an analysis of repetition used in shawn mendes' selected song

e-ISSN 2549-7715 | Volume 5 | Nomor 4 | Oktober 2021 | Hal: 827-846

Terakreditasi Sinta 4

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ANANALYSISOFREPETITIONUSEDINSHAWNMENDES’SELECTEDSONGLYRICS

DellaAmelyaIndahLestari,M.BahriArifin,FamalaEkaSanhadiRahayuEnglishDepartment,FacultyofCulturalSciences

MulawarmanUniversityEmail:[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Theobjective of this researchwas to describe the types of repetitions in ShawnMendes’selectedsonglyricstofindtheirfunctionsintheselectedsonglyricsthattheresearcherchosesforthisstudy.Thisstudyemployedqualitativedesignwithstylistic approachwhichaims to the typesand functionsof repetitions inShawnMendes’songlyrics.Theresultofthisstudyshowsthatallninetypesofrepetitionsfoundinthisstudy.Thereareforty-sixalliterations,twenty-sixassonances,twenty-oneconsonances,fiverefrains,fourfemininerhymes,fivemasculinerhymes,twointernalrhymes,eighteenendrhymes,andfiveapproximaterhymes.Andbesidesthat,itispossibletohavemorethanonetypesofrepetitionsandfunctionsinonedata.Themostdominantrepetitioninthisstudyisalliteration.Aftercategorizingand interpreting the data, the researcher found three out of four function ofrepetitionfoundsuchas;toreinforcemeaning,toemphasizecertainwords,andtolinkuporcontrastwords.Andinadditionalbasedontheresultmentionabove,theresearchercanconcludethatShawnMendeshasnarrativestyleofwritingbecauseofthewayhewrotehislyricsthathasrepetitionofpersuasivelinesthatheoftenemphasizedinhissonglyrics.Keywords:stylistics,repetition,songlyric

ABSTRAK

Tujuandaripenelitianiniadalahmendeskripsikanjenispengulanganpadaliriklagupilihan Shawn Mendes untuk mengetahui fungsinya pada lirik lagu pilihan yangdipilih peneliti untuk penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kualitatifdengan pendekatan stilistika yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis dan fungsirepetisi dalam lirik lagu Shawn Mendes. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwakesembilanjenispengulanganyangditemukandalampenelitianini.Adaempatpuluhenam aliterasi, dua puluh enam asonansi, dua puluh satu konsonan, lima refains,empat sajak feminin, lima sajakmaskulin, dua sajak internal, delapan belas sajakakhir,danlimaperkiraansajak.Danselainitu,dimungkinkanuntukmemilikilebihdari satu jenispengulangandan fungsidalamsatudata.Pengulanganyangpalingdominan dalam penelitian ini adalah aliterasi. Setelah mengkategorikan danmenginterpretasikandata,penelitimenemukantigadariempatfungsipengulanganyang ditemukan yaitu; untuk memperkuat makna, untuk menekankan kata-kata



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tertentu, dan untuk menghubungkan atau membedakan kata-kata. Selain ituberdasarkanhasilpenyebutandiatas,penelitidapatmenyimpulkanbahwaShawnMendesmemilikigayapenulisannaratifkarenacarapenulisanliriknyayangmemilikipengulanganbaris-barispersuasifyangseringiatekankandalamliriklagunya.Katakunci:gayabahasa,pengulangan,liriklagu

A. INTRODUCTION

Inthemoderneralikenowadays,musicandsongsaresomekindofthemainnecessitiesthatcannotbeseparatedfrompeople’sdailylife.Mostpeoplefromchildrentoadultsarealllisteningtomusic.Peopledonotonlyusemusicasentertainmentbutalsoasawaytocommunicateorexpresstheiremotionsandfeelings.Asentertainment,musicandsongscanbeveryeffectivetogetridofboredomandchangethelisteners’moodinanysituation.Musicarealsoused toaccompanypeople’sdaily activities.Asexamples,whenpeoplearebored,whiledriving,whilestudying,evenwhilecooking,peopleoftenlistentomusic,sotheydonotfeelemptyorbored.

Besides how fun and how entertainingmusic and songs are, there areplentyofpeopleallaroundtheworldwhohavenointerestandnoideaaboutthetendencyofhowawriterwrotethesonglyrics(Englishsonglyrics)thatthey are listening to. But in a lot of cases, most writers usually not onlyconcernabouthowtowritegoodlyrics,whichwillbesmoothlyandclearlyreceived by the listeners, but they tend to give more attention to theaestheticalanddramaticvaluesofwritingthatmustbeachievedinthelyrics.Inaddition,therewillbedifferentwritingstylefromonewritertoanotherdependsonwhatpurposesthataregoingtobeachieved.Sometimes,itneedsmoreattentiontounderstandlyricssincethewritersusesomekindofstyleontheirwriting.Thensomewriterstendtoplaywiththewordstoachievetheaesthetic value through the linguistic elements, for example, using poeticdeviceslikerhymetoachievethataestheticvalue.

