ANALISIS PERENCANAAN DAN PENGENDALIAN PRODUKSI PADA PEMBUATAN PRODUK BALLAST EKSPOR A-1 (STUDI KASUS...

8/2/2019 ANALISIS PERENCANAAN DAN PENGENDALIAN PRODUKSI PADA PEMBUATAN PRODUK BALLAST EKSPOR A-1 (STUDI KASUS DI PT. NIKKATSU ELECTRI

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Ncnhfzfz Yb{bcjncnnc mnc Ybclbcmnhfnc Y{`mrgzf Ynmn

Ybokrn}nc Y{`mrg Knhhnz} Bgzy`{ N/>

%Z}rmf Gnzrz mf Y] CFGGN]ZR BHBJ][FJ \@[G&

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>#9:#9;

Ybclbcmnhfnc oncrdnj}r{fcl obhfkn}gnc zbhr{re ng}fdf}nz orhnf mn{f ybonzrgnc

knenc obc}ne znoynf obcanmf y{`mrg anmf# Ng}ftf}nz / ng}ftf}nz mnhno

yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf obhfyr}f yb{bcjncnnc y{`zbz( anm|nh fcmrg y{`mrgzf(yb{bcjncnnc gbkr}renc on}b{fnh( yb{bcjncnnc gnynzf}nz( mnc ybclbcmnhfnc

ng}ftf}nz y{`mrgzf %ze`y dh``{

Y]# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{g kb{lb{ng mfkfmncl fcmrz}{f oncrdng}r{ mnc kb{yb{nc

zb{}n mnhno yboknclrcnc bg`c`of cnzf`cnh mf zbj}`{ {ffh mbclnc obclnzfhgnc

y{`mrg foy`{ onryrc bgzy`{ vncl kncvng obcvb{ny }bcnln gb{an zb{}n obhngzncngnc

y{`l{no gbof}{nnc mbclnc yn{n fcmrz}{f gbjfh# Y]# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{gz(

obhngrgnc yb{hrnznc ynk{fg mnc ybclboknclnc abcfz y{`mrg zbyb{}f1 Knhhnz} >9|

=9 |( ]{nczd`{ob{ >TN :2 GTN( Hnoyr ebon} bcb{lf 2\ 42\( J`{b( mnc

hnfchnfc#

Ynmn ybcbhf}fnc ngef{ fcf `kabg vncl mf}bhf}f nmnhne Knhhnz} Bgzy`{ N/>( mfoncn

Knhhnz} Bgzy`{ N/> fcf obofhfgf mnvn =9 |n}}( }blnclnc >;< t`h}( mnc

d{bgrbczfcvn =9 Eq# Knhhnz} N/> fcf mfbgzy`{ gb mnb{ne ]for{ ]bclne }b{r}non

N{nk Znrmf#

Yb{bcjncnnc mnc ybclbcmnhfnc y{`mrgzf Knhhnz} N/> mfnc}n{ncvn1 d`{bjnz}fcl >;

yb{f`mb obcmn}ncl kb{mnzn{gnc yh`} mn}n mboncm >; yb{f`mb zbkbhrocvn(

obclef}rcl {bcjncn y{`mrgzf nl{bln}( obcbc}rgnc Onz}b{ Y{`mrj}f`c Zjebmrhhb

%OYZ&( Obclef}rcl h`}}fcl( mnc O[Y %On}b{fnh [b~rf{bobc} Yhnccfcl

Mn{f enzfh ybcbhf}fnc mnyn} mfhfen} yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf mbclnc g{f}b{fn ofcfonzf

`clg`z( gbkr}renc gnynzf}nz y{`mrgzf rc}rg obhngzncngnc OYZ( arohnegbkr}renc on}b{fnh zb{}n |ng}r ybobzncnc n}nr ybokrn}nccvn mnhno {nclgn

obobcref yb{ofc}nnc y{`mrg ngef{ vncl zrmne mf{bcjncngnc mnhno OYZ(

obcbc}rgnc kbzn{cvn gbkr}renc ofcfonh mn{f zb}fny on}b{fnh vncl mfyb{hrgnc(

zb{}n obcbc}rgnc ybhngzncnnc {bcjncn ybobzncnc vncl kb{n{}f O[Y onoyr

rc}rg obokb{fgnc fcmfgnzf gnync ybobzncnc n}nr ybokn}nhnc n}nz ybobzncnc

en{rz mfhngrgnc

Gn}n Grcjf1 D`{bjnz}fcl( [bcjncn Y{`mrgzf Nl{bln}( Onz}b{ Y{`mrj}f`c

Zjebmrhhb( H`}}fcl( On}b{fnh [b~rf{bobc} Yhnccfcl#


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Y{`mrj}f`c ncm Yhnccfcl J`c}{`h

]eb Ongfcl @d Knhhnz} Buy`{} N/> Y{`mrj}

%Jnzb Z}rmv n} Y}# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{g Kncmrcl&


>#9:#9;

Oncrdnj}r{fcl j`c}{`h fcjrhyn}b nhh `d nj}ftf}fbz z}n{} d{ò bc}b{fcl {n|

on}b{fnh kbjòb dfcfzebm l``mz# Nj}ftf}fbz fc y{`mrj}f`c yhnccfcl j`tb{bm1

y{`jbzz yhnccfcl( onz}b{ y{`mrj}f`c zjebmrhb( {b~rf{bobc} on}b{fnh

yhnccfcl( jnynjf}v yhnccfcl( j`c}{`hhfcl y{`mrj}f`c nj}ftf}v %ze``y dh``{&

Y]# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{g `yb{n}fcl `c fcmrz}{fnh oncrdnj}r{ zbj}`{ ncm

yhnv n yn{} fc mbtbh`yobc} `d cn}f`cnh bj`còfj fc {bnh zbj}`{ |efje

y{`mrjb foy`{} nh}e`rle buy`{} y{`mrj}( }en} fc l{bn} ~rnc}f}v nzg |`{gb{

foyhbobc} yn{}cb{zefy y{`l{no |f}e h`| fcmrz}{v# Y] Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj

\`{g m`fcl dnj}`{v buynczf`c ncm tn{fnc y{`mrj} mbtbh`yobc} zrje nz1

Knhhnz} >9 =9|( ]{nczd`{ob{ >TN/:2GTN( Bcb{lv y{`tfmbc} hnoy 2\/

42\ ncm b}j#

Fc }efz }ebzfz {bzbn{je( }eb `kabj} }en} kb bunofcbm fz Knhhnz} N/>( }en} }efz

Knhhnz} N/> entb =9 |n}} y`|b{( >;< t`h} t`h}nlb( ncm =9 Eq d{b~rbcjv#

]efz Knhhnz} N/> kb buy`{}bm }` Blvy}#

Y{`mrj}f`c ncm Yhnccfcl J`c}{`h `d Knhhnz} N/> j`tb{bm1 D`{bjnz}fcl d`{

cbu} > vbn{ {bln{mfcl }eb yh`} `d mboncm >; yb{f`mz nl`( j`rc}fcl `d

y{`mrj}f`c nll{bln}b yhnccfcl( mb}b{ofcb Onz}b{ Y{`mrj}f`c Zjebmrhhb

%OYZ&( j`rc}fcl `d h`}}fcl ncm On}b{fnh [b~rf{bobc} Yhnccfcl %O[Y&

D{ò }eb {bzrh} `d {bzbn{je( |b jnc zbb y{`mrj}f`c yhnccfcl }en} entb

ofcfon}f`c j`z} j{f}b{fn( y{`mrj}f`c jnynjf}v }` m` Onz}b{ Y{`mrj}f`c

Zjebmrhhb( ~rnc}f}v `d on}b{fnh {b~rf{bobc} nhz` }eb }fob `d `{mb{ `{

y{`mrj}f`c }` obb} n mboncm `d dfcfzebm l``mz {bln{mfcl Onz}b{ Y{`mrj}f`c

Zjebmrhhb( mb}b{ofcb }eb {n}b `d ofcfonh {b~rf{bobc} d`{ bnje on}b{fnh }en}

kb cbbmbm( nhz` mb}b{ofcb `d m`fcl `mb{ yhnccfcl }en} obncz( O[Y jnc lftb

fcmfjn}f`c |ebc }` `{mb{ `{ jncjbh }eb `{mb{ ze`rhm m`#

Gbv |`{mz1 D`{bjnz}fcl( Nll{bln}b Y{`mrj}f`c Yhnccfcl( Onz}b{

Y{`mrj}f`c Zjebmrhhb( H`}}fcl( On}b{fnh [b~rf{bobc} Yhnccfcl


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Yraf mnc zvrgr{ ybcvrzrc yncan}gnc Gbenmf{n} ]renc Vncl Onen Bzn( gn{bcn n}nz

kb{gn} {neon} mnc gn{rcfn/Cvn ybcrhfz mnyn} obcvbhbznfgnc hny`{nc }rlnz ngef{#

Hny`{nc }rlnz ngef{ vncl kb{armrh Ncnhfzfz Yb{bcjncnnc mnc Ybclbcmnhfnc Y{`mrgzf

Ynmn Ybokrn}nc Y{`mrg Knhhnz} Bgzy`{ mf Y] CFGGN]ZR BHBJ][FJ \@[GZ fcf

mfnargnc zbknlnf znhne zn}r zvn{n} gbhrhrznc rc}rg on}n grhfne }rrlnz ngef{#

Ybcrhfz obcvnmn{f kne|n hny`{nc vncl mfzrzrc fcf onzfe anre rc}rg mfgn}ngnc

zboyr{cn( `hbe zbknk f}r ybcrhfz obclen{nygnc onzrgnc( zn{nc mnc g{f}fgnc vnclkb{zfdn} oboknclrc zbefclln mnhno ybcvrzrcnc hny`{nc mfonzn vncl ngnc mn}fcl

mfen{nygnc ngnc obcanmf hbkfe knfg#

Nhenomrhhfhne zbhnon y{`zbz ybokrn}nc hny`{nc }rlnz ngef{ fcf( ybcrhfz kncvng

obcmnyn}gnc mrgrclnc( knc}rnc mnc kfokfclnc mn{f kb{knlnf yfeng# ]ncyn f}r

zborn( ybcrhfz vngfc hny`{nc fcf }fmng ngnc }b{hngzncn# Rc}rg f}r( ynmn gbzboyn}nc

fcf ybcrhfz obcvnoynfgnc {nzn }b{fon gnzfe vncl zbkbzn{/kbzn{cvn gbynmn1

># Ynyn onon vncl {bhn kb{g`{knc dfzfg mnc on}b{f( oboknc}fcl }rhncl mbofncngcvn obcanmf zn{ancn( zrcllre znoynf gnyncyrc }nggnc }b{knhnz zborn anzn

kbhfnr( zb{}n zncng dnofhf mnc zblbcny gbhrn{ln }b{jfc}n vncl zbhnhr obokb{fgnc

mrgrclnc mnc m`n#

;# Zrjf Dbk{fncf( Nc}fgn [bbcnh}nz( Arhfn Fcm{nq( Or}fn{n B{ov( Ncb Mfcmn Gf{ncf(Zborn `{ncl vncl ngr znvncl mnc znvncl znon ngr( }{fon gnzfe n}nz

ybclnhnonc efmry vncl }ng }b{hryngnc( Zybzfnh }encgz krn} Zvb{hf Vrhncmn( F

H`tb V`r Z` Orje( ]encgz d`{ v`r{ zofhb( ]encgz d`{ v`r{ jn{b(]encgz d`{

}eb zyf{f}(Fo C`}efcl \f}e`r} V`r#

:# Yfeng yb{rznennc Y] CFGGN]ZR BHBJ][FJ \@[GZ vncl }bhne obokb{fgncgbzboyn}nc gbynmn znvn rc}rg obhngrgnc ybcbhf}fnc#


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=# Kr Arhfnc [`kbjjn( O#] zbhngr g``{mfcn}`{ mnc ybokfokfcl }rlnz ngef{( vnclmbclnc znkn{ obokfokfcl znvn mnhno obcvrzrc hny`{nc }rlnz ngef{#

