Post on 31-Jan-2023
Vardhman Fabrics , Budhni (M.P)
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Contentsv System Loss
vCable Loss
vPower factor
vHarmonics
vTransformer Selection
vInduction Motor
vLighting
v Pumps
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Power Transmission & Distribution ......Loss
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Power Transmission & Distribution
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System Losses
Low Power factor
Switching Off Transformr
Transformer Sizing
& Selection
Feeder Phase Current & Load
Balancing
Location of Transformer
Inadequte Size of
Conductor
LengthyDistribution Line
System Loss
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Lengthy Distribution Line
In practically 11 KV and 415 volts lines, in Comapny areas are extended over long distances to feed loads scattered over large areas.
This results in high line resistance and therefore high I2R losses in the line.
I2R Loss Depends on
ØLoading % of Cable
ØResistance / KM of Cable
vHence Increased in Length of Cable results in more losses in cable
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Sr.No. Cable Description
No. of cable Run
Length of cable
Loading %
Total Loss KW /Hr
1
3.5 Core Al. XLPE Insulated Armoured LT Cable 3.5 x 300
3 310 Meter 60% 13.4958
KW/Hr
If the Length of cable Increased from 310 Meter to 390 Meter than Total Power Loss Will be Increased
Sr.No. Cable Description
No. of cable Run
Length of cable
Loading %
Total Loss /Hr
1
3.5 Core Al. XLPE Insulated Armoured LT Cable 3.5 x 300
3 390 Meter 60%
16.8696KW/Hr
Power Loss Increased
by =3.37KW/Hr.
Sample Analysis - Power Loss KW / Hr
Analysis Study
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Cable Selection Criteria
During Selection of cable following Criteria Should be taken into accounts.
ØType Of Insulation
ØType of Conductor
ØType of Cable
ØCurrent Rating
ØVoltage Rating
ØPermissible Voltage Drop
ØOverload & Short Circuit Withstand Capacity
ØBending Radius Cable Sizing
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Installation of Distribution Transformer away from Load Centre
¢ In Industry Distribution Transformers are not located centrally with respect to Load Feeder . Consequently, the farthest Load Feeder obtain an extremity low voltage even though a good voltage levels maintained at the transformers secondary.
¢ This again leads to higher line losses , as a results of Decreased Voltage at farthest Load feeder.
T/F Location
Description HT LT Length @ LoadEnd
1200 Meter Actual Length
Length @ Load End
1000 Meter Actual Length + Difference Length
Total Saving (INR) / Transformer Load End --------Rs. 14.07 / Transformer
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Low Power factor at Primary & Secondary Distribution System
In Industry most LT distribution circuits normally the Power Factor ranges from 0.80 to 0.85.
A low Power Factor contributes towards high distribution losses.
For a given load, if the Power Factor is low, the current drawn in high And the losses proportional to square of the current will be more.
Thus, line losses owing to the poor PF can be reduced by improving the Power Factor.
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0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Saving in Cable Losses
P.F.1.0
0.950.90.85
0.8
Initial P.F.
%
Saving
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0102030405060708090
100
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
% Rise in Current w.r.t. decrease in Power Factor
% Rise in I n
P.F.
Relation between Current & Power factor
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Saving in losses = Wr x K1
Wr = Full load copper loss of the transformer
connected load in Kwk1
KVA rating of the transformer
1Cos Ø1
1Cos Ø2
-
Reduction in Transformer Losses by Improving P.F
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Case Study - Reduction in Transformer Losses by Improving P.F
Copper Loss = 20000 WattsConnected Load = 1800 KWRunning Power Factor = 0.7Improved Power factor =0.9Transformer Rating = 2500KVA
Saving in Losses = 20000 x 1800 / 2500 x ( 1/0.7 - 1/0.9)
= 4464 Watts / Hr.
Annual Saving = ( 4464/1000) x 24 x 363= 38890 KWH / Annum
Annual Saving ( INR) = Rs. 1.95 Lacs / Annum.
(Considering Rs. 5 / Unit)
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Facts about Harmonics
Harmonics :- Additional Variable Voltage & Current Waveform Created by Non - Linear Load which causes distortion of Orignal Sinusoidal Waveform is Called as " Harmonics"
How to Identify Harmonics in System
If Peak Factor is showing less than 1.41 in RMS Meter installed in feeder than it is indication of Presence of harmonics in System
By Measuring the Phase & Neutral Current of balance System
By Proper Inspection of Connection
By Comparing Transformer Temperature Condition
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Active Filters
Hybrid Filters
Tuned Filters
14% Detuned Filters
7% Detuning Filters
Cost Technology
Harmonic Mitigating Solutions
How to Eliminate Harmonics in System
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Increase Efficiency, Profitability Reliability
Harmonics
Harmonics are distorted electrical waveforms that introduce inefficiencies into your electrical system. They produce wasteful heat and can cause plant issues and fees from your local power company.