AccordingLeechandShort (1981,p.11), style isdefinedas theway inwhichapersonuseslanguageinagivencontextforagivenpurpose.Styleissomethingthatwritershavewhentheycreatealiteraryworks.Poetryisoneofanykindsofliteraryworksthatthewriterscreatewithstyle.Andaccordingto Brooks and Warren (1960, p. 139), good poetry is the output of theadequate combination of the distinctive resources of words (meaning,association, rhythm, meter, music, order, and so on) in creating a totalcomplexofsignificanceexpression.LeechandShort(1981,p.93)alsostatedthatgenerally,musicinpoetryisverylikelythecombinationofalliteration,assonance, consonance, and other sound echoes. The reason why theresearcherchoosesthetopic“AnAnalysisofRepetitionUsedinShawnMendes’Selected Song Lyrics” as the researcher’s research, because most of thelistenersofthesongsdidnotnoticethattherearesomephonologicalaspects



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inthesesonglyricsthatmakethesongmoreenjoyabletobelistenedto,andtheresearcherwantstoidentifythefunctionofrepetitionthatShawnMendesusedinhissonglyrics.

Tosupporttheanalysis,theresearchermainfocusofthisstudyismainlyfromShawnMendes’ song lyrics.ShawnMendeswaschosenbecausehe iswell known for his good lyrics, especially with a lot of repetitions thatcontainedinhislyricsthatmakestheresearcherinterestedtocreateastudyaboutit.Andontopofthat,hislyricswaswrittenbyhimself.HealsobecomessomuchpopularnowadaysamongteenagerssincehisprecursorJustinBiebernolongeractivelikeheusedtobe.Atthebeginningofhispopularity,Shawnwas predicted to be the next Justin Bieber. Besides, he has a lot ofachievementsandawardssincehisdebutin2015.Beforeheturned20yearsold, he already had more than twenty achievements and won forty-fiveawards.Thelatestawardsthathegotin2019wasKids’ChoiceAwardforMaleArtist, JunoAwardforSingleof theYear, JunoAwardforSongwriterof theYear,JunoAwardforAlbumoftheYear,JunoAwardforArtistoftheYear,JunoAwardforPopAlbumoftheYear.

Fromallofhisalbumsandsongs,theresearcherchoosestensongsfromhisseveralalbumsthatarereallypopularbasedontheinternetandmadehimwonsomeofthoseawards.ThetensongsthattheresearcherchoosesareIKnowWhatYouDidLastSummer,Stitches,TreatYouBetter,There’sNothingHoldin’MeBack,Mercy,LifeoftheParty,IfICan’tHaveYou,InMyBlood,NeverBeAlone,andSeñorita.Thesetensongshavealreadychosen,astheobjectofthisstudy.

From the considerationabove, the researcher is aiming todescribe thetypesofrepetitionidentifiedinShawnMendes’selectedsonglyrics.Then,thefunctionofeachrepetitionbecomesimportanttobeanalyzed.Thosearethereasonswhythisstudyisworthanalyzing.

B. RELATEDLITERATURE

1. Stylistics

Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsof

situationally-distinctive uses of language, with particular reference toliterarylanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.Stylisticisabranchoflinguisticsthatfocusesgreatlyonstudyinghowlanguageisusedinsomeparticularwaysincludingliteraryworks. According to Leech and Short (1981, p. 13), stylistics is thelinguistic studyof style. Inotherwords, stylistics isanessentialpartoflinguistics,orstylisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.LeechandShort(1981, p. 11) also stated that there are two basic human expressions,spoken and written language, so style is applicable to those kinds ofexpressions both literary and non-literary language, but, traditionally



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styleisassociatedwithwrittenliterarytexts.Inaddition,Turner(1977,p.7)statesthatstylisticsasapartoflinguisticstudythatfocuseswiththevariationoflanguageuse.AndaccordingtoVerdonk(2002,p.4)stylisticsistheanalysisofdistinctiveexpressioninlanguageandthedescriptionofitspurposeandeffect.

2. Foregrounding

According to Leech (1969), Foregrounding iswhen youmanipulate

wordsorsentencestocreatetheminsuchawaythatmayattractattentionbyusinggrammatically incorrectwordsor sentences.Foregrounding isthemotherofliteratureanditdistinguishesliteraturefromthenormsofthe ordinary language. Foregrounding uses literary freedom to setreaders’imaginationandvisiontobecleareraboutthecontextinawaythat it provides an explanation differently from the real life and realworld’svision.Therearetwopartsofforegrounding,theyaredeviationandparallelism.

