|cngrhhg kegy}cmg vhjh}t}g lh`hg ~hgf

bnl}r}`khg bhjhc t|eymy t|eb}kyn rnbhk rm|ymbnh bhjhc ahynjnrhy tmg~ncthghg hrh}

ymbhgf bhjhc tmgfn|nchg'

9'8'9 Omgny#Omgny Tm|ymbnhhg

Cmg}|}r Vhrm|y (8>>


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8' I~ijm yreikyTm|ymbnhhg rm|ohbn kh|mgh tmcmyhghg ~hgf rm|hr}|* lnhyhg~h tm|}yh`hhg

cmgfhbhkhg tm|ymbnhhg jmln` bnbhyh|khg thbh tm|cngrhhg kegy}cmg'


39/112

Cm|}thkhg a}gfyn tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} ~hgf cmc}gfkngkhg tm|}yh`hhg

bhthr cmcmg}`n tm|cngrhhg tmjhgffhg rhgth rm|fhgr}gf tmchyek' Tm|ymbnhhg

lh`hg lhk} bnhbhkhg hfh| tm|}yh`hhg rnbhk ymtmg}`g~h rm|fhgr}gf thbh

tmgfhbhhgg~h bhjhc `hj k}hgrnrhy bhg vhkr} tmgfn|nchg'

>4. hbh rnfh lnh~h ~hgf cmgohbn bhyh| bh|n lnh~h

tm|ymbnhhg ~hnr} lnh~h tmg~ncthghg* lnh~h r|hgyhkyn hrh} lnh~h tmcmyhghg bhg

lnh~h km`njhgfhg hrh} kmk}|hgfhg lh`hg'

8' Lnh~h Tmg~ncthghg (`ejbngf ieyry hrh} ih||~ngf ieyry.Lnh~h tmg~ncthghg lm|`}l}gfhg jhgfy}gf bmgfhg lh`hg#lh`hg ~hgf

bnyncthg bn f}bhgf' Lnh~h ngn rm|bn|n bh|n lnh~h#lnh~h ~hgf lm|khnrhg ymih|h

jhgfy}gf bmgfhg k}hgrnrhy tm|ymbnhhg ymtm|rn lnh~h ahynjnrhy tmg~ncthghg


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(rm|chy}k tmgm|hgfhg* tmchghy hrh} tmgbngfng.* lnh~h cebhj (ette|r}gnr~ ea

ihtnrhj. ~hnr} hjrm|ghrna tmgbhthrhg hrhy bhgh ~hgf bnngqmyrhynkhg bhjhc

tm|ymbnhhg* lnh~h km}yhgfhg* lnh~h tm|`nr}gfhg anynk bhg kegynjnhyn jhte|hg*

lnh~h hy}|hgyn tm|ymbnhhg bhg lnh~h tmghgfhghg tm|ymbnhhg' Lnh~h#lnh~h ngn

lm|ynahr qh|nhlmj* lnjh lm|qh|nhyn bmgfhg rngfkhr tm|ymbnhhg'


41/112

rm|`hbht lh`hg lhk}' Lnh~h km`hlnyhg lh`hg rnbhk bnchy}kkhg bhjhc hghjnyny

kh|mgh ymtm|rn ~hgf rmjh` bnyml}rkhg bn hrhy lnh~h ngn y}jnr bntm|kn|hkhg ejm`

tm|}yh`hhg'

9'8'1 Tmgfmgbhjnhg Tm|ymbnhhg Lh`hg Lhk}

Lhfn ngb}yr|n tmgfejh`hg `hynj#`hynj tm|rhgnhg (hf|engb}yr|n. tm|ymbnhhg

lh`hg lhk} cmgohbn tm|chyhjh`hg rm|ymgbn|n bhjhc t|eymy t|eb}kyn kh|mgh ymjhng

lh`hg lhk} rnbhk ymjhj} rm|ymbnh ymrnht yhhr o}fh ynahr bh|n lh`hg lhk} rm|yml}r

yhgfhr bntmgfh|}`n ejm` hjhc' O}cjh` tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf rm|jhj} lmyh| hkhg

cm|}fnkhg tm|}yh`hhg kh|mgh ngn lm|h|rn jmln` lhg~hk }hgf hrh} cebhj ~hgf

rm|rhghc bhg lnh~h#lnh~h ~hgf bnrncl}jkhg bmgfhg hbhg~h tm|ymbnhhg rm|yml}r'

Ymlhjnkg~h y}hr} tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf rm|jhj} kminj hkhg cm|}fnkhg tm|}yh`hhg kh|mgh

hkhg cmgffhgff} kmjhgih|hg bh|n kmfnhrhg t|eb}kyn' Yr|hrmfn ~hgf bntm|j}khg

}gr}k cmgohfh kmymnclhgfhg hgrh|h kmjmln`hg bhg kmk}|hgfhg tm|ymbnhhg hfh|

rm|ihthn lnh~h etrnc}c bnkmghj bmgfhg tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg (L}aah bhg Yh|ng*

8>>1.'

Cmg}|}r Hyyh}|n (8>>0. tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg lm|r}o}hg }gr}k

cmctm|rh`hgkhg y}hr} o}cjh` ymbnhhg ~hgf etrnc}c ~hgf bhthr cmgohcng

kml}r}`hg lhfn kmjhgih|hg kmfnhrhg tm|}yh`hhg bhjhc o}cjh` bhg c}r} ~hgf

rmthr ym|rh bmgfhg lnh~h ymcngnchj c}gfkng'

R}o}hg tm|}yh`hhg bhjhc cmgohjhgkhg ynyrmc tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg

hbhjh` }gr}k (Hyyh}|n* 8>>0. ?

8' Cmgohfh hfh| ohgfhg yhcthn tm|}yh`hhg km`hlnyhg tm|ymbnhhg ym`ngffhcmgfhknlhrkhg rm|`mgrng~h kmfnhrhg t|eb}kyn


42/112


43/112

cmgmkhgkhg tmgfhvhyhg tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf kmrhr rm|`hbht omgny#omgny tm|ymbnhhg

~hgf cmct}g~hn gnjhn tmgff}ghhg ~hgf rm|lmyh| bhg lnhyhg~h omgny lh`hg

lhk}g~h rnbhk lmfnr} lhg~hk (Hyyh}|n* 8>>0.'

Cmrebm Hghjnyny HLI bnf}ghkhg }gr}k cmclm|nkhg tmgmkhghg tm|`hrnhg

thbh fejegfhg hrh} omgny#omgny lh`hg ~hgf rm|bhthr bhjhc tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf

cmct}g~hn gnjhn tmgff}ghhg ~hgf |mjhrna ch`hj' Bmgfhg cmrebm ngn tm|ymbnhhg

~hgf rm|bhthr bhjhc y}hr} tm|}yh`hhg bnfejegfkhg km bhjhc rnfh fejegfhg ~hnr}

fejegfhg lh`hg lhk} H* fejegfhg lh`hg lhk} L bhg fejegfhg lh`hg lhk} I'

F|hank Hghjnyh HLI rm|`hbht lh`hg lhk} bhthr bnjn`hr thbh Fhclh| 8'

- gnjhn tmgff}ghhg lh`hg lhk}

Kmjhy H04

64

14

=4

24

94

>

Bhjhc ngb}yr|n ohc} r|hbnyneghj ynctjnynh ~hgf bnf}ghkhg ymlhfhn lh`hg

lhk} bnlhfn cmgohbn rnfh fejegfhg' ]gr}k fejegfhg H rm|bn|n bh|n omgny ynctjnynh

~hgf cmct}g~hn gnjhn tmgff}ghhg cmgihthn 04 tm|ymg bh|n ymj}|}` gnjhn

tmgff}ghhg lh`hg rmrhtn o}cjh` ynctjnynh rnbhk cmjmln`n 84 tm|ymg bh|n ymj}|}`

lh`hg ~hgf rm|bhthr bhjhc tm|ymbnhhg' Fejegfhg L rm|bn|n bh|n omgny ynctjnynh

~hgf cmct}g~hn gnjhn tmgff}ghhg cmgihthn 8= tm|ymg bh|n ymj}|}` gnjhn


44/112

tmgff}ghhg lh`hg rmrhtn o}cjh` ynctjnynh rnbhk cmjmln`n


45/112

hgrh|h lh|hgf#lh|hgf rm|yml}r bmgfhg lh|hgf#lh|hgf lmlhy o}fh bnkmrh`}n' Onkh

`}l}gfhg rm|yml}r o}fh bnkmrh`}n* chkh |hchjhg rm|`hbht tm|cngrhhg t|eb}k

hk`n| bhthr bnf}ghkhg }gr}k cmgf`nr}gf k}hgrnrhy kml}r}`hg ymc}h kectegmg#

kectegmgg~h'

Chrm|nhj \mx}n|mcmgr Tjhggngf (C\T. hbhjh` y}hr} ynyrmc tm|mgihghhg

bh|n tmgohbvhjhg kml}r}`hg chrm|nhj }gr}k t|eb}kyn ~hgf bnjhk}khg kmrnkh y}hr}

lh`hg `h|}y bntmyhg bh|n tmchyek yhhr tm|ymbnhhg bn rhgfhg `hlny hrh} yhhr

t|eb}kyn bh|n y}hr} lh`hg `h|}y bnc}jhn }gr}k cmcmg}`n kmt}hyhg tmjhgffhg

bmgfhg cmgff}ghkhg vhkr} rmgffhgf rm|rmgr} (@mnzm| bhg \mgbm|* 8>>>.' Ynyrmc

ngn cm|mgihghkhg }k}|hg jer ym`ngffh lh|hgf#lh|hgf rm|yml}r rm|ymbnh yhhr

bnl}r}`khg'

C\T cm|}thkhg ynyrmc tmgohbvhjhg c}gb}| ~hgf bnc}jhn bmgfhg t|eb}k

hk`n|' Kmc}bnhg bnkm|ohkhg c}gb}| ~hnr} cmg}o} lh`hg* cmjhj}n lm|lhfhn rngfkhr

tm|hknrhg bhg thl|nkhyn' R}o}hgg~h hbhjh` cm|mgihghkhg tm|ymbnhhg ym`ngffh

rm|ymbnh yhhr bnl}r}`khg'

]gr}k cmgff}ghkhg cebmj tm|ymbnhhg rm|nkhr* chkh chghom| `h|}y

cmgfmrh`}n (@mnzm| bhg \mgbm|* 8>>>. ?