Harmonics flow into the electrical system as a result of nonlinear electronic switching devices, such as adjustable frequency drives (AFDs), computer power supplies and energy-efficient lighting.
Similarly, companies with heavy motor, AFD and lighting loads need to be aware of the problems that harmonics can cause. These problems include:
§ Increased electrical usage§ Increased wear and tear on motors/equipment§ Higher maintenance costs§ Power quality problems upstream and downstream§ Utility penalties for introducing problems to the power grid
The charts shown below illustrate motor and transformer efficiency decreases due to system harmonics.
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Increase Efficiency, Profitability Reliability
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Increase Efficiency, Profitability Reliability
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Effect of Voltage Unbalance
v Transformer failure :- Three phase voltage with high Voltage Unbalance ratio may cause the flux inside the transformer core to be asymmetrical. This asymmetrical flux will cause extra core loss, raise the winding temperature and may even cause transformer failure in a severe case.
v Extra Power Loss
v Motor Failure
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Transformer Sizing & Selection
Distribution Transformer use Copper Conductor Winding to indude magnetic field into grain-oriented silicon steel core .
Therefore transformer have both Load Losses & no Load Core losses.
Load losses are varies with Load while the no Load losses are constant as it depends on Volatge.
Total Losses = No. Load Loss + Load Loss ( I^2R Loss)
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Application of Flux Density & Current Density in Transformer Selection
Flux Density & Current density plays very important role in reducing the Losses of Transformer ,it is also Proposed to reduce the Size & Weight of Transformer i.e Core Size & Copper Volume by marginally increasing the Flux density & Current density.
It is also important to take Care of Efficiency & Temperature rise of Transformer during marginally increasing the flux density & Current density.
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Sr.No. Advantages Disadvantages
1 Area of Cross - Section of Core is Reduced
Iron Loss ( Eddy Current & Hystresis Loss Increased)
2 Iron Weight & Transformer Weight is reduced Efficiency is Marginally Reduced
3Mean Turn Length of High
Voltage & Low Voltage Winding is reduced
Temperature rise is Increased Slightly
4 Copper Weight & Copper Loss is Reduced
Saturation Occured so Magnetising Current increased
Slightly with result Power factor become Slightly Poor
Effect of Flux Density in Transformer
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Sr.No. Advantages Disadvantages
1
Winding Cross- Sectional Area is Reduced due to this Volume & Copper
Weight is Reduced
Efficiency of Transformer is reduced slightly
2 Copper Loss & Temperature Rise Increased Slightly
3
Load is not Constant & Vary from no Load to full Load in
Distribution Transformer & accordingly Copper Loss
Increased Slightly.
Effect of Current Density in Transformer
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AS PER CBIP TRANSFORMER
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Induction Motor
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Siemens Payback Caluculation Sheet
If we reduced the Motor Capacity from 30KW to 22 KW & Increased the Efficiency from IE2 to IE3 , than Payback Period Investment comes in 6 .6 Year.
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Siemens Payback Caluculation Sheet
If we Increased Only Efficiency of Motor on Same Motor Capacity than Pay back Investment comes in 38.9 Years.
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Motor system efficiency
Cumulative efficiency of the system is the product of all intermittent efficiencies
Cumulative System efficiency
=0.92*0.99*0.998*0.62=56.4%
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Lighting Energy Saver Selection
Lamp Characteristics :- Lamp specially modern Fluorescnt lamps are basically low impendace
These Fluorescent lamps do not have a linear Lumens-watts curve .It means an increase in power supplied will not give you proportional increase in light output . Hence Slightly reducing the power supplied does not reduce the light output proportionally.
Now adays the said technology of reducing the power is achieved through Lighting energy saver Coolite ( Make -: Schiender).
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Differences between Voltage Stablizer & Coolite
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Benefits of Coolite - Lighting Energy Saver
¢ Saves energy, Improves Efficiency
¢ Improves PF
¢ Prolongs the life of Lamps
¢ Reduces Harmonics
¢ Compact & Rugged
¢ Quick Payback Period
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¢ The Lumen curve saturates¢ 15% Power Reduction gives only 5% Lumen reduction for Discharge Lamps
� Eye cannot perceive < 50 Lux change in 250 Lux� Improved Lumens / Watt
Coolite Principle
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Mea
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d Li
ght (
%)
Power (W)
100%
85%80%
100%
85%80%
Perc
eive
d Li
ght (
%)
For 40W Tube 15% less power = 34W
Gas-discharge LampFluorescent, CFL Incandescent Lamp
Perc
eive
d Li
ght (
%)
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PUMP AUDIT RESULT
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