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==3

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lqoqd ~mhc wa{mdzmhcmh.(

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 za{`q en waunmz omhui{ oazi`nwnmh ua{waenm wadmgmd

Kaka{mzm Za{dmwm`mlmh em`md Zah~a`nenomh emh Zah~nenomh i`al Oazi`nwnmh 

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emh i`al om{ahmh~m lmond em`md dahm{no lqkqhcmh

omqwm` dahcm`mdn oawawmumh(

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==>

ZAH^A@NENOMH

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oadkm`n

Kaka{mzm Za{dmwm`mlmh em`md Zah~a`nenomh emh Zah~nenomh i`al Oazi`nwnmh 

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 Z  A[WZAOUNF Vi`qda \VN Hi( ; Umlqh ;:== Aenwn Mz{n`

Kqoq Zauqhbqo Zaeidmh Za`mowmhmmh OQLMZ

enh~mumomh kmlsm ‐zah~a`nenomh— da{qzmomh wm`ml

wmuq gm{m mumq dauiea mumq wqk em{nzmem fqhcwn

  zah~nenomh ~mhc dahemlq`qn unhemomh `mnh ~mnuq

 zahnhemomh ~mhc ka{qzm zahmhcomzmh zahmlmhmh  zahcca`aemlmh zah~nummh zada{nowmmh wq{mu

 zadmhccn`mh unhemomh zada{nowmmh emh zah~a{mlmh

 ka{omw za{om{m oazmem zahqhuqu qdqd( Bnom em`md

lm` ua{umhcomz umhcmh dmom unemo za{`q `mcn

en`moqomh zah~a`nenomh om{ahm wqeml wagm{m ba`mw

  kmlsm za{kqmumh ua{wakqu da{qzmomh za{kqmumh

  znemhm dnwm`h~m ua{umhcomz umhcmh em`md lm`

‐dahcmdkn` eidzau i{mhc `mnh ,dahgizau mumq

dahgq{n.— unemo za{`q enkqounomh mzmoml da{aom

dahgq{n mumq unemo9 Zah~a`nenomh ka{uqbqmh qhuqo 

dadmwunomh mzmoml za{nwunsm mumq za{kqmumhua{wakqu da{qzmomh za{kqmumh mumq za{nwunsm znemhm

waemhcomh zah~nenomh mem`ml wqmuq {mhcomnmh

oacnmumh em{n zah~neno qhuqo dahcqdzq`omh m`mu

  kqoun emh km{mhc kqoun walnhccm ua{mhc unhemo 

  znemhmh~m waom`ncqw emzmu enuahuqomh za`moqh~m

mumq ua{wmhcomh~m( Em{n lmwn` zah~a`nenomh emzmu

enunhcomuomh oa em`md umlmzmh zah~nenomh bnom

enoauadqomh kqoun ~mhc gqoqz kmlsm za{kqmumh

ua{wakqu mem`ml za{kqmumh znemhm emh i`al om{ahm

nuq unemo`ml dahcla{mhomh bnom zmem smouq za{umdm

om`n enza{nowm wakmcmn wmown emh qhuqo zada{nowmmh~mhc oa eqm emzmu ka{qkml wumuqwh~m wakmcmn

ua{wmhcom(

Za{qkmlmh wumuqw em{n wmown oa ua{wmhcom lm{qw

ennoqun zq`m eahcmh za{qkmlmh Ka{num Mgm{m

Zada{nowmmh ~mnuq eahcmh gm{m zadmhccn`mh

emh zada{nowmmh wakmcmn ua{wmhcom unemo 

  ki`al da`moqomh za{qkmlmh wahen{n em{n KM

Wmown dahbmen KM Ua{wmhcom umhzm da`moqomh

 zada{nowmmh oadkm`n( Em`md umlmzmh zah~a`nenomh

wq{mu zmhccn`mhh~m unemo dahgmhuqdomh ‐Z{i

^qwunwnm— waemhcomh em`md umlmzmh zah~nenomh

wq{mu zmhccn`mhh~m dahgmhuqdomh ‐Z{i ^qwunwnm—(

Bnom za{qkmlmh ua{wakqu en`moqomh wahen{n i`al

  zah~neno momh ua{mhgmd oakmum`mh mumq oaunemo 

mkwmlmh zada{nowmmh za{om{m ua{wakqu(

Em`md z{mouao oazi`nwnmh waua`ml wa`awmn

da`moqomh zada{nowmmh ua{lmemz za`mzi{ zi`nwn

eahcmh wa{um da{um dahca`qm{omh Wz{nheno bnom

lm` nuq en`moqomh dmom emzmu enzmwunomh za{om{m

en oazi`nwnmh ua{wakqu momh ua{bmen zahqdzqomh

  za{om{m( Zahqdzqomh za{om{m momh dadkmsm

emdzmo ua{lmemz afaounfnumw emh afnwnahh~m

  zahmhcmhmh za{om{m( Zahgm{n oamen`mh dahqhccqem`md smouq ~mhc `mdm qhuqo dahemzmuomh

oazmwunmh mumw zahmhcmhmh za{om{mh~m( Uqenhcmh

  za{om{m ua{wakqu ua`ml en‐zaun aw—omh wa{nhcom`n

dqhgq` oa za{dqommh uaumzn uqenhcmh ua{wakqu

omemhc$omemhc unemo wa`m`q kahm{ emh ua{bmenh~m

oaua{`mdkmumh zahmhcmhmh za{om{m ua{wakqu wadmum$dmum enwakmkomh om{ahm uqcmw ~mhc dahqdzqo zmem

 zah~neno kqomh om{ahm wahcmbm unemo enwa`awmnomh(

Zi`nwn momh da`moqomh zah~a`nenomh `aknl

eq`q unemo `mhcwqhc daha{knuomh WZ Zah~nenomh

em`md lm` zi`nwn dahemzmuomh nhfi{dmwn em{n

nhfi{dmh mumq em{n kmcnmh nhua`ncah uahumhc ua`ml

mumq waemhc ua{bmen wqmuq za{kqmumh znemhm( En

em`md OQLMZ dadka{nomh oadqhconhmh znlmo 

oazi`nwnmh dadkqmu ̀ mzi{mh zi`nwn ,`mzi{mh wahen{n.

