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Jasmal A. Syamsu, Hikmah M. Ali, Muhammad Yusuf Penulis Makalah

Application of technology for processing rice straw as feed for beef cattle

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Agriculture and Biotechnology

Edited by

Miss. Du Li

Agriculture and Biotechnology

Selected, peer reviewed papers from the

2013 International Conference on Agriculture and Biotechnology

(ICABT 2013),

December 29-30, 2013, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Edited by

Du Li

Copyright ©2013 IACSIT Press, Singapore.

All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this publication may be reproduced or

transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the

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Volume 60 of

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ISSN 2010-4618

ISBN 978-981-07-8832-2

Full text available online at http://www.ipcbee.com

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PREFACE

Dear Distinguished Delegates and Guests, The Organizing Committee warmly welcomes our distinguished delegates and guests to the 2013 International Conference on Agriculture and Biotechnology (ICABT 2013) held on December 29-30, 2013 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ICABT 2013 are sponsored by Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society (APCBEES), and supported by APCBEES Members and scholars from universities all round the world. If you have attended a conference sponsored by APCBEES before, you are aware that the conferences together report the results of research efforts in a broad range of Agriculture and Biotechnology. These conferences are aimed at discussing with all of you the wide range of problems encountered in present and future high technologies. ICABT 2013 are organized to gather members of our international community scientists so that researchers from around the world can present their leading-edge work, expanding our community’s knowledge and insight into the significant challenges currently being addressed in that research. The conference Program Committee is itself quite diverse and truly international, with membership from the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania. This proceeding records the fully refereed papers presented at the conference. The main conference themes and tracks are Agriculture and Biotechnology. The main goal of these events is to provide international scientific forums for exchange of new ideas in a number of fields that interact in-depth through discussions with their peers from around the world. Both inward research; core areas of Agriculture and Biotechnology and outward research; multi-disciplinary, inter-disciplinary, and applications will be covered during these events. The conference has solicited and gathered technical research submissions related to all aspects of major conference themes and tracks. All the submitted papers in the proceeding have been peer reviewed by the reviewers drawn from the scientific committee, external reviewers and editorial board depending on the subject matter of the paper. Reviewing and initial selection were undertaken electronically. After the rigorous peer-review process, the submitted papers were selected on the basis of originality, significance, and clarity for the purpose of the conference. The selected papers and additional late-breaking contributions to be presented as lectures will make an existing technical program. The conference program is extremely rich, featuring high-impact presentations. The high quality of the program – guaranteed by the presence of an unparalleled number of internationally recognized top experts – can be assessed when reading the contents of the program. The conference will therefore be a unique event, where attendees will be able to appreciate the latest results in their field of expertise, and to acquire additional knowledge in other fields. The program has been structured to favor interactions among attendees coming from many diverse horizons, scientifically, geographically, from academia and from industry. Included in this will to favor interactions are social events at prestigious sites. We would like to thank the program chairs, organization staff, and the members of the program committees for their work. Thanks also go to Editor Miss. Du Li, Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society, for their wonderful editorial service to this proceeding. We are grateful to all those who have contributed to the success of ICABT 2013. We hope that all participants and other interested readers benefit scientifically from the proceedings

and also find it stimulating in the process. Finally, we would like to wish you success in your technical presentations and social networking. We hope you have a unique, rewarding and enjoyable week at ICABT 2013 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. With our warmest regards, The Organizing Committees December 29-30, 2013 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Organizing Committees

Conference Chairs

Senior Environmental Scientist, Mr. Saji Baby, Wataniya Environmental Services, Kuwait

Parvinder Singh Sandhu, Rayat & Bahra Institute of Engineering & Bio-Technology, India

Technical Program Co-Chairs

Prof. Chandratilak De Silva Liyanage, Faculty of Science, University of Brunei, Brunei