8' Ohbvhj T|eb}kyn Chyrm| (Chyrm| T|eb}irneg Yi`mb}jm. cmgohlh|khg hth ~hgf`h|}y bnl}hr bhg khthg' Ohbvhj ngn `h|}y ymy}hn bmgfhg |mgihgh t|eb}kyn'


46/112

9' Ihrhrhg tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf hk}|hr hkhg cmgintrhkhg chghomcmg tm|ymbnhhg~hgf lhnk'

2' Tmgfmrh`}hg hrhy tm|ohgonhg tmyhghg tmclmjnhg `h|}y bncnjnkn bhjhc lhfnhgtmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg' Kmrnkh tmcmyhghg tmclmjnhg rm|ohbn* ihrhrhg rmgrhgf

tmyhghg rm|yml}r bhg ohbvhj tmgfhgrh|hg `h|}y rm|ymbnh ym`ngffh chghom|

bhthr cmg~nhtkhg |mgihgh t|eb}kyn bmgfhg lhnk'

=' Tmgfmrh`}hg hrhy vhkr} hgihgf#hgihgf }gr}k chyngf#chyngf kectegmgbntm|j}khg bhjhc cmgmgr}khg khthg vhkr} ~hgf rmthr }gr}k cmjhk}khg

tmclmjnhg* t|eb}kyn* hrh} tm|hknrhg ~hgf ymy}hn bmgfhg khthg t|eb}k rm|yml}r

bnl}r}`khg'

C\T cmcnjnkn lhg~hk kmjmln`hg bnlhgbngfkhg bmgfhg ynyrmc }k}|hg

tmyhghg rmrht }gr}k cmgfmgbhjnkhg lh|hgf#lh|hgf t|eb}kyn' Kmjmln`hg C\T

bhjhc cmghgfhgn lh|hgf#lh|hgf bmgfhg tm|cngrhhg rm|nkhr (@mnzm| bhg \mgbm|*

8>>>. hbhjh` ?

8' Cmgngfkhrkhg tmjh~hghg bhg kmt}hyhg tmjhgffhg*


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9'8'0'8 RmkgnkJer Ae| Jer (JAJ.

Bhjhc cebmj ngn tm|}yh`hhg cmcmyhg rmthr ymlmyh| ~hgf bnl}r}`khg

rhgth tm|ymbnhhg tmgfhchg bhg rhgth hgrnynthyn hrhy tmcmyhghg jmln` jhgo}r'

T|eymb}| ymchihc ngn kegynyrmg bmgfhg }k}|hg jer kminj* tmyhghg lm|khjh*

tm|ymbnhhg rmthr vhkr} |mgbh` bhg tm|cngrhhg rm|nkhr (@mnzm| bhg \mgbm|* 8>>>.'

Rmkgnk ngn bhthr cmgmkhg lnh~h ~hgf bnrhghckhg bhjhc tm|ymbnhhg lh|hgf#

lh|hgf rm|nkhr* hthlnjh tm|}yh`hhg chct} cmg~mbnhkhg ahynjnrhy ~hgf cmchbhn

lhfn rmkgnk ngn bhg cmcnjnkn lh`hg lhk} bmgfhg kegbnyn bhg ynahr ~hgf ymy}hn'

Rmkgnk ngn lm|}yh`h cmgf`njhgfkhg lnh~h tmg~ncthghg hrhy tm|ymbnhhg

~hgf bntmfhgf cmjmvhrn y}hr} tm|ymbnhhg' Rmrhtn rmkgnk ngn rnbhk bhthr

cmgfhclnj km}gr}gfhg mkegecny ~hgf lm|`}l}gfhg bmgfhg }k}|hg tmyhghg

rmthr'

9'8'0'< RmkgnkMiegecni E|bm| X}hgrnr~ (MEX.

Rmkgnk MEX ymtm|rn ~hgf ym|ngf bnf}ghkhg bhjhc tm|ymbnhhg lh|hgf#

lh|hgf lmlhy o}fh bhthr bnf}ghkhg bhjhc rmkgnk }k}|hg jer' Hy}cyn bh|n t|eymb}|

C\T hbhjh` rm|bhthr tm|cngrhhg rm|nkhr ~hgf bhthr bnkmrh`}n bmgfhg cmg}|}gkhg

bh|n ohbvhj t|eb}kyn' Cmrebm ngn cmgfnbmgrnankhynkhg k}hgrnrhy tmyhghg hrh}

tmclmjnhg etrnchj' Thbh tmgmjnrnhg ngn hkhg bn lh`hy cebmj MEX bhyh| hrh} o}fh

ym|ngf bnyml}r cebmj MEX kjhynk hrh} cebmj MEX' Hy}cyn ~hgf bnf}ghkhg

bhjhc cmgm|htkhg cmrebm MEX hbhjh` (L}aah bhg Yh|ng* 8>>1. ?

8' Tm|cngrhhg |hrh#|hrh lm|ynahr kegrng} bhg kegyrhg'


48/112

9' Ymrnht chrh ymbnhhg lm|ynahr ngbmtmgbmg* ~hnr} tmgfnynhg kmclhjn chrh yhr}ymbnhhg rnbhk cmctmgfh|}`n tmgfnynhg kmclhjn chrh ymbnhhg ~hgf jhng'

2' @h|fh lmjn* lnh~h tmcmyhghg bhg lnh~h tmg~ncthghg kegyrhg'=' O}cjh` lh`hg ~hgf bnkn|nc yhch bmgfhg o}cjh` ~hgf bntmyhg'

Bhjhc cmrebm MEX `hg~h rm|bhthr lnh~h tmcmyhghg bhg lnh~h

tmg~ncthghg ymbhgfkhg lnh~h km`hlnyhg lh`hg bnhlhnkhg' Lnjh tm|}yh`hhg

cmcmyhg lh`hg lhk} bhjhc o}cjh` ~hgf kminj chkh lnh~h tmcmyhghg hkhg rngffn

bhg lnh~h tmg~ncthghg hkhg |mgbh`* bhg ymlhjnkg~h' Cmrebm MEX lm|r}o}hg

cmgfhrhyn `hj rm|yml}r bmgfhg cmgmgr}khg o}cjh` tmclmjnhg bnchgh lnh~h

tmcmyhghg yhch bmgfhg lnh~h tmg~ncthghg'

@}l}gfhg hgrh|h lnh~h tmcmyhghg bhg lnh~h tmg~ncthghg bhthr bnjn`hr

thbh Fhclh|


49/112

imgbm|}gf cmg}|}g kh|mgh lnh~h tmcmyhghg hkhg cmg}|}g hthlnjh tmcmyhghg

ymchkng oh|hgf bnjhk}khg' @hj ngn rm|ohbn onkh ymrnht tmcmyhghg bntmyhg bhjhc

o}cjh` lmyh| ym`ngffh a|mk}mgyn tmcmyhghg ymchkng kminj'

Rngfkhr tmgff}ghhg tm|ymbnhhg bhjhc cebmj ngn bhthr bnjn`hr thbh

Fhclh| 9' Tmcmyhghg tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} bhthr bnjhk}khg kmrnkh cmgihthn

rnrnk L }gnr* ~hnr} kmrnkh tm|ymbnhhg `hg~h cmgi}k}tn }gr}k kml}r}`hg ymjhch

vhkr} r}gff} (jmhb rncm.' Rnrnk I cm|}thkhg rnrnk kmrnkh tm|ymbnhhg y}bh` `hlny

bhg thbh yhhr ~hgf yhch tmyhghg bhrhgf'

Fhclh| 9' K}|qh Tmgff}ghhg Lh`hgY}clm| ? @hgbeke* 8>>>1

Jhgfkh` tm|rhch hbhjh` cmgmgr}khg kml}r}`hg kere| lh`hg lhk}'

Kml}r}`hg kere| ngn hbhjh` |mgihgh tmchkhnhg lh`hg lhk} tm|}yh`hhg ~hgf rmjh`

bnrmgr}khg ymlmj}cg~h thbh yhhr tmgohbvhjhg t|eb}kyn' Yrek ~hgf rm|ymbnh (hvhj.