om{ahm em`md OQLMZ en{qdqwomh ~mhc emzmu

dadka{nomh `mzi{mh mem`ml wawai{mhc om{ahm lmo mumq oasmbnkmh ,`nlmu Zmwm` = mhcom ;5 OQLMZ.

i`al om{ahm nuq waunmz i{mhc unemo ua{oagqm`n zi`nwn

emzmu dadkqmu `mzi{mh em`md z{mouao enoahm`

eahcmh @mzi{mh Fi{d( Diea` M(

Memh~m `mzi{mh Fi{d Diea` M zi`nwn momh

daha{knuomh WZ Zah~a`nenomh mumw za{nwunsm mumq

 za{kqmumh ua{wakqu mzmkn`m lmwn`h~m dahqhbqoomh

memh~m kqoun ~mhc gqoqz dmom zi`nwn emzmu

dahnhcomuomh oa umlmz zah~nenomh eahcmh

gm{m daha{knuomh WZ Zah~nenomh( Bnom em`md

  zah~a`nenomh unemo enoauadqomh qhwq{ da`msmhlqoqd dmom zi`nwn unemo dahnhcomuomh oa umlmz

 zah~nenomh( m̂hc dahbmen za{wim`mh mem`ml z{ieqo 

lqoqd mzm ~mhc momh enua{knuomh Wq{mu Zahaumzmh

Zahclahunmh Zah~a`nenomh mumq Wq{mu Zahaumzmh

Zahclahunmh Zah~nenomh mumq gqoqz unemo daha{$

 knuomh wq{mu mzmzqh ,en ‐zaunaw—omh.9

Em`md z{mouao znlmo oazi`nwnmh ahccmh mumq

unemo emzmu dahca`qm{omh WZ7 bnom dmwnl em`md

umlmzmh zah~a`nenomh eahcmh wqmuq m{cqdahumwn

  kmlsm WZ7 ,Wq{mu Zahaumzmh Zahclahunmh

Zah~nenomh. enza{qhuqoomh qhuqo zah~nenomh unemo 

enza{qhuqoomh qhuqo zah~a`nenomh(

Em`md z{mouao zahacmomh lqoqd ~mhc

en`moqomh i`al oazi`nwnmh bnom en em`md

  zah~a`nenomh ua{h~mum za{kqmumh mumq za{nwunsm

~mhc en`mzi{omh kqomh da{qzmomh za{kqmumh mumq

  za{nwunsm znemhm mumq em`md zah~nenomh uaumzn

  ka`qd mem zahaumzmh ua{wmhcomh~m oazi`nwnmh

 knmwmh~m momh dahca`qm{omh Wq{mu Zadka{numlqmh

Za{oadkmhcmh Lmwn` Zah~nenomh ,WZ$;LZ.( Z{ieqo 

oazi`nwnmh ~mhc ka{qzm WZ$;LZ ua{wakqu unemo 

enoahm` em`md za{muq{mh za{qhemhc$qhemhcmh ~mhc

 ka{`moq ,OQLMZ. km{mhcom`n lm` ua{wakqu dahcmgq zmem muq{mh nhua{hm` oazi`nwnmh(

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Z{ieqo oazi`nwnmh ~mhc ka{qzm WZ$;LZ momh

dahndkq`omh za{umh~mmh$za{umh~mmh lqoqd

enmhum{mh~m ~mnuq kmcmndmhm oaoqmumh lqoqd em{n

WZ$; LZ9 Emh mzmoml WZ$;LZ emzmu enbmenomh

emwm{ qhuqo dahcmbqomh oa `adkmcm z{mza{men`mh9Emh omzmh WZ$; LZ emzmu endmohmn wakmcmn WZ79

Zah~a`nenomh da{qzmomh kmcnmh nhuac{m` em{n

  zah~nenomh i`al om{ahm nuq bnom em`md z{iwaw

  zah~a`nenomh ua{h~mum kqomh za{kqmumh mumq

  za{nwunsm znemhm dmom za{om{m ua{wakqu dawunh~m

emzmu enua{knuomh WZ7( Memzqh m{cqdahumwn

lqoqdh~m mem`ml2 za{umdm2 qhuqo dadka{nomh

oazmwunmh lqoqd oazmem zm{m zahgm{n oamen`mh

oaeqm2 zah~a`nenomh da{qzmomh kmcnmh nhuac{m`

em{n zah~nenomh oauncm2 muq{mh `mnh en `qm{ OQLMZ

dadki`alomh zah~a`neno dahca`qm{omh WZ7 qhuqo umlmzmh zah~a`nenomh dnwm`h~m em`md QQ Hidi{ 

7: Umlqh ;::; uahumhc Oidnwn Zadka{mhumwmh

Unhemo Znemhm Oi{qzwn ,OZO. oaadzmu2 WZ7 ka`qd

da{qzmomh oazquqwmh moln{ da`mnhomh emzmu enkqom

oadkm`n bnom enoauadqomh kqoun km{q(

Nhua{z{aumwn ,zahmfwn{mh. wnwuadmunw emzmu

enza{cqhmomh qhuqo dahbqwunfnomwn kmlsm em`md

umlmzmh zah~a`nenomh emzmu zq`m enua{knuomh WZ7(

Nhua{$z{aumwn mumw zah~a`nenomh emzmu enoa`qm{omh

WZ7 dmwnl uaumz em`md oi{nei{ za{muq{mh za{qhemhc$

qhemhcmh ~mnuq QQ Hidi{ 7: Umlqh ;::; unemo emzmu en$h~mumomh da`moqomh nhua{z{aumwn ~mhc

