02.Komponen Penyusun: BiolithPetrologi Batuan Karbonat

Kerangka Materi

Komponen batuan karbonat: biolith

Pengertian biolith/organic framework

Tipe dan Klasifikasi

Aplikasi

Contoh kenampakan

Komponen batuan karbonat: biolith

Komponen Batuan Karbonat Bioliths:

Frame Builders Frame Binders Frame Bafflers

Grains: Skeletal Grains and Non Skeletal Grains.

Matrix: Micrite and Limemuds

Macro-crystalline compones: Cements and Neomorphics

Pengertian biolith/organic framework

Biasanya membentuk kerangka seperti : koral, bryozoa,

ganggang, dan sebagainya.

Berdasarkan Klasifikasi:

Dunham boundstone

Embry & Klovan framestone, bindstone, baflestone,

rudstone, floatstone.

Klasifikasi Dunham (1962)

Klasifikasi Embry & Klovan (1971)

Tipe dan Klasifikasi

Organic Framework: Boundstone - biolith

Organic framework can be constructed by:

FRAME BUILDERS formed entirely of skeletal frames secreted by organism

SEDIMENT BINDERS formed by carbonate grains and fragments bound by

organically secreted carbonate encrustations (red algae etc)

SEDIMENT BAFFLERS: formed by sparse frame-builders (corals) and carbonate

sediments trapped in between

Frame builders and Non Frame buildersFRAMEBUILDERS NON-FRAMEBUILDERS

Sediment Binders Sediment Bafflers

Massive & Tabular

Stromatoporoids

Blue-green Algae Fenestrate Bryozoan

Massive Tabulate Corals Encrusting Red

Algae

Phylloid Algae

Hexacorals Tubular Forams Dendroid

Stromatoporoids

Hydrozoans Tubiphytes Dendroid Corals

Rudists Encrusting Bryozoan Branching Red Algae

Calcareous Sponge Branching Bryozoan

Richtofenid Brachiopods Segmented Green Algae

Tetra-corals

(Asquith, 1979)Crinoids

MAIN FRAMEWORK COMPONENTSMACAM MAIN FRAME-BUILDING ORGANISM:

Madrepora Corals:

Porites

Meandrina

Acropora

Siderastrea

Coral classification based on external shape.

Massive head corals

Branching corals

Platy corals

Framework Sedimentation

Kerangka pertumbuhan berupa:1.Massive skeletal frame:

Hemispherical

Domal

Irregular

2.Columnar, globural, bulbous

3.Branching skeletal frames:

Delicate branching

Robust dendroid branching

4.Platy skeletal frames

Thin platy delicate

tabular

Coral Species and Growth Forms

Berbagai tipe karang batu

diperkirakan terdapat Iebih dari 350 jenis karang batu yang hidup diIndonesia. Yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia dengan konsentrasi penyebaranyang lebih banyak di daerah Indonesia bagiari timur, yaitu SuIawesi Maluku danNusa Tenggara. Keindahan dan keunikan dari karang batu terlihat dariberagamnya bentuk pentumbuhan koloni, yaitu:

Bentuk percabangan yang banyak didominasi oleh genus Acropora.

Bentuk yang menyerupai lembaran daun misalnya dari genus Montipora.

Bentuk massive dan bulat misalnya famili Favidae.

Bentuk soliter yang menyerupai jamur. sehingga disebut karang jamur dari genus Fungia.

Growth forms and Energy of Reef Building Corals

Zonasi berdasarkan biolith

Types of Coral Growth Fabric

Classification of Reefs based on coral growth fabric

Descriptive classification of coral growth fabric

Expanded textural classification of reefalcarbonates

Reefs Classifications by Riding (1977) and Tsien (1981)

EMBRY & KLOVAN CLASSIFICATION (1971)

Sketch of the four stages of reef development that can be generated by ecological succession ( After Walker , 1992 )

Aplikasi

Growth forms and Energy of Reef Building Corals

GROWTH STRATEGIES OF REEFS DURING RISING OF SEA LEVEL

Zonasi dari Marginal Reef

Contoh Kenampakan

Head Coral

KENAMPAKAN SAYATAN TIPIS

Head corals

Original septa of coral

Branching Coral

Platy Coral

SLAB VIEW

Branching Coral

Platy Coral

OUTCROP VIEW

Branching Coral

Platy Coral

KENAMPAKAN SLAB

Head Coral

Branching Coral

Platy Coral

SLAB VIEW

OURCROP VIEW

Platy coral

Branching Coral

Bryozoa

THIN-SECTION VIEW

Rudits (lamellibranchis)

Rudistid bioherm

Algae

(ganggang)

Halimeda

Lithothamnium

Lain-lain

(Penicillus,

Acialaria)

Red algae (kenampakan sayatan tipis)

Red Algae (kenampakan slab)

Photomicrograph of encrusting algae in reef framework

Stromatolite

Algal stromatolite

KENAMPAKAN SAYATAN TIPIS

Kerangka Pergerakan (Encrusting):

1. Columnar Stromatolite Encrustation

2. Delicate Kinky (stromatolite) encrustation

3. Binding laminated

Klasifikasi berdasarkan asosiasi kerangka organik (Embrie & Klovan, 1972)

KENAMPAKAN SLAB

Baflestone

Bindstone

Rudstone

Framestone Floatstone

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Minggu Depan:Komponen Penyusun Batuan Karbonat

(Skeletal Grain)