Prof. Sohair aly Aly hassan, university of kuala lumpur, Malaysia

Prof. Kien Wen Sun, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan

Contact Chair

Sophia Du, Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society

Technical Committee

Dr. Leny Yuliati, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia

Prof. Ajitkumar Gorakhanath Patil, S.B.M.Polytechnic, Mumbai, India

Prof. Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah, University Sains Malaysia

Dr. Nirendra Nath Mustafi, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh

Prof. Laila Mahmoud Montaser, Menoufiya University, Egypt

Dr. Hendrik Oktendy Lintang, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Prof. Sudha Srivastava, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology University, India

Dr. Hedayatollah Ghourchian, The University of Tehran, Iran

Prof. G. Vijaiyan Siva, University of Madras, India

Prof. Basem F. Dababneh, Al-Balqa’ Applied University -Jordan

Prof. A. Mathiazhagan, Cochin University, India

Dr. Heba Ahmed Hani Ali, National Research center, Cairo, Egypt

Dr Nabeen Kumar Rath, Berhampur University, Berhampur Orissa, India

Table of Contents

Adjuvant Effect of Garlic Lectins (Asa I and Asa Ii) on Mucosal Immunity

Induction Following Intranasal Immunization with Ovalbumin Antigen

Siddanakoppalu N Pramod and Yeldur P Venkatesh

1

Anti-Angiogenic Activity of Caesalpenia Bonducella Leaf Extracts in Ehrlich

Ascites Tumor Cells In-Vivo

Shankar Jayarama, Balaji Srinivas, Priyanka Shivaprakash and Vasantha Ramapura

8

Financing for Agro Projects in Islamic Banks

Muhammad Ridhwan Ab. Aziz and Muhammad Mohamad Yusoff

14

Preliminary Study on Detection of Fungal Infection in Stored Paddy Using Thermal

Image

Siti Khairunniza-Bejo and Norazlida Jamil

19

Cocoa Husk Extract Administration on Suspected Stress Cattle Prepares Good Meat

Quality

Hikmah M Ali, Effendi Abustam, Syamsuddin Hasan, Salengke and Mawardi A. Asja

24

Defense Reactions by Clonostachys Rosea in Tomatoes against Botrystis Cinerea

Liana Dalcantara Ongouya Mouekouba, Ai Jie Wang and Ao Xue Wang

29

Effects of Andrographis Paniculata and Zingiber Cassumunar Mixture on

Productive Performance and Carcass Quality of Broiler Chickens

Danet Laing, Sawitree Wongtangtintharn, Bundit Tungjarernkul, Srisuda Sirilaophaisan

and Jowaman Khajarern

34

Assessment on the Use of Highly Reactive Phosphate Rock for Immature Palms

Ahmad Faidz Redzuan, Izwanizam Arifin, Romzi Ishak, Mohd Najib Abd Rasid and

Suhaidi Hamzah

38

Application of Technology for Processing Rice Straw as Feed for Beef Cattle

Jasmal A. Syamsu, Hikmah M.Ali and Muhammad Yusuf

43

Metabolite Status of Bali Cows during the Last Trimester of Pregnancy

Muhammad Yusuf , Djoni Prawira Rahardja, Abdul Latief Toleng, Asmuddin Natsir and

Syamsuddin Hasan

47

Effect of Pre-Sowing Treatments with Uv-Ray on the Chemical Components of

Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill)

Ashti Sleman Abdulla and Ahmad H. Ameen H. Rashid

51

Laying Performance of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) 58

Supplemented with Zinc, Vitamin C and E Subjected to Long Term Heat Stress

Carmina L. Caurez and Cristina F. Olo

Biological Control of Botrytis Cinerea in Tomato Leaves

Liana Dalcantara Ongouya Mouekouba, Zhen-Zhu Zhang, Erinle Kehinde Olajide,

Ai-Jie Wang and Ao-Xue Wang

64

Derivation of Economic Values of Longevity for Inclusion in the Breeding

Objectives for South African Dairy Cattle

Cuthbert Banga, Frederick Neser and Dorian Garrick

69

Fungi Associated with Some Agricultural Products and Effects on Their Quality at

Misurata Region (Libya)

Daghman. I. M.,Sara Alshik and Alhobugi A. M.