wasahmhc$sahmhc mumq umhzm emwm{( Oidnwn

Zadka{mhumwmh Oi{qzwn ,OZO. emzmu dahca`qm{omh

WZ7 bnom em`md zah~a`nenomh unemo enoauadqomh

 kqoun za{dq`mmh ~mhc gqoqz ,dnhndm` ; ,eqm. m`mu

 kqoun ~mhc wml. uahumhc za{kqmumh znemhm oi{qzwn(

Zahcm`mdmh z{mouao ~mhc emzmu enbmenomh

{qbqomh mem`ml zada{nowmmh wmown KB Lmknkna

en Ba{dmh eahcmh dahccqhmomh ua`agihfa{ahga

sm`mqzqh en em`md OQLMZ unemo dahcmuq{ uahumhc

lm` nuq hmdqh wagm{m lqoqd dmwnl emzmu enkahm{omh(

Zada{nowmmh eahcmh gm{m ua`agihfa{ahga unemo 

  ka{uahumhcmh eahcmh {muni `acnw em{n zada{nowmmh

wmown enza{wnemhcmh( Eadnonmh zq`m zahclahunmh

  zah~a`nenomh eahcmh enoa`qm{omhh~m WZ7 unemo 

 ka{uahumhcmh eahcmh {muni `acnw em{n OQLMZ(

WZ$; LZ qhuqo oazahunhcmh zahgm{n oamen`mh

unemo dadka{nomh oazmwunmh lqoqd uahumhc mzmoml

  za{om{m ua{wakqu uaumz en`mhbquomh mumq za{om{m

ua{wakqu enlahunomh9 Qhuqo oazahunhcmh Ua{`mzi{ 

eahcmh enua{knuomh WZ$; LZ mzmoml emzmu enzmomn

wakmcmn ‐wahbmum— qhuqo dadqoq` mumq da`mzi{omh

  km`no ua{lmemz Za`mzi{9 Dnwm`h~m da`mzi{omhuahumhc zahgadm{mh hmdm kmno zahclnhmmh mumq

  za{kqmumh unemo dah~ahmhcomh? waemhcomh qhuqo 

oazahunhcmh Za`mzi{ mem`ml mzmoml WZ$; LZ emzmu

enzmomn wakmcmn emwm{ qhuqo dahcmbqomh uqhuqumh

oa `adkmcm z{mza{men`mh9

Bnom wamhemnh~m zah~a`neno dahca`qm{omh WZZZah~a`nenomh emh znlmo da`mzi{ dahcmbqomh

uqhuqumh oa `adkmcm Z{mza{men`mh dahq{qu

eqcmmh wm~m kmlsm zahcmen`mh ,m }qi `adkmcm

  z{m za{men`mh. zmwun momh dahi`mo za{dilihmh

nuq eahcmh wqmuq m`mwmh sasahmhc `adkmcm

  z{mza{men`mh lmh~m dahn`mn uahumhc wml unemoh~m

  zahclahunmh zah~nenomh ,`nlmu Zmwm` 33 OQLMZ.

unemo dahgmoqz zahclahunmh zah~a`nenomh( Dahq{qu

  zahemzmu wm~m sasahmhc `adkmcm z{mza{men`mh

dawunh~m unemo lmh~m dahn`mn wml unemoh~m

  zahclahunmh zah~nenomh uaumzn bqcm da`nzqun wmlunemoh~m zahclahunmh zah~a`nenomh(

@MZI[MH UNEMO ZA[@Q GMHUQDOMH

ZMWM@ ^MHC EN@MHCCM[ 

Em`md z{mouao waunmz `mzi{mh zi`nwn lm{qw

enwa{umomh zmwm` ~mhc dahbmen wmhcommhh~m mumw

emwm{ nuq bnom wn za`mzi{ dahca{un uahumhc muq{mh

lqoqdh~m emzmu dah~akquomh wahen{n zmwm`

wmhcommhh~m emh bnom unemo dahca{un zauqcmw WZO 

~mhc dahmdkmlomhh~m em`md @Z( Za{umh~mmhh~m

mem`ml mzmoml mem oauahuqmh ~mhc dahclm{qwomhwaunmz @Z lm{qw dahgmhuqdomh zmwm` ~mhc

en`mhccm{9 emh mzmoml `mzi{mh ua{wakqu ua{omnu

eahcmh za{nwunsm mumq za{kqmumh znemhm mumqoml

ua{omnu eahcmh eqcmmh Zmwm` ~mhc en`mhccm{9 En

em`md OQLMZ enh~mumomh za`mzi{ mem`ml lmo emh

oasmbnkmh wawai{mhc qhuqo dadka{nomh oaua{mhcmh

ua{omnu eahcmh waemhc mumq ua`ml ua{bmen mumq eneqcm

momh ua{bmen za{kqmumh znemhm ,`nlmu Zmwm` = mhcom

;5 OQLMZ. unemo dahahuqomh Zmwm` ka{mzm ~mhc

ua`ml en`mhccm{(

Em`md z{mouao za`mzi{ lmh~m dahba`mwomh

 za{nwunsm mumq za{kqmumh znemhm ~mhc da{aom `nlmu

eahcm{ mumq m`mdn wahen{n waemhcomh zadqmumh

 zmwm` em`md fi{d `mzi{mh knmwmh~m en`moqomh i`al

WZO uaumzn bqcm omemhc$omemhc znlmo za`mzi{ 

wahen{n dah~akquomh eqcmmh Zmwm` ~mhc en`mhccm{(

m̂hc dah$bmen za{dmwm`mlmh mem`ml kmcmndmhm bnom

em`md z{iwaw zah~a`nenomh mumq zah~nenomh ua{h~mum

Zmwm` ~mhc enwmhcomomh ua{kqoun ka{kaem eahcmh

Zmwm` ~mhc ua{$dmouqk em`md `mzi{mh zi`nwn mzmoml

`mhumw za{om{m ua{wakqu enh~mumomh unemo ua{kqoun

mumq wn za`mzi{ lm{qw dadkqmu `mzi{mh km{q9Em`md

  zahcmdmumh wm~m zmem omwqw m }qi oazi`nwnmhdahcmdkn` wnomz za{om{m ua{wakqu enh~mumomh unemo 

