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ANANALYSISOFREPETITIONUSEDINSHAWNMENDES’SELECTEDSONGLYRICS
DellaAmelyaIndahLestari,M.BahriArifin,FamalaEkaSanhadiRahayuEnglishDepartment,FacultyofCulturalSciences
MulawarmanUniversityEmail:dellaamelya51@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Theobjective of this researchwas to describe the types of repetitions in ShawnMendes’selectedsonglyricstofindtheirfunctionsintheselectedsonglyricsthattheresearcherchosesforthisstudy.Thisstudyemployedqualitativedesignwithstylistic approachwhichaims to the typesand functionsof repetitions inShawnMendes’songlyrics.Theresultofthisstudyshowsthatallninetypesofrepetitionsfoundinthisstudy.Thereareforty-sixalliterations,twenty-sixassonances,twenty-oneconsonances,fiverefrains,fourfemininerhymes,fivemasculinerhymes,twointernalrhymes,eighteenendrhymes,andfiveapproximaterhymes.Andbesidesthat,itispossibletohavemorethanonetypesofrepetitionsandfunctionsinonedata.Themostdominantrepetitioninthisstudyisalliteration.Aftercategorizingand interpreting the data, the researcher found three out of four function ofrepetitionfoundsuchas;toreinforcemeaning,toemphasizecertainwords,andtolinkuporcontrastwords.Andinadditionalbasedontheresultmentionabove,theresearchercanconcludethatShawnMendeshasnarrativestyleofwritingbecauseofthewayhewrotehislyricsthathasrepetitionofpersuasivelinesthatheoftenemphasizedinhissonglyrics.Keywords:stylistics,repetition,songlyric
ABSTRAK
Tujuandaripenelitianiniadalahmendeskripsikanjenispengulanganpadaliriklagupilihan Shawn Mendes untuk mengetahui fungsinya pada lirik lagu pilihan yangdipilih peneliti untuk penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kualitatifdengan pendekatan stilistika yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis dan fungsirepetisi dalam lirik lagu Shawn Mendes. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwakesembilanjenispengulanganyangditemukandalampenelitianini.Adaempatpuluhenam aliterasi, dua puluh enam asonansi, dua puluh satu konsonan, lima refains,empat sajak feminin, lima sajakmaskulin, dua sajak internal, delapan belas sajakakhir,danlimaperkiraansajak.Danselainitu,dimungkinkanuntukmemilikilebihdari satu jenispengulangandan fungsidalamsatudata.Pengulanganyangpalingdominan dalam penelitian ini adalah aliterasi. Setelah mengkategorikan danmenginterpretasikandata,penelitimenemukantigadariempatfungsipengulanganyang ditemukan yaitu; untuk memperkuat makna, untuk menekankan kata-kata
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tertentu, dan untuk menghubungkan atau membedakan kata-kata. Selain ituberdasarkanhasilpenyebutandiatas,penelitidapatmenyimpulkanbahwaShawnMendesmemilikigayapenulisannaratifkarenacarapenulisanliriknyayangmemilikipengulanganbaris-barispersuasifyangseringiatekankandalamliriklagunya.Katakunci:gayabahasa,pengulangan,liriklagu
A. INTRODUCTION
Inthemoderneralikenowadays,musicandsongsaresomekindofthemainnecessitiesthatcannotbeseparatedfrompeople’sdailylife.Mostpeoplefromchildrentoadultsarealllisteningtomusic.Peopledonotonlyusemusicasentertainmentbutalsoasawaytocommunicateorexpresstheiremotionsandfeelings.Asentertainment,musicandsongscanbeveryeffectivetogetridofboredomandchangethelisteners’moodinanysituation.Musicarealsoused toaccompanypeople’sdaily activities.Asexamples,whenpeoplearebored,whiledriving,whilestudying,evenwhilecooking,peopleoftenlistentomusic,sotheydonotfeelemptyorbored.
Besides how fun and how entertainingmusic and songs are, there areplentyofpeopleallaroundtheworldwhohavenointerestandnoideaaboutthetendencyofhowawriterwrotethesonglyrics(Englishsonglyrics)thatthey are listening to. But in a lot of cases, most writers usually not onlyconcernabouthowtowritegoodlyrics,whichwillbesmoothlyandclearlyreceived by the listeners, but they tend to give more attention to theaestheticalanddramaticvaluesofwritingthatmustbeachievedinthelyrics.Inaddition,therewillbedifferentwritingstylefromonewritertoanotherdependsonwhatpurposesthataregoingtobeachieved.Sometimes,itneedsmoreattentiontounderstandlyricssincethewritersusesomekindofstyleontheirwriting.Thensomewriterstendtoplaywiththewordstoachievetheaesthetic value through the linguistic elements, for example, using poeticdeviceslikerhymetoachievethataestheticvalue.