2# Yng F Onmn N{vnc}en N( O#] mnc Yng Nlrz [fvnc}` zbhngr m`zbc ybclrafmf|ng}r zbofcn{ mnc zfmfcl( }b{fon gnzfe n}nz zborn g{f}fg mnc zn{nc mnhno

ybcvrzrcnc hny`{nc#

4# Gnynm` gn|ncgn|nc ormn ormf l`ca`cl hfo` Kncmrcl#>



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KNK >

YBCMNERHRNC

>#># Hn}n{ Kbhngncl Onznhne

Ybclbcmnhfnc oncrdnj}r{fcl obhfkn}gnc zbhr{re ng}fdf}nz orhnf mn{f ybonzrgnc

knenc obc}ne znoynf obcanmf y{`mrg anmf# ]b{onzrg mfnc}n{ncvn njj`rc}fcl(

`{mb{ bc}{v( ybhnvncnc ybhncllnc( h`lfz}fg( krmlb}fcl( mnc yb{bcjncnnc z}{n}blf

mnhno oncrdnj}r{fcl# Gb}b{ynmrnc zborn enh fcf zb{fcl mfzbkr} mbclnc O[Y

%Oncrdnj}r{fcl [bz`r{jb Yhnccfcl

Ng}ftf}nz / ng}ftf}nz mnhno yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf obhfyr}f yb{bcjncnnc y{`zbz(

anm|nh fcmrg y{`mrgzf( yb{bcjncnnc gbkr}renc on}b{fnh( yb{bcjncnnc gnynzf}nz(

mnc ybclbcmnhfnc ng}ftf}nz y{`mrgzf %ze`y dh``{ Mnhno ybcankn{nc hbkfe hncar}(

ongn yb{bcjncnnc oncrdnj}r{fcl mfr{nfgnc obcanmf y{`zbz nyn znan vncl en{rz

mfgb{angnc( zfnyn ybhngzncncvn( gnync( mfoncn mnc yb{gf{nnc `clg`z vncl

mf}fokrhgnc#

Y]# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{g kb{lb{ng mfkfmncl fcmrz}{f oncrdng}r{ mnc kb{yb{nc

zb{}n mnhno yboknclrcnc bg`c`of cnzf`cnh mf zbj}`{ {ffh mbclnc obclnzfhgnc

y{`mrg foy`{ onryrc bgzy`{ vncl kncvng obcvb{ny }bcnln gb{an zb{}n

obhngzncngnc y{`l{no gbof}{nnc mbclnc yn{n fcmrz}{f gbjfh#

Y]# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{gz zbanhnc mbclnc onarcvn yboknclrcnc ybhfz}{fggnc

mf cbln{n gf}n vncl zbongfc ybzn}( yb{rznennc kb{rynvn obclboknclgnc

znvnycvn( mfnc}n{ncvn mbclnc obhngrgnc yb{hrnznc ynk{fg mnc ybclnoknclnc

abcfz y{`mrg zbyb{}f1 Knhhnz} >9| =9 |( ]{nczd`{ob{ >TN :2 GTN( Hnoyr

ebon} bcb{lf 2\ 42\( J`{b( mnc hnfc hnfc# Mfen{nygnc cnc}fcvn mnyn}

obobcref gbkr}renc yb{nhn}nc hfz}{fg knlf ybongnf mf mnhno cblb{f onryrc hrn{

cblb{f#


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Cnorc mf Y]# Cfggn}zr Bhbj}{fj \`{gz zb{fcl obclnhnof onznhne mnhno enh

yb{bcjncnnc mnc ybclbcmnhfnc y{`mrgzf# \ng}r kngr vncl mfanmfgnc yn}`gnc

obcllrcngnc |ng}r kngr z}ncmn{ {n}n {n}n vncl hnon( kb{kbmn mbclnc {bnh

mfhnynclnc %mf hnc}nf y{`mrgzf&( zbefclln gnynzf}nz y{`mrgzf zb{fclgnhf }fmng

zbzrnf mbclnc yb{gf{nnc# Enh fcf arln orclgfc vncl obcvbknkgnc nmncvn

gb}b{hnokn}nc ybobzncnc knenc kngr( gb}b{hnokn}nc mn}nclcvn ybzncnc( arohne

ybzncnc vncl }b{gnmncl gr{ncl n}nr hbkfe mn{f vncl zben{rzcvn( zbefclln

obclngfkn}gnc ybcnoknenc `clg`z rc}rg obcjrgryfcvn( mnc( enh f}r arln

obclngfkn}gnc `clg`z vncl }fmng zbzrnf mbclnc yb{bcjncnnc# Yb{hr nmncvn

btnhrnzf zbjn{n kb{gnhn mnc yb{bcjncnnc vncl on}ncl mnhno y{`mrgzf nln{ zbzrnf

gbkr}renc mbclnc ofcfonzf clg`z#

Kb{mnzn{gnc yncmnclnc/yncmnclnc mf n}nz( ybcrhfz obclnokfh armrh ybcbhf}fnc

]rlnz Ngef{ Ncnhfzfz Yb{bcjncnnc Mnc Ybclbcmnhfnc Y{`mrgzf Ynmn

Ybokrn}nc Knhhnz} Buy`{}# Mfen{nygnc enzfh hny`{nc fcf kfzn obokb{fgnc

rzrhnc }b{enmny yb{rznennc#

>#;# Fmbc}fdfgnzf Onznhne

Kb{mnzn{gnc hn}n{ kbhngncl onznhne mf n}nz( onznhne vncl }fokrh mnyn}

mffmbc}fdfgnzf zbknlnf kb{fgr} 1

># Knlnfoncn g`czby gbkr}renc y{`mrgzf( y{`zbz y{`mrgzf mnc yb{ofc}nnc ynzn{y{`mrg#

;# Nyngne yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf zbzrnf yb{ofc}nnc ynzn{ mbclnc g{f}b{fnofcfonzf kfnvn y{`mrgzf#

:#

Knlnfoncn gbkr}renc gnynzf}nz vncl mflrcngnc rc}rg obhngzncngnc anm|nhfcmrg y{`mrgzf OYZ %Onz}b{ Y{`mrj}f`c Zjebmrhhb

=# Kb{nyn arohne ybzncnc mbclnc ofcfonzf clg`z zfoync#2# Nyngne zfz}bo onoyr obclenzfhgnc fcd`{onzf rc}rg obhngrgnc ngzf vncl

}byn} %ybokrn}nc ybzncnc( ybcanm|nhnc ybobzncnc( mnc hnfc hnfc&( vncl

ob{ryngnc {bdb{bczf rc}rg ybokbhfnc mnc y{`mrgzf#


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:

>#:# Ybokn}nznc Onznhne

Kb{mnzn{gnc fmbc}fdfgnzf onznhne( ongn onznhne vncl ngnc mfkn}nzf ynmn

ybcbhf}fnc fcf nmnhne1

Oboknenz YYJ %Y{`mrjf`c} Yhnccfcl J`c}{`h& ynmn yb{rznennc( zbyb{}fy{`zbz gbmn}nclnc ybzncnc g`czrobc( yb{bcjncnnc y{`zbz y{`mrgzf(

yb{bcjncnnc mnc ybclbcmnhfnc gblfn}nc y{`mrgzf#

Ybcbhf}fnc encvn oboknenz YYJ rc}rg > abcfz y{`mrg vnf}r y{`mrg Knhhnz}Bgzy`{ N/>

>#=# ]rarnc Ybcbhf}fnc

Nmnyrc }rarnc mfhngrgnccvn ybcbhf}fnc fcf nmnhne 1

># Obclfmbc}fdfgnzf g`czby gbkr}renc y{`mrgzf( y{`zbz y{`mrgzf mnc yb{ofc}nncynzn{ y{`mrg#

;# Obclb}nerf yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf zbzrnf yb{ofc}nnc ynzn{ mbclnc g{f}b{fnofcfonzf kfnvn y{`mrgzf#

:# Obclef}rcl gbkr}renc gnynzf}nz vncl mflrcngnc rc}rg obhngzncngnc anm|nhfcmrg y{`mrgzf OYZ %Onz}b{ Y{`mrj}f`c Zjebmrhhb

=# Obclef}rcl arohne ybzncnc mbclnc ofcfonzf clg`z zfoync#>#2# Ob}`m`h`lf Ybcbhf}fnc

Ob}`m`h`lf ybcbhf}fnc vncl mfhngrgnc obcr{r} mn}n y{fob{hnclzrcl( ob}`mb

vncl mflrcngnc nmnhne obhngrgnc `kzb{tnzf hnclzrcl rc}rg obclb}nerf

knlnfoncn YYJ %Y{`mrj}f`c Yhnccfcl J`c}{`h& ynmn yb{rznennc( obhngrgnc

ybclroyrhnc mn}n knfg mn{f mn}n/mn}n vncl mfmnyn} mn{f ybokfokfcl hnclzrcl mf

yb{rznennc onryrc }b`{f n}nr hf}b{n}r{b vncl mfmnyn} mn{f krgr mnc fc}b{cb}#


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=

>#4# Zfz}bon}fgn Ybcrhfznc

Nmnyrc zfz}bon}fgn ybcrhfznc hny`{nc ]rlnz Ngef{ fcf nmnhne zbknlnf kb{fgr}1

Knk ># Ybcmnerhrnc

Ynmn knk fcf ngnc mfabhnzgnc obclbcnf1 onznhne/onznhne vncl ngnc mfknenz(

onznhne/onznhne vncl }fokrh kb{mnzn{gnc hn}n{ kbhngncl yb{onznhnenc( kn}nznc

yb{onznhnenc vncl ngnc mfknenz zbjn{n hbkfe zybzfdfg( ongzrm mnc }rarnc

mfhngzncngnccvn ybcbhf}fnc( mnc hnclgne/hnclgne mnhno ybcrhfznc hny`{nc ]rlnz

Ngef{#

Knk ;# Hncmnznc ]b`{f

Ynmn knlfnc fcf ngnc mfknenz zbjn{n hbkfe abhnz obclbcnf }b`{f/}b`{f vncl

kb{erkrclnc mbclnc yb{z`nhnc vncl ngnc mfknenz kb{mnzn{gnc ybcbhf}fnc vncl

zrmne mfhngrgnc( obhfyr}f1 [bcjncn Y{`mrgzf Nl{bln}( Mfznl{blnzf( [`rle} Jr}

Jnynjf}v Yhnccfcl %[JJY&(H`}}fcl(On}b{fnh [b~rf{bobc} Yhnccfcl %O[Y

Knk :# Ob}`m`h`lf Ybobjnenc Onznhne

Mnhno gb{nclgn ybobjnenc onznhne ngnc mfabhnzgnc obclbcnf 1 zbjn{n zfclgn}

}neny/}neny mnhno obhngrgnc ybcbhf}fnc( hnclgne vncl mfnokfh mnhno ybobjnenc

onznhne mnhno kbc}rg mfnl{no nhf{ n}nr Dh`|jen{}( hnclgne/hnclgne ybobjnenc

onznhne zbjn{n zfz}bon}fz mnc kb{mnzn{gnc Dh`|jen{}Ybobjnenc Onznhne vncl

zrmne mfkrn} zbkbhrocvn#

Knk =# Ybclroyrhnc Mnc Ybcl`hnenc Mn}n

Ynmn knlfnc fcf ngnc mfabhnzgnc obclbcnf 1 mn}n/mn}n vncl mfyb{`hbe mnc

mfgroyrhgnc ynmn znn} ybcbhf}fnc mfhngrgnc( mnc oboknenz hnclgne/hnclgnemnhno ybcl`hnenc mn}n kb{mnzn{gnc mn}n/mn}n vncl zrmne mfyb{`hbe#

Knk 2# Ncnhfzn

Ynmn knk fcf ngnc mfncnhfzn zblnhn gborclgfcnc vncl obcanmf ybcvbknk

}fokrhcvn zbkrne onznhne kb{mnzn{gnc enzfh ybcl`hnenc mn}n efclln mfmnyn}gnc

zbkrne z`hrzf ybobjnenc onznhne#


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2

Knk 4# Gbzfoyrhnc mnc Zn{nc

Knk fcf ngnc oboknenz obclbcnf 1gbzfoyrhnc zbjn{n zfclgn} mn{f onznhne vncl

mfknenz( mnc zn{nc/zn{nc rc}rg yb{knfgnc ybhngzncnnc ]rlnz Ngef{( knfg rc}rg

yfeng yb{rznennc( yfeng rcftb{zf}nz onryrc knlf onenzfz|n hnfccvn vncl ngnc

obhngrgnc ybcbhf}fnc }rlnz ngef{#


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13/158

# Gb}b{gnf}nc O[Y FF

Ng}ftf}nz/ng}ftf}nz mnhno yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf obhfyr}f yb{bcjncnnc y{`zbz(

anm|nh fcmrg y{`mrgzf( yb{bcjncnnc gbkr}renc on}b{fnh( yb{bcjncnnc gnynzf}nz(

mnc ybclbcmnhfnc ng}ftf}nz y{`mrgzf %ze`y dh``{ Mnhno ybcankn{nc hbkfe hncar}(ongn yb{bcjncnnc oncrdnj}r{fcl mfr{nfgnc obcanmf y{`zbz nyn znan vncl en{rz

mfgb{angnc( zfnyn ybhngzncncvn( gnync( mfoncn mnc yb{gf{nnc `clg`z vncl

mf}fokrhgnc#

;#>#># Dng}`{ Ybcbc}r Gbkb{enzfhnc Zfz}bo Y{`mrgzfGbmbgn}nc erkrclnc nc}n{n ybgb{an mnc zfz}bocvn#Nmncvn zfz}bo yb{bcjncnnc mnc ybclbcmnhfnc vncl knfg#