Kaka{mzm Za{dmwm`mlmh em`md Zah~a`nenomh emh Zah~nenomh i`al Oazi`nwnmh 

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 Z  A[WZAOUNF Vi`qda \VN Hi( ; Umlqh ;:== Aenwn Mz{n`

ua{kqoun emh za`mzi{ enwm{mhomh qhuqo dadkqmu

`mzi{mh km{q(

Zmem emwm{h~m za`mzi{ nuq da`mzi{omh mumq

dadka{nomh oaua{mhcmh uahumhc za{nwunsm mumq

  za{kqmumh ~mhc dahq{qu da{aom da{qzmomh  za{nwunsm mumq za{kqmumh znemhm waemhcomh Zmwm`

 ka{mzm ~mhc en`mhccm{ kqomh da{qzmomh oasmbnkmh

em{n wn za`mzi{ qhuqo dahahuqomh( Hmdqh em`md

  z{mouao en oazi`nwnmh dmhmom`m za`mzi{ unemo 

dah~akquomh Zmwm` ~mhc en`mhccm{ i`al WZO 

eahcmh oadmdzqmhh~m wahen{n da{qdqwomh

  za`mzi{mh nuq eahcmh dahgmduqdomh wmhcommh

Zmwm` ~mhc en`mhccm{(

Emzmu ua{bmen mem za{kaemmh Zmwm` wmhcommh

em`md `mzi{mh zi`nwn eahcmh waua`ml zah~a`nenomh

mumq zah~nenomh en`moqomh( Lm` ua{wakqu emzmuenzmlmdn om{ahm `mzi{mh wnfmuh~m dmwnl oaua{mhcmh

waznlmo uaumzn waua`ml en`moqomh zada{nowmmh

wagm{m oawa`q{qlmh emzmu ua{bmen oihwu{qown lqoqd

~mhc ka{kaem eahcmh `mzi{mh msm`(

Za`mzi{ omemhc$omemhc unemo dahcaumlqn

uahumhc muq{mh lqoqd mzm`mcn dahahuqomh Zmwm`

~mhc en`mhccm{ mumq emzmu wmbm ua`ml dahcaumlqn

muq{mhh~m uaumzn unemo emzmu dahahuqomh wagm{m

  zmwun mumw Zmwm` ~mhc enwmhcomomh ~mhc da{aom

oaumlqn lmh~m`ml za{nwunsm mumq za{kqmumh ua{wakqu

ua`ml da{qcnomh en{nh~m mumq dmw~m{momu `mnhh~m(Bnom dahcmgq oadkm`n zmem OQLMZ kmlsm

  za`mzi{ lmh~m ua{kmumw daha{mhcomh za{nwunsm

mumq za{kqmumh ~mhc eneqcm da{qzmomh za{nwunsm

mumq za{kqmumh znemhm dmom unemo`ml uazmu

enh~mumomh za{om{m ua{wakqu unemo gqoqz kqoun

lmh~m enom{ahmomh Zmwm` em`md `mzi{mh zi`nwn

eahcmh lmwn` zah~a`nenomh mumq zah~nenomh ua{bmen

 za{kaemmh( Wadawunh~m `mzi{mh ua{wakqu uaumz qhuqo 

enunhemo`mhbqun emh bnom ua`ml dadahqln gqoqz

 kqoun dmom za{om{m ua{wakqu emzmu en`ndzmlomh oa

oabmowmmh dawonzqh Zmwm` wmhcommhh~m ka{kaem(

Unemo za{`q qhuqo enwm{mhomh oazmem za`mzi{ qhuqo 

da`mzi{omh oadkm`n za{kqmumh ua{wakqu eahcmh

wmhcommh km{q(

Bnom oazi`nwnmh ka{zahemzmu kmlsm waunmz

`mzi{mh lm{qw dahgmhuqdomh zmwm` ~mhc en`mhccm{ 

emh kn`mdmhm em`md zah~nenomh zmwm` ~mhc ua{kqoun

unemo gigio eahcmh zmwm` em`md @mzi{mh Zi`nwn ,@Z.

lm{qw enoadkm`nomh mumq dadkqmu `mzi{mh km{q

dmom lmdzn{ emzmu enzmwunomh dqhgq` fahidahm

  km{q ~mnuq za`mzi{ momh dadmwmhc wakmh~mo 

 kmh~moh~m zmwm` ~mhc dahbmen wmhcommhh~m(

Em`md z{mouao oazi`nwnmh zah~neno emzmudadkqmu Ka{num Mgm{m Zahemzmumh ~mhc dadka{nomh

emwm{ memh~m za{qkmlmh Zmwm` wmhcommh( @mhcoml

  zah~neno eahcmh daha{knuomh Ka{num Mgm{m

Zahemzmumh da{qzmomh `mhcoml ~mhc wmhcmu kmno

dawonzqh en em`md OQLMZ unemo dahcahm`h~m

hmdqh oaka{memmhh~m unemo ka{uahumhcmh eahcmh{muni `acnw em{n OQLMZ(

@icnom waea{lmhm emzmu enoadqomomh en wnhn

eahcmh dahcmbqomh wqmuq za{umh~mmh2 mzmoml

oazi`nwnmh dadzqh~mn oasmbnkmh qhuqo dada{nowm

emh da`ndzmlomh za{om{m bnom ua{emzmu kqoun

~mhc gqoqz kmlsm za{kqmumh ua{wakqu mem`ml

  za{kqmumh znemhm9 Bmsmkh~m mem`ml zah~neno 

lm{qw daha{qwomh zahmhcmhmh za{om{m nuq(

Za{umh~mmh wa`mhbquh~m mem`ml2 mzmoml oazi`nwnmh

em`md da`moqomh zah~nenomh ua`ml enoauadqomh

  kqoun ~mhc gqoqz uaumzn lm` ua{wakqu unemo ua{omnueahcmh Zmwm` ~mhc en`mzi{omh mzmoml `mhumw unemo 

dahmhcmhn za{om{m ua{wakqu9 Bnom bmsmkmh unemo 

daha{qwomh za{om{m ua{wakqu dmom zah~neno unemo 

da`mowmhmomh uqcmw emh sasahmhch~m waza{un ~mhc

ua`ml enuahuqomh OQLMZ emh QQ Oazi`nwnmh(

@mzi{mh oazmem oazi`nwnmh dahq{qu zahemzmu

wm~m unemo smbnk lm{qw enwa{umn eahcmh eqcmmh Zmwm`

~mhc en`mhccm{ eahcmh omum `mnh `mzi{mh zi`nwn

~mhc unemo enwa{umn eahcmh zahgmhuqdmh Zmwm` unemo 

dadzqh~mn monkmu lqoqd mzmzqh( Zahahuqmh Zmwm`

  kqomh da{qzmomh wqmuq oasmbnkmh kmcn za`mzi{ qhuqo da{qdqwomh da`mnhomh eahcmh `mzi{mh