AccordingLeechandShort (1981,p.11), style isdefinedas theway inwhichapersonuseslanguageinagivencontextforagivenpurpose.Styleissomethingthatwritershavewhentheycreatealiteraryworks.Poetryisoneofanykindsofliteraryworksthatthewriterscreatewithstyle.Andaccordingto Brooks and Warren (1960, p. 139), good poetry is the output of theadequate combination of the distinctive resources of words (meaning,association, rhythm, meter, music, order, and so on) in creating a totalcomplexofsignificanceexpression.LeechandShort(1981,p.93)alsostatedthatgenerally,musicinpoetryisverylikelythecombinationofalliteration,assonance, consonance, and other sound echoes. The reason why theresearcherchoosesthetopic“AnAnalysisofRepetitionUsedinShawnMendes’Selected Song Lyrics” as the researcher’s research, because most of thelistenersofthesongsdidnotnoticethattherearesomephonologicalaspects
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inthesesonglyricsthatmakethesongmoreenjoyabletobelistenedto,andtheresearcherwantstoidentifythefunctionofrepetitionthatShawnMendesusedinhissonglyrics.
Tosupporttheanalysis,theresearchermainfocusofthisstudyismainlyfromShawnMendes’ song lyrics.ShawnMendeswaschosenbecausehe iswell known for his good lyrics, especially with a lot of repetitions thatcontainedinhislyricsthatmakestheresearcherinterestedtocreateastudyaboutit.Andontopofthat,hislyricswaswrittenbyhimself.HealsobecomessomuchpopularnowadaysamongteenagerssincehisprecursorJustinBiebernolongeractivelikeheusedtobe.Atthebeginningofhispopularity,Shawnwas predicted to be the next Justin Bieber. Besides, he has a lot ofachievementsandawardssincehisdebutin2015.Beforeheturned20yearsold, he already had more than twenty achievements and won forty-fiveawards.Thelatestawardsthathegotin2019wasKids’ChoiceAwardforMaleArtist, JunoAwardforSingleof theYear, JunoAwardforSongwriterof theYear,JunoAwardforAlbumoftheYear,JunoAwardforArtistoftheYear,JunoAwardforPopAlbumoftheYear.
Fromallofhisalbumsandsongs,theresearcherchoosestensongsfromhisseveralalbumsthatarereallypopularbasedontheinternetandmadehimwonsomeofthoseawards.ThetensongsthattheresearcherchoosesareIKnowWhatYouDidLastSummer,Stitches,TreatYouBetter,There’sNothingHoldin’MeBack,Mercy,LifeoftheParty,IfICan’tHaveYou,InMyBlood,NeverBeAlone,andSeñorita.Thesetensongshavealreadychosen,astheobjectofthisstudy.
From the considerationabove, the researcher is aiming todescribe thetypesofrepetitionidentifiedinShawnMendes’selectedsonglyrics.Then,thefunctionofeachrepetitionbecomesimportanttobeanalyzed.Thosearethereasonswhythisstudyisworthanalyzing.
B. RELATEDLITERATURE
1. Stylistics
Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsof
situationally-distinctive uses of language, with particular reference toliterarylanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.Stylisticisabranchoflinguisticsthatfocusesgreatlyonstudyinghowlanguageisusedinsomeparticularwaysincludingliteraryworks. According to Leech and Short (1981, p. 13), stylistics is thelinguistic studyof style. Inotherwords, stylistics isanessentialpartoflinguistics,orstylisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.LeechandShort(1981, p. 11) also stated that there are two basic human expressions,spoken and written language, so style is applicable to those kinds ofexpressions both literary and non-literary language, but, traditionally
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styleisassociatedwithwrittenliterarytexts.Inaddition,Turner(1977,p.7)statesthatstylisticsasapartoflinguisticstudythatfocuseswiththevariationoflanguageuse.AndaccordingtoVerdonk(2002,p.4)stylisticsistheanalysisofdistinctiveexpressioninlanguageandthedescriptionofitspurposeandeffect.
2. Foregrounding
According to Leech (1969), Foregrounding iswhen youmanipulate
wordsorsentencestocreatetheminsuchawaythatmayattractattentionbyusinggrammatically incorrectwordsor sentences.Foregrounding isthemotherofliteratureanditdistinguishesliteraturefromthenormsofthe ordinary language. Foregrounding uses literary freedom to setreaders’imaginationandvisiontobecleareraboutthecontextinawaythat it provides an explanation differently from the real life and realworld’svision.Therearetwopartsofforegrounding,theyaredeviationandparallelism.
3. Deviation
According toRichards, Platt, andWeber (1985), deviation is a term
used to describe spelling and pronunciation of a word or a sentencestructurewhichdoesnot conform to a norm. In addition, Short (1973)stated thatdeviationas a linguisticphenomenon thathasan importanteffectonthereadersorlisteners,ifapartofapoemisdeviantitbecomesespecially,noticeable,orperceptuallyprominent
4. PhonologicalParallelism
AccordingtoLeech&Short(2007),phonologicalparallelismfocusesontherepetitionofthestructureofsimilarsounds.Parallelismisliterarydevicethatis a parallel of two ormore similar syntactic constructions. In phonologicalparallelism, there is a part called repetition which consist of alliteration,assonance,consonance,andrhymeincluded.
a. Repetition
Perrine (1977, p. 72) classifies repetition into five; they are alliteration,
assonance,consonance,rhyme,andrefrain,whilesomeexpertsaddrepetitionto them. The repetitionmay occur in individual vowel and consonant sound.Repetitionreferstotherepetitionofwords,phrases,andclauseinthelineofthestanza.