74

An Assessment of the Effect of Price, Policy and Climate Changeability on the

Supply of Domestic Rice in Sierra Leone: A Supply Response Model Approach

Conteh, Alhaji Mohamed Hamza and Yan Xiangbin

79

The Determination of Heavy Metal Contents and Some Chemical Properties in

Soils around an Old Mercury Mine in Turkey

Aysen AKAY

86

Mycorrhizal Colonisations of Naturally Evolving Weeds at Different Mine Waste

Mounds in Central Anatolia–Turkey

Aysen AKAY, Murat KARACA, Yavuz BAĞCI, İsmail KESKIN, Çağdaş AKPINAR

91

Effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Yield and Fruit

Quality of Quince

Şeyma Arıkan, Muzaffer İpek and Lütfi Pırlak

97

Alternative Tillage and Direct Seeding Systems on Wheat Production in Middle

Anatolia

Kazim Çarman, Tamer Marakoğlu and Kazim Gür

101

Effects of Antifreeze Proteins and Glycine Betaine on Strawberry Plants for

Resistance to Cold Temperature

Servet Aras and Ahmet Eşitken

107

Gender Recognition Using Facial Images

Burhan ERGEN and Serdar ABUT

112

Author Index 119

Table of Contents

Adjuvant Effect of Garlic Lectins (Asa I and Asa Ii) on Mucosal Immunity

Induction Following Intranasal Immunization with Ovalbumin Antigen

Siddanakoppalu N Pramod and Yeldur P Venkatesh

1

Anti-Angiogenic Activity of Caesalpenia Bonducella Leaf Extracts in Ehrlich

Ascites Tumor Cells In-Vivo

Shankar Jayarama, Balaji Srinivas, Priyanka Shivaprakash and Vasantha Ramapura

8

Financing for Agro Projects in Islamic Banks

Muhammad Ridhwan Ab. Aziz and Muhammad Mohamad Yusoff

14

Preliminary Study on Detection of Fungal Infection in Stored Paddy Using Thermal

Image

Siti Khairunniza-Bejo and Norazlida Jamil

19

Cocoa Husk Extract Administration on Suspected Stress Cattle Prepares Good Meat

Quality

Hikmah M Ali, Effendi Abustam, Syamsuddin Hasan, Salengke and Mawardi A. Asja

24

Defense Reactions by Clonostachys Rosea in Tomatoes against Botrystis Cinerea

Liana Dalcantara Ongouya Mouekouba, Ai Jie Wang and Ao Xue Wang

29

Effects of Andrographis Paniculata and Zingiber Cassumunar Mixture on

Productive Performance and Carcass Quality of Broiler Chickens

Danet Laing, Sawitree Wongtangtintharn, Bundit Tungjarernkul, Srisuda Sirilaophaisan

and Jowaman Khajarern

34

Assessment on the Use of Highly Reactive Phosphate Rock for Immature Palms

Ahmad Faidz Redzuan, Izwanizam Arifin, Romzi Ishak, Mohd Najib Abd Rasid and

Suhaidi Hamzah

38

Application of Technology for Processing Rice Straw as Feed for Beef Cattle

Jasmal A. Syamsu, Hikmah M.Ali and Muhammad Yusuf

43

Metabolite Status of Bali Cows during the Last Trimester of Pregnancy

Muhammad Yusuf , Djoni Prawira Rahardja, Abdul Latief Toleng, Asmuddin Natsir and

Syamsuddin Hasan

47

Effect of Pre-Sowing Treatments with Uv-Ray on the Chemical Components of

Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill)