60/112

hbhjh` tm|ymbnhhg hvhj ~hgf hbh bnrhgfhg }gr}k y}hr} tm|nebm' Hthlnjh rnbhk

rm|bhthr tmgm|nchhg ~hgf bnohbvhjkhg bhg rnbhk rm|bhthr kml}r}`hg lm|yn`* chkh

lmyh| yrek ~hgf rm|ymbnh (hvhj. }gr}k y}hr} tm|nebm hbhjh` yrek ~hgf rm|ymbnh

(hvhj. tm|nebm ymlmj}cg~h' Hthlnjh rm|bhthr tmgm|nchhg rm|ohbvhj thbh tm|nebm

ymlmj}cg~h* chkh yrek ~hgf rm|ymbnh (hvhj. }gr}k y}hr} tm|nebm hbhjh` ymlmyh|

tmgm|nchhg ~hgf bnohbvhjkhg tm|nebm ymlmj}cg~h bnrhclh` yrek ~hgf rm|ymbnh

(hvhj. tm|nebm ymlmj}cg~h bnk}|hgfn kml}r}`hg kere| tm|nebm ymlmj}cg~h'

Tmgm|nchhhg ~hgf bnohbvhjkhg hbhjh` lh`hg lhk} ~hgf hkhg bnrm|nch thbh

tm|nebm rm|rmgr} bhjhc tm|nebm tmgfhchrhg lm|bhyh|khg tmcmyhghg ~hgf

bnjhk}khg ymlmj}c tm|nebm tmgfhchrhg'

Kml}r}`hg lm|yn` hbhjh` kml}r}`hg lh`hg lhk} ~hgf rnbhk bhthr jhfn

bntmg}`n tm|}yh`hhg' Kml}r}`hg lm|yn` }gr}k y}hr} tm|nebm rm|rmgr} hbhjh`

ymlmyh| rerhj kml}r}`hg kere| bnk}|hgfn yrek ~hgf rm|ymbnh (hvhj.' Yrek ~hgf

rm|ymbnh (hk`n|. hbhjh` o}cjh` lh`hg lhk} ~hgf chyn` rm|ynyh bnf}bhgf thbh hk`n|

tm|nebm' Yrek ~hgf rm|ymbnh (hk`n|. ngn cm|}thkhg yrek hvhj thbh tm|nebm

lm|nk}rg~h'

Tmyhghg ~hgf bn|mgihghkhg hbhjh` lmyh| tmyhghg ~hgf bn|mgihghkhg

hkhg bntmyhg thbh y}hr} tm|nebm* bmgfhg `h|hthg hkhg bnrm|nch tm|}yh`hhg rmthr

thbh yhhr bnl}r}`khg ~hnr} thbh yhhr tmgm|nchhg ~hgf bnohbvhjkhg* `hg~h yhoh

tm|nebm tmjhkyhghhgg~h hbhjh` ymlmj}c tmgm|nchhg ~hgf bnohbvhjkhg' Tmyhghg

~hgf bnhy}cynkhg hkhg bnrm|nch kmrnkh lh|hgf rm|hk`n| cmgngffhjkhg tmyhghg'


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2'2 Tm|lhgbngfhg Hgrh| Lm|lhfhn Cebmj

2'2'8 C\T Rmkgnk JAJ

@hj ~hgf tm|rhch khjn bnjhk}khg bhjhc cebmj C\T rmkgnk JAJ (Jer Ae|

Jer. hbhjh` cmgmgr}khg kml}r}`hg kere|* hthlnjh bn hvhj tm|nebm rm|bhthr

tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf i}k}t lmyh| chkh tm|}yh`hhg hkhg tm|ymbnhhg hvhj rm|jmln`

bh`}j}* ym`ngffh rnbhk tm|j} cmjhk}khg tmcmyhghg ymjhch bhthr cmcmg}`n

kml}r}`hg bn vhkr} r}gff}' Thbh yhhr tm|ymbnhhg y}hr} tm|nebm rnbhk jhfn bhthr

cmcmg}`n kml}r}`hg kere| chkh bnjhk}khg tm|mgihghhg tmgm|nchhg tmyhghg

rmthr ymlmyh| kml}r}`hg lm|yn`'

T|e~mkyn kml}r}`hg tm|ymbnhhg bnrhgfhg }gr}k tm|nebm#tm|nebm bnchgh

y}bh` rm|bhthr bhg |mgihgh tmgm|nchhg tmyhghg thbh tm|nebm ymlmj}cg~h bhthr

bnrmkhg yhcthn ymlmyh| gej' ^hgf tm|j} bnkmrh`}n bhjhc cmgohjhgkhg rmkgnk ngn

hbhjh` lmyh| bhg vhkr} tmchkhnhg lh`hg lhk} ymih|h hk}|hr ~hgf bnbhyh|khg

thbh ohbvhj t|eb}kyn chyrm|bhg vhkr} r}gff} lh`hg lhk}'

Kmjmch`hg bh|n cmrebm ngn hbhjh` tm|}yh`hhg `hg~h cmcmyhg rmthr

ymlmyh| o}cjh` ~hgf bnl}r}`khg* rhgth hbh hgrnynthyn hrhy tmyhghg jmln` jhgo}r

ym`ngffh tmcmyhghg `h|}y bnjhk}khg lm|}jhgf#}jhgf ymy}hn bmgfhg kml}r}`hg

lm|yn`g~h ym`ngffh hkhg cmgncl}jkhg lnh~h tmcmyhghg ~hgf lmyh|'

Kmjmln`hgg~h ~hnr} lnh~h tmg~ncthghg bhjhc cmrebm ngn bnrnhbhkhg kh|mgh

tmcmyhghg bnjhk}khg ymlmyh| kml}r}`hg lm|yn`g~h' Hbh lmlm|hth hy}cyn ~hgf

bnthkhn bhjhc rmkgnk ngn ~hnr} ?

@h|fh ynctjnynh kegyrhg Tmchyek rmrht bhg rnbhk hbh `hclhrhg tmgfn|nchg LLC bhg rh|na jnyrnk bnhgffht kegyrhg


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Rnbhk hbh bnykeg k}hgrnrhy rm|`hbht o}cjh` ynctjnynh ~hgf bntmyhg2'2'< C\T Rmkgnk MEX

Tm|`nr}gfhg tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} bnjhk}khg bmgfhg cmrebm MEX

(Miegecni E|bm| X}hgrnr~.' Tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} ~hgf etrnchj hkhg

cmcngnchjkhg lnh~h#lnh~h ~hgf rm|khnr bmgfhg hbhg~h tm|ymbnhhg' Lnh~h

tm|ymbnhhg rm|bn|n bh|n lnh~h tmcmyhghg bhg tmg~ncthghg lh`hg lhk}' Cmg}|}r

L}aah bhg Yh|ng (8>>1. lnh~h#lnh~h rm|yml}r bn|}c}ykhg ymlhfhn lm|nk}r ?

Lnh~h tmcmyhghg lh`hg lhk} rh`}ghg 3 (\ % X.I

Lnh~h tmg~ncthghg lh`hg lhk} rh`}ghg 3 (X %


63/112

Bnchgh ?

\ 3 Tmchkhnhg |hrh#|hrh lh`hg lhk} tm| tm|nebm

X 3 Rngfkhr ymbnhhg

@ 3 Lnh~h tmg~ncthghg }gnr tm| tm|nebmI 3 Lnh~h tmcmyhghg tm| tmcmyhghg

RNI 3 Lnh~h ngk|mcmgrhj rerhj

Hthlnjh rm|bhthr tm|ymbnhhg hvhj ~hgf i}k}t lmyh| chkh tm|}yh`hhg

rnbhk tm|j} cmjhk}khg |mgihgh tm|cngrhhg lh`hg lhk} yhcthn tm|ymbnhg rm|yml}r

rnbhk jhfn bhthr cmcmg}`n kml}r}`hg tm|}yh`hhg' Tmyhghg ~hgf bn|mgihghkhg

hkhg bnrm|nch thbh yhhr bhg o}cjh` ~hgf cmgi}k}tn bhg cmgbmkhrn kml}r}`hg

lm|yn` ymy}hn bmgfhg kmjnthrhg MEX ~hgf rmjh` bn`nr}gf ymlmj}cg~h' Thbh

tmgmjnrnhg ngn bnhy}cynkhg rnbhk hbh yhamr~ yreik hfh| rmkgnk MEX ngn bhthr

bnlhgbngfkhg bmgfhg b}h rmkgnk jhngg~h ~hnr} JAJ bhg TTL' Hy}cyn ~hgf

bnthkhn bhjhc rmkgnk ngn hbhjh` ?

@h|fh ynctjnynh kegyrhg Tmchyek rmrht bhg rnbhk hbh `hclhrhg tmgfn|nchg LLC* rh|na jnyrnk bhg rmjmteg bnhgffht kegyrhg Rnbhk hbh bnykeg k}hgrnrhy rm|`hbht o}cjh` ynctjnynh ~hgf bntmyhg Khthynrhy f}bhgf cmgi}k}tn

2'2'9 C\T Rmkgnk TTL

Bhjhc rmkgnk TTL (Th|r Tm|neb Lhjhgingf. lmyh| tmyhghg bnjhk}khg

ymlmyh| kml}r}`hg kere| thbh y}hr} tm|nebm ~hgf bhthr bnfhl}gfkhg'

Tmgffhl}gfhg tm|nebm bnjhk}khg }gr}k fhl}gfhg lm|}|}rhg ~hgf cmcnjnkn gnjhn

k}c}jhrna lhfnhg tm|nebm cmgbmkhrn gnjhn Miegecni Th|r Tm|neb (MTT.' MTT

bn`nr}gf bmgfhg |}c}y MTT 3 I%@* bnchgh I hbhjh` lnh~h tmcmyhghg tm|


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tmyhghg bhg @ hbhjh` lnh~h tmg~ncthghg tm| }gnr tm| tm|nebm' Lhfnhg tm|nebm

bn`nr}gf bmgfhg ih|h cmgfhjnkhg tm|ymbnhg mkyr|h ~hgf bnrhgff}gf bmgfhg

tm|nebm ~hgf bnrhgff}gf'