14/158

5

Grcjf gbkb{enzfhnc yb{rznennc fcmrz}{f }b{hb}ng ynmn gbonoyrnc yb{rznennc

rc}rg obobcref gbyrnznc g`czrobc %jrz}`ob{ zn}fzdnj}f`c Nynkfhn gbyrnznc

g`czrobc mnyn} mfankn{gnc hbkfe hncar}( ongn dng}`{ grcjf gbkb{enzfhnc

yb{rznennc fcmrz}{f ynmn mnzn{cvn obcjngry1

Grnhf}nz %^rnhf}vKfnvn n}nr @clg`z %J`z}\ng}r Ybcvb{nenc %Mbhftb{v ]fobDng}`{ gbkb{enzfhnc fcf hbkfe mfgbcnh mbclnc fz}fhne ^JM#

Mnhno zfz}bo y{`mrgzf }b{mnyn} {rncl hfclgry vncl }b{mf{f mn{f1

># Y{`mrj}f`c ncm Fctbc}`{v Oncnlbobc}%YFO&Ob{ryngnc zrn}r ng}ftf}nz vncl obhfyr}f mbzflc( `yb{n}f`c mnc j`c}{`h zrn}r

zvz}bo oncrdng}r{ znoynf mbclnc mfz}{fkrzf y{`mrg anmf# Mnhno n{}f hnfc YFO

nmnhne zb{nclgnfnc {nc}nf h`lfz}fj vncl obhfyr}f1

]fclgn} {b}nfh#]fclgn} |n{be`rzb#]fclgn} oncrdnj}r{fcl#

;# Z}{n}blf Y{`mrj} Y`zf}f`cfcl]b{mnyn} boyn} }fyb fcmrz}{f afgn mfhfen} mn{f Y{`mrj} Y`zf}f`cfcl vnf}r1

N#Ongb }` Z}`jgOb{ryngnc }fyb fcmrz}{f vncl obokrn} y{`mrg ngef{ rc}rg mfzfoync# Gbkr}renc

g`czrobc mfnokfh mn{f yb{zbmfnnc mflrmncl# Jf{fjf{f mn{f }fyb Ongb }` Z}`jg

vnf}r1

Z}ncmn{m f}bo( efle t`hrob#

]b{rz obcb{rz mfkrn}( hnhr mfzfoync#En{ln |nan{#

K#Ongb }` @{mb{Ob{ryngnc }fyb fcmrz}{f vncl obokrn} y{`mrg encvn rc}rg obobcref ybzncnc#

Jf{fjf{f mn{fOngb }` @{mb{vnf}r1

Fcyr}cvn knenc kngr#Kfnzncvn rc}rgf}bo mbclnc kncvng abcfz#En{ln jrgry onenh#


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6

Hbnm ]fob mf}b}nygnc hbe g`czrobc n}nr ybznfcl#Yb{hr gbnehfnc gerzrz#Gòy`cbc kfnzn mfkbhf rc}rg yb{zbmfnnc#

J#Nzzbokhb } @{mb{Ob{ryngnc }fyb fcmrz}{f vncl obokrn} y{`mrg mbclnc jn{n nzzbokhfcl encvn

rc}rg obobcref ybzncnc# Jf{fjf{f mn{fNzzbokhv }` @{mb{vnf}r1

Fcyr}cvn gòy`cbc#Rc}rgzryhhv f}bo mbclnc kncvng abcfz#En{ln jrgry onenh#Hbnm ]fob mf}b}nygnc hbe g`czrobc#

M#Bclfccb{fcl }` @{mb{Ob{ryngnc }fyb fcmrz}{f vncl obokrn} y{`mrg rc}rg obobcref ybzncnc gerzrz

mforhnf mn{f yb{ncjnclnc y{`mrgzf znoynf ybclf{fonc y{`mrg# Jf{fjf{fcvn vnf}r1

Y{`mrg zncln} zybzfdfg#Hbnm ]fob yncancl#En{lncvn onenh#

:# Z}{n}blf Y{`jbzz Y`zf}f`cfclOb{ryngnc z}{n}blf vncl mfyfhfe zrn}r fcmrz}{f rc}rg obcbc}rgnc abcfz y{`zbz

vncl ngnc mflrcngnc rc}rg obclenzfhgnc y{`mrg# ]fyb fcmrz}{f mf}fcanr mn{f

z}{n}blf Y{`jbzz Mbzflc vnf}r1

Dh`| Ze`y1/ J`c}fcr`rz Dh`|#/ Mbmfjn}bm [byb}f}ftb#/Kn}je Dh`|#

/ Ofubm O`mbh [byb}f}ftb Dh`|#A`k Ze`y#Dfubm Zf}b Y{àbj}#


16/158

>9

Oncrdnj}r{fcl Hnv`r}

Tbcm`{

Y{ jr{bobc} Yr{jenzfcl

On}b{fnh J`c}{`h

[bjbftfcl F^J

On}b{fnh Yhnccfcl

Y{`mrj}f c Yhnccfcl Mbzfcb{

Bclfccb{fcl

Y{`mrj}f`c ^J^N Zefyyfcl

Lnokn{ ;#;# Oncrdnj}r{fcl Hnv`r}

;#;# Ncnhfzn Gbkr}renc %D`{bjnz}fcl&

D`{bjnz}fcl n}nr yb{nonhnc mfnokfh mn{f krgr D`{bjnz}fcl Ob}e`m ncm

Nyyhfjn}f`c gn{nclnc Ong{fmnhfz \ebbh \{fle} mnyn} mfn{}fgnc zbknlnf rynvn

rc}rg oboyb{gf{ngnc nyn vncl ngnc }b{anmf mfonzn vncl ngnc mn}ncl# Ncnhfzn

gbkr}renc nmnhne zrn}r rznen rc}rg obhfen} n}nr oboyb{gf{ngnc y{`zybg

bg`c`of n}nr gblfn}nc rznen zbanre oncn ybcln{re hfclgrclnc }b{enmny

gbhnclzrclnc gblfn}nc rznen }b{zbkr}#

Znhne zn}r }rlnz ybclbcmnhfnc y{`mrgzf nmnhne ob{nonhgnc yb{ofc}nnc

g`czrobc ngnc y{`mrg vncl mfenzfhgnc yb{rznennc# Yb{nonhnc nmnhne yb{gf{nnc

}fclgn} yb{ofc}nnc zn}r n}nr hbkfe y{`mrg zbhnon kbkb{nyn yb{f`mb obcmn}ncl#

Yb{nonhnc ynmn mnzn{cvn ob{ryngnc zrn}r }ngzf{nc# Cnorc mbofgfnc mbclnc

obcllrcngnc }bgcfg/}bgcfg }b{}bc}r ongn yb{nonhnc ngnc obcanmf krgnc encvn

zbgbmn{ }ngzf{nc#

Mnyn} mfgn}ngnc kne|n yb{nonhnc }b{zbkr} ob{ryngnc }ngzf{nc fhofne# ]bc}r znan

yb{nonhnc ngnc zbongfc knfg afgn obclncmrcl zbzbmfgf} orclgfc gbznhnenc(

|nhnryrc gbznhnenc yb{nonhnc }b}ny ob{ryngnc zrn}r enh vncl zncln} oncrzfn|f#

Nln{ kb{n{}f ongn enzfh yb{nonhnc zben{rzcvn mfcvn}ngnc mnhno zn}rnc y{`mrg

%rcf}& mnc obcjngry yb{f`mb yb{bcjncnnc }b{}bc}r# Yb{nonhnc mnhno anclgn vncl

}b{hnhr ybcmbg }fmng orclgfc rc}rg mflrcngnc rc}rg obclnokfh }fcmngnc vncl


17/158

>>

bdbg}fd#Zbjn{n roro yb{nonhnc mnyn} mfl`h`clgnc gbmnhno mrn knlfnc vnf}r

ob}`mb grnhf}n}fd mnc grnc}f}n}fd#

Ob}`mb yb{nonhnc zncln} kb{tn{fnzf( mn{f vncl non} gnzn{ znoynf ob}`mb vncl

non} jncllfe# Kncvng }bgcfg vncl obokr}regnc }bcnln vncl zrmne nehf rc}rg

obcllrcngnccvn# Gbrcllrhnc mnc gbhbonenc onzfcl/onzfcl }bgcfg }b{zbkr}

en{rz mfgbcnhf }b{hbkfe mnerhr nln{ mnyn} mfoncdnn}gnc zbjn{n ongzfonh# Zrn}r

yb{rznennc kfnzncvn obcllrcngnc y{`zbmr{ : }neny rc}rg znoynf ynmn

yb{nonhnc ybcarnhnc# Ob{bgn obhngrgnc yb{nonhnc hfclgrclnc vncl mffgr}f

mbclnc yb{nonhnc fcmrz}{f mnc mfngef{f mbclnc yb{nonhnc ybcarnhnc yb{rznennc#

Ncnhfzn gbkr}renc rc}rg onzn vncl ngnc mn}ncl kfnzn mfzbkr} zbknlnf yb{nonhnc

nmnhne rynvn rc}rg oboyb{gf{ngnc nyn vncl ngnc }b{anmf ynmn onzn vncl ngnc

mn}ncl# @kabg vncl mf{nonhgnc mnyn} obhfyr}f nyn znan# Gblrcnnc yb{nonhnc fcf

rc}rg obhfen} y`hn }fclgne hngr mn{f gbanmfnc bg`c`of n}nr gblfn}nc rznen(

znfclnc %hfclgrclnc Zrn}r gbkfangnc rznen oboncl }fmng ngnc }b{hbynz mn{f

rznen rc}rg obcfclgn}gnc yb{d`{onczf mnc gbkb{enzfhnc yb{rznennc( nln{

}rarnc/}rarnc }b{zbkr} mnyn} }b{jnynf ongn zblnhn zbzrn}r vncl ngnc }b{anmf

mfonzn vncl ngnc mn}ncl en{rz mfnc}fzfynzf zbmfcf orclgfc nln{ zblnhn

zbzrn}rcvn kb{anhnc mbclnc hncjn{# Rznenrznen rc}rg obclnc}fzfynzf nyn vncl

ngnc }b{anmf mfonzn vncl ngnc mn}ncl }fmng ngnc }b{hbynz mn{f gblfn}nc yb{nonhnc

n}nrd`{bjnz}fcl#

Yb{nonhnc mfyb{hrgnc mfznoyfcl rc}rg oboyb{gf{ngnc nyn vncl ngnc }b{anmf

mfonzn vncl ngnc mn}ncl arln yn{n ybclnokfh gbyr}rznc yb{hr rc}rg obokrn}yhnccfcl( mfznoyfcl f}r mfmnhno zrn}r oncrdnj}r{fcl nmn vncl mfcnongnc

mbclncHbnm }fob n}nr yboknlfnc |ng}r mnhno obokrn} zrn}r {bcjncn y{`mrgzf#

@hbe zbknk f}r yboknenznc yb{nonhnc mnhno zrn}r oncrdnj}r{fcl kncvng

kb{gfzn{ mnhno g`c}bgz yb{nonhnc gbkr}renc( yb{nonhnc ybcarnhnc mnc hnfchnfc#


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>;