Ashti Sleman Abdulla and Ahmad H. Ameen H. Rashid

51

Laying Performance of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) 58

Supplemented with Zinc, Vitamin C and E Subjected to Long Term Heat Stress

Carmina L. Caurez and Cristina F. Olo

Biological Control of Botrytis Cinerea in Tomato Leaves

Liana Dalcantara Ongouya Mouekouba, Zhen-Zhu Zhang, Erinle Kehinde Olajide,

Ai-Jie Wang and Ao-Xue Wang

64

Derivation of Economic Values of Longevity for Inclusion in the Breeding

Objectives for South African Dairy Cattle

Cuthbert Banga, Frederick Neser and Dorian Garrick

69

Fungi Associated with Some Agricultural Products and Effects on Their Quality at

Misurata Region (Libya)

Daghman. I. M.,Sara Alshik and Alhobugi A. M.

74

An Assessment of the Effect of Price, Policy and Climate Changeability on the

Supply of Domestic Rice in Sierra Leone: A Supply Response Model Approach

Conteh, Alhaji Mohamed Hamza and Yan Xiangbin

79

The Determination of Heavy Metal Contents and Some Chemical Properties in

Soils around an Old Mercury Mine in Turkey

Aysen AKAY

86

Mycorrhizal Colonisations of Naturally Evolving Weeds at Different Mine Waste

Mounds in Central Anatolia–Turkey

Aysen AKAY, Murat KARACA, Yavuz BAĞCI, İsmail KESKIN, Çağdaş AKPINAR

91

Effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Yield and Fruit

Quality of Quince

Şeyma Arıkan, Muzaffer İpek and Lütfi Pırlak

97

Alternative Tillage and Direct Seeding Systems on Wheat Production in Middle

Anatolia

Kazim Çarman, Tamer Marakoğlu and Kazim Gür

101

Effects of Antifreeze Proteins and Glycine Betaine on Strawberry Plants for

Resistance to Cold Temperature

Servet Aras and Ahmet Eşitken

107

Gender Recognition Using Facial Images

Burhan ERGEN and Serdar ABUT

112

Author Index 119

Application of Technology for Processing Rice Straw as Feed for Beef

Cattle

1Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, HasanuddinUniversity, Makassar, Indonesia

2Department of Animal Production, HasanuddinUniversity,Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract.The objective of this study was to apply theprocessing of technologyfor rice strawascattlefeedat

smallholder beef cattlefarmsin supportingthe integration between beef cattleand paddy. The study was

conductedin smallholder beef cattlefarmer groups, in Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The

results of this study showed that farmerperceptionstoward the use oftechnologyandknowledgeprocessingrice

strawascattlefeedas much as56.6% of respondents considerednotpollute the environmentrice straw, andrice

strawcan be usedas animal feed(43.4%), andcompostingmaterials(15.8%). However,there are still

manyfarmerswhodo the burningof rice strawinthe field after harvest (40.8%). In general, theapplication ofrice

strawfermentationtechnologyshowedan increase inthe quality of rice straw. Quality ofcrude

proteinoffermentedrice straw was increased in comparison tounfermented one, and it was followed by

adecrease incrude fiber contentafterfermentation.

Keywords:feed technology, rice straw, cattle-paddyintegration

1. Introduction

Integration of beef cattle with paddy is the best strategy to improve the optimization of resource

utilization of agricultural waste, but this effort have not been implemented properly, because its

implementation is still done on a partial, not integrated and holistic. The main technology components that

need to be controlled by farmers in the system integration of beef cattle and grain namely waste treatment

technologies so as to embody the principle of zero waste [1]. The main constraint in the utilization of waste

in the system integration is still not taken into account for rice straw waste as a feed. The number of farmers

that have knowledge regarding feed technology is high enough (54.80%), however the application of this

technology was low (11.62%). Beside that,the farmers have not been utilize yet the livestock waste such as

feces optimally as a source of alternative energy (biogas) and production inputs (fertilizers) for farming, so

the principle of integration has not been yet achieved [2].