ua{wakqu zi`nwn qhuqo kaoa{bm( @mzi{mh nkm{muh~m

wakmcmn zaeidmh , cqneah. kmcn oazi`nwnmh em`md

 zahcqhcomzmh wqmuq oabmlmumh(

Eadnonmh zq`m unemo`ml uazmu bnom za`mzi{ lm{qw

da`mzi{omh oadkm`n lmh~m enom{ahmomh Zmwm`

em`md `mzi{mh zi`nwn eahcmh lmwn` zah~a`nenomh

mumq zah~nenomh ka{kaem( Zah~neno uaumz emzmu

da`mhbquomh za{om{m ua{wakqu mumw emwm{ `mzi{mh

 zi`nwn nuq unemo za{`q dah~m{mhomh mcm{ wn za`mzi{ 

da`mzi{omh oadkm`n(

Lm` ua{wakqu ka{kaem eahcmh zahcmeqmh om{ahm

  zahcmeqmh emzmu enwa{umn eahcmh za{dnhummh

ua{uahuq( Dahq{qu zahemzmu wm~m zahcmeqmh lm{qw

mumq smbnk enwa{umn eahcmh wmhcommh Zmwm` ~mhc

en`mhccm{ lm` ua{wakqu enom{ahmomh ea`no meqmh

unemo emzmu en`moqomh zada{nowmmh i`al oazi`nwnmh

  kn`mdmhm unemo mem zahcmeqmh( Zah~neno em`md

da`moqomh zah~nenomh lmh~m ua{kmumw za{kqmumh

~mhc enmeqomh(

Dadzqh~mn ndz`nomwn ~q{nenw ~mhc ka{kaem

mhum{m `mzi{mh eahcmh zahcmeqmh( Qhuqo `mzi{mh

waza{un ua`ml enq{mnomh en mumw unemo dahclm{qwomh  zahgmhuqdmh Zmwm` ~mhc en`mhccm{ waemhcomh

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qhuqo zahcmeqmh lm{qw mumq smbnk dahgmhuqdomh

Zmwm` ~mhc en`mhccm{( En wmdznhc nuq bnom em`md

  zahcmeqmh mhum{m Zmwm` ~mhc enmeqomh eahcmh

Zmwm` ~mhc ua{kqoun en`mhccm{ dmom zahcmeqmh

ua{wakqu lm{qw enh~mumomh unemo ua{kqoun zah~neno unemo za{`q daha{knuomh Ka{num Mgm{m Zahemzmumh(

Zi`nwn em`md da`moqomh zada{nowmmh om{ahm

memh~m zahcmeqmh lmh~m ua{kmumw za{kqmumh znemhm

~mhc enmeqomh unemo da`moqomh zada{nowmmh mumw

wmhcommh ~mhc `mnh(

Za{wim`mh `mnhh~m ua{omnu eahcmh memh~m

  zadkmcnmh ea`no meqmh emh ea`no knmwm mem`ml

 kmcmndmhm z{iwaw zahmhcmhmh za{om{m wa`mhbquh~m

  bnom ua`ml ua{bmen za{emdmnmh en mhum{m za`moq

eahcmh oi{kmh9 Em`md oauahuqmh OQLZ emh

OQLMZ enh~mumomh kmlsm em`md ea`no meqmh wn zahcmeq emzmu dahgmkqu zahcmeqmhh~m waemhcomh

  zmem ea`no knmwm unemo emzmu engmkqu( Mem omwqw

~mhc zmuqu qhuqo enoauahcmlomh ~mnuq ua{bmen

oawm`ml zmlmdmh en mhum{m uadmh wmuq oa`mw WDZ M

,`mon$`mon. dadqoq` znhccq`h~m wn K ,za{adzqmh.

eahcmh umhcmhh~m walnhccm ua{bmen dadm{ i`al

i{mhc uqmh~m wn K unemo ua{ndm mumw za{`moqmh nuq

da`mzi{omh oabmenmh ua{wakqu oa oazi`nwnmh( Oazm`m

Waoi`ml dahcmdkn` z{mom{wm qhuqo dahemdmnomh

 za{om{m ua{wakqu emh ka{lmwn` endmhm oaeqm i{mhc

uqm mhmo ua{wakqu dadkqmu oawazmomumh ka{emdmnemh unemo da`moqomh uqhuqumh mzmzqh bqcm( Mumw

oabmenmh nuq za{umh~mmhh~m mem`ml mzmoml za{om{m

ua{wakqu uaumz en`mhbquomh9 Bnom dahcmgq zmem

oauahuqmh ~mhc mem ba`mw kmlsm za{om{m ua{wakqu

unemo ki`al enlahunomh om{ahm em`md oauahuqmh

~mhc mem unemo dahcahm` memh~m `adkmcm mzm`icn 

,za{dnhummh dmmf.( Bmen ua{mwm mhal za{om{m ua{wakqu

uaumz en`mhbquomh waemhcomh znlmo ~mhc ka{za{om{m

wqeml lneqz emdmn ka{emdznhcmh(

Dahq{qu zahemzmu wm~m za{`q enoadkmhcomh

`adkmcm mzi`icn waza{un ~mhc ka{`moq en Bazmhc

endmhm bnom ua{bmen za{dilihmh dmmf em{n za`moq

emh oi{kmh dadka{nomh dmmf dmom znlmo zahqhuqu

qdqd unemo za{`q ̀ mcn da`moqomh zahqhuqumh(

ZAH^NENOMH

Zah~neno waka`qd da`moqomh zah~nenomh smbnk

ua{`aknl eq`q dahcn{ndomh Wq{mu Zadka{numlqmh

Endq`mnh~m Zah~nenomh ,WZEZ. oazmem bmowm em`md

`nhcoqz sn`m~ml lqoqdh~m( Uqbqmh zah~mdzmnmh

WZEZ oazmem oabmowmmh mem`ml wakmcmn wm{mhm

fqhcwn zahcmsmwmh li{nwihum`(

En em`md z{mouao dmwnl kmh~mo ua{bmen  zah~neno ua`ml da`moqomh zah~nenomh uaumzn