Mnhno zrn}r oncrdng}r{fcl yb{nonhnc ob{ryngnc hnclgne n|nh mnhno

ybcvrzrcnc Y{`mrj}f`c Fctbc}`{v Oncnlbobc}( Oncrdnj}r{fcl ncm Yhnccfcl

J`c}{`h mnc Oncrdnj}r{fcl [bz`r{jb Yhnccfcl( mfoncn `kabg vncl mf{nonhgnc

nmnhne gbkr}renc# Ynmn fcmrz}{f vncl obclncr} zfz}boOngb ]` Z}`jgyb{nonhnc

ob{ryngnc fcyr}r}non( zbmnclgnc ynmn fcmrz}{f vncl obclncr} Ongb ]` @{mb{

yb{nonhnc encvn ob{ryngnc knenc yb{}foknclnc mnhno obcbc}rgnc gbkr}renc

obzfc# Zbhnfc f}r nmn kbkb{nyn fcd`{onzf vncl ybc}fcl vncl kfzn mfmnyn} mn{f

yb{nonhnc vnf}r fcd`{onzf ybcanm|nhnc y{`mrgzf( }{nczy`{}nzf( yb{z`cnh( onryrc

fcd`{nozf }bc}ncl {bcjncn yb{hrnznc rznen knfg arohne n}nr zrokb{ mnvn# Mf}fcanr

mn{f zblf y{`vbgzf( yb{nonhnc zbjn{n }bgcfz mf grnhfdfgnzfgnc mnhno mrn jn{n vnf}r

yb{nonhnc grnhf}n}fd mnc grnc}f}n}fd#

;#;#># Gn{ng}b{fz}fg Yb{nonhnc vncl Knfg

Gn{ng}b{fz}fg yb{nonhnc vncl knfg en{rz obobcref kbkb{nyn g{f}b{fn vnf}r vncl

}b{mf{f mn{f enh/enh zbknlnf kb{fgr}1

Gb}bhf}fnc[nonhnc en{rz oboyrcvnf }fclgn} gb}bhf}fnc vncl jrgry( gn{bcn nynkfhn }b{hnhr

kbzn{ ngnc obcvbknkgnc fctbc}`{v vncl kb{hbkfenc mnc kfnvn `yb{nzf }noknenc

zbmnclgnc nynkfhn }b{hbhr gbjfh ngnc obcvbknkgnc gbgr{nclnc fctbc}`{v( knjg

`{mb{( yb{rznennc gbefhnclnc ybhncllnc mncy{`df}#

KfnvnKfnvn rc}rg obclboknclgnc o`mbh yb{nonhnc mnc obhngrgnc yb{nonhnc

ngnc obcanmf zflcfdfgnc afgn arohne y{`mrg mnc mn}n hnfcvn zbongfc kbzn{#

Obclrznengnc obhngrgnc yb{nonhnc anclnc znoynf obcfokrhgnc `clg`z

vncl }b{hnhr kbzn{ n}nryrc }b{hnhr gbjfh#[bzy`czb

[nonhnc en{rz z}nkfh mnc }fmng }b{ybcln{re `hbedhrg}rnzf mboncm#

ZfoyhbGbrc}rclnc r}non obcllrcngnc yb{nonhnc vncl zbmb{encn vnf}r gbormnenc

rc}rg obhngrgnc yb{nonhnc# Afgn gbzrhf}nc }b{anmf ynmn ob}`mb zbmb{encn(

mfnlc`zn hbkfe ormne mfhngrgnc zbjn{n roro hbkfe knfg obcllrcngnc

ob}`mb vncl ynhfcl zbmb{encn vncl zbzrnf mbclnc gbkr}renc yb{nonhnc#


19/158


20/158

>=

Enzfh/enzfh yb{nonhnc zncln} mfyb{hrgnc rc}rg obcbc}rgnc gbyr}rznc/gbyr}rznc

vncl ngnc mfnokfh `hbe `{lncfznzf nc}n{n hnfc1

Ybcanm|nhnc zrokb{/zrokb{ }b{zbmfn( ofznhcvn1 Yb{nonhnc }fclgn} yb{ofc}nncy{`mrg( on}b{fnh( gbrnclnc( kr{re n}nr ybhnvncnc nmnhne fcyr} rc}rg

obcanm|nhgnc y{`mrgzf( }{nczy`{}nzf( gbrnclnc mnc yb{z`cfh#

Gbkr}renc zrokb{ mnvn }noknenc( ofznhcvn1 Yb{nonhnc rc}rg gbkr}renczrokb{ mnvn }noknenc onzn mn}ncl#

Ybcbc}rnc zrokb{ mnvn vncl mffclfcgnc( ofznhcvn1 yb{nonhnc dng}`{/dng}`{hfclgrclnc onzn mn}ncl#

;#;#:# ]bgcfg Yb{nonhnc

Mf}fcanr mn{f zblf y{`vbgzf( yb{nonhnc zbjn{n }bgcfz mfgrnhfdfgnzfgnc mnhno mrn

jn{n vnf}r yb{nonhnc grnhf}n}fd mnc grnc}f}n}fd#

Ob}`mb Yb{nonhnc zbjn{n Grnc}f}n}fd

Ob}`mb grnhf}n}fd mflrcngnc afgn }fmng }b{zbmfn mn}n grnc}f}n}fd onzn hnhr

gn{bcn nhnznc1

]fmng }b{jn}n}#Vncl mf{nonhgnc nmnhne enh vncl kn{r#Zf}rnzf }bhne kb{rkne#Zf}rnzf }r{krhbc mnc obob{hrgnc eronc ofcm#Gbznhnenc yb{nonhnc }fmng mnyn} mfy{bmfgzf#

]bgcfg Yb{nonhnc Grnc}f}n}fd( nc}n{n hnfc1

Ar{v `d Bubjr}ftb @yfcf`cOb}`mb yb{nonhnc vncl ynhfcl roro mflrcngnc obclnokfh ybcmnyn}

mn{f gbhòy`g gbjfh mn{f oncnlb{}fclgn} }fcllf( obclenzfhgnc gbhòy`gmboncm# Ybclnokfhnc gbyr}rznc kb{zfdn} g`czbczrz( bubjr}ftbzbcf`{

mnyn} obokfnzgnc zbhr{re ar{f# Yb{nonhnc ngnc knfg zbhnon fcyr}mn{f

onzfcl/onzfcl fcmftfmr knfg#

Znhbzd`{jb Jòy`zf}b


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>2

n&Znhbz d`{jb %}bcnln ybcarnhnc& nmnhne zrokb{ fcd`{onzf vncl knfg kb{erkrclncmbclnc mboncm#

k&Zb}fny }bcnln ybcarnhnc obclbz}fonzfgnc mboncmrc}rg mnb{necvn( gbormfncmflnkrclgnc ynmn }fclgn} mfz}{fg mnc cnzf`ncnh rc}rg obcjnynf yb{nonhnc

gbzbhr{renc#

j&Gborclgfcnc }b{anmf `tb{ bz}fon}b mnc rcmb{ bz}fon}b zncln} mfybcln{ref `hbeybclnhnonc#

Ob}`mb grnc}f}n}fd mnyn} mflrcngnc afgn }b{zbmfn mn}n onzn hnhr( mn{f mn}n

}b{zbkr} mfjn{f y`hn erkrclnc vncl nmn# Ob}`mb fcf j`j`g mflrcngnc ynmn

g`cmfzf vncl z}n}fz( abhnz mnc }fmng obob{hrgnc eronc ofcm# Mbclnc ob}`mb

fcf( gb}bhf}fnc {nonhnc mnyn} mfy{bmfgzf zbang n|nh zbknlnf knenc ybclnokfhnc

gbyr}rznc( n}nz mnzn{ }b{zbkr} ob}`mb grnhf}n}fd hbkfe mfzrgnf#

Ob}`mb grnhf}n}fd zbjn{n ln{fz kbzn{ mnyn} mfgbhòy`gnc obcanmf ;( vnf}r1

N#]fob Zb{fbzOb}`mn fcf mflrcngnc rc}rg g`cmfzf mfoncn gf}n mnyn} obcabhnzgnc dng}`{/dng}`{

nyn vncl ngnc mnyn} obcvbknkgnc }b{anmfcvn btbc}vncl mf{nonhgnc %Khnjg Kù&(

zbefclln |ng}r vncl mfncllny zbknlnf tn{fnkhb }b{anmfcvn btbc}}b{zbkr}#

Zbjn{n ln{fz kbzn{(Ob}`mb ]fob zb{fbz mnyn} mfgbhòy`gnc obcanmf1

># Ob}`mb {n}n/{n}n kb{lb{ng %Ntb{nlfcl&n# Ob}`mb {n}n/{n}n kb{lb{ng %O`tfcl Ntb{nlb&

Yb{nonhnc mfmnzn{gnc ynmn y{`vbgzf zb{fnh mn}n vncl mforhrzgnc mbclnc {n}n/

{n}n kb{lb{ng# Zn}r zb} mn}n %C yb{f`mb }b{ngef{& mfjn{f {n}n/{n}cvn( zbhncar}cvnmfyngnf zbknlnf yb{nonhnc rc}rg yb{f`mb kb{fgr}cvn# Fz}fhne {n}n/{n}n kb{lb{ng

mflrcngnc gn{bcn zb}fny mfyb{`hbe `kzb{tnzf %mn}n ng}rnh& kn{r ongn {n}n/{n}n

mn}n vncl kn{r mnyn} mfef}rcl mbclnc obclbhrn{gncobcfcllnhgnc mn}n

yb{f`mb vncl }b{hnon mnc obonzrgnc mn}n yb{f`mb vncl kn{r}b{ngef{# [n}n/

{n}n vncl kn{r fcf gbormfnc mfyngnf zbknlnf yb{nonhnc rc}rg yb{f`mb vncl

ngnc mn}ncl( mnc zb}b{rzcvn# Zb{fnh mn}n vncl mflrcngnc arohnecvn zbhnhr }b}ny

mnc }b{onzrg mn}n yb{f`mb }b{ngef{#


22/158

>4

Zbjn{n on}bon}fg( {rorz yb{nonhnc mbclnc ob}`mb {n}n/{n}n kb{lb{ng

zbmb{encn zbknlnf kb{fgr} 1

C

UUU

C

UD C}}}

C}

}ff

}>>

>

>

###

%;#>#&

Mfoncn 1

}U 1 Mn}n ybclnon}nc yb{f`mb }#

C 1 Arohne mb{b} |ng}r vncl mflrcngnc#

>}D 1 Cfhnf yb{nonhnc yb{f`mb >} #

k# Ob}`mb {n}n/{n}n kb{lb{ng }b{}fokncl %\bfle}bm O`tfcl Ntb{nlb&Ob}`mb {n}n/{n}n kb{lb{ng zbmb{encn obcllrcngnc k`k`} vncl znon ynmn

zb}fny yb{f`mb# Enh fcf obcrcargnc kbc}rg yb{nonhnc hfcfb{# Mnhno kncvng enh(

yb{f`mb vncl mf{nonhgnc %yb{f`mb }' >& kncvng obofhfgf gbnmnnc vncl znon

mbclnc yb{f`mb }mfkncmfclgnc mbclnc yb{f`mb hnfc( ofznhcvn }/> n}nr }/;# @hbe

gn{bcn f}r( yb{f`mb }b{ngef{ zbknfgcvn obcmnyn} k`k`} vncl hbkfe kbzn{

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23/158

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24/158

>5

obofhfgf rczr{ }{bcm vncl g`czfz}bc( cfhnf/cfhnf yb{nohnccvn ngnc zbhnhr

kb{nmn mfkbhngncl cfhnf ng}rnhcvn# Ob}`mb vncl }byn} rc}rg yb{nonhnc zb{fnh

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oboyrcvnf cfhnf vncl znon n}nr kb{kbmn kbzn{cvn#

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28/158

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zbknlnf kb{fgr}1

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29/158

;:

Kbkb{nyn ob}`mb yb{nonhnc vncl mfgboknclgnc vnf}r1

Ob}`mb K{`|czOb}`mb fcf mfgboknclgnc `hbeK{`|c rc}rg obcln}nzf nmncvn yb{kbmnnc vncl

orcjrh nc}n{n mn}n nj}rnh mnc cfhnf yb{nonhnc nynkfhn }b{mnyn} }{bcmynmn yh`}

mn}n#

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m`rkhb buy`cbc}fnh zo``}efcl mbclnc mrn yn{nob}b{ vncl mfgboknclgnc `hbe

E`h} mnc ob}`mb ]{fyhb buy`cbc}fnh zo``}efcl mbclnc }fln yn{nob}b{ vncl

mfgboknclgnc `hbe \fc}b{#

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vncl obcrcarg n}nr obcr{rc }b{enmny |ng}r#

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yrzn} mn{f }{njgfcl zflcnh obcmbgn}f c`h#