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a) Alliteration
AccordingtoArp&Johnson(2008),alliterationistherepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsounds.Alliterationisdefinedastherepetitionofinitialconsonant sounds. According to Perrine (in PaperAp.com. 2017),alliteration is the repetition at close intervals of the initial consonantsoundsofaccentedsyllablesorimportantwords.
b) Assonance
AccordingtoArp&Johnson(2008),assonanceistherepetitionofthe
vowelsounds.Inaddition,Abrams(1999,p.9)definesassonanceastherepetitionofidenticalorsimilarvowels,especiallyinthestressedsyllable,inasequenceofnearbywordsorwithinaline.AndaccordingtoReaske(1966,p.20),hedefinesassonanceastheuseofidenticalvowelsoundssurrounded by different kinds of consonant sound in words that closeproximitytoeachother.
c) Consonance
According toArp& Johnson (2008), consonance is the repetitionof
finalconsonantsounds.Inaddition,Abrams(1981)definesconsonanceastheoccurrenceofthesameconsonantsoundsbutthevowelsoundsaredifferentbetweentwowordsormore.AndaccordingtoPerrine(1977,p.72),consonanceastherepetitionofthefinalconsonantsounds.
d) Refrain
AccordingtoPerrine(1977),Refrainisarepetitionwhichisdoneaccording
tosomefixedpatternsatintervals.Refraincanbefoundintheformsofphrases,lines,orgroupoflinesaslongasitispatterned.Refrainisanypartofthesongwhere the lyrics repeat. It is similar to a chorus, except that a refrain refersspecifically to the lyrics themselves andnot to themusic.Refrain specificallyrefers to the lyrics. This means that if it repeating in the samewordsit is arefrain.Youcouldsingthosewordswithadifferentmelodyordifferentmusicalnotesanditwouldstillbearefrain.Refrainusuallycanbefoundattheendofstanza,butsometimeitisalsopossibletofindthesamepatternsintheinitialormiddleofstanza.
e) Rhyme
According to Arp & Johnson (2008), rhyme is the repetition of the
accentedvowelsoundinanysucceedingconsonantsounds.Andaccordingto Perrine (1977, p. 72), rhyme is the repetition of the accented vowelsoundandallsucceedingsounds.Inotherwords,rhymeistherecurrent
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soundbetweentwoormorewordsduetothearrangementofthestressedvocal sound and its succeeding consonants and differences in theprecedingconsonantsorsyllable.
i. FeminineRhyme
AccordingtoArp&Johnson(2008),feminineRhymeisrhymingsound
intwoormoresyllables.Femininerhymeisarhymethathappenswhenaword ends on unstressed syllable and hence must be more than onesyllablelong.Tobemoredetail,thewordswillbeclassifiedasfemininerhymewhenthewordsconsistofatleasttwosyllablethatrhyming,andtheinitialsyllablemustbestressedfollowedbyunstressedsyllableintheend.
ii. MasculineRhyme
AccordingtoArp&Johnson(2008),MasculineRhymeistherhymingsound in one syllable. Masculine rhyme happens to words with onesyllablelongandthesyllablemustbestressed.Masculinerhymealsocanhappentowordswithmorethanonesyllablelong.But,thereisonlyonesyllableoftherhymethatmustbestressedanditisintheendofthewords.
iii. InternalRhyme
According toArp& Johnson (2008), InternalRhyme is the rhymingsoundinoneormorewordsinwithintheline.Internalrhymeisarhymethathappenswhentwoormorerhymingwordsarewithinagivenlineoranotherline.Therhymehappensbetweenawordwithinalineandanotherwordeitherattheendofthesamelineorwithinanotherline.
iv. EndRhyme
AccordingtoArp&Johnson(2008),endRhymeistherhymingsoundintheendwordsofthelines.EndRhymeisarhymethathappensintheendoflines.Tobemorespecific,everyrhymingwordsthatcomeattheendof lines belong to end rhyme. But, it is possible to include otherclassificationsofrhymeintotheendofrhymesincetheirpositionsareattheendoflines.
v. ApproximateRhyme
According to Arp & Johnson (2008), approximate rhyme includeswords with any kind of sound similarity, from close to fairly remote.Approximaterhymeisthesubstitutionofperfectrhymeattheendsoflinesorimperfectrhymethatalmostrhymingbutnotquite.Ithappenswhena
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poetcannotfindanywordsthatarerhyming,thenheusescertainwordsthat look like but not identical. This rhyme also called as approximaterhyme.
b. TheFunctionofRepetition
According toPerrine (1977,p.202), inagoodpoem, repetitionwill
serve several purposes; itwill please the ears, emphasize thewords inwhichrepetitionoccurs,andgivestructuretothepoem.Besidethat,thefunctionofrepetitionalsotoproducesmoreimportanteffectstothepoemsaysAminuddin(1995,p.149).Itcansuggestcertainfeelingrelatedtothemeaningofpoem.Tobemorespecificaboutthefunctionofrepetition,thisstudywillanalyzefourfunctionofrepetition.Thefirstoneistoreinforcemeaningorideas,thesecondoneistoemphasizecertainwords,thenthethirdoneistoimitateorsuggestasenseoraction,andthelastoneistolinkuporcontrastwords.