 ka`qd dahcn{ndomh WZEZ emh km{q enon{nd zmem

wmmu dahba`mhc mumq zmem wmmu ka{omw za{om{m

en`ndzmlomh( Ka`qd enon{ndh~m WZEZ momh

dahndkq`omh kaka{mzm oawq`numh kqmu zah~neno 

~mnuq2 zah~neno momh dahcm`mdn oawq`numh bnom momhdahclahunomh zah~nenomh zah~neno momh dahcm`mdn

oawq`numh kn`m dada{`qomh za{zmhbmhcmh zahmlmhmh(

Em`md z{mouao zadagmlmh za{dmwm`mlmh ua{wakqu

emzmu enwa`awmnomh eahcmh gm{m ‐haciwnmwn— uaumzn

wakahm{h~m kqomh zadagmlmh za{dmwm`mlmh ~mhc

oidz{alahwnf om{ahm fqhcwn oabmowmmh wakmcmn

 zahcmsmw unemo en`mowmhmomh eahcmh kmno(

Zah~nenomh mem`ml uqcmw emh sasahmhc em{n

  zah~neno qhuqo dahcqdzq`omh m`mu kqoun emh

 km{mhc kqoun walnhccm dahbmen ua{mhc unhemo znemhm

emh waom`ncqw enuahuqomh wn ua{wmhcomh~m( Em{n{qdqwmh zahca{unmh ua{wakqu zahahuqmh ua{wmhcom

da{qzmomh umlmz moln{ em{n z{iwaw zah~nenomh(

Ua{wmhcom km{q emzmu enuahuqomh waua`ml ua{mhc mumq

  ba`mw kmlsm za{kqmumh ua{wakqu mem`ml za{kqmumh

 znemhm ~mhc enemwm{omh zmem m`mu kqoun emh km{mhc

 kqoun ~mhc gqoqz(

En em`md z{mouao zahacmomh lqoqd unemo 

  bm{mhc ua{wmhcom `aknl emlq`q enuahuqomh zmemlm`

oihwu{qown lqoqdh~m ka`qd ba`mw mumq unemo 

  ba`mw kmlsm za{kqmumh ua{wakqu mem`ml za{kqmumh

 znemhm( Bnom nuq ~mhc ua{bmen dmom kmh~mo za{om{m~mhc wqeml enuahuqomh ua{wmhcomh~m za{om{mh~m

enlahunomh ,WZ7.( Dawunh~m lm` ua{wakqu unemo 

 za{`q ua{bmen bnom oazi`nwnmh dadmlmdn dmohm em{n

 zahca{unmh zah~nenomh(

Em`md lm` zah~nenomh Zah~neno ka`qd

dahahuqomh ua{wmhcom emh lmwn` za{i`almh m`mu

  kqoun emh km{mhc kqoun ua`ml enoaumlqn unemo 

gqoqz kqoun mumq kqomh da{qzmomh za{kqmumh

  znemhm mzmoml zah~neno emzmu daha{knuomh WZ79

Em`md z{mouao zahacmomh lqoqd oazi`nwnmh

dahcmdkn` ‐oaknbmomh— unemo dahca`qm{omh WZ7

lmh~m ua{kmumw dadka{nomh WZ;LZ( Eahcmh omum

`mnh em`md z{mouao zah~nenomh WZ7 km{q emzmu

enua{knuomh bnom wqeml enuahuqomh ua{wmhcomh~m(

Zaha{knumh WZ7 enomnuomh eahcmh zahahuqmh

`aknl eq`q ua{wmhcomh~m dahq{qu zahemzmu wm~m

mem`ml lm` ~mhc unemo kahm{( Oawm`mlmh zadmlmdmh

ua{wakqu dahq{qu zahemzmu wm~m enwakmkomh wqk~ao 

ea`no ~mhc en{qdqwomh ‐Km{mhc wnmzm— enmhccmz

wakmcmn qhwq{ ea`no emh ‐km{mhc wnmzm— enuadzmuomh

wakmcmn omum za{umdm enmhccmz ~mhc za{umdm om`n

lm{qw enkqounomh(

‐Km{mhc wnmzm— kqomh da{qzmomh qhwq{ ea`noda`mnhomh ‐km{mhc wnmzm— mem`ml wnfmu qdqd

Kaka{mzm Za{dmwm`mlmh em`md Zah~a`nenomh emh Zah~nenomh i`al Oazi`nwnmh 

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 Z  A[WZAOUNF Vi`qda \VN Hi( ; Umlqh ;:== Aenwn Mz{n`

em{n ea`no m{unh~m ~mhc lm{qw enkqounomh mem`ml

  za{kqmumh ~mhc en`m{mhc( Bnom za{kqmumh ua{wakqu

unemo dadahqln qhwq{ ea`no mumq kqomh da{qzmomh

  za{kqmumh znemhm dmom oazi`nwnmh smbnk

dahca`qm{omh WZ7 emh unemo lm{qw dahaumzomh`aknl eq`q wnmzm ua{wmhcomh~m(

Zahaumzmh ua{wmhcom da{qzmomh umlmzmh

moln{ em{n z{iwaw zah~nenomh emh ~mhc `aknl eq`q

enkqounomh mem`ml za`mhccm{mh mumw za{kqmumh

~mhc en`m{mhc m{unh~m bnom za{kqmumh ua{wakqu

  ka`qd emzmu enzmwunomh wakmcmn za{kqmumh znemhm

dmom bmhcmh dahaumzomh ua{wmhcomh~m `aknl eq`q(

Zadmlmdmh waza{un nuq wabm`mh eahcmh {muni `acnw 

oauahuqmh zah~nenomh em`md OQLMZ(

Zahaumzmh ua{wmhcom da{qzmomh umlmz moln{ 

em{n zah~nenomh emh za{`q qhuqo enzmlmdn om{ahmemdzmo kmcn wawai{mhc ~mhc ua`ml enuaumzomh

wakmcmn ua{wmhcom wmhcmu`ml ka{mu emh mzm`mcn wqeml

enuaumzomh wakmcmn ua{wmhcom uaumzn za{om{mh~m

  ka{umlqh$umlqh unemo waca{m en`ndzmlomh oa

oabmomwmmh(

 