;#:# [bcjncn Y{`mrgzf Nl{bl{n} %[YN&

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anm|nh }b{fcjf ng}ftf}nz rc}rg kbkb{nyn yb{f`mb obcmn}ncl( ob{bcjncngnc

knlnfoncn g`cmfzf `y}fonh gb}b{zbmfnnc zrokb{ mnvn mbclnc bgzybg}nzf

yb{ofc}nnc y{`mrg( zb{}n obclboknclgnc z}{n}blf ybcllrcnnc zrokb{ mnvn f}r#


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;=

Mnhno knk fcf ngnc mfknenz {bcjncn anclgn obcbclne vncl mf}rargnc knlf

yb{f`mb yb{bcjncnnc nc}n{n zn}r krhnc znoynf mbclnc zn}r }nerc gbmbync# Mnhno

gr{rc |ng}r fcf dnzfhf}nz dfzfg mfnzrozfgnc }b}ny zbhnon yb{f`mb yb{bcjncnnc#

Yb{bcjncnnc nl{bln}b obcjn{f g`okfcnzf }b{knfg rc}rg obofcfonzf `clg`z n}nz

kbkb{nyn yfhfenc vncl mfenmnyf rc}rg obobcref yb{ofc}nnc y{`mrg# ]rarnc

yb{bcjncnnc nl{bln}b nmnhne ob{bcjncngnc anm|nh fcmrg y{`mrgzf rc}rg

kbkb{nyn yb{f`mb obcmn}ncl( ob{bcjncngnc g`cmfzf `y}fonh gb}b{zbmfnnc zrokb{

mnvn }b{enmny bgzybg}nzf yb{ofc}nnc y{`mrg( zb{}n ybclboknclnc z}{n}blf

ybcllrcnnc zrokb{ mnvn f}r#

;#:#># Z}{n}blf Yb{bcjncnnc Nl{bln}

Nmn kbkb{nyn z}{n}blf vncl mnyn} mfhngrgnc rc}rg obhngrgnc yb{bcjncnnc vnf}r

mbclnc obhngrgnc oncfyrhnzf yb{zbmfnnc( hnar y{`mrgzf( arohne }bcnln gb{an(

gnynzf}nz n}nr tn{fnkbh }b{gbcmnhf hnfccvn# Afgn yb{rknenc mfhngrgnc }b{enmny

zrn}r tn{fnkbh zbefclln }b{anmf yb{rknenc hnar y{`mrgzf mfzbkr} zbknlnf z}{n}blf

or{cf %yr{b z}{n}blv Zbknhfgcvn( z}{n}blf lnkrclnc %ofubm z}{n}blv&( ob{ryngnc

lnkrclnc yb{rknenc mrn n}nr hbkfe z}{n}blf or{cf zbefclln mfyb{`hbe yb{bcjncnnc

y{`mrgzf dhbgzfkbh#

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mfgb}nerf mbclnc ynz}f knfg kbzn{cvn onryrc |ng}rcvn ongn yb{bcjncnnc

y{`mrgzf }fmng mfyb{hrgnc hnlf# Cnorc ynmn gbcvn}nnccvn y`hn yb{ofc}nnc fcf

}fmng mnyn} mf}bc}rgnc mbclnc ynz}f#Onznhne }b{zbkr} obclngfkn}gnc yb{rznennc

en{rz obcborgnc jn{n n}nr z}{n}blf kb{y{`mrgzf nln{ dhrg}rnzf yb{ofc}nnc

}b{zbkr} mnyn} mfnc}fzfynzf }bc}r znan mbclnc jn{n vncl bg`c`ofz zbefclln }rarncyb{rznennc obcjn{f gbrc}rclnc mnyn} }b{jnynf# Anmf mnhno yb{bcjncnnc nl{bln}(

}fmng mfenzfhgnc {bcjncn mnhno kbc}rg fcmftfmrnh y{`mrg obhnfcgnc mnhno kb}rg

nl{bln} y{`mrg#


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;2

Ybcllrcnnc zn}rnc nl{bln} fcf mfhngrgnc obclfcln} gbrc}rclnc gbrc}rclnc

vncl mnyn} mfyb{`hbe nc}n{n hnfc 1

n# Gbormnenc mnhno ybcl`hnenc mn}n

Mbclnc obcllrcngnc zn}rnc nl{bln} ongn ybcl`hnenc mn}n }fmng mfhngrgnc

rc}rg zb}fny fcmftfmrnh y{`mrg# Gbrc}rclnc fcf ngnc zbongfc }b{nzn afgn ynk{fg

}boyn} yb{bcjncnnc mfhngrgnc oboy{`mrgzf kncvng abcfz y{`mrg#

k# Gb}bhf}fnc enzfh vncl mfmnyn}gnc

Mbclnc encvn obcl`hne zn}r abcfz mn}n y{`mrg ongn gborclgfcnc rc}rg

obcb{nygnc ob}`mb vncl jncllfe zbongfc kbzn{ zbefclln gb}bhf}fnc enzfh vncl

mfmnyn}gnc zbongfc knfg#

j# Gbormnenc rc}rg obhfen} mnc obonenof obgncfzob zfz}bo y{`mrgzf vncl

}b{anmf mnhno foyhbobc}nzf {bcjncn#Zbjn{n ln{fz kbzn{ }b{mnyn} }fln z}{n}blf

or{cf vncl mnyn} mfhngrgnc rc}rg obclenmnyf dhrg}rnzf yb{ofc}nnc fcf( vnf}r 1

># Obhngrgnc ybcln}r{nc zb}fny znn} n}nz arohne }bcnln gb{an vncl

mfyb{lrcngnc mnhno enh fcf ob{bg{r} }bcnln gb{an kn{r kfhn yb{ofc}nnc

obcfclgn} mnc obokb{ebc}fgnc zbknlfnc }bcnln gb{an kfhn yb{ofc}nnc

obcr{rc#

;# ]b}ny oboyb{}nencgnc arohne }bcnln gb{an }b}nyf vncl mfn}r{ nmnhne

gbjbyn}nc y{`mrgzf( ofznhcvn afgn yb{ofc}nnc obcfclgn} gbjbyn}nc

y{`mrgzf mf}fclgn}gnc ofznhgnc mbclnc obclnmngnc ano hbokr{#

:# ]b}ny oboyb{}nencgnc knfg arohne }bcnln gb{an onryrc gbjbyn}nc

y{`mrgzf mnc rc}rg obcln}nzf dhrg}rnzf yb{ofc}nnc mfnmngnc yb{zbmfnnc

%fctbc}`{v

Onzfcl/onzfcl z}{n}blf ngnc obokb{fgnc g`czbgrbczf `clg`z# Mnhno

gbcvn}nnccvn obclncmnhgnc ynmn z}{n}blf }b{zbkr} zbjn{n or{cf zb{fclgnhf

obcfokrhgnc `clg`z vncl onzfe }fmng bg`c`ofz zbefclln z}{n}blf vncl

mflrcngnc nmnhne obclg`okfcnzfgnc gb}fln z}{n}blf }b{zbkr}#


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;4

;#:#;# Z}{n}blf Yb{bcjncnnc Nl{bln} Zbjn{n Or{cf %Yr{b Z}{n}blv&

Mfgn}ngnc yr{b z}{n}blv( afgn yb{rknenc mfhngrgnc }b{enmny zrn}r tn{fnkbh

zbefclln }b{anmf yb{rknenc hnar y{`mrgzf# Kbkb{nyn z}{n}blf or{cf vnf}r1

n# Obclbcmnhfgnc arohne yb{zbmfnnc# Yb{zbmfnnc mnyn} mfhngrgnc ynmn znn}

gnynzf}nz y{`mrgzf mfkn|ne yb{ofc}nnc % mboncm Yb{zbmfnnc fcf zbhncar}cvn

mnyn} mflrcngnc ynmn znn} yb{ofc}nnc kb{nmn mfn}nz gnynzf}nz y{`mrgzf#

k# Obclbcmnhfgnc arohne }bcnln gb{an# Oncnab{ mnyn} obhngrgnc yb{rknenc

arohne }bcnln gb{an mbclnc obcnokne n}nr obclr{nclf }bcnln gb{an zbzrnf

mbclnc hnar y{`mrgzf vncl mffclfcgnc# ]fcmngnc hnfc vncl mnyn} mfhngrgnc

vnf}r mbclnc obhngrgnc ano hbokr{#

j# Zrkg`c}{ng# Zrkg`c}{ng mnyn} mfhngrgnc rc}rg obcnfggnc gnynzf}nz

yb{rznennc ynmn znn} yb{rznennc zfkrg zbefclln yb{ofc}nnc mnyn} mfybcref#

m# Oboybcln{ref mboncm# Gn{bcn yb{rknenc yb{ofc}nnc ob{ryngnc dng}`{

r}non mnhno onznhne yb{bcjncnnc nl{bln}( ongn yfeng oncnabobc mnyn}

obhngrgnc }fcmngnc( vnf}r mbclnc oboybcln{ref y`hn yb{ofc}nnc f}r zbcmf{f#

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en{f( y`}`clnc en{ln zryb{on{gb} ynmn >9 en{f yb{}non n|nh krhnc( mhh#

;#:#:# Z}{n}blf Yb{bcjncnnc Nl{bln} Zbjn{n Lnkrclnc %Ofubm Z}{n}blv&

Zb}fny yr{b z}{n}blv ngnc obhfkn}gnc kfnvn vncl kbzn{ mnc zb{fcl yr{b z}{n}blv

obcanmf }fmng hnvng( `hbe gn{bcn f}r g`okfcnzf mn{f yr{b z}{n}blv fcf obcanmfofubm z}{n}blv hbkfe zb{fcl mflrcngnc Gb}fgn zrn}r yb{rznennc

oboyb{}foknclgnc gborclgfcnc mn{f ybcjnoyr{nc z}{n}blf vncl kb{tn{fnzf

mbclnc }fmng }b{kn}nzcvn {nzf` rc}rg obhngrgnc z}{n}blf vncl kb{tn{fnzf }b{zbkr}(

ongn yb{rznennc kn{r ngnc obcvnmn{f }nc}nclnc vncl zbmncl mfenmnyfcvn#

Knlfnc ybclbcmnhfnc y{`mrgzf mnc knlfnc ybonzn{nc en{rz obclenzfhgnc onz}b{

zjebmrhb vncl obcjngry kbkb{nyn gbkfangnzncnnc yb{rknenc mnc y{`zbmr{


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;9#;#Gbcnfgnc vncl }fkn }fkn orclgfc

mfzbknkgnc `hbe nmncvn ybcnoknenc yb{nhn}nc vncl kn{r# @clg`z y{`mrgzf

{blrhn{ }fob mfnzrozfgnc rc}rg yn{n ybgb{an drhh}fob# @clg`z fcf ngnc obcfclgn}

zbzrnf mbclnc kb{}nokneccvn arohne ybgb{an# Nmnyrc l{ndfg `clg`z fcf mnyn}

mfhfen} ynmn lnokn{ ;#:# kb{fgr} 1

Lnokn{ ;#:# clg`z y{`mrgzf |ng}r {blrhb{


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;6

K# @clg`z Yb{rknenc Gbjbyn}nc Y{`mrgzf#

Kfnvn ngfkn} yb{rknenc }fclgn} y{`mrgzf kfzn mfzbknkgnc `hbe arohne }bcnln gb{an

yb{rknenc kfnvn( ybokb{ebc}fnc mnc yb{bg{r}nc }bcnln gb{an( mnyn} mfhfen} lnokn{

;#4# mf kn|ne fcf 1

Lnokn{ ;#4# @clg`z Yb{rknenc ]fclgn} ]bcnln Gb{an

Mbclnc kb{}noknecvn arohne }bcnln gb{an( kfnvnkfnvn vncl mfgbhrn{gnc nc}n{n

hnfc 1 @clg`z {bg{r}( `clg`z ybhn}fenc( vncl obcvbknkgnc }r{rccvn y{`mrg}ftf}nz

zbhnon yb{f`mb }b{}bc}r# Kblf}r arln mbclnc ybokb{ebc}fnc }bcnln gb{an# Kfnvn

ybcfclgn}nc y{`mrgzf mnc ybcr{rcnc }fclgn} y{`mrgzf nmnhne kb{kbmn#

J# @clg`z Yb{zbmfnnc( Yb{ofc}nnc Gbgr{nclnc Ybzncnc#

]fclgn} yb{zbmfnnc nl{bln} vncl `y}foro( ob{ryngnc ybcmbgn}nc mn{f arohne

{n}n{n}n zndb}v z}`jg mnc mn{f `y}foro kn}je zfqb( vncl mf}bc}rgnc mn{f }fny

f}bo( zbyb{}f vncl }b{hfen} ynmn lnokn{ ;#


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@clg`z yb{zbmfnnc kb{gfzn{ nc}n{n 2" znoynf 69" mn{f en{ln f}bo }b{zbkr}# ]`}nh