Based on this condition,it is required an effort to optimize the utilization of rice straw as feed for beef

cattle in order to support integration between beef cattle and paddy, and in turn,the sustainability integration

could be achieved through the application of treatment technology, such as processing rice straw as feed.

Therefore, the current study aimed to apply the processing technology of rice straw as feed for beef cattle in

the farm-level in supporting the integration between beef cattle and paddy, and in turn, the optimal resource

management to improve productivity and increase the farmer's income by the presence of added value which

is obtained upon application of wastewater treatment technology of rice straw as feed for beef cattle can be

achieved.

2. Materials and Methods

Corresponding author. Tel.: +6181342654542.

E-mail address:jasmals@yahoo.com

2013 International Conference on Agriculture and Biotechnology

IPCBEE vol.60 (2013) © (2013) IACSIT Press, Singapore

DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE. 2013. V60. 9

43

Jasmal A. Syamsu1+

, Hikmah M.Ali2, and Muhammad Yusuf

2

43

The study was carried out in the farmers cattle in Pinrang District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The

experiment was conductedintwostages. First, identify theperceptions offarmerson the useandprocessing

ofrice strawasanimal feed, by conductinginterviewsusingquestionnaires. Farmerrespondentsweremembers

offarmer group. The secondstageis the application ofprocessing technologyof rice strawascattlefeed.The

material used was rice straw obtained from the location where the study was taking place, and of extra

material in fermentation was a starter microbes;starbio. The process for fermentation was preceded by

preparing the place of fermentation at once serves as a stockroom of feed. Fermented rice straws with

probiotics starbio in pitch of the scale, with the use of starbio standard and urea each 0.6 % of the weight of

rice straw [3].

The procedure for fermentationwas accumulate rice straw approximately 30 centimeters first and if

necessary, the strawswas press down then sprinkled with starbio, and urea then added by water to maintain

the moisture of 60%. This stage repeated to reach a height of rice straw of 1.5 meters. A stack of the straws

was incubated for 21 days without anytreatment.After 21 days, the straws were then dried by simple aeration.

Variables observed were crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash [4], neutral detergent fiber, acid

detergent fiber, cellulose, lignin [5]. The data was analyze using t-student [6].

3. Results and Discussion

Table 1. Farmer perceptions toward the use of technology and knowledge processing rice straw as cattle feed

No Description TotalRespondents(people) Percentage

(%)

1 Rice strawpollute the environment

Do not agree 43 56,6

Lessagree 21 27,6

Agree 12 15,8

2 Rice strawascattle feed

Do not agree 11 14,5

Lessagree 16 21,1

Agree 49 64,5

3 Utilization ofrice strawafterharvest

Burnedin the fields 31 40,8

Compostmaterial 12 15,8

Animal feed 33 43,4

4 Hay Technology

Do notknow 22 28,9

Lessknow 12 15,8

Know 42 55,3

5 Ammoniation Technology

Do notknow 31 40,8

Lessknow 12 15,8

Know 33 43,4

6 Fermentation Technology

Do notknow 30 39,5

Lessknow 25 32,9

Know 21 27,6

Farmer perceptions toward the use of technology and knowledge processingrice straw as cattle feed as

shown in Table1. Table 1 shows the farmers as much as 56.6% of respondents considered not pollute the

environment rice straw, and rice straw can be used as animal feed( 43.4%), and composting materials(15.8%).

44

However,there are still many farmers who do the burning of rice straw in the field after harvest(40.8%).

Results technology applications processing rice straw through technology fermentation are showing in

Figure 1, in general showed that there was an increased occurrence of the quality of rice straws after

conductingthe technology processing. Average the quality of rice straw fermentation is shown in Table 2.