1) ToReinforceMeaning
According to Perrine (1977), The function of reinforcing meaning
refers to the attempt of strengthen the meaning through the use ofrepetition.Basically, repetitions areused to reinforcemeaning, and theotherfunctionsofrepetitionaretoleadtothereinforcement.Althoughallrepetitionsareinrelationtoreinforcement,butrefrainusuallybecomesthe one that gives strong effect to this function. This function isrepresentedbytheoccurrenceofinternalrhymeandrefrain.
2) ToEmphasizeCertainWords
According to Perrine (1977), usually poets taking advantage of
repetition. Usually they use alliteration, assonance and consonance toemphasize certain words. Firstly, they put some repetition to somesounds,andthenthosesoundsgivetheeffectofemphasis tothewordswheretherepetitionhappens.Thisfunctioniscanberepresentedbytheoccurrenceofallthetypesofrepetition.
3) ToImitateCertainAction
AccordingtoPerrine(1977),Thereisnodirectrelationbetweenthe
soundsandtheobjectoractionsunderdescription,butwhenpeoplehearthem, theywillunderstandwhat is exactlybeingdelivered through thesounds. This is the functionof repetition to imitate certain action. Thisfunctionisrepresentedbytheoccurrenceofwordsthathasanactionorkindofactivitythathasaliteralmeaningbehindthosewords.
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4) ToLinkuporContrastwords
AccordingtoDaiches(1948),contrastwordsmeanstherelationofthephysicalsoundsofthewords.itwilllinkupthewordsiftheendofalinerhymeswiththefirstsyllableofthefollowingline.Anditwillcontrastifphysicallysoundofthewordsaresimilareitherthevowelorconsonantsounds.This is the functionofmusicaldevices that contrast thewords.This function is represented by the occurrence of internal rhyme, endrhyme,andapproximaterhyme.
c. SongLyricsaspoem
According to Kennedy and Gioia (1999, p. 792), Many familiar poems
began life as songs, but today, their tunes forgotten, they survive only inpoetryanthologies.Fromthatstatement,wecansay that in thepastsomepoemsweresomesongswhichthetunesorthemelodyareeliminated.Whenasongeliminatesitstune,itbecomesapoem.Incontrast,whenpoemfilledwithsometunes,thenitcanbesaidthatitisasong.Whatmakethemdifferentisasonghasmelodyortuneinit,whetherapoemhasnot.
AccordingtoSharndama&SuleimanascitedinAkporobaro(2006),songassume a variety of forms, some of the song are rich, imaginative, andelaborated in the play of words, rhythm, and melody. Moeliono in Sobar(2012)statedthatsongisarhythmicsoundvariety.Songsisanartoftonesor sounds in sequence. Its combination and temporal relationships areusuallyaccompaniedbymusicalinstrumentsproducemusicthatcontainsarhythmorrhythmicsound.Thereisonethingimportantinapartofsong,itiscalledlyric.Alyricisafairlyshortpoemwhichistheexpressionofstrongfeelingsofthoughtsorperceptionsofasinglespeakerinameditativemanner.Song lyric is includedby kind of literature because it is language creation(poem) served in song form. Its attribute is imaginative and sometime itcontainscriticaltoourgovernment’swisdom,welfare,andmiserable.
C. RESEARCHMETHOD
1. ResearchDesign
The researcher used descriptive qualitative approach to analyze data.
AccordingtoFraenkellandWallen(2012),qualitativeresearchwasdefinedasa research study that investigates thequalityof relationships, activities,situationsormaterials.Hence,thosecharacteristicsreferences,thisstudywasveryconcernedtoeveryoccurrencethatappearedduringtheanalysisofthemain data which were Shawn Mendes’ song lyrics. It also tried to givesufficientdescriptionof the factualdataof theoccurrencesandprovided itwithlogicalandrationalinterpretationbasedonrelevanttheories.
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2. DataSource
DatasourceinthisstudyweretakenfromShawnMendes’songlyrics.Datasource was taken from azlyrics.com. from this website the researchercollected ten song lyrics by Shawn Mendes that already selected by theresearcher. Such as IKnowWhatYouDid Last Summer, Stitches, Treat YouBetter,There’sNothingHoldin’MeBack,Mercy,LifeoftheParty,IfICan’tHaveYou,InMyBlood,NeverBeAlone,andSeñorita.ThedatasourcewaschosentoanalyzethetypesofrepetitionandalsotofindthefunctionoftherepetitioninthesonglyricsofShawnMendes.Dataofthisstudywouldbeintheformofwords,phrases,orlineswhichcontainsrepetition.