`clg`z yb{zbmfnnc nmnhne ob{ryngnc arohne mn{f `clg`z yb{zbmfnnc zborn f}bo#

Kfnvn knjg`{mb{ mnc h`z} znhbz ob{ryngnc onznhne gbrnclnc vncl znon# Afgn

zb{fcl }b{anmf h`z} znhbz( ongn gbnmnnc fcf ngnc obokrgn ybhrncl knlf gòyb}f}`{

mnc obcvbknkgnc zborn kfnvn y{`mrgzf obcfclgn} # Kfnvn h`z} znhbz zncln} zrhf}

mfyb{gf{ngnc# Mn{f nclgn yb{nonhnc yb{ofc}nnc( kfnvn fctbc}`{v(knjg `{mb{(

mflnokn{gnc ynmn lnokn{ ;#5# ynmn enhnonc zbkbhne

zbknlnf kb{fgr} 1

Lnokn{ ;#5# Kfnvn Fctbc}`{f mnc Ze`{}nlb

M# @clg`z Zrkg`c}{ng#

Nh}b{cn}fd hnfc rc}rg ob{rkne }fclgn} y{`mrgzf mnc yb{zbmfnnc( zbkrne yb{rznennc

kfzn obofhfe zrkg`c}{ng rc}rg obobcref yb{ofc}nnc# Zrkg`c}{ng kfzn arln }fmng

obclrc}rclgnc( gn{bcn ngnc ngnc obcvbknkgnc kfnvn vncl hbkfe kbzn{ mnc ngnc

obokrgn ybhrncl gòyb}f}`{# Zbhnfc f}r zrkg`c}{ng arln zrhf} mfanhncgnc( gn{bcn

rc}rg obcjn{f zryyhfb{ vncl `c }fob mnc {bhfnkhb }fmng ormne#

;#:#4# Ob}`mb Ob}`mb Yb{bcjncnnc Nl{bln}#

Kncvng ob}`mb vncl }bhne mfgboknclgnc rc}rg yb{bcjncnnc nl{bln} fcf }b}nyf

ynmn mnzn{cvn mnyn} mfgbhòy`ggnc obcanmf mrn gbhòy`g vnf}r1

n# Mbclnc ybcmbgn}nc @y}fonzf 1

y{`lnoon hfcfb{

n}r{nc EOOZ %Hfcfb{ Mbjfzf`c [rhb&


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:>

zbn{je Mbjfzf`c [rhb

k# Mbclnc ybcmbgn}nc Ebr{fz}fg 1

ob}`mb l{ndfg

ob}`mb g`bdfzfbc oncnabobc

ob}`mb yn{nob}{fj

]fmng zborn ob}`mb fcf ngnc mfabhnzgnc ynmn krgr fcf Cnorc ynmn y{fczfycvn

zborn ob}`mb vncl nmn ngnc obclenzfhgnc gbjbyn}nc y{`mrgzf ynmn yb{f`mb

yb{bcjncnnc vncl mfkrn}( arohne }bcnln gb{an vncl mflrcngnc( zb{}n }fclgn}

yb{zbmfnnc vncl }b{anmf#

;#:## Lnokn{gnc efz}`l{no yb{ofc}nnc mnc }bc}rgnc gbjbyn}nc y{`mrgzf %Y}& {n}n/

{n}n vncl mfyb{hrgnc rc}rg obobcref yb{ofc}nnc#

;# Lnokn{gnc l{ndfg yb{ofc}nnc grorhn}fd }b{enmny |ng}r zb{}n l{ndfg

yb{ofc}nnc {n}n/{n}n grorhn}fd }b{enmny |ng}r# Fmbc}fdfgnzfgnc yb{f`mb

yb{f`mb }boyn} }b{anmfcvn gbgr{nclnc kn{ncl %knjg `{mb{& mnc yb{f`mb/yb{f`mb

nmncvn gbhbkfenc kn{ncl %fctbc}`{v

:# ]bc}rgnc z}{n}blf vncl ngnc mflrcngnc rc}rg obcncllrhnclf gbgr{nclnc mncgbhbkfenc kn{ncl }b{zbkr}#

=# Ef}rcl `clg`z vncl mf}fokrhgnc `hbe zb}fny z}{n}blf mnc yfhfe vncl

obokb{fgnc `clg`z }b{gbjfh# J`c}`e kb{fgr} fcf ngnc obokb{fgnc lnokn{nc

ob}`mb l{ndfz fcf#


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Yb{rznennc NKJ }bhne ob{nonhgnc yb{ofc}nnc ngnc y{`mrgcvn zbjn{n

nl{bln}vncl mnyn} mfhffen} ynmn ]nkbh ;#># zbknlnf kb{fgr} 1

]nkbh ;#># Yb{ofc}nnc ngnc Y{`mrg Zbjn{n Nl{bln}

Lnokn{ ;#6# Gbjbyn}nc Y{`mrgzf

Lnokn{ ;#>9# Efz}`l{no mnc Grorhn}fd Yb{ofc}nnc


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::

Efz}`l{no mnc grorhn}fd yb{ofc}nnc mf n}nz obcllnokn{gnc knlnfoncn

yb{ofc}nnc obcvfoyncl mn{f {n}n/{n}n gbkr}renc# Mbclnc obcllrcngnc z}{n}blf

or{cf kbkb{nyn nh}b{cn}fd vncl mnyn} mfhngrgnc vnf}r 1

># Nh}b{cn}fd > 1 Obclbcmnhfgnc arohne }bcnln gb{an

Nh}b{cn}fd fcf obhfkn}gnc ybcnoknenc mnc ybclr{nclnc arohne }bcnln gb{an

zbzrnf mbclnc gbkr}renc# Hnar y{`mrgzf ngnc znon mbclnc yb{ofc}nnc# Kfnvn

{bcjncn fcf vnf}r [y >:5#999(/ % hfen} }nkbh ;# ;&

]nkbh ;#;# Ybclbcmnhfnc Arohne ]bcnln Gb{an

;# Nh}b{cn}fd ;1 Obclbcmnhfgnc arohne yb{zbmfnnc

Afgn yb{rznennc }fmng fclfc obhngrgnc yb{rknenc arohne }bcnln gb{an( ongn

z}{n}blf vncl mnyn} mfhngrgnc vnf}r oboy{`mrgzf mbclnc hnar {n}n{n}n yb{ofc}nnc

mnc dhrg}rnzf yb{ofc}nnc mfybcref obcllrcngnc yb{zbmfnnc# [bcjncn fcf mfef}rcl

ynmn }nkbh : mnc kb{mnzn{gnc yb{ef}rclnc mf kn|ne( gbgr{nclnc ongzforo

zbkbzn{ ;


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:=

]nkbh ;#:# Ybclbcmnhfnc Arohne Yb{zbmfnnc

:# Nh}b{cn}fd :1 Zrkg`c}{ng

Yb{rznennc obclfclfcgnc oboy{`mrgzf zbarohne yb{ofc}nnc ofcforo mnc zfzn

yb{ofc}nnc mfybcref mbclnc zrkg`c}{ng#Kfnvn {bcjncn }`}nh [y#>95#999(/

mfef}rcl ynmn }nkbh ;#=#

]nkbh ;#=# Zrkg`c}{ng

=# Nh}b{cn}fd = 1 Z}{n}blf Efk{fm

Z}{n}blf efk{fm mfhngrgnc mbclnc obcllnkrclgnc kbkb{nyn z}{n}blfor{cf mbclnc

gbkfangzncnnc zbknlnf kb{fgr} 1

># Hnar y{`mrgzf g`cz}nc zbkbzn{ ;99 rcf}: krhnc mnc mforclgfcgnc rc}rg

obhngrgnc hbokr{ zbkbzn{ ;2 " afgn yb{ofc}nnc obhbkfef hnar y{`mrgzf#

;# Afgn mbclnc hbokr{ kbhro }b{ybcref( ybcnoknenc/ybclr{nclnc }bcnln gb{an

ngnc mfhngrgnc# Yb{ef}rclnc zb}fny hnclgne gbkfangzncnnc mfn}nz mnyn} mfhen}

ynmn }nkbh ;#2( ynmn enhnonc mfzbkbhne zbknlnf kb{fgr} 1


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Yb{zbmfnnc n|nh 1 >99 rcf}

Yb{zbmfnnc ngef{ vncl mffclfcgnc 1 >29rcf}

Kfnvn ano c`{onh 1 [y >99rcf}

Kfnvn ano hbokr{ 1 [y >;2 rcf}

Kfnvn Zrkg`c}{ng1 [y >29rcf}

Kfnvn Yb{zbmfnnc 1 [y ;9rcf}yb{f`mb

Ybcvbhbznfnc onznhne obcllrcngnc ob}`mb }{nczy`{}nzf obclenzfhgnc

yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf mbclnc kfnvn }`}nh [y ==2


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:# ]`}nh J`z} 1 =99 %>99& ' :99 %>=9& ' 599 %>99& ' ;29 %>=2& ' 699 %>99& ' ;29

%>;2& ' 299 %>99& ' :29 %>;2&

;# Vncl mfy{`mrgzf nmnhne 1

]nkbh ;#


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mfyr}rzgnc nyngne ynk{fg ngnc oboyb{}fcllf zrokb{ mnvn vncl mfofhfgfcvn#

Gnynzf}nz zrn}r ynk{fg mnyn} mfyb{}fcllf mbclnc jn{n1

Yboknclrcnc ynk{fg kn{r1 Afgn gnynzf}nz ynk{fg vncl nmn ynmn znn} fcfmf{nonhgnc }fmng onoyr obobcref yb{ofc}nnc ynzn{( ongn yb{hr

mfyb{}foknclgnc rc}rg obcmf{fgnc ynk{fg kn{r vncl mnyn} obobcref

yb{ofc}nnc ynzn{# Yboknclrcnc ynk{fg kn{r obofhfgf mfobczf yb{bcjncnnc

vncl yncancl %2 }nerc gbn}nz

Ybcnoknenc obzfc mnc yb{gngnz kn{r1 Enh fcf mfhngrgnc rc}rg obcfclgn}gncgnynzf}nz ynk{fg mnhno anclgn obcbclne %> znoynf mbclnc 2 }nerc&( rc}rg

obcln}nzf ybcfclgn}nc yb{ofc}nnc anclgn obcbclne#

Gbkfangzncnnc ybobcrenc gbkr}renc gnynzf}nz anclgn ybcmbg1 vncl mfhngrgncrc}rg obcln}nzf gbgr{nclnc gnynzf}nz vncl obcmbzng# ]b{jngry mfmnhnocvn

gbkfangzncnnc hbokr{( zrkg`c}{ng mnc hnfc zbknlnfcvn#

Mnhno anclgn ybcmbg( ybclnmnnc obzfc mnc ynk{fg kn{r }fmng orclgfc

mfhngrgnc# Rc}rg f}r yb{rznennc en{rz obhngrgnc kb{knlnf onjno gbkfangzncnnc

rc}rg obobcref yb{ofc}nnc mbclnc obcllrcngnc hbokr{( tn{fnzf }bcnln gb{an(

zrkg`c}{ng( n}nr ybokn}nhnc `{mb{#

;#:#>9# Zn}rncNl{bln}b

Zn}rnc nl{bln}b nmnhne zn}rnc vncl mnyn} ob|ngfhf kb{knlnf onjno y{`mrg

zbefclln }`}nh gbkr}renc rc}rg y{`mrg/y{`mrg }b{zbkr} mnyn} mfkncmfclgnc

mbclnc gnynzf}nz dnzfhf}nz y{`mrgzf vncl }b{zbmfn# Mnhno enh ybcvrzrcnc anm|nh

fcmrg y{`mrgzf yb{hr mffcln} kne|n ybcllrcnnc zn}r dnzfhf}nz y{`mrgzf obofhfgfmnoyng `clg`z vncl znon mnc zrhf} rc}rg mfkbkncgnc ynmn }fny y{`mrg vncl

obcllrcngnc dnzfhf}nz y{`mrgzf }b{zbkr}# Nmncvn zn}rnc nl{bln} fcf mfyb{hrgnc

obclfcln} kb{knlnf f}bo y{`mrg obokr}regnc ano obzfc mnc |ng}r zb}ry vncl

kb{hnfcnc zb{}n clg`z y{`mrgzf vncl mflrcngnc zbjn{n kb{znon/znon#

Zn}rnc nl{bln} ngnc ob|ngfhf nl{blnzf zbhr{re f}bo y{`mrg zbefclln yb{ofc}nnc

}`}nh rc}rg gbkr}renc zbhnon zn}r gr{rc yb{bcjncnnc mnyn} mfef}rcl# J`c}`e vncl


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mnyn} mfgborgngnc fnhne zn}rnc nl{bln} }`c knan |nhnryrc knan vncl mfenzfhgnc

