EVOLUSI DAN PENGERTIAN TEKNOLOGIJenis & Klasifikasi TeknologiTingkat Teknologi

*TIPE TEKNOLOGIMaterials TechnologyProduction TechnologyTransportation TechnologyTesting TechnologyProcessing TechnologyMachining Technology

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGITeknologi yang terkandung dalam peralatanTeknologi yang terkandung dalam produkTeknologi yang terkandung dalam prosesTeknologi yang terkandung dalam operasi

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (1)New technology: new introducted or implemented technology (explicit impact on the way a company produces products or provides services)Emerging technology: not yet fully commercialed but will become so within about five yearHigh technology: refers to advanced or sophisticated technologies

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (2)Low technology: refers to technologies that have permeated large segments of human societyMedium technology: refers to mature technologiesAppropriate technology: used to indicate a good match between the technology utilized and the resources required for its optimal use

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (3)[BERDASARKAN UNSUR]Unsur: proses-proses teknis yang terdapat secara khusus pada sesuatu bidangLima Unsur Teknologi:(1) Tecnology of energy conversion and utilization:Major types of energy useful to manDevices & techniques for the utilization of energyDevices for energy conversionDevices for energy concentration & controlDevices for unlimited production of energy

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (4)[BERDASARKAN UNSUR](2) Technology of tools & machines

Hand toolsMachines & machine componentsMachine tools: stationary power-driven machines for shaping & forming parts made of metal or other materials

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (5)[BERDASARKAN UNSUR](3) Technology of measurement, observation & control

Theory of measurementUnits & standards of measurementPrinciples & processes by which instruments of measurement operateCommon types of measuring instrumentsSpecial instrument & apparatus used in scientific researchMajor systems of measurement & observationInstrumentation & control systems

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (6)[BERDASARKAN UNSUR](4) Technology involved in the extraction & conversion of industrial raw materials

The worlds physical & biological resourcesTechnology of the extraction industriesPrimary conversion of raw materials

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (7)[BERDASARKAN UNSUR](5) Technology of industrial production processes

Materials processing: the operations that are used to transform industrial materials from a raw-material state into finished parts or productsMetallurgyMaterials handling in the production processTechnology of packaging

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (8)[BERDASARKAN BIDANG]Bidang: berbagai kebutuhan manusia, tujuan, barang & jasa yang mendatangkan kemajuan teknologi

Delapan bidang pokok teknologi:

(1) Construction technologyGeneral building constructionConstruction of civil engineering worksPre fabrication & shop fabrication

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (9)[BERDASARKAN BIDANG](2) Technology of major industries

Principles of organization of work & productionManufacturing industriesThe fabrication industriesThe process industriesThe construction industriesThe service industriesThe merchandising & marketing of consumer goodsIndustrial research & marketing of consumer goodsIndustrial research & developmentTechnology of industrial safety

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (10)[BERDASARKAN BIDANG](3) Technology of agriculture & food production

Technology of agricultureCrop farming, Flock & stock farmingTechnology of hunting & fishingFood processing, Food preservationTechniques for controlling the quality of foodFood sources & new product developmentThe history of agriculture

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (11)[BERDASARKAN BIDANG](4) Transportation technology

Roads & highways & their constructionVehicles & devices for transportation across country & roads & highwaysRail transportationStationary conveyance systemsWater transportationAir transportationAir - cushion machines

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (12)[BERDASARKAN BIDANG](5) Technology of information processing & of communications systems

Communication & information theoryCalculating devices, Office machines, ComputersGeneral information recording devicesSound recording & reproducing devicesInformation recording by the production of visual image: the technology of photographyInformation processingMajor systems of communicationMajor system of detection & remote sensingElectronic component & techniques used in communications

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (13)[BERDASARKAN BIDANG](6) Technology of the urban community

Basic engineering services of the cityTechnology of the basic social services of the cityTechnological responses to new urban problemsHistory of city engineering

*KLASIFIKASI TEKNOLOGI (14)[BERDASARKAN BIDANG](7) Military technologyOffensive & defensive delivery & payload systemsLogistic systemsPurely defensive equipment & systems

(8) Technology of earth & space explorationTechniques & equipment of surface & underground explorationTechniques & equipment of space explorationTechniques & equipment & space exploration

*TINGKAT TEKNOLOGIParker (1982): 6 tingkat teknologi yang berhubungan dengan pengembangan produk baru.Tingkat 1: repetitive, simple & general (craftsmen)Tingkat 6: formulasi unambiguous highly technological goals, new knowledge, complex systems, sophisticated tools of measurement, analysis of abstract thinking.Tingkat Teknologi: Kemampuan kontrol (9 tingkat).

*TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI: KEMAMPUAN KONTROL

Orders of AutomationHuman attribute replacedExamplesA(0)None: Lever (pengungkit), screw (skrup), pulley (katrol), wedge (baji)Hand tools, manual machineA(1)Energy: muscles replaced Powered machine and tools. Whitneys milling machine (giling)A(2)Dexterity (tangkas) : self-feedingSingle-cycle automaticsA(3)Diligence: no feedbackRepeats cycle; open-loop machine control; automatic screw machine; transfer linesA(4)Judgment: positionalFeedbackClosed loop; numerical control; self-measuring andadjusting

*TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI: KEMAMPUAN KONTROL

Orders of AutomationHuman attribute replacedExamplesA(5)Evaluation: adaptive control deductive analysis: feedback from the processComputer control; model of process required for analysis and optimizationA(6)Learning: by experienceLimited self-programming expert systemsA(7)Reasoning: exhibits intuition; relates causes from effectsInductive reasoning; AIA(8)Creativeness: performs design unaidedOriginalityA(9)Dominance: supermachine; commands othersMachine is master (Halfrom2001, A Space Odyssey

*TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI: KEMAMPUAN KONTROL

*TINGKAT TEKNOLOGI: KEMAMPUAN KONTROL