3. TechniqueofCollectingData
AccordingtoBogdanandBiklen(1982,p.67),qualitativeresearchgauge
whentheyarefinishedbywhattheytermdatasaturation.Tocollectdata,theresearchertriedtofindsomerelatedinformationontheinternettosupportthisstudysuchas;thesis,journals,books,andotherdatathatrelatedtothisstudy. In thisstudy, theresearcherused twotechniques inorder tocollectdata,suchas;observationandnotetaking.
4. TechniqueofAnalyzingData
Fortechniqueofanalyzingdata, theresearcherusedMilesandHuberman
theorytoanalyzedata.TherewerethreeprocessestoanalyzedataaccordingtoMiles and Huberman (1994), they were data reduction, data display, andconclusiondrawingorverification.MilesandHubermanformulatedtheanalysisintofourcyclesthatinteracteachother,itshowedashefollowingdiagram:
Figure:Miles&Huberman’sComponentofDataAnalysis
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a. DataReduction
Miles and Huberman (1994) described this first of three elements of
qualitative data analysis as data reduction. "Data reduction refers to theprocessofselecting,focusing,simplifying,abstracting,andtransformingdatathatappearsinwrittenfieldnotes".Notonlydoesdataneedtobecompactedformanagement,butitmustalsobetransformedsothatitcanbeunderstoodintermsoftheproblembeingaddressed.
b. DataDisplay
AccordingtoMilesandHuberman(1994),datadisplaywentastepbeyond
datareductiontoprovide"anorganized,compressedassemblyofinformationthatpermitsconclusiondrawing..."Adisplaycouldbeanextendedpieceoftextoradiagram,chart,ormatrixthatprovidesanewwayofarrangingandthinkingaboutthemoretextuallyembeddeddata.Datadisplays,whetherinwordordiagrammatic form,allowtheanalyst toextrapolate fromthedataenough to begin to see systematic patterns and interrelationships. At thedisplaystage,additional,higherordercategoriesorthemesmayappearfromthedata thatgobeyond those firstdiscoveredduring the initialprocessofdatareduction.
c. ConclusionDrawingorVerification
Conclusiondrawinginvolvessteppingbacktoconsiderwhattheanalyseddata mean and to evaluate their implications for the questions whenqualitative data are used as a precursor to the design/development ofquantitativeinstruments,thisstepmaybepostponed.Reducingthedataandlooking for relationshipswill provide adequate information for developingother instruments. According toMiles andHuberman (1994), Verification,integrally linked toconclusiondrawing,entails revisiting thedataasmanytimesasnecessarytocross-checkorverifytheseemergentconclusions."Themeaningsemergingfromthedatahavetobetestedfortheirplausibility,theirsturdiness, their ‘confirmability’ that is, their validity". Validity meanssomethingdifferentinthiscontextthaninquantitativeevaluation,whereitwasatechnicaltermthatrefersquitespecificallytowhetheragivenconstructmeasureswhatitpurportstomeasure.Herevalidityinvolveamuchbroaderconcern for whether the conclusions being drawn from the data werecredible,defensible,warranted,andabletoresistalternativeexplanations.
5. InstrumentoftheResearch
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Forthedescriptivequalitativeresearch, instrumentoftheresearchwasveryimportanttogettheresultofthestudy.GayandAirasian(2000:145)stated that instrument is a tool that is used in collecting data. And forinstrumentoftheresearchinthisstudy,theinstrumentwastheresearcherherself.
6. TechniqueofDataVerification
According to Denzin (1973), theoretical triangulation was the method
which the researcher used more than one theoretical scheme in theinterpretation of the phenomenon. In theoretical triangulation, theresearcher compared the data finding with perspective theory that wasrelevant.Intheoreticaltriangulation,theresearcherwasdemandedtocollectexpertjudgmenttocomparedthefindingofthestudywiththecertaintheorytogetthetrustworthinessofdata.
D. FINDINGANDDISCUSSION
1. TheTypesofRepetitionFoundinShawnMendes’SelectedLyrics
Justlikewhathasbeenmentionedasthefirstobjectiveofthisstudyinthe
firstchapter,thisstudyspecifiedtoanalyzethetypesofrepetitionsinShawnMendes’selectedsonglyricswhichwerealliteration,assonance,consonance,femininerhyme,masculinerhyme,internalrhyme,endrhyme,approximaterhyme,andrefrain.Andthisstudywouldalsofindoutandexplainthefunctionofeachrepetitionthattheresearcheralreadyfound
a. Alliteration
Inhissongs,ShawnMendesusedalliterationtomakehissongmore
aesthetic.Alliterationisrepetitionoftwoormoreidenticalconsonantofthe firstwords in the same line, andusually alliterationwell knownastonguetwister.ItcanbeseeninseverallinesofShawnMendes’songlyrics.Thiswastheexampleofalliterationsfoundinthefirstsong:
(1) IKnowWhatYouDidLastSummer,stanza2/line5and6
D-d-doesheknowAnother'shandshavetouchedmyskinIntheexample,alliterationhappenedfortherepetitionofthe
initial consonant [h] in the stanza.Thealliterationoccurred in linefifthandsixthofthestanza.Thewordsthatoccurredwithalliterationwere/hiː/,/hændz/,and/həv/.Sincetheinitialconsonant[h]andwasrepeatedinthestanza,thisiscalledalliterationphenomenon.