mnyn} kb{ryn knan kn}nclnc( knan gn|n}( knan hbokn{nc n}nr knan {`h# Mnhno enh

zn}rnc nl{bln} fcf mnyn} mflrcngnc zn}rnc rcf} zr{{`ln}b y{`mrj} %y{`mrg vncl

ob|ngfhf& n}nr zn}rnc ano `{ncl n}nr zn}rnc ano obzfc#

]rarnc1

Obokrn} yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf zbzrnf yb{ofc}nnc ynzn{ mbclnc g{f}b{fn

ofcfofznzf kfnvn y{`mrgzf#

;#:#>># Hnclgne Ybhngzncnnc [bcjncn Y{`mrgzf

Kb{fgr} fcf nmnhne hnclgne/hnclgne mnhno obhngrgnc y{`zbz yb{bcjncnnc

y{`mrgzf1

n# ]bc}rgnc kn}nznc yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf vncl ngnc mfhngrgnc# Jn{f fcd`{onzfobclbcnf mn}n vncl mfkr}regnc#

k# ]bc}rgnc z}ncmn{ zn}rnc vncl ngnc mflrcngnc mnhno yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf#j# ]bc}rgnc }bcnln gb{an vncl mfkr}regnc mnhno gr{rc yb{bcjncnnc mbclnc

g{f}b{fn `clg`z ofcforo( mbclnc obcllrcngnc nh}b{cn}fd > %}bcnln gb{an

}b}ny&( nh}b{cn}fd ; %}bcnln gb{an zbzrnf mboncm&( nh}b{cn}fd : %}bcnln gb{an ofu

z}{n}blv& mnc nh}b{cn}fd = %}{nczy`{}nzf

m# [bcjncn arohne y{`mrgzf mnhno nl{bln}#b# Afgn f}bo 3 >( hngrgnc y{`zbz mfznl{blnzf zbzrnf mbclnc dng}`{ g`ctb{zfcvn#Yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf ob{ryngnc knlfnc mn{f {bcjncn z}{n}blfz yb{rznennc mnc

mfkrn} zbjn{n en{o`cfz mbclnc {bcjncn kfzcfz %Krzzfcbzz Yhnccfcl& mnc {bcjncn

ybonzn{nc %On{gb}fcl Yhnccfcl Yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf mnyn} mfn{}fgnc

obcbc}rgnc }fclgn}{n}b y{`mrgzf ynk{fg vncl mfcvn}ngnc zbjn{n nll{bln}b#

Nll{bln}b f}r zbcmf{f nmnhne yb{bcjncnnc vncl mfkrn} rc}rg zbhr{re y{`mrg vnclobcllrcngnc zrokb{ vncl znon( }ncyn mf{fcjf gb mnhno onzfcl/onzfcl y{`mrg

vncl kb{kbmn %bcm f}bo Mnc }rarnccvn nmnhne1

n# Obcln}r{ z}{n}blf y{`mrgzf># Oboy{`mrgzf zbzrnf mboncm#;# Oboy{`mrgzf ynmn gblfn}nc g`cz}nc#

k# Obcbc}rgnc gbkr}renc zrokb{ mnvn vncl obhfyr}f }bcnln gb{an( on}b{fnh(dnzfhf}nz( yb{nhn}nc mnc mncn#


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=9

j# Obcanmf hnclgne n|nh knlf zbhr{re gblfn}nc y{`mrgzf#

Gn{ng}b{ mn{f yb{bcjncnnc y{`mrgzf kfnzncvn }fmng {fcjf( {bcjncn mfkrn} rc}rg

dnofhf n}nr gbh`oy`g y{`mrg# Mnc zn}rnc vncl mflrcngnc mnyn} kb{kbmn nc}n{

zn}r yb{rznennc mbclnc yb{rznennc hnfccvn( zbyb{}f }`c( lnh`c |ng}r y{`mrgzf

z}ncmn{( zn}rnc rncl( mnc hnfccvn# Cnorc enh fcf arln }b{lnc}rcl ynmn }fyb kfzcfz

nyngne Ongb }` @{mb{ n}nr Ongb }` Z}`jg#

Mnhno obclenmnyf mboncm vncl kb{dhrg}rnzf( z}{n}blf ob}`mb yb{bcjncnnc

y{`mrgzf nl{bln} vncl obclenmnyf obhfyr}f1

># Y{`mrgzf kb{tn{fnzf obclfgr}f }fclgn} mboncmvncl }b{anmf( vnf}r1n# Mbclnc obcnokne n}nr obclr{nclf }bcnln gb{an( n}nr obclrkne arohne

zefd}#

k# Mbclnc obhngrgnc hbokr{ n}nr obclr{nclf arohne |ng}r gb{an#;# Y{`mrgzf ynmn }fclgn} g`cz}nc( vnf}r1

n# Mbclnc obcroyrg arohne }bcnln gb{an( }b}nyf obhngrgnc hbokr{ n}nrobclr{nclf arohne |ng}r gb{an#

k# Mbclnc obcnokne n}nr obclr{nclf zrk/g`c}{ng#:# G`okfcnzf z}{n}blf/z}{n}blf mfn}nz#=# Z}{n}blf Efk{fm#2# Ob}`mb Y{`l{no Hfcfb{ %]{nczy`{}nzf]nkbh/}nkbh vncl mflrcngnc1

]nkbh ;#5# D`{on} Z}{n}blf Efk{fm

Yb{f`mb EG Mboncm

Y{`mrgzf

Ano

C`{onh

Gbkr}renc

]nonknenc

Y{`mrgzf

Hbokr{GZCH

Ybcnoknenc

hnar y{`mrgzf

Ybclr{nclnc

hnar y{`mrgzfFctbc}`{f

Arohne


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=>

]nkbh ;#6#Ofu Z}{n}blf

Yb{f`mb

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Gb{an

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RY[]

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%`{ncl&

Hnv @dd

%`{ncl&

Fct# Ngef{

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]nkbh ;#>9# Gnynzf}nz Z}{n}blf ]{nczy`{}nzf

Yb{f`mb Mboncm[]

Jnynjf}v

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ZJ

Jnynjf}v

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[rorz/{rorz vncl mflrcngnc mnhno yb{bcjncnnc nl{bln}b1

[bcjncn Y{`mrgzf ? n|nhFCTFCT{nonhnc %;#;>&Gbkr}renc Ano @{ncl ? [bcjncn Y{`mrgzf u \ng}r Kngr%;#;;#&Gbkr}renc ]bcnln Gb{an ? #&;:#;###%####################

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]`}nh Zryyhv ? RYJZRY@]RY[] #%;#;6#&Bcmfcl Fctbc}`{v ? #&:9#;#####%####################> }Fctbc} {vMboncmZryyhv]`}nh


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;#=#Mfznl{blnzf]rarnc1

Obcvrzrc }nkbh mfznl{blnzf vncl mflrcngnc rc}rg obclef}rcl [JJY#

Hnclgne Ybhngzncnnc1

n# ]bc}rgnc dng}`{ g`ctb{zf mnc en{ln y{`y`{zf onzfcl/onzfcl bcmf}bo#k# Krn} mfznl{blnzf kb{mnzn{gnc en{ln y{`y`{zf onzfcl/onzfcl f}bo mbclnc

obcllrcngnc ob}`mbdnofhv zb} ry#

Y{`zbz mfznl{blnzf nmnhne y{`zbz ybcvnonnc %lbcb{nhfznzf& mn{f zn}rnc nll{bln}b

gbmnhno zn}rnc bcm f}bo kb{mnzn{gncdnj}`{ g`ctb{zf# Y{`zbz mfznl{blnzf zbknlnf

y{`zbz ob{rkne enzfh {bcjncn nl{bln}b obcanmf arohne vncl en{rz mfy{`mrgzf

rc}rg zb}fny y{`mrg n}nr f}bo( enzfh mfznl{blnzf fcf kb{ryn anm|nh fcmrg

y{`mrgzfOYZ# ]rarnc mn{f y{`zbz mfznl{blnzf nmnhne rc}rg obcvrzrc anm|nh

fcmrg y{`mrgzf %OYZ&( zb}bhne mfgb}nerf anm|nh y{`mrgzf nll{bln}b/cvn# Mbclnc

gn}n hnfc y{`zbz mfznl{blnzf nmnhne y{`zbz yb{bcjncnnc vncl mfkrn} rc}rg zbhr{re

y{`mrg vncl obcllrcngnc rczr{ vncl znon mnc mf{fcjf gbmnhno onzfcl/onzfcl

y{`mrg vncl kb{kbmn#

Obcllrcngnc n}r{nc/n}r{nc }b{}bc}r rc}rg oboyb{`hbe z`hrzf vncl knfg }fmng nmn

anofcnc kne|n z`hrzf f}r `y}foro# Vncl }b{onzrg gbmnhno ob}`mb fcf nmnhne1

O`mbh g`bdfzfbc oncnabobc#O`mbh yn{nob}{fj#Zbn{}e mbjfzf`c {rhbz#O`mbh y{`l{non hfcfb{#O`mbh }{nczy`{}nzf#

O`mbhy{`l{non fc}blb{jnoyr{nc#Hfcfb{ mbjfzf`c {rhb#

Enzfh vncl mfyb{`hbe mn{f y{`zbz mfznl{blnzf nmnhne1

n# Mboncm}fny bcm f}bo#

k# @c encm}fny bcm f}bo#

j# Onz}b{ Y{`mrj}f`c Zjebmrhb#


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;#2#># JY@D %Jnynjf}v Yhnccfcl @tb{nhh Dnj}`{&

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arohne `{nclobzfc vncl mfyb{hrgnc rc}rg }fny |`{g jbc}{b ynmn zb}fny yb{f`mb#

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obcvrzrc mnc oboyb{knen{rf anm|nh y{`mrgzf fcmrg( oboy{`zbz }{nczngzf mn{f

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nzzbokhv# Dnzb nzzbokhv y{`mrg ngef{ ob{ryngnc }neny nzzbokhv gòy`cbc

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mnc en{ln kn{ncl f}r zbcmf{f#

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ybzncnc mfkrn} znon mbclnc cb} {b~rf{bobc}#

Ob}`mn h`} d`{ h`} fcf ob{ryngnc ob}`mn vncl ynhfcl zbmb{encn mn{f zborn

ob}`mn vncl nmn# Ynmn ob}`mn fcf( f}bo mfkbhf mbclnc grnc}f}nz mnc ynmn znn}

vncl zbzrnf mbclnc gbkr}renc %mboncm&( zbefclln ob}`mn fcf }fmng obcfokrhgncyb{zbmfnnc }b}nyf obclnknfgnc `clg`z ybznc# Ybcbc}rnc h`} zfqb mbclnc

obcllrcngnc ob}`mn h`} d`{ h`}fcf mfhngrgnc n}nz mnzn{ ybzncnc mfzg{f}# Ob}`mn

fcf zbhnhr obhngrgnc yb{ef}rclnc gboknhf( }b{r}non afgn }b{anmf yb{rknenc ynmn

gbkr}renc kb{zfe#

Ob}`mn fcf kb{}rarnc rc}rg obofcforognc `clg`z zfoync( `hbe gn{bcn f}r

mbclnc ob}`mn fcf }fmng ngnc nmn yb{zbmfnnc( zbefclln }`}nh `clg`z zfoyncyrc


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}fmng nmn# Ob}`mn fcf zb{fcl mflrcngnc rc}rg f}bof}bo vncl oboyrcvnf en{ln

yb{ rcf}cvn zncln} onenh( arln nynkfhn mfhfen} mn{f gbkr}renc vncl oboyrcvnf

zfdn} mfzg`c}fcr n}nr }fmng }b{n}r{( ob}`mn fcf oboyrcvnf gbonoyrnc vncl knfg

arln zb{fcl mflrcngnc ynmn zfz}bo y{`mrgzf oncrdng}r{ vncl oboyrcvnf zb}/ry

yb{oncbc ynmn y{`zbz y{`mrgzfcvn#

Gn{ng}b{fz}fg mn{f }bgcfgh`}}fcl fcf mfnc}n{ncvn1

Ob{ryngnc ybcmbgn}nc vncl ynhfcl zbmb{encn#F}bo mfkbhf mbclnc grnc}f}nz mnc ynmn znn} vncl zbzrnf mbclnc gbkr}renc#]fmng obcfokrhgnc yb{zbmfnnc }nyf obclnknfgnc clg`z ybznc#J`j`g rc}rgf}bo vncl en{lncvn zncln} onenh n}nr afgn mboncm}b{anmf encvn

zbzbgnhf# Arln j`j`g mf}b{nygnc ynmn y{`zbz yb{ngf}nc vncl kb{t`hrob kbzn{

mnc j`c}fcrb#

;#5#:# Arohne Ybzncnc Bg`c`ofz %B@^&H`}ybzncnc mfkrn} znon mbclnc B@^ mfoncn #&=6#;#########%##########