ZADA[NOWMMH M@MU KQOUN

Em`md Zmwm` =<5 OQLMZ dah~akquomh bahnw$

  bahnw m`mu kqoun ~mhc wml ~mnuq2 oaua{mhcmh wmown

oaua{mhcmh ml`n wq{mu zauqhbqo emh oaua{mhcmh

ua{$emosm( Em`md zada{nowmmh ua{lmemz wmownmem kaka{mzm oauahuqmh ~mhc lm{qw enza{lmunomh

enmhum{mh~m ~mnuq wmuq wmown kqomh wmown ,qhqw uawunw

hq``qw uawunw. `m{mhcmh uawundihnqd ea mqenuq ,unemo 

daheahcm{ wahen{n.(

Oauahuqmh wmuq wmown kqomh wmown en em`md

  z{mouao zahacmomh lqoqd wa{nhc oa`n{q em`md

 zadmlmdmhh~m kmh~mo ~mhc ka{zahemzmu bnom unemo 

mem ; ,eqm. mumq `aknl wmown dmom za{om{m ua{wakqu

unemo emzmu en`mhbquomh( Momh dahbmen za{wim`mh

ua{omnu eahcmh zadkqounmh em`md ea`no oawqwn`mmh

unemo dqeml dahgm{n wmown ~mhc kauq`$kauq` da`nlmu

mumq daheahcm{ ua{bmenh~m ea`no oawqwn`mmh emh

unemo dqhconh zada{oiwmmh en`moqomh en uadzmu

~mhc {mdmn zada{oiwmmh zmwun en`moqomh en uadzmu

~mhc wazn endmhm ~mhc dahcaumlqn lmh~m wakmumw

mhum{m za`moq emh oi{kmh(

Bnom em`md zadkqounmh lmh~m ua{emzmu wmuq

wmown uaumz za{om{m ua{wakqu emzmu en`mhbquomh

wazmhbmhc mem m`mu kqoun ~mhc wml `mnhh~m dnwm`h~m

oaua{mhcmh ml`n wq{mu zauqhbqo emh oaua{mhcmh

ua{emosm( Em`md Zmwm` =<7 OQLMZ enh~mumomh

  kmlsm oa~monhmh lmond em`md dahbmuqlomh

 zquqwmh lm{qw ka{emwm{omh memh~m dnhnhm` ; ,eqm.m`mu kqoun ~mhc wml unemo ; ,eqm. wmown ~mhc wml(

Mumw emwm{ nuq em`md zahmhcmhmh za{om{m ea`no 

oawqwn`mmh unemo qwml dahgm{n$gm{n wmown lmh~m

eahcmh wqmuq uqbqmh dadahqln za{w~m{mumh

`aknl em{n = ,wmuq.( Dada{nowm wmown ,wmown fmoum.

~mhc unemo dahcaumlqn mumq daheahcm{ wahen{n  za{nwunsm ua{wakqu momh unemo dadzqh~mn dmohm

mzmzqh( Dmlomdml Mcqhc wahen{n ka{zahemzmu

 kmlsm zquqwmh ~mhc enemwm{omh zmem = ,wmuq. wmown

enumdkml eahcmh m`mu kqoun ~mhc wml `mnhh~m wqeml

gqoqz kmcn lmond em`md dadkahuqo oa~monhmh

qhuqo dadquqw wqmuq za{om{m(

Em`md zahmhcmhmh za{om{m zah~neno zahqhuqu

qdqd dmqzqh lmond emzmu dahclmen{omh ml`n

qhuqo dadka{nomh oaua{mhcmh ua{omnu eahcmh

 za{om{m ~mhc enlmemzn( Em`md z{mouao oaua{mhcmh

ml`n enwmdmomh eahcmh wmown ml`n zmemlm` zah~akqumh wmown ml`n mem`ml unemo uazmu om{ahm wmown

dadzqh~mn zahca{unmh ~q{nenw ~mhc ka{m{un i{mhc

~mhc da`nlmu daheahcm{ emh dahcm`mdn wahen{n(

Zahaca{unmh oaua{mhcmh ml`n mem`ml oaua{mhcmh

~mhc enka{nomh i`al wawai{mhc ~mhc ka{emwm{omh

oaml`nmhh~m mumq zahcaumlqmhh~m unemo em`md

omzmwnumw i{mhc ~mhc da`nlmu daheahcm{ mumq

dahcm`mdn wahen{n emh i`al om{ahm nuq ml`n lmh~m

dahba`mwomh uahumhc hi{dm lqoqdh~m unemo 

dahba`mwomh uahumhc fmoumh~m(

Za{wim`mh en em`md z{mouao mzmoml em`md umlmzmh zah~nenomh znlmo ua{wmhcom emzmu dahcmbqomh ml`n9

Ka{emwm{omh Zmwm` 61 OQLMZ znlmo ua{wmhcom

emzmu dahcmbqomh wmown ml`n ~mhc da{nhcmhomh(

Zahca{unmh ml`n ~mhc mem em`md Zmwm` 61 OQLMZ

ua{wakqu bmhcmh enm{unomh wakmcmn wmown ea glm{ca 

,wmown ~mhc da{nhcmhomh.( Ml`n em`md dadka{nomh

oaua{mhcmh wawqmn eahcmh oaml`nmhh~m i`al om{ahm

nuq unemo uazmu zq`m ml`n enziwnwnomh wakmcmn wmown

glm{ca , wmown ~mhc dadka{muomh.( Zahn`mnmh

dadka{muomh mumq da{nhcmhomh ua{wmhcom mumq

ua{emosm kqomh omzmwnumw ml`n ml`n ka{wnomz hau{m`

,unemo dadnlmo. emh mzm memh~m(

M@MWMH WZ7

Za{om{m ~mhc ua`ml enwneno i`al oazi`nwnmh ,qhuqo 

unhemo znemhm qdqd. lmwn` moln{h~m mem ; ,eqm.