Therefore, it can be presumed that during the fermentation period,the bond of

lignocellulosehemicellulose ofrice strawwere break down. Lignolitik microbe in microbe starter helpedto

break the lignocelluosebondresulting the cellulose and lignin could be detached from the bonds by the

enzyme lignose. This phenomenon is seen with decreased the content of cellulose and lignin of rice straw

fermented. Decreased levels of lignin decomposition occured during fermentation indicates the bond of

lignin and hemicelluloses [7].

Fig. 1: The implementation of the application technology of fermentation of rice straw

Table 2. The average of nutrients quality of rice straw without fermenting and fermented with a starter of microbes Nutritive Values (% dry matter) Rice Straw

without fermenting fermented with a starter of microbes

Crude protein 4.12 a 9.17 b

Crude fibre 41.23 a 34.25 b

Ether extract 1.18 a 1.54 a Ash 22.34 a 20.19 a

Neutral detergent fiber 72.52a 69.22 b

Acid detergent fiber 57.76 a 47.64 b Cellulose 34.03 a 26.72 b

Lignin 8.13 a 4.96 b

Different superscript letters to significant differences (P<0.05)

The sustainable integration of beef cattle and rice is determined by the first, the potential carrying

capacity of rice straw can be used as cattle feed. Therefore, efforts to increase the utilization of rice straw as

a source of cattle feed. This is must be done because the condition of pasture each year undergo conversion

to residential land, plantations, and others. Sustainability efforts during the cow's ecological base is pasture

land as a source of feed, will experience a shift by substitution utilization of waste as feed crops through the

application and integration of beef cattle rice. Second, an increase in knowledge of farmers on rice straw as

feed processing can be done by first by increasing motivation and willingness breeders. Motivation and

willpower are the main determinants of doing processing and utilization of rice straw as feed[8].

4. Acknowledgements 45

The authors would like to acknowledge the beneficial help and support for the completion of this paper

from the Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of

Indonesia, through the National Strategic Research Program, 2013.

5. References

[1] Syamsu, J. A.dan A. Abdullah. 2009. Analisis Strategi Pemanfaatan Limbah Tanaman Pangan Sebagai Pakan

Ruminansia Di Sulawesi Selatan.Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan. Vol. 10 (2).

[2] Syamsu, J.A. 2007. Karakteristik Pemanfaatan Limbah Tanaman Pangan sebagai Pakan Ternak Ruminansia pada

Peternakan Rakyat di Sulawesi Selatan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Asosiasi Ahli Nutrisi dan Pakan Indonesia

(AINI) VI. Kerjasama Bagian Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak Fak. Peternakan UGM Yogyakarta dan AINI.

Yokyakarta 26-27 Juli 2007

[3] Lembah Hijau Multifarm. 1999. Modulpelatihan integrated farming system. CV LembahHijauMultifarm-Research

Station, Solo

[4] AOAC. 1984. Official Methods of Analysis. 14th

ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC

[5] Goering, HK and PJ, Van Soest. 1970. Forage Fiber Analyses. Agricultural Handbook No.379. USDA,

Washington

[6] Steel, R.G.D & J.H. Torrie. 1991. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistik. Suatu Pendekatan Biometrik. 2nd

ed (terjemahan).

PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta

[7] Syamsu J.A., S. Said., B. Tappa. 2006. Kajian Penggunaan Starter Mikroba dalam Fermentasi Jerami Padi pada

peternakan Rakyat di Sulawesi Tenggara. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Bioteknologi 2006. Pusat Penelitian

Bioteknologi LIPI, Bogor 15-16 Nopember 2006

[8] Syamsu, J.A., HikmahM.Ali, M. Ridwan, Mawardi A. Asja. 2013. Analysis ofsustainabilitystatus of integration

beef cattleand paddy with technologyinnovation of ricestrawas feed and beef cattle manure asfertilizer and biogas.

Environment and Natural Resources Journal (inpress)

46