;

eB@^

N ? `clg`z ybzncnc %zb}/ry/j`z}&

? {n}n/{n}n mboncmyb{ yb{f`mb

e ? `clg`z zfoync

;#5#=# Arohne Ybzncnc ]b}ny %Dfubm @{mb{ ^rnc}f}v&Rgr{nc h`} ybzncnc mfkrn} arohnecvn }b}ny zb}fny znn} }b}nyf yb{f`mb

ybobzncnccvn zbhnhr kb{rkne# Ybcb}nync arohnecvn zbcmf{f mfhngrgnc zbonr gf}n(

fc}rf}ftb( dng}`{/dng}`{ boyf{fg( zbzrnf mbclnc ybclnhnonc gf}n# Ob}`mn D@^obcllrcngnc grnc}f}nz ybobzncnc vncl }b}ny vncl kb{n{}f rgr{nc grnc}f}nz

ybobzncnc %h`} zfqb& nmnhne znon rc}rg zb}fny gnhf ybobzncnc# Rgr{nc h`}

}b{zbkr} mf}bc}rgnc zbjn{n zbokn{nclnc n}nr kb{mnzn{gnc dng}`{/dng}`{ boyf{fz(

ofznhcvn obcllrcngnc arohne gbkr}renc kb{zfe }b{}fcllf zbknlnf rgr{nc h`}cvn#

Hnclgne/hnclgne ybclb{annc ob}`mb D@^ nmnhne zbknlnf kb{fgr}1

Obcbc}rgnc ^rnc}f}v

^rnc}f}v mf}bc}rgnc hbe yfeng yb{rznennc n}nr hbe zryhfb{#


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Obcbc}rgnc yb{f`mb ybobzncnc#

;#5#2# Arohne Ybzncnc Yb{f`mb %Yb{f`m @{mb{ ^rnc}f}v&Ybcb{nync h`} zfqb mbclnc obcllrcngnc ob}`mn Yb{f`mfj @{mb{ ^rnc}f}v %Y@^&

fcf yb{ef}rclnccvn mfmnzn{gnc ynmn ob}`mn Bj`còfj @{mb{ ^rnc}f}v %B@^&

gbormfnc mfo`mfdfgnzf nln{ mnyn} mfyngnf ynmn yb{f`mb yb{ofc}nnc vncl kb{zfdn}

mfzg{f}# Mbclnc obclnokfh mnzn{ yb{ef}rclnc ynmn ob}`mn B@^ }bc}rcvn mnyn}

mfyb{`hbe obclbcnf kbzn{cvn arohne ybzncnc vncl en{rz mfhngrgnc mnc fc}b{tnh

yb{f`mb ybobzncnccvn# Mfkncmfclgnc mbclnc ob}`mn B@^( ob}`mn fcf ngnc

obokb{fgnc `clg`z zfoync vncl hbkfe gbjfh mbclnc `clg`z ybznc vncl znon#

Gbzrhf}nc vncl mfenmnyf mnhno ob}`mn fcf nmnhne knlnfoncn obcbc}rgnc kbzn{

gbjfhcvn fc}b{tnh yb{f`mb ybobzncnc nynkfhn zfdn} gbkr}renccvn nmnhne

mfzg`c}fcr# Ybcb{fonnc `{mb{encvn mfhngzncngnc ynmn yb{f`mb mbclnc mboncm

vncl y`zf}fd( n{}fcvn afgn ynmn zrn}r yb{f`mb ybcb{fonnc }fmng nmn mboncm( ongn

ybcb{fonnc `{mb{mfzn}rgnc ynmn yb{f`mb }b{mbgn} mbclnc mboncmvncl y`zf}fd#

Ynmn Y@^ fcf rgr{nc h`} kb{tn{fnzf rc}rg obobcref mboncm zbhnon ybf`mb

|ng}r vncl mf}b}nygnc# Yb{f`mb |ng}r vncl mf}b}nygnc mfef}rcl zbyb{}f

obcbc}rgnc Bj`còfj @{mb{ Fc}b{tnh %B@F& }b}nyf mbclnc obcllrcngnc }fclgn}

mboncm {n}n/{n}n# Rgr{nc h`}nmnhne }`}nh mboncmrc}rg zbhnon B@F n}nr zbhncl

|ng}r ybobzncnc#

Gn{ng}b{fz}fg mn{f }bgcfgh`}}fcl fcf mfnc}n{ncvn1

Rgr{nc h`} kb{tn{fnzf rc}rg obobcref mboncm zbhnon yb{f`mb |ng}r vnclmf}b}nygnc#

Yb{f`mb |ng}r vncl mf}b}nygnc mfef}rcl zbyb{}f obcbc}rgnc B@F %Bj`còfj@{mb{ Fc}b{tnh&( }b}nyf mbclnc obcllrcngnc }fclgn} mboncm{n}n/{n}n#

Rgr{nc h`}nmnhne }`}nh mboncmrc}rg zbhnon B@F#[uDuY

J

[

B@^B@F

;

%;#29#&

[ ? ]fclgn} mboncm{n}n/{n}n yb{ yb{f`mb


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2#;##%##############################M

B@^]AYY

Mfoncn1

AYY ? Arohne ybzncnc yb{f`mb

B@^ ? Arohne ybzncnc bg`c`ofz

M ? ]`}nh gbkr}renc

] ? Kncvngcvn yb{f`mb

Mnhno enh obcbc}rgnc fc}b{tnh yb{f`mb( zbncmnfcvn nmn kbkb{nyn yb{f`mb vncl

kb{cfhnf c`h ongn ybcbc}rnc fc}b{tnh yb{f`mb mfhb|n}f rc}rg vncl kb{cfhnf c`h#

;#5#4# Ybcmbgn}nc @clg`z Ofcforo Yb{ Yb{f`mb %Ob}`mb Zfhtb{/Obnh&]rarnc mn{f ob}`mb fcf nmnhne rc}rg obofcfonzf `clg`z }`}nh yb{f`mb# Rgr{nc h`}

mf}bc}rgnc mbclnc jn{n obcarohnegnc gbkr}renc kb{nyn yb{f`mb vncl kb{}r{r}/

}r{r} zbknlnf rgr{nc h`} vncl }bc}n}ftb( ybcarohnenc mfhngrgnc }b{rz znoynf

`clg`z }`}nh %`clg`z ybzncnc mnc `clg`z zfoync& mfknlf mbclnc kncvngcvn

yb{f`mb vncl cb} {b~/cvn }b{onzrg mnhno rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb }b{zbkr} obcfclgn}#

Ongn kbzn{cvn rgr{nc h`}vncl zbkbcn{cvn nmnhne rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb ngef{ vncl

`clg`z }`}nh yb{ yb{f`mbcvn onzfe obcr{rc#

@clg`z }`}nh yb{ yb{f`mb

#&2;#;########%####################&%

Y

m}]}eN

HJ

H

]}

Mfoncn1

N ? @clg`z ybznc#

e ? @clg`z zfoync#

m} ? Gbkr}renc ynmn yb{f`mb }#


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} ? Yb{f`mb n|nh mfoncn h`} }bc}n}ftb orhnf mfef}rcl#

] ? Yb{f`mb gb/}#

H ?Yb{f`mb }b{ngef{ vncl cb} {b~/cvn }b{onzrg mnhno h`} }bc}n}ftb#

Y ?Arohne yb{f`mb vncl cb} {b~/cvn }b{onzrg mnhno h`} }bc}n}ftb#

Nhl`{f}on mn{fOb}`mb Zfhtb{/Obnh fcf nmnhne1

Hnclgne >]bc}rgnc rgr{nc h`}}bc}n}ftb mforhnf mn{f yb{f`mb ]# Rgr{nc h`} }bc}n}ftb ?

m}( cb} {b~# ynmn yb{f`mb ]# Ef}rcl `clg`z }`}nh yb{yb{f`mbcvn#

Hnclgne ;]noknegnc gbkr}renc ynmn yb{f`mb kb{fgr}cvn ynmn h`}}b{zbkr}# Gbormfnc

ef}rcl clg`z }`}nh yb{ yb{f`mbcvn#

Hnclgne :Kncmfclgnc `clg`z }`}nh yb{/yb{f`mb zbgn{ncl mbclnc vncl zbkbhrocvn( afgn

J%H& J%H/>& gboknhf gb hnclgne ; mnc J%H& 3 J%H/>& hncar}gnc gb hnclgne

=#

Hnclgne =Rgr{nc h`}ynmn yb{f`mb

>h

]}

m}]

Hnclgne 2Zbgn{ncl ]?H( afgn ngef{ mn{f e`{fq`c yb{bcjncnnc }bhne mfjnynf( ebc}fgnc

nhl`{f}on( afgn kbhro( gboknhf gb hnclgne >#

Ob}`mn Nhl`{f}on Zfhtb{ Obnh fcf ob{ryngnc nhl`{f}on ebr{fz}fg vncl y{fczfycvn

nmnhne obofhfe znr}nr rgr{nc h`} vncl obhfyr}f gbkr}renc rc}rg zbarohne

yb{f`mb( zbefclln }`}nh `clg`z vncl {bhbtnc vncl %]J[& yb{ yb{f`mb |ng}r

ofcforo# Mfoncn `clg`z/`clg`z vncl {bhbtnc nmnhne `clg`z ybobzncnc mnc

`clg`z zfoync# Ob{ryngnc nhl`{f}on ebr{fz}fj vncl y{fczfycvn nmnhne obofhfe

zrn}r rgr{nc h`} vncl obhfyr}f gbkr}renc rc}rg zbarohne yb{f`mb( zbmbofgfnc

zbefclln }`}nh `clg`z %`clg`z ybznc mnc ybznc& yb{ yb{f`mb |ng}r ofcforo#


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Mnhno enh fcf( `clg`z/`clg`z vncl {bhbtnc }b{mf{f mn{f `clg`z ybobzncnc mnc

`clg`z zfoync#

Afgn zrn}r ybzncnc }fkn ynmn n|nh yb{f`mb yb{}non mnc ybzncnc f}r obhfyr}f

gbkr}renc efclln ngef{ yb{f`mb ]( ongn drclzf g{f}b{fncvn mnyn} mfcvn}ngnc

zbknlnf1

]

Yb{f`mb]Ngef{EfcllnZfoync@clg`z]`}nhJ

]

&]%][J

]

[GDYJ

]

]][J

]

g

g

>&>%

&%

##%;#2:#&

] ? \ng}r Zryyhv mfhngrgnccvn ybobcrenc %mnhno yb{f`mb

[g ? ]fclgn} gbkr}renc ynmn yb{f`mb g#

][J %]& ? ]`}nh `clg`z {bhbtnc zbhnon ] yb{f`mb#

]rarnccvn nmnhne rc}rg obofhfe ] vncl obofcforognc }`}nh `clg`z {bhbtnc yb{

rcf} |ng}r# Jn{ncvn nmnhne mbclnc obclbtnhrnzf kbkb{nyn en{ln ] efclln

mfyb{`hbe1

#&2=#;######%##############################&%>

&>%]

]][J]

]][J

Afgn }`}nh `clg`z {bhbtnc yb{ rcf} |ng}r orhnf cnfg ynmn ] ' > ongn ] mfyfhfezbknlnf arohne yb{f`mb zryyhv rc}rg ybobcrenc ybzncnc mbclnc rgr{nc1

#&22#;#%##################################################>

]

g

g[^

Nhl`{f}on fcf ngnc obokb{fgnc enzfh vncl gr{ncl knfg afgn obclenmnyfyb{z`nhnc vncl1

n&]fclgn} mboncmobcr{rc }nano zbhnon kbkb{nyn yb{f`mb#k&Nmn kncvng yb{f`mb mbclnc mboncm? 9#

]rarnc mn{f ob}`mn fcf nmnhne obofhfe ] vncl obofcforognc }`}nh `clg`z

{bhbtnc yb{ rcf} yb{ |n

ANALISIS PERENCANAAN DAN PENGENDALIAN PRODUKSI PADA PEMBUATAN PRODUK BALLAST EKSPOR A-1 (STUDI KASUS...

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Transcript of ANALISIS PERENCANAAN DAN PENGENDALIAN PRODUKSI PADA PEMBUATAN PRODUK BALLAST EKSPOR A-1 (STUDI KASUS...