Tmyhghg ~hgf bn|mgihghkhg hkhg bnrm|nch thbh yhhr bhg o}cjh` ~hgf

cmgi}k}tn kml}r}`hg kere| ymthgohgf tm|nebm fhl}gfhg ymy}hn bmgfhg

tm|`nr}gfhg TTL lm|bhyh|khg MTT ~hgf rmjh` bn`nr}gf ymlmj}cg~h' Ym`ngffh

thbh yhhr y}hr} tm|nebm fhl}gfhg ~hgf rmjh` bnrmgr}khg rnbhk cmcnjkn kml}r}`hg

lm|yn` chkh hbh |mgihgh tmgm|nchhg tmyhghg' Thbh tm|nebm fhl}gfhg ~hgf kmb}h

bhg ~hgf kmrnfh bhg ymrm|}yg~h bh|n y}hr} fhl}gfhg tm|nebm* bnchgh kml}r}`hg

kere|g~h y}bh` bnrm|nch thbh tm|nebm tm|rhch bh|n fhl}gfhg tm|nebm* chkh

tm|nebm kmb}h* kmrnfh bhg ymrm|}yg~h rnbhk rm|bhthr kml}r}`hg lm|yn`* ym`ngffh

tmyhghg ~hgf bn|mgihghkhg hkhg bnrm|nch yhch bmgfhg gej' Thbh hvhj tm|nebm

fhl}gfhg bn|mgihghkhg tmyhghg ~hgf hkhg bnrm|nch ymlmyh| kml}r}`hg kere|

ymthgohgf tm|nebm fhl}gfhg'

Kmjmln`hg bh|n rmkgnk ngn ~hnr} tm|}yh`hhg hkhg cmgbhthr lmlm|hth

km}gr}gfhg cmjhk}khg tmcmyhghg bhjhc o}cjh` lmyh| bmgfhg a|mk}mgyn

tmcmyhghg ~hgf jmln` kminj' Kmjmch`hg bh|n rmkgnk ngn hbhjh` cmrebm ngn k}|hgf

ymy}hn bnrm|htkhg }gr}k lh`hg lhk} ~hgf c}bh` |}yhk' Hy}cyn ~hgf bnthkhn

hbhjh` ?

@h|fh ynctjnynh kegyrhg Khthynrhy f}bhgf cmgi}k}tn Tmchyek rnbhk cmgfhjhcn `hclhrhg bhjhc cmg~mbnhkhg ynctjnynh LLC* rh|na jnyr|nk bhg rmjmteg bnhgffht kegyrhg Rnbhk hbh bnykeg k}hgrnrhy rm|`hbht o}cjh` ynctjnynh ~hgf bntmyhg


65/112

2'2'= Kmlnohkhg Tm|}yh`hhg

]gr}k bhthr cmgfhghjnyny ynyrmc tmgfhbhhg bhg tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg

lh`hg lhk} ~hgf bnjhk}khg tm|}yh`hhg `hj#`hj ~hgf `h|}y bnkmrh`}n cmjnt}rn

tm|ymbnhhg hvhj* tm|ymbnhhg hk`n|* tmchkhnhg lh`hg lhk} ejm` tm|}yh`hhg*

a|mk}mgyn bhg k}hgrnrhy tmyhghg'

2'= Hghjnyny Tm|lhgbngfhg Lnh~h

Ymrmjh` bnjhk}khg hghjnyny lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} bmgfhg cmrebm

C\T chkh jhgfkh` ymjhgo}rg~h hbhjh` cmclhgbngfkhg cmrebm rm|yml}r bmgfhg

kmlnohkhg tm|}yh`hhg' Tm|lhgbngfhg ~hgf bnjhk}khg cmjnt}rn tm|lhgbngfhg hgrh|

cmrebm thbh rnht omgny lh`hg lhk} bhg tm|lhgbngfhg hgrh| cmrebm thbh

kmymj}|}`hg lh`hg lhk} R}o}hg bh|n tm|lhgbngfhg hgrh| cmrebm rm|yml}r hbhjh`

}gr}k cmgbhthrkhg hjrm|ghrna cmrebm tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg bhjhc |hgfkh

manynmgyn t|eb}kyn'

Ymrmjh` bnjhk}khg tm|lhgbngfhg jhgfkh` ymjhgo}rg~h hbhjh` cmjhk}khg

hghjnyny tmgf`mchrhg lnh~h ~hgf bnjhk}khg bmgfhg cmgf`nr}gf ymjnyn` gnjhn thbh

cmrebm C\T bmgfhg kmlnohkhg tm|}yh`hhg' Hghjnyny tmgf`mchrhg ~hgf bnjhk}khg

cmjnt}rn tmgf`mchrhg lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg thbh rnht omgny lh`hg lhk} bhg

tmgf`mchrhg thbh kmymj}|}`hg lh`hg lhk}'

Lm|bhyh|khg hghjnyny tm|lhgbngfhg bhg tmgf`mchrhg kmc}bnhg bnjhk}khg

tmcnjn`hg cmrebm rm|lhnk }gr}k bn|mkecmgbhynkhg thbh tm|}yh`hhg ymlhfhn

hjrm|ghrna ynyrmc tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} ~hgf mamkrna bhg manynmg

~hgf bnymy}hnkhg bmgfhg kmlnohkhg tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf bnrm|htkhg

tm|}yh`hhg'


66/112

2'1 Bmangnyn Etm|hyneghj

8' Lh`hg lhk} ~hgf bntm|f}ghkhg bhjhc t|eymy t|eb}kyn ohc} r|hbnyneghj hbhjh`ynctjnynh ~hgf lm|}th rhghchg elhr }r}` bhg lhfnhg rhghchg elhr ~hgf rmjh`

bnkm|ngfkhg'


67/112

LHL Q

FHCLH\HG ]C]C TM\]YH@HHG

='8 Ymoh|h` Lm|bn|ng~h Tm|}yh`hhg

TR P bnbn|nkhg thbh rhgffhj 8 Ht|nj


68/112

TR P c}jhn cmchgahhrkhg htermk bhg vh|}gf#vh|}gf ohc} }gr}k cmgo}hj

t|eb}kg~h' Thbh rh`}g


69/112

8' TnctnghgTnctnghg lm|rhgff}gf ohvhl }gr}k cmgfhvhyn ohjhgg~h kmfnhrhg

etm|hyneghj tm|}yh`hhg bhg hjn|hg bhgh* cmgf}|}y hbcngnyr|hyn* cmgfmqhj}hyn

ymj}|}` kmfnhrhg tm|}yh`hhg bhg cmclm|nkhg jhte|hg ymih|h lm|khjh kmthbh

th|h tmcnjnk yh`hc' Vmvmghgf ~hgf bncnjnkn tnctnghg hbhjh` cmgmrhtkhg

kmlnohkhg ~hgf lm|`}l}gfhg bmgfhg tmchyek lh`hg lhk}* t|eymy t|eb}kyn*

tmchyh|hg* km}hgfhg ym|rh cmgfhclnj kmt}r}yhg ~hgf lm|khnrhg bmgfhg

kmfnhrhg tm|}yh`hhg'


70/112

cmgohjhgkhg r}fhyg~h lhfnhg tmchyh|hg bnlhgr} ejm` yme|hgf kh|~hvhg

lnbhgf tmchyh|hg'

2' Lhfnhg T|eb}kynLhfnhg t|eb}kyn lm|rhgff}gf ohvhl hrhy t|eymy t|eb}kyn* tmg~ncthghg

bhg tmgfhvhyhg yrek lh`hg lhk}* tmcmjn`h|hhg f}bhgf bhg cmclm|nkhg

jhte|hg tmgff}ghhg lh`hg lhk} bhg t|eb}k ohbn ~hgf bn`hynjkhg bhjhc t|eymy

t|eb}kyn' Lhfnhg t|eb}kyn cmcnjnkn vmvmghgf }gr}k cmgfho}khg tmclmjnhg

lh`hg lhk} km lhfnhg km}hgfhg* cmgm|nch tmyhghg lh`hg lhk} bh|n tmchyek

bhg cmgfho}khg kectjhng kmthbh tmchyek onkh lh`hg lhk} ~hgf bnrm|nch

rnbhk ymy}hn tmyhghg' Bhjhc cmgohjhgkhg r}fhyg~h lhfnhg t|eb}kyn bnlhgr}

rnfh e|hgf kh|~hvhg'

=' Kh|~hvhgKh|~hvhg lhfnhg t|eb}kyn lm|o}cjh` rnfh e|hgf ~hgf lm|r}fhy }gr}k

cmg~ncthg yrek lh`hg lhk} ymy}hn hr}|hg ~hgf bnrmrhtkhg tm|}yh`hhg*

cmg~nhtkhg lh`hg#lh`hg ~hgf hkhg bnf}ghkhg bhjhc t|eymy t|eb}kyn bhg

cmcmjn`h|h kmlm|yn`hg f}bhgf bhg |}hgfhg t|eb}kyn' Kh|~hvhg lhfnhg

tmchyh|hg bhg km}hgfhg cmclhgr} tmjhkyhghhg r}fhy#r}fhy thbh lhfnhg

rm|khnr' Kh|~hvhg rnbhk cmcnjnkn vmvmghgf bhjhc tm|}yh`hhg'


71/112

Fhclh| =' Yr|}kr}| E|fhgnyhyn TR PY}clm| ? TR P*


72/112

k`hynhr bh|n lh`hg rm|yml}r cmcmg}`n tm|y~h|hrhg kmhchghg bhg kmym`hrhg bh|n

Bmtkmy \N bhg Lhbhg TEC'

='9'< Yr|hrmfn Tmchyh|hg

Vnjh~h` tmchyh|hg t|eb}k TR P hbhjh` kerh Lefe| bhg Ohkh|rh' T|eb}k#

t|eb}k rm|yml}r ymjhng bno}hj jhgfy}gf bh|n rmcthr tmcl}hrhg o}fh bno}hj bn

lmlm|hth htermk bhg vh|}gf ohc} ~hgf rm|ymlh| bn bhm|h` rm|yml}r' Yhhr ngn TR P

c}jhn cmctm|j}hy vnjh~h` tmchyh|hg t|eb}kg~h km bhm|h` Jhct}gf bhg Lhjn'

TR P cmgmrhtkhg `h|fh ~hgf yhch }gr}k ymc}h t|eb}k ~hnr} \t


73/112

tn`hk tmchyek ym`ngffh bhthr ymimthrg~h bnfhgrn' Ymlmj}c cmgohbn t|eb}k ohbn

ynctjnynh hkhg cmjhj}n rh`hthg#rh`hthg bhjhc t|eymy t|eb}kyn ~hgf cmjnt}rn ?