m`ua{hmunf ~mnuq za{umdm2 za{om{m ua{wakqu en`ndzmlomh

oa oabmowmmh bnom za{om{m ua{wakqu gqoqz kqoun mumq

~mhc oaeqm2 za{om{m ua{wakqu enlahunomh ,WZ7.(

Qhemhc$qhemhc ua`ml dah~akquomh wagm{m `ndnumunf 

m`mwmh$m`mwmh ~mhc emzmu enza{cqhmomh zah~neno 

wakmcmn emwm{ zahclahunmh zah~nenomh( Zahahuqmh

wagm{m `ndnumunf nhn zahunhc cqhm dahclnhem{noagahea{qhcmh hacmunf zmem en{n zabmkmu zah~neno 

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emh bqcm dadka{nomh `mhemwmh kmcn `adkmcm

  z{mza{men`mh qhuqo da`moqomh zada{nowmmh en

wnemhc z{mza{men`mh(

Em`md Zmwm` =:> m~mu ,;. OQLMZ enh~mumomh

  kmlsm za{om{m ua{wakqu emzmu enlahunomhenom{ahmomh unemo gqoqz kqoun mumq kqomh om{ahm

 za{kqmumh znemhm mumq zah~nenomh enlahunomh eadn

oazahunhcmh lqoqd( ^mhc dahbmen za{umh~mmh

mem`ml mzmoml ~mhc endmowqe eadn oazahunhcmh

lqoqd9 Zahba`mwmh Zmwm` =:> m~mu ,;. OQLMZ unemo 

dahba`mwomh mzm zahca{unmh zah~nenomh enlahunomh

eadn lqoqd emh bqcm unemo dada{nhgn m`mwmh mzm

~mhc emzmu eno`mwwnfnomwnomh eadn oazahunhcmh

lqoqd( Zahca{unmh qdqd em{n za{omummh ‐eadn

lqoqd— mem`ml mumw za{nhuml lqoqd lqoqd`ml

~mhc dada{nhumlomh kmlsm za{om{m ua{wakqu lm{qwenka{lahunomh( Em`md omnumh ua{wakqu ̂ ml~m Lm{mlmz

dah~mumomh zah~nenomh enlahunomh eadn lqoqd

da`nzqun za{om{m ua{wakqu da`mhccm{ mwmw ha knw

nead ,Zmwm` 36 OQLZ. ua{wmhcom dahnhccm` eqhnm

,Zmwm` 33. emh oaem`qm{wm ,Zmwm` 3< OQLZ., m̂l~m

Lm{mlmz =><<2 =15$=16.(

Mwmw ha knw nh nead dadzqh~mn zahca{unmh

  kmlsm wawai{mhc unemo emzmu enuqhuqu qhuqo 

oaeqm om`nh~m ua{lmemz za{kqmumh ~mhc wmdm emh

  za{kqmumh ua{wakqu ua`ml dadzqh~mn oaoqmumh

lqoqd ~mhc uaumz ,nh o{mglu .( [qdqwmh ua{wakquoa`nlmumhh~m dqeml qhuqo endahca{un uaumzn em`md

 zaha{mzmhh~m unemo wadqeml zahca{unmh ua{wakqu(

Gihuil omwqw ~mhc emzmu enoauahcmlomh mem`ml

Ua{emosm enuqeql Zmwm` ;66 m~mu ,;. OQLZ emh

Zmwm` 5<: OQLZ emh i`al Zahcmen`mh Haca{n

wmdzmn eahcmh Dmlomdml Mcqhc dadka{nomh

  zquqwmh zadkakmwmh ,v{nbw$z{mmo .( Za`mzi{ unemo 

 zqmw mumw zquqwmh ua{wakqu eahcmh bm`mh da`mzi{omh

oadkm`n oa oazi`nwnmh eahcmh wmhcommh Zmwm` 7<1

OQLZ 73; OQLZ ;67 OQLZ emh Zmwm` ;66

OQLZ za{umh~mmhh~m mem`ml mzmoml `mzi{mh ~mhc

oaeqm ua{wakqu ka{uahumhcmh unemo eahcmh mwmw ha

knw nh nead9

Ua{omnu eahcmh za{wim`mh ha knw nh nead mem`ml

~mhc unemo enza{ki`alomh ua{wakqu ua{omnu eahcmh

 za{kqmumhh~m mumq zmwm` wmhcommhh~m9 Mwmw ha knw

nh nead dadzqh~mn dmohm za{kqmumh mumq za{nwunsm

 znemhmh~m ~mhc ua`ml enzquqw unemo ua{omnu eahcmh

  zmwm` wmhcommh mumq emosmmhh~m( Bnom i{mhch~m

wmdm emh za{kqmumhh~m wmdm eahcmh za{om{m ~mhc

ua`ml enzquqw emh dadzqh~mn oaoqmumh lqoqd ~mhc

uaumz dmom mzmkn`m enmbqomh oadkm`n dawonzqh

eahcmh zmwm` wmhcommh ~mhc ka{kaem nuq wqemlemzmu enh~mumomh da`mhccm{ mwmw ha nh nead(

Bnom mwmw ha knw nh nead lmh~m enomnuomh eahcmh

 zahca{unmh zmwm` ~mhc enwmhcomomh mumq enemosmomh

wmbm knwm ua{bmen wawai{mhc enmbqomh kaka{mzm om`n oa

 za{wnemhcmh eahcmh zmwm` wmhcommh mumq emosmmh

~mhc ka{kaem uaumzn eahcmh fmoum lqoqd wmdm( I`alom{ahm nuq dmom em`md z{mouao zahacmomh lqoqd

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Kaka{mzm Za{dmwm`mlmh em`md Zah~a`nenomh emh Zah~nenomh i`al Oazi`nwnmh 

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 Z  A[WZAOUNF Vi`qda \VN Hi( ; Umlqh ;:== Aenwn Mz{n`

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mumw emwm{ zah~neno ̀ aknl eq`q da`moqomh za{qkmlmh

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