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b. Assonance
AssonanceisoneoftherepetitionsthattheresearcherfoundinShawnMendesselectedsonglyrics.Assonanceistherepetitionofidenticalvowelsoundinbetweenwordsinonestanza.Assonancewasfoundinseveralstanzaoftheselectedsonglyricsthattheresearcherchose.Theexampleofassonancethattheresearcherhasfound:
(2) IKnowWhatYouDidLastSummer,stanza4/lines1,2,3,5,6,&7
Iknowwhatyoudidlastsummer(ah-ah)Justliedtome,"there'snoother"(he-ey)IknowwhatyoudidlastsummerTellmewhereyou'vebeenIknowwhatyoudidlastsummer(ah-ah)Lookmeintheeyes,mylover(he-ey)IknowwhatyoudidlastsummerTellmewhereyou'vebeen
Intheexample,assonancehappenedfortherepetitionofthe
identicalvowel[ə]soundinthestanza.Thewordsthatoccurredwithassonancewere/ˈsʌmə/,/ˈʌðə/and/ˈlʌvə/.Sincetheinitialvowel[ə]sound was repeated in the stanza, this is called assonancephenomenon.
c. Consonance
Inhissonglyrics,ShawnMendesalsousedconsonancewhichisapart
ofrepetitiontypes.Consonanceisrepetitionofidenticalfinalconsonantsoundattheendofwords.Consonanceappearedinseveralstanzaofthesong lyrics.Theseare theconsonance found inShawnMendes selectedsonglyrics:
(3) IKnowWhatYouDidLastSummer,stanza3/lines1,2,3,5,and6
It'stearingmeapartShe'sslippingawayAmIjusthangingontoallthewordssheusedtosay?ThepicturesonherphoneShe'snotcominghome(I'mnotcominghome)Cominghome,cominghome
In the example, consonance happened for the repetition of the
identicalconsonant[ŋ]soundattheendofsomewordsinthestanza.The words that occurred with consonance were /ˈɪəɪŋ/, /ˈslɪpɪŋ/,
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/ˈhæŋɪŋ/ and /ˈkʌmɪŋ/. Since the initial consonant [ŋ] sound wasrepeatedinthestanza,thisiscalledconsonancephenomenon.
d. Refrain
RefrainispartofrepetitiontypeswhichappearedquiteofteninShawn
Mendes’selectedsonglyricsthattheresearcherchose.Refrainisusuallya repeated line or phrase that formed lyrically within the verse itself.Refrain is differentwith chorus. Every chorus is refrain, but not everyrefrainischorus.Refrainplacedaftertheverse,andplacedbeforechorus.Refrainoccurredinfivesongsfromthetotaltensongswhichishalfofthelistofsonglyricsthathavebeenchosenbytheresearcher.TheoccurrenceofrefraininShawnMendes’songlyricscanbeseenasfollow:
(4) IKnowWhatYouDidLastSummer,stanza3&7
It'stearingmeapartShe'sslippingawayAmIjusthangingontoallthewordssheusedtosay?ThepicturesonherphoneShe'snotcominghome(I'mnotcominghome)Cominghome,cominghome
…
…
…
It'stearingmeapart(it'stearingmeapart)She'sslippingaway(i'mslippingaway)AmIjusthangingontoallthewordssheusedtosay?ThepicturesonherphoneShe'snotcominghome(I'mnotcominghome)Oh,na,na,na,yeah
From the example, it can be seen that refrain existed in
Shawn Mendes’ song lyrics. Refrain occurred in the repeatedpatterninthesong’slyrics.Refrainarenotnecessarilyonehundredpercentsimilar,becausesometimestherearesomeadditioninthenextrefrainofthesongbuttheyhavethesamepattern.Inthissong,refrain occurred in stanza 3 and then repeated in stanza 7withlittlebitadditiontoit.Thisiscalledthephenomenonofrefrain.
e. Rhyme
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a) FeminineRhyme
Feminine rhyme is one of the rhymes that the researcher found inShawnMendesselectedsonglyrics.femininerhymewasnotthedominantone,andonlyafewwasfoundinstanzaoftheselectedsonglyricsthattheresearcherchose.Itispossiblethatfemininerhymeoccurredinmorethantwosyllables,whichthefirstrhymingsyllablemustbestressedandthenbeingfollowedbytheunstressedsyllable.Thesearethefemininerhymethattheresearcherhasfound:(5) Stitches,stanza2/lines1and3
GotafeelingthatI'mgoingunderButIknowthatI'llmakeitoutaliveIfIquitcallingyoumyloverMoveon
Intheexample,femininerhymeoccurredinbetweenthefirst
andthethirdlineofthestanza.Themarkedwordswere/ˈʌndər/and/ˈlʌvər/.Thosetwowordsconsistoftworhymingsyllableswhichisthecriteriaoffemininerhyme.Theword/ˈʌndər/wasstressedinthefirst rhyming syllable /ˈʌn/ but the second syllable was /dər/ notstressed.Andthiswasalsowhathappenedtotheword/ˈlʌvər/.Thefirstsyllable/ˈlʌ/wasstressed,andthesecondsyllable/vər/wasnotstressed.