8' Ye|rhynYnctjnynh ~hgf hkhg bnf}ghkhg bnye|rn| rm|jmln` bh`}j} }gr}k cmgf`ngbh|n

rm|bhthrg~h lmgbh hrh} lh`hg hyngf ~hgf rnbhk bnngfngkhg chy}k bhjhc t|eymy

t|eb}kyn cnyhjg~h lhr}* thk}* tjhyrnk bhg kere|hg jhngg~h'


74/112

=' Tmgihct}|hgLh`hg lhk} ~hgf y}bh` lm|}th ym|l}k `hj}y hkhg bnrnclhgf bhg bn|hink

bmgfhg lh`hg jhng ymy}hn bmgfhg ae|c}jh t|eb}k ~hgf hkhg bnl}hr' Ymrmjh`

bn|hink lh`hg#lh`hg rm|yml}r bnhb}k bmgfhg cmyng tmgfhb}k ym`ngffh

rm|ihct}| |hrh cmgohbn ym|l}k ohc} ~hgf hkhg bnejh` jhfn'

='2'8 T|eymy T|eb}kyn Ohc} Khty}j

8' Ym|l}k ohc} ymlmj}c bnmkyr|hk hkhg bnh~hk kmclhjn ym`ngffh bntm|ejm`ym|l}k ~hgf jmln` `hj}y' Ymrmjh` bnmkyr|hk lh`hg rm|yml}r bnthghykhg }gr}k

cmgimfh` kegrhcnghyn cnk|ee|fhgnycm'


75/112

9' Rm` `m|lhj bnrnclhgf ymy}hn }k}|hg ~hgf bnrmrhtkhg bhg bnkmchy bhjhctjhyrnk kmbht }bh|h kmc}bnhg bnchy}kkhg km bhjhc kerhk kh|b}y }gr}k

bnyrm|njnyhyn'

Ymih|h yngfkhr hj}| t|eymy t|eb}kyn ohc} r|hbnyneghj TR P bhthr bnjn`hr

thbh Fhclh| 1'

Fhclh| 1' Lhfhg T|eymy T|eb}kyn Ohc} TR PY}clm| ? TR P*


76/112

LHL QN

YNYRMC TM\YMBNHHG LH@HG LHK]

1'8 Omgny* Hyhj bhg K}hjnrhy Lh`hg Lhk}

Bhjhc tmcl}hrhg t|eb}k#t|eb}k ohc} TR P cmgff}ghkhg


77/112

~hgf cmcl}y}k hrh} lm|jmgbn| bhg lm|lh} k`hy omgny ynctjnynh rm|yml}r' Khbh| hn|

~hgf bnnzngkhg hbhjh` =#6 tm|ymg bh|n leler ynctjnynh }gr}k ynctjnynh bhjhc

lmgr}k bh}g* ymbhgfkhg }gr}k ynctjnynh bhjhc lmgr}k hkh|* l}gfh* l}h`* |ncthgf

bhg k}jnr hbhjh` k}|hgf bh|n 84 tm|ymg bh|n leler ynctjnynh' Rngfkhr khbh| hn|

bntmgfh|}`n ejm` kmrmlhjhg ynctjnynh' Hkh|* l}gfh* l}h`* |ncthgf bhg k}jnr

cmcnjnkn kmrmlhjhg ~hgf jmln` lmyh| bh|n bh}g ym`ngffh bhjhc kmhbhhg jmclhl

bh}g jmln` imthr lm|ohc}|' Ymlmj}c bnf}ghkhg bhjhc t|eymy t|eb}kyn TR P

cmjhk}khg }on k}hjnrhy rm|chy}k }on cnk|elh thbh ynctjnynh'

1' < Tm|mgihghhg Tmgfhbhhg Ynctjnynh

Tm|mgihghhg tmgfhbhhg lh`hg lhk} TR P cmjnlhrkhg lhfnhg tmchyh|hg*

lhfnhg t|eb}kyn bhg lhfnhg km}hgfhg' Lhfnhg t|eb}kyn cmg~}y}g |mgihgh

t|eb}kyn t|eb}k ohbn ymjhch yhr} tm|nebm t|eb}kyn (rh`}g.' Onkh hbh ngae|chyn

tm|cngrhhg kegy}cmg bh|n lhfnhg tmchyh|hg chkh lhfnhg t|eb}kyn cmcm|nkyh

tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} ~hgf hbh bn f}bhgf' Lnjh tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} bn f}bhgf

rnbhk cmgi}k}tn* chkh lhfnhg t|eb}kyn cmgfho}khg tm|cngrhhg tmclmjnhg lh`hg

lhk} kmthbh lhfnhg km}hgfhg' Kmc}bnhg lhfnhg km}hgfhg hkhg cmjhk}khg

tmclmjnhg lh`hg lhk}' Leg#leg bhjhc t|eymy tmclmjnhg bnihrhr bhjhc

tmcl}k}hg km}hgfhg' Onkh lh`hg ~hgf bnlmjn rmjh` yhcthn chkh lh`hg#lh`hg

rm|yml}r bntm|nkyh bh`}j} ymlmj}c chy}k km f}bhgf tmg~ncthghg'

1'9 T|eymb}| Tmclmjnhg Lh`hg Lhk}

TR P cmgbhthrkhg lh`hg lhk} (ynctjnynh ghlhrn. bh|n tmchyek ~hgf

lm|hbh bn ^ef~hkh|rh bhg bh|n thyh| r|hbnyneghj bn Lefe|' ]gr}k tmclmjnhg


78/112

ynctjnynh bh|n tmchyek bn ^ef~hkh|rh tmcmyhghg bnjhk}khg jmvhr rmjmteg'

Ymrmjh` bnymthkhrn `h|fh bhg k}hgrnrhy tmclmjnhg chkh tmchyek cmgfn|nckhg

tmyhghg ymy}hn vhkr} ~hgf bnymthkhrn' Ymrmjh` lh`hg lhk} bnrm|nch ejm`

tm|}yh`hhg chkh tm|}yh`hhg cmjhk}khg tmclh~h|hg jmvhr lhgk km |mkmgngf

tmchyek'

Ymih|h fh|ny lmyh| t|eymb}| tmclmjnhg ~hgf bnjhk}khg TR P rm|`hbht

tn`hk tmchyek hbhjh` ?

8' Tm|}yh`hhg cmcmyhg lh`hg lhk} ~hgf bnl}r}`khg jmvhr rmjmteg'


79/112

Km|}yhkhg lh`hg lhk} ymjhch bhjhc t|eymy tmg~ncthghg hrh} t|eymy t|eb}kyn

o}fh cmgohbn lh`hg tm|rnclhgfhg bnhbhkhgg~h tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk}' R}o}hg

hk`n| bh|n tm|ymbnhhg hbhjh` }gr}k cmcmg}`n tm|cngrhhg kegy}cmg' Lm|bhyh|khg

r}o}hgg~h tm|ymbnhhg TR P rm|chy}k omgny yhamr~ yreik ymlhfhn tm|ymbnhhg

tmgfhchg hfh| rnbhk cmgf`hclhr t|eymy t|eb}kyn'

Ynahr ynctjnynh lhnk k}hjnrhy hrh}t}g k}hgrnrhyg~h ~hgf rm|fhgr}gf bh|n

hjhc bhg hbhg~h t|eb}kyn ymrnht l}jhgg~h cmcl}hr tm|}yh`hhg `h|}y cmgfhr}|

chghomcmg ~hgf lhnk bhjhc tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk}' Ynyrmc

tmgfhbhhg ynctjnynh ~hgf bnjhk}khg tm|}yh`hhg bnbhyh|khg thbh |mgihgh

t|eb}kyn ymjhch yhr} rh`}g ~hgf rmjh` bny}y}g ymlmj}cg~h bmgfhg

cmctm|rnclhgfkhg rngfkhr tmgo}hjhg rh`}g jhj}'

Rhlmj 6' Rngfkhr Tmclmjnhg Ynctjnynh Oh`m Cm|h` bhg Hbhy Yeh (kf. TR P*

4 =9

O}jn 16 8.' Ette|r}gnr~ ieyr hbhjh` lnh~h ~hgf bnke|lhgkhg bmgfhg hbhg~h

tm|ymbnhhg bnlhgbngfkhg hthlnjh bhgh }gr}k tm|ymbnhhg rm|yml}r bnyncthg bn

lhgk' Lmyh|g~h ette|r}gnr~ ieyr bntmgfh|}`n ejm` `h|fh tmclmjnhg ynctjnynh bhg

lmyh|g~h rngfkhr y}k} l}gfh rh`}g


84/112

Rhlmj >' Kectegmg Lnh~h Tmg~ncthghg Ynctjnynh Oh`m Cm|h` bhg Hbhy Yeh

TR P*


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Rhlmj 84' Rngfkhr Tmchkhnhg Tm|ymbnhhg Ynctjnynh Oh`m Cm|h` bhg Hbhy

Yeh TR P*


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6'2 Vhkr} R}gff} Tmgfhbhhg Lh`hg Lhk}

Vhkr} r}gff} (jmhb rncm. tmgfhbhhg tm|ymbnhhg ynctjnynh cm|}thkhg

vhkr} ~hgf bnl}r}`khg ymohk ynctjnynh bntmyhg yhcthn ynctjnynh rm|yml}r yhcthn

bn f}bhgf tmg~ncthghg tm|}yh`hhg bhg ynht bnf}ghkhg bhjhc t|eymy t|eb}kyn'

Tm|}yh`hhg lmj}c cmcnjnkn ihrhrhg bmrhnj cmgfmghn vhkr} r}gff} hgrh|h

tmcmyhghg bhg tmgm|nchhg tmyhghg' Lm|bhyh|khg kmrm|hgfhg bh|n tn`hk

tm|}yh`hhg bntm|ejm` kmrm|hgfhg lh`vh vhkr} r}gff} tmgfhbhhg ynctjnynh oh`m

cm|h` bhg hbhy yeh hbhjh` 1 `h|n'

6'= Ynyrmc Tmgfmgbhjnhg Tm|ymbnhhg Lh`hg Lhk} Thbh TR P

Tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} ~hgf bnjhk}khg tm|}yh`hhg lm|r}o}hg

hfh| t|eb}kyn bhthr lm|ohjhg bmgfhg kegrng}* mamkrna bhg manynhg' Thbh tmgmjnrnhg

ngn hkhg bnlh`hy kmlnohkhg tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf bnjhk}khg TR P bhg

cmrebm tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf bnyml}r Chrm|nhj \mx}n|mcmgr Tjhggngf

(C\T. bmgfhg rnfh rmkgnk hjrm|ghrna }k}|hg jer ~hnr} rmkgnk Jer Ae| Jer (JAJ.*

Miegecni E|bm| X}hgrnr~(MEX. bhg Th|r Tm|neb Lhjhgingf (TTL.'

T|ngynt tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} hbhjh` }gr}k cmcngnchjkhg

rerhj lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} bhg cmgohfh kmrm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} hfh|

bhthr cmcmg}`n kml}r}`hg lh`hg lhk} rm|yml}r' Tmclh`hyhg kmlnohkhg

tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg tm|}yh`hhg bhg kmrnfh rmkgnk tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg

cmrebm C\T bh|n ynctjnynh oh`m cm|h` bhg hbhy yeh bhthr bnjjn`hr thbh Jhctn|hg

='


87/112

6'='8 Kmlnohkhg Tmgfmgbhjnhg Tm|ymbnhhg Lh`hg Lhk} thbh TR P

Bhjhc cmjhk}khg tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} TR P cmjhk}khg

tmcmyhghg lh`hg lhk} lm|bhyh|khg |mgihgh t|eb}kyn bhg tm|cngrhhg kegy}cmg'

Ynahr ynctjnynh lhnk k}hjnrhy hrh}t}g k}hgrnrhyg~h yhgfhr rm|fhgr}gf bh|n hjhc

cmcl}hr chghomcmg tm|}yh`hhg tm|j} cmjhk}khg tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg

ynctjnynh ~hgf lhnk hfh| bhthr cmgohfh kegrng}nrhy bhg cmgfhgrnynthyn km|}yhkhg

ynctjnynh' Lhfnhg t|eb}kyn `h|}y rm|}y cmjhk}khg tmcm|nkyhhg |}rng rm|`hbht

lh`hg lhk} ~hgf hbh bn f}bhgf'

Lhfnhg t|eb}kyn ymlhfhn tmgfmgbhjn tm|ymbnhhg cmgf`nr}gf o}cjh`

tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} ~hgf bntm|j}khg ymlhg~hk kml}r}`hg bnrhclh` yrek

hgrnynthyn hfh| onkh hbh tm|cngrhhg cmgbhbhk tm|}yh`hhg rmrht bhthr cmcmg}`n

tm|cngrhhg'

Rhlmj 88' A|mk}mgyn bhg K}hgrnrhy Tmclmjnhg bmgfhg Kmlnohkhg ~hgf

Bnrm|htkhg TR P* 4 2 =9

O}jn 2 16 < 8*1*084

O}jn 4 4*444 4 4*444

Hf}yr}y 8 99>*06= 4 4*444

Ymtrmclm| 4 4*444 4 4*444

Ekrelm| 4 4*444 4 4*444Geqmclm| 4 4*444 4 4*444

Bmymclm| 4 4*444 4 4*444

Rerhj 81 ='290*444 0 =>>* hrh} 96 tm|ymg bh|n rerhj lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg' @hj

ngn bnymlhlkhg kh|mgh rngffng~h a|mk}mgyn tmcmyhghg bhg k}hgrnrhy tmg~ncthghg


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~hgf jmln` lmyh| thbh ynctjnynh rm|yml}r bnlhgbngfkhg hbhy yeh' Ymbhgfkhg }gr}k

ynctjnynh hbhy yeh hbhjh` ymlmyh| \t 9=2'91 hrh} 84*91 tm|ymg bh|n rerhj lnh~h

tm|ymbnhhg' Lmyh|g~h lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg bhg kectegmg lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf

rm|ohbn thbh cmrebm C\T rmkgnk MEX bhthr bnjn`hr thbh Rhlmj 81'

Rhlmj 81' Lnh~h Tm|ymbnhhg Ynctjnynh Oh`m Cm|h` bhg Hbhy Yeh bmgfhg

C\T Rmkgnk MEX TR P* =2'1

6'


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ynctjnynh y}bh` rnbhk bhthr jhfn cmcmg}`n kml}r}`hg lm|yn`' Tmcmyhghg }gr}k

ynctjnynh oh`m cm|h` bnc}jhn thbh l}jhg Aml|}h|n bhg thbh l}jhg Ch|mr }gr}k

ynctjnynh hbhy yeh ymlmyh| gnjhn kml}r}`hg kere| tm|nebm ~hgf bnfhl}gfkhg ~hgf

cmgbmkhrn gnjhn MTT chyngf#chyngf omgny ynctjnynh'

Lm|bhyh|khg Rhlmj 86 k}hgrnrhy tmcmyhghg bmgfhg cmgff}ghkhg rmkgnk

TTL hbhjh` ymlmyh| 2'0>2*= kf }gr}k ynctjnynh oh`m cm|h`* ymbhgfkhg k}hgrnrhy

tmcmyhghg }gr}k ynctjnynh hbhy yeh hbhjh` ymlmyh| 11>*0 kf' O}cjh` tmclmjnhg

ynctjnynh oh`m cm|h` bhg hbhy yeh hbhjh` \t =48'426'=44*44' Tmclmjnhg

rm|lhg~hk hbhjh` ynctjnynh oh`m cm|h` ~hnr} ymlmyh| \t 916'406'=44*44' ]gr}k

ynctjnynh hbhy yeh lnh~h tmclmjnhg ymlmyh| \t 899'>14'444*44'

Rhlmj 86' A|mk}mgyn Tmcmyhghg bhg K}hgrnrhy Tmyhghg bmgfhg Cmrebm

C\T Rmkgnk TTL TR P* 2*9 = 11>*0

Lnh~h tmcmyhghg ~hgf bnkmj}h|khg thbh cmrebm C\T rmkgnk TTL |mjhrna

jmln` kminj bnlhgbngfkhg rmkgnk JAJ bhg MEX' Rerhj lnh~h tmcmyhghg thbh

rmkgnk ngn hbhjh` ymlmyh| \t 8'8


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~hnr} ymlmyh| \t 6=4'444*44 hrh} ymlmyh| 11*16 tm|ymg bh|n rerhj lnh~h tmcmyhghg'

Lnh~h tmcmyhghg }gr}k ynctjnynh hbhy yeh ymlmyh| \t 96='444 hrh} ymlmyh| 99*99

tm|ymg bh|n rerhj lnh~h tmcmyhghg'

Rerhj lnh~h tmg~ncthghg ~hgf bnkmj}h|khg hbhjh` ymlmyh| \t >1>'94>*19

hrh} ymlmyh| 29*19 tm|ymg bh|n rerhj lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg' Lnh~h tmg~ncthghg rm|lmyh|

hbhjh` }gr}k ynctjnynh oh`m cm|h` ymlmyh| \t 1>='621*2> hrh} ymlmyh| 98*98

tm|ymg bh|n rerhj lnh~h tmg~ncthghg' ]gr}k lnh~h tmg~ncthghg ynctjnynh hbhy yeh

hbhjh` ymlmyh| \t 2*82 hrh} 92*>9 tm|ymg bh|n rerhj lnh~h

tm|ymbnhhg' Lmyh|g~h lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg bhg kectegmg lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf

rm|ohbn thbh cmrebm C\T rmkgnk TTL bhthr bnjn`hr thbh Rhlmj 80'