b) MasculineRhyme
Masculine rhyme isoneof the rhymes that the researcher found inShawn Mendes selected song lyrics. Masculine rhyme was found inseveralstanzaoftheselectedsonglyricsthattheresearcherchose.Thiswastheexampleofmasculinerhymethattheresearcherhasfound:(6) Stitches,stanza1/lines3and4
YourwordscutdeeperthanaknifeNowIneedsomeonetobreathemebacktolifeAsseentheexample,masculinerhymeoccurredattheendof
thethirdandfourthlinethestanza.Therhymingwordsthathadonlyonesyllablebelongtomasculinerhymebecausethatwasthecriteriaofmasculinerhyme,whichonlyhappenedwithonesyllablewords.Theword/naɪf/and/laɪf/onlyhadonesyllablewhichoccurredattheendoftheline.
c) InternalRhyme
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InternalrhymeisoneoftherhymesthattheresearcherfoundinShawnMendesselectedsonglyrics.Internalrhymeisthetypeofrhymethathappenedwithinalineandanotherlineinthestanza.Thistypeofrhymenotnecessarilyplacedattheendoftheline.Therewereonlytwoofinternalrhymeswasfoundinstanzaoftheselectedsonglyricsthattheresearcherchose.Thiswastheexampleofinternalrhymethattheresearcherhasfound:(7) Mercy,stanza5/lines1and3
I'mnotaskingforalotJustthatyou'rehonestwithmeMyprideisallIgot
In the example above, internal rhyme occurred in the
middleoflinefourandrhymingwiththewordattheendoffifthlineinthestanza.Internalrhymeoccurredwiththewords/nɒt/,/lɒt/and/gɒt/whichrhymingtoeachotherperfectly.
d) EndRhyme
EndrhymeisoneoftherhymesthattheresearcherfoundinShawn
Mendesselectedsonglyrics.Endrhymesisarhymethathappenedattheendof lines.Everyrhymingwordsthatplacedat theendof linesbelong to end rhyme. End rhymewas found in several stanza of theselected song lyrics since it is possible to include other rhymeclassificationsintothetypeofendrhymebecausetheirpositionsareattheendoflines.Thiswastheexampleofendrhymethattheresearcherhasfound:
(8) Stitches,stanza1/alllines
IthoughtthatI'vebeenhurtbeforeButnoone'severleftmequitethissoreYourwordscutdeeperthanaknifeNowIneedsomeonetobreathemebacktolife
Intheexample,endrhymeoccurredattheendofeveryline
of thestanza.Thewordsthatbelongtoendrhymewere/bɪˈfɔː/,/sɔː/, /naɪf/ and /laɪf/. The reason why those words arecategorized as the end rhyme because, all of the words thatrhyming are located in the end of linewhich the criteria of endrhyme.
e) ApproximateRhyme
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ApproximaterhymeisoneoftherhymesthattheresearcherfoundinShawnMendesselectedsonglyrics.Approximaterhymeisthewords thatkindof lookalikeorhavesimilar soundeven thoughnotnecessarilyexactlythesame.Onlyfewofapproximaterhymewasfoundinstanzaoftheselectedsonglyricsthattheresearcherchose.Thiswastheexampleofapproximaterhymethattheresearcherhasfound:
(9) Stitches,stanza4/lines4and5
NowI'mgonnareapwhatIsowI'mleftseeingredonmyown
Intheexampleabove,approximaterhymeoccurredatthe
fourthandfifth lineof thestanza.Therhymingwords/səʊ/ənd/əʊn/notnecessarilysimilarorperfectlyrhymetoeachother.But,thecriteriaofapproximaterhymeisanywordswithanykindofsimilarsoundthatalmostbutnotquite.Andalsocertainwordsthatlook likebutnot identical.Thewords/səʊ/ənd/əʊn/were thepart of approximate rhyme because they kind of look like andalmostrhymingtoeachother.
2. TheFunctionofRepetition
a) ToReinforceMeaning
In his song lyrics, ShawnMendes employed repetition to achieve
certainfunctionthatcanbehelpfultomakethelyricsmoreaestheticbutalsotohelpthelistenerofhissongstointerpretthemeaningbehindhis song lyrics. The first function was to reinforce meaning. Thisfunction refers to attempt of strengthen the meaning throughrepetition.Refrainusuallybecametheonethatgavestrongeffecttothisfunction.Thisfunctionwasrepresentedbythephenomenonofrefrainandinternalrhyme.Thiswastheexampleofrepresentativefromthefunction of repetition to reinforce meaning that the researcher hasfound:
(10) Mercy,stanza5
I’mnotaskingforalotJustthatyou’rehonestwithmeMyprideisallIgotI’msayingbaby
From the example above, the function of to reinforce
meaning was represented by the occurrence of internal rhyme.Thistypeofrhymerepresentedtoreinforcethemeaningoftheselines.Thissongsupposedtoexplainthatthewriterwastiredofhis
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loverthatneverconsidershisfeeling,sohewashurtconstantlybyhis loveractionseven thoughhealreadygavehiseverything forthisperson.So,allhegotwashispridebecausehehasnothingelsetoask.Hejustwantedhislovertobehonestandstoptorturedhisheartbytellingthetruth.