Rhlmj 80' Lnh~h Tm|ymbnhhg Ynctjnynh Oh`m Cm|h` bhg Hbhy Yeh bmgfhg

C\T Rmkgnk TTL TR P* =

Lnh~h Tmg~ncthghg (\t%kf%cngff}. 898*9< 996*>='621*2> 2*82


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6'='9 Hghjnyny Tm|lhgbngfhg Cmrebm Tmgfmgbhjnhg Tm|ymbnhhg

Cmrebm ~hgf bnf}ghkhg bhjhc tmgmjnrnhg ngn ~hnr} cmrebm C\T ~hgf

cmjnt}rn rmkgnk JAJ* MEX bhg TTL ~hgf hkhg bnlhgbngfkhg bmgfhg kmlnohkhg

tm|}yh`hhg }gr}k cmgfhghjnyny tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg'@hynj tm|lhgbngfhgg~h

cmjnt}rn tm|lhgbngfhg hgrh| cmrebm thbh rnht omgny lh`hg lhk} bhg tm|lhgbngfhg

hgrh| cmrebm thbh kmymj}|}`hg lh`hg lhk}' @hynj kmb}h tm|lhgbngfhg rm|yml}r

hkhg bhthr cmgmgr}khg cmrebm hjrm|ghrna rm|lhnk lhfn tm|}yh`hhg ym`ngffh bhthr

bnjhk}khg tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg ynctjnynh ~hgf mamkrna bhg manynmg'

6'='9'8 Hghjnyny Tm|lhgbngfhg Thbh Rnht Omgny Ynctjnynh

Tm|lhgbngfhg ~hgf bnjhk}khg hgrh| cmrebm thbh rnht omgny ynctjnynh

cmjnt}rn tm|lhgbngfhg a|mk}mgyn tmclmjnhg* k}hgrnrhy tmclmjnhg* lnh~h

tmclmjnhg* lnh~h tmcmyhghg* lnh~h tmg~ncthghg bhg lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg' Cmrebm

~hgf bnf}ghkhg hbhjh` cmrebm C\T rmkgnk JAJ* MEX bhg TTL ~hgf hkhg

bnlhgbngfkhg bmgfhg kmlnohkhg tm|}yh`hhg' Ymrmjh` bnlhgbngfkhg kmc}bnhg

bn`nr}gf tmgf`mchrhg lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg thbh rnht omgny ynctjnynh'

Rhlmj 8>' A|mk}mgyn Tmcmyhghg bhg K}hgrnrhy Tmyhghg Cmrebm C\T bhg

Kmlnohkhg Tm|}yh`hhg*


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Ymbhgfkhg bmgfhg cmrebm C\T rmkgnk JAJ a|mk}mgyn tmyhghg cmgohbn yhgfhr

lmyh| kh|mgh tmcmyhghg bnjhk}khg ymrnht hbh kml}r}`hg ynctjnynh bhg

cmgnhbhkhg tm|ymbnhhg* ym`ngffh tmcmyhghg bnjhk}khg `hctn| ymrnht cngff}

ymjhch rh`}g *9=

tm|ymg bhg ynctjnynh hbhy yeh ymlmyh| 6*9< tm|ymg bh|n rerhj a|mk}mgyn tmcmyhghg'

Lm|bhyh|khg Rhlmj 8> k}hgrnrhy tmyhghg rm|rngffn kmb}h omgny ynctjnynh

rm|yml}r rm|bhthr thbh kmlnohkhg tm|}yh`hhg ~hnr} ynctjnynh oh`m cm|h` ymlmyh|


99/112

Rhlmj *9= tm|ymg }gr}k

ynctjnynh oh`m cm|h` bhg 6*9= tm|ymg }gr}k ynctjnynh hbhy yeh'

Rhlmj ='621*2>

Hbhy Yeh 162'1=6*


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omgny ynctjnynh rm|yml}r hbhjh` ymlmyh| 8*60 tm|ymg }gr}k ynctjnynh oh`m cm|h` bhg

=*>6 tm|ymg }gr}k hbhy yeh'

Rhlmj


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Rhlmj


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Rhlmj >**0

Lnh~h Tmclmjnhg (\t. '020'444 899'>14'444

Lnh~h Tmcmyhghg(\t. 8'>=4'444 =>*91 9=2'1 14'444*44' Lnh~h tmcmyhghg rm|rngffn thbh cmrebm C\T rmkgnk JAJ ~hnr}

ymlmyh| \t =>*91' Ymbhgfkhg lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg rm|mgbh` ymlmyh| \t

661'4>2*82 bhg a|mk}mgyn tmcmyhghg etrnchj ymlhg~hk = khjn rm|bhthr thbh

cmrebm C\T rmkgnk TTL'


103/112

6'='2 Hghjnyny Tmgf`mchrhg Rm|`hbht Kmlnohkhg Tm|}yh`hhg

Tmgf`nr}gfhg tmgf`mchrhg `hynj tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg ynctjnynh oh`m

cm|h` bhg hbhy yeh ymjhch rh`}g *90 tm|ymg*

thbh rmkgnk MEX ymlmyh| 8


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Rhlmj 9 10*80

Hbhy Yeh 88*=9//

06*6 82*90 1>*6 89*61 666'40>*90 10*80


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Lm|bhyh|khg Rhlmj =*61 tm|ymg' Tmgf`mchrhg lnh~h

tm|ymbnhhg rm|lmyh| ynctjnynh oh`m cm|h` rm|bhthr thbh cmrebm C\T rmkgnk TTL

ymlmyh| \t 9'4>6'40>*90 hrh} ymlmyh| 10*80 tm|ymg'

Rhlmj ' \mkhtnr}jhyn Tm|lhgbngfhg Tmgf`mchrhg Hgrh| Rmkgnk bhjhc

Cmrebm C\T bmgfhg Kmlnohkhg Tm|}yh`hhg ]gr}k Ynctjnynh

Hbhy Yeh* *90 =4=*61 2=*66 29=*< 9>*90

Lnh~h Tmclmjnhg (\t. 06'424'444 9>*90 848'8=*8'1>6*>< 06*6 9


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tmgf`mchrhg thbh cmrebm C\T chyngf#chyngf }gr}k rmkgnk JAJ bhg TTL

ymlmyh| 29=*< kf hrh} ymlmyh| 9>*90 tm|ymg* rmkgnk MEX ymlmyh| =4=*61 kf hrh}

ymlmyh| 2=*66 tm|ymg' Thbh lnh~h tmclmjnhg tmgf`mchrhg rm|lmyh| rm|ohbn thbh

cmrebm C\T rmkgnk JAJ bhg TTL ymlmyh| \t 06'424'444*44 hrh} 9>*90 tm|ymg

bh|n lnh~h tmclmjnhg ~hgf bnkmj}h|khg tm|}yh`hhg' Thbh lnh~h tmcmyhghg rm|ohbn

tmgf`mchrhg rm|lmyh| thbh cmrebm C\T rmkgnk TTL ymlmyh| \t8'=6='444*44 hrh}

ymlmyh| 04*61 tm|ymg' ]gr}k cmrebm C\T rmkgnk JAJ rnbhk rm|ohbn tmgf`mchrhg

lnh~h tmcmyhghg kh|mgh a|mk}mgyn tmcmyhghg thbh rmkgnk ngn oh}` jmln` lmyh|

bnlhgbngfkhg bmgfhg kmlnohkhg tm|}yh`hhg'

Tmgf`mchrhg lnh~h tmg~ncthghg rm|bhthr thbh cmrebm C\T rmkgnk JAJ

ymlmyh| \t =>8'1>6*>< hrh} ymlmyh| 06*6 tm|ymg' @hj ngn bnymlhlkhg kh|mgh o}cjh`

tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf bnyncthg ymbnknr bnchgh thbh rmkgnk ngn tmgfhbhhg tm|ymbnhhg

bnjhk}khg ymlhg~hk kml}r}`hg lm|yn` ymrmjh` tm|ymbnhhg bn rhgfhg `hlny' ]gr}k

lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg tmgf`mchrhg rm|lmyh| rm|bhthr thbh cmrebm C\T rmkgnk TTL

ymlmyh| \t 8'020'=19*82 hrh} ymlmyh| 64*29 tm|ymg' @hj ngn lm|h|rn thbh rmkgnk

TTL bhthr bnohbnkhg hjrm|ghrna rmkgnk tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg ynctjnynh thbh TR

P' Rmkgnk rm|yml}r bhthr cmg}|}gkhg lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf ghgrng~h bhthr

cmg}|}gkhg lnh~h t|eb}kyn'

6'='= Hjrm|ghrna Cebmj Tmgfmgbhjnhg Tm|ymbnhhg Ynctjnynh

Hjrm|ghrna tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg ynctjnynh thbh TR P bnbhyh|khg thbh

hghjnyny tm|lhgbngfhg hgrh| cmrebm thbh rnht omgny ynctjnynh bhg hghjnyny

tm|lhgbngfhg hgrh| cmrebm thbh kmymj}|}`hg tm|ymbnhhg ynctjnynh' Rmrhtn ymih|h

kmymj}|}`hg bnrmgr}khg lm|bhyh|khg tmgf`mchrhg thbh rerhj lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg


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thbh kmymj}|}`hg lh`hg lhk}' Hjrm|ghrna cmrebm ngn o}fh `h|}y

cmctm|rnclhgfkhg ynyrmc tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg bhg ynyrmc chghomcmg

t|eb}kyn ~hgf y}bh` bnohjhgkhg tm|}yh`hhg'

Kmfnhrhg t|eb}kyn ~hgf kegrng~} cmg~mlhlkhg tm|}yh`hhg cmcl}r}`khg

tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} ~hgf i}k}t lhfn t|eymy t|eb}kyng~h' Tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg

lhk} ~hgf i}k}t hkhg cmgohcng kmjhgih|hg t|eymy t|eb}kyn' @hynj hghjnyny

tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg bmgfhg cmgff}ghkhg cmrebm C\T cmclm|nkhg

tmgf`mchrhg lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg rm|lmyh| thbh rmkgnk TTL' ]gr}k lnh~h

tmg~ncthghg cmrebm C\T rmkgnk JAJ cmclm|nkhg tmgf`mchrhg rm|lmyh| ghc}g

rnbhk }gr}k k|nrm|nh jhngg~h' Rmkgnk JAJ ngn rnbhk ymy}hn bmgfhg chghomcmg

tm|}yh`hhg ~hgf cmgf`h|}ykhg hbhg~h tm|ymbnhhg lh`hg lhk} bn f}bhgf'

]gr}k chyngf#chyngf rmkgnk thbh cmrebm C\T cmcnjnkn kmjmln`hg bhg

kmk}|hgfhg' Rmkgnk JAJ cm|}thkhg y}hr} rmkgnk ~hgf kegynyrmg bmgfhg }k}|hg

jer ~hgf kminj* tmyhghg lm|khjh* tm|ymbnhhg rmthr vhkr} bhg |mgbh`' Kmjmln`hg

bh|n rmkgnk ngn hbhjh` bhthr cmgf}|hgfn tm|ymbnhhg ym`ngffh bhthr cmgf}|hgfn

lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg' Rmkgnk MEX cmcnjnkn km}gr}gfhg bhthr cmgf}|hgfn lnh~h

tm|ymbnhhg kh|mgh cmcmyhg ymo}cjh` ymlmyh| MEX bhg kmjnthrhgg~h' Rmkgnk TTL

cm|}thkhg rmkgnk ~hgf cm|majmkynkhg kml}r}`hg }gr}k tm|nebm#tm|nebm

ymy}bh`g~h' Rmkgnk ngn jmln` rmthr bnf}ghkhg onkh lnh~h tmcmyhghg i}k}t rngffn*

ym`ngffh hkhg jmln` cmgf}gr}gfkhg cmjhk}khg tmcmyhghg bhjhc o}cjh` lmyh|

bhg cmg~ncthg lh`hg rm|yml}r bh|nthbh cmjhk}khg tmcmyhghg bhjhc a|mk}mgyn

ym|ngf bmgfhg k}hgrnrhy kminj'

Bmgfhg lm|lhfhn tm|rnclhgfhg ~hgf rmjh` bn}|hnkhg bn hrhy chkh cmrebm

C\T rmkgnk TTL bhthr bnohbnkhg hjrm|ghrna bhjhc cmjhk}khg tmgfmgbhjnhg


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tm|ymbnhhg ynctjnynh lhfn tm|}yh`hhg' Cmrebm ngn bhthr cmgf}|hgfn k}hgrnrhy

tmcmyhghg* lnh~h tmclmjnhg bhg lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg' Rmkgnk ngn o}fh bhthr

cmgb}k}gf chghomcmg ~hgf bnrm|htkhg tm|}yh`hhg }gr}k cmgngfkhrkhg manynmgyn

lnh~h t|eb}kyn' Cmrebm C\T rmkgnk TTL bhthr bn|mkecmgbhynkhg }gr}k

bnohbnkhg hjrm|ghrna cmrebm tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg lhfn tm|}yh`hhg kh|mgh

cmcnjnkn tmgf`mchrhg rerhj ~hgf jmln` lmyh| bhjhc lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg bnlhgbngf

rmkgnk MEX' Rmkgnk ngn cmcnjnkn kmjmch`hg ~hnr} tm|ymbnhhg ynctjnynh bhthr

|}yhk ymjhch bhjhc t|eymy tmg~ncthghg* ghc}g `hj nr} bhthr bntm|kminj kh|mgh

ynctjnynh km|ngf rh`hg bnyncthg ymjhch mghc l}jhg hyhj rmcthrg~h rnbhk jmclhl*

i}k}t ih`h~h bhg bnyncthg bhjhc vhbh` kmbht }bh|h'


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LHL QNNN

KMYNCT]JHG BHG YH\HG

0'8 Kmynct}jhg

TR P cm|}thkhg yhjh` yhr} t|eb}ymg t|eb}k ohc} r|hbnyneghj ~hgf

rm|chy}k bhjhc fejegfhg Ngb}yr|n Kminj Elhr R|hbnyneghj (NKER. ~hgf rm|jmrhk bn

bhm|h` Lefe|* Ohvh Lh|hr' Lh`hg lhk} }rhch ~hgf bnf}ghkhg bhjhc t|eymy

t|eb}kyn hbhjh` ynctjnynh lm|}th rhghchg elhr ~hgf y}bh` bnkm|ngfkhg' Ynctjnynh

~hgf bnf}ghkhg ymlhfhn lh`hg lhk} lm|hyhj bh|n tmchyek bn bhm|h` ^ef~hkh|rh

bhg thyh| r|hbnyneghj bn Lefe|' Tmgfhbhhg ynctjnynh thbh TR P cmjnlhrkhg lhfnhg

t|eb}kyn* lhfnhg tmchyh|hg bhg lhfnhg km}hgfhg lm|bhyh|khg |mgihgh t|eb}kyn

ymjhch yhr} rh`}g' Lm|bhyh|khg r}o}hgg~h tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf bnhbhkhg tm|}yh`hhg

rm|chy}k omgny yhamr~ yreikymlhfhn tm|ymbnhhg tmgfhchg hfh| rnbhk cmgf`hclhr

t|eymy t|eb}kyn'

Tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf bnhghjnyny bhjhc tmgmjnrnhg ngn hbhjh`

ynctjnynh ~hgf rm|fejegf bhjhc kmjhy H ~hgf lm|gnjhn rngffn lhfn tm|}yh`hhg ~hnr}

oh`m cm|h` bhg hbhy yeh' Kmb}h omgny ynctjnynh rm|yml}r bntm|ejm` bh|n tmchyek

~hgf lm|hbh bn ^ef~hkh|rh' Bhjhc kmlnohkhg tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg ynctjnynh

TR P lmj}c cmgm|htkhg y}hr} cmrebm rm|rmgr}' Bh|n `hynj tmgmjnrnhg bn TR P

bhthr bnjn`hr lh`vh ynyrmc tmgfhbhhg tm|ymbnhhg ynctjnynh ~hgf bnjhk}khg

tm|}yh`hhg lmj}c etrnchj' K}|hgfg~h kegr|ej tm|ymbnhhg cmgfhknlhrkhg

rm|ohbng~h kmk}|hgfhg ynctjnynh hrh}t}g tm|ymbnhhg ynctjnynh ~hgf lm|jmln` thbh

vhkr} rm|rmgr}' @hj rm|yml}r cmg~mlhlkhg ngmanynmgyn lnh~h ~hgf bnkmj}h|khg

tm|}yh`hhg'


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@hynj hghjnyny tmgfmgbhjnhg tm|ymbnhhg ynctjnynh bmgfhg cmgff}ghkhg

cmrebm C\T cmg}go}kkhg lh`vh cmrebm C\T bhthr cmclm|nkhg tmgf`mchrhg

lhfn tmgfmj}h|hg lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg ~hgf bn`hynjkhg ejm` tm|}yh`hhg' K|nrm|nh ~hgf

bnlhgbngfkhg cmjnt}rn a|mk}mgyn tmcmyhghg* k}hgrnrhy tmyhghg* lnh~h tmclmjnhg*

lnh~h tmcmyhghg* lnh~h tmg~ncthghg bhg lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg' Bh|n `hynj

tm|`nr}gfhg bmgfhg cmrebm C\T rmkgnk JAJ* MEX bhg TTL rm|bhthr lmlm|hth

tmgf`mchrhg ~hgf bn`hynjkhg' @hj rm|yml}r cmg}go}kkhg lh`vh tmgfmgbhjnhg

tm|ymbnhhg ynctjnynh ~hgf bnjhk}khg tm|}yh`hhg lmj}c chct} cmgfetrnchjkhg

lnh~h tm|ymbnhhg'

Rmkgnk TTL bntnjn` kh|mgh rmkgnk ngn bhthr cmgb}k}gf chghomcmg

tm|}yh`hhg ~hgf cmgf`mgbhkn hbhg~h kegrng}nrhy lh`hg lhk} bn f}bhgf hfh|

rnbhk cmgf`hclhr t|eymy t|eb}kyn' Cmrebm C\T rmkgnk TTL o}fh ymy}hn }gr}k

tm|}yh`hhg ~hgf lm|}yh`h cmjhk}khg manynmgyn bn lm|lhfhn lnbhgf rm|chy}k lnh~h

tm|ymbnhhg' Onkh bnrm|htkhg thbh kmymj}|}`hg omgny ynctjnynh ~hgf lm|o}cjh`


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cmctm|`hrnkhg tmcmjn`h|hhg tm|ymbnhhg }gr}k cmgf`ngbh|n km|}yhkhg lh`hg

lhk}'


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ANALISIS SISTEM PENGADAAN DAN PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU JAMU TRADISIONAL PADA PT X BOGOR

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Transcript of ANALISIS SISTEM PENGADAAN DAN PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU JAMU TRADISIONAL PADA PT X BOGOR