b) ToEmphasizeCertainWords
The second function that the researcher found in ShawnMendessonglyricswastoemphasizecertainwords.Thisfunctionsupposedtohappenedwhentheremorethanonerepetitionoccurredinastanza.Then,thisrepetitiongavetheeffecttoemphasizethewordswheretherepetition happened. This function represented by all types ofrepetitionwhichoccurredat thesametime.Thiswastheexampleofrepresentative from the function of repetition to emphasize certainwordsthattheresearcherhasfound:
(11) Stitches,stanza2
GotafeelingthatI’mgoingunderButIknowthatI’llmakeitoutaliveIfIquitcallingyoumyloverMoveon
Through the example above, this type of repetition
representedtoemphasizethewordsthathadtheappearanceofconsonance,femininerhyme,andendrhyme.Thefunctionoftoemphasizecertainwordswasrepresentedbytheoccurrenceofsomerepetitionsuchasconsonantsound[ŋ],femininerhymebythewords“under”and“lover”,andalsoendrhymebythesamewordwhichare“under”and“lover”.Thisrepetitionexplainedaboutthewriter’sfeelingwhichfeelslikehewassodownandheartbrokenthatcanbeseeninthefirstlineofthestanza.Buthe knew he will be fine and will move by cutting off therelationshipbetweenhimandhisloverthatcanbeseeninthethirdline.
c) ToLinkUporContrastWords
ThelastfunctionthattheresearcherfoundinShawnMendessonglyricswastolinkuporcontrastwords.Itmeansthattherelationofthephysicalsoundsofthewordsintheendoflineswererhymingeitherthevowelorconsonantsounds.Thisfunctionwasrepresentedbythephenomenonof internal rhyme,endrhyme,andapproximaterhyme.Thiswastheexampleofrepetitiontolinkuporcontrastwordsthattheresearcherhasfound:
(12) Mercy,stanza7
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ConsumingalltheairinsidemylungsRippingalltheskinfromoffmybonesI’mpreparedtosacrificemylifeIwouldgladlydoittwice
Asseenintheexample,internalrhymewasplacedinthe
words “sacrifice” and “twice”. Even though thosewordshavenodirectrelation,andalsodonotlinkideaswithinthelines.Buttheywererhymingtoeachotherthatmadethemlinkuporcontrastthewords.Therefore,thistypeofrepetitionhadafunctiontocontrastthewords“sacrifice”and“twice”torhymingthisstanza.
E. CONCLUSION
This study is stylistics study that required to comprehend the use of
repetitionandtheirfunctioninthesonglyrics.Throughrepetition,literationandlinguisticsleanerscanlearnmoreaboutlinguisticsknowledgeespeciallyinstylisticsfield.Learnersareexpectedtouseofrepetitionintheirspokenandwrittenskillsinordertomakeafreshandinterestingwriting.Theuseofvariousrepetitions.Theycancauseeffectthatmakethemmoreaestheticandalso toemphasizesomewords that thewriterwants toconvey inhissonglyrics.
AftertheprocessofanalyzinganddiscussingShawnMendes’tenselectedsong lyrics, the researcher can conclude that there are many types ofrepetitionfoundinthisstudy.Inalloftheselectedsonglyrics,theresearcherfoundallninetypesofrepetitionandthreeoutoffourfunctionofrepetitionineachsonglyrics.Thereareonehundredandthirty-twodataofrepetitionsfoundinthisstudy.Therepetitionthatarefoundarealliteration,assonance,consonance,refrain,femininerhyme,masculinerhyme,internalrhyme,endrhyme,andapproximaterhyme.Andbesidesthat,itwaspossibletoincludeotherclassificationsofrepetitionsandfunctionsinonedata.Thereasonwasbecause each data can have more than types of repetitions in them. Andbecauseofthat,thefunctionsalsoappearedmorethanonetypesfollowingthetypesofrepetitionsthatfoundineachdata.Andalso,themostdominanttypeofrepetitioninShawnMendes’selectedsonglyricsisalliteration.Thistypeofrepetitionusedtogivetheeffectofemphasizingthewordswherethisrepetitionhappens.
Basedontheexplanationabove,itcanbeconcludedthatsonglyricsthathaverepetitioncanleadthelistenerstointerpretthesonglyricsalotbetter.Because of that, the researcher can conclude that thewriter of these songlyricshasnarrativewritingstyle.Narrativewriting'smainpurposeistotellastory.Theauthorwillcreatedifferentcharactersandtellyouwhathappenstothem.
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