3. Deviation

According toRichards, Platt, andWeber (1985), deviation is a term

used to describe spelling and pronunciation of a word or a sentencestructurewhichdoesnot conform to a norm. In addition, Short (1973)stated thatdeviationas a linguisticphenomenon thathasan importanteffectonthereadersorlisteners,ifapartofapoemisdeviantitbecomesespecially,noticeable,orperceptuallyprominent

4. PhonologicalParallelism

AccordingtoLeech&Short(2007),phonologicalparallelismfocusesontherepetitionofthestructureofsimilarsounds.Parallelismisliterarydevicethatis a parallel of two ormore similar syntactic constructions. In phonologicalparallelism, there is a part called repetition which consist of alliteration,assonance,consonance,andrhymeincluded.

a. Repetition

Perrine (1977, p. 72) classifies repetition into five; they are alliteration,

assonance,consonance,rhyme,andrefrain,whilesomeexpertsaddrepetitionto them. The repetitionmay occur in individual vowel and consonant sound.Repetitionreferstotherepetitionofwords,phrases,andclauseinthelineofthestanza.



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a) Alliteration

AccordingtoArp&Johnson(2008),alliterationistherepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsounds.Alliterationisdefinedastherepetitionofinitialconsonant sounds. According to Perrine (in PaperAp.com. 2017),alliteration is the repetition at close intervals of the initial consonantsoundsofaccentedsyllablesorimportantwords.

b) Assonance

AccordingtoArp&Johnson(2008),assonanceistherepetitionofthe

vowelsounds.Inaddition,Abrams(1999,p.9)definesassonanceastherepetitionofidenticalorsimilarvowels,especiallyinthestressedsyllable,inasequenceofnearbywordsorwithinaline.AndaccordingtoReaske(1966,p.20),hedefinesassonanceastheuseofidenticalvowelsoundssurrounded by different kinds of consonant sound in words that closeproximitytoeachother.

c) Consonance

According toArp& Johnson (2008), consonance is the repetitionof

finalconsonantsounds.Inaddition,Abrams(1981)definesconsonanceastheoccurrenceofthesameconsonantsoundsbutthevowelsoundsaredifferentbetweentwowordsormore.AndaccordingtoPerrine(1977,p.72),consonanceastherepetitionofthefinalconsonantsounds.

d) Refrain

AccordingtoPerrine(1977),Refrainisarepetitionwhichisdoneaccording

tosomefixedpatternsatintervals.Refraincanbefoundintheformsofphrases,lines,orgroupoflinesaslongasitispatterned.Refrainisanypartofthesongwhere the lyrics repeat. It is similar to a chorus, except that a refrain refersspecifically to the lyrics themselves andnot to themusic.Refrain specificallyrefers to the lyrics. This means that if it repeating in the samewordsit is arefrain.Youcouldsingthosewordswithadifferentmelodyordifferentmusicalnotesanditwouldstillbearefrain.Refrainusuallycanbefoundattheendofstanza,butsometimeitisalsopossibletofindthesamepatternsintheinitialormiddleofstanza.

e) Rhyme

According to Arp & Johnson (2008), rhyme is the repetition of the

accentedvowelsoundinanysucceedingconsonantsounds.Andaccordingto Perrine (1977, p. 72), rhyme is the repetition of the accented vowelsoundandallsucceedingsounds.Inotherwords,rhymeistherecurrent



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soundbetweentwoormorewordsduetothearrangementofthestressedvocal sound and its succeeding consonants and differences in theprecedingconsonantsorsyllable.

i. FeminineRhyme

AccordingtoArp&Johnson(2008),feminineRhymeisrhymingsound

intwoormoresyllables.Femininerhymeisarhymethathappenswhenaword ends on unstressed syllable and hence must be more than onesyllablelong.Tobemoredetail,thewordswillbeclassifiedasfemininerhymewhenthewordsconsistofatleasttwosyllablethatrhyming,andtheinitialsyllablemustbestressedfollowedbyunstressedsyllableintheend.

ii. MasculineRhyme

AccordingtoArp&Johnson(2008),MasculineRhymeistherhymingsound in one syllable. Masculine rhyme happens to words with onesyllablelongandthesyllablemustbestressed.Masculinerhymealsocanhappentowordswithmorethanonesyllablelong.But,thereisonlyonesyllableoftherhymethatmustbestressedanditisintheendofthewords.

iii. InternalRhyme

According toArp& Johnson (2008), InternalRhyme is the rhymingsoundinoneormorewordsinwithintheline.Internalrhymeisarhymethathappenswhentwoormorerhymingwordsarewithinagivenlineoranotherline.Therhymehappensbetweenawordwithinalineandanotherwordeitherattheendofthesamelineorwithinanotherline.

iv. EndRhyme

AccordingtoArp&Johnson(2008),endRhymeistherhymingsoundintheendwordsofthelines.EndRhymeisarhymethathappensintheendoflines.Tobemorespecific,everyrhymingwordsthatcomeattheendof lines belong to end rhyme. But, it is possible to include otherclassificationsofrhymeintotheendofrhymesincetheirpositionsareattheendoflines.

v. ApproximateRhyme

According to Arp & Johnson (2008), approximate rhyme includeswords with any kind of sound similarity, from close to fairly remote.Approximaterhymeisthesubstitutionofperfectrhymeattheendsoflinesorimperfectrhymethatalmostrhymingbutnotquite.Ithappenswhena



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poetcannotfindanywordsthatarerhyming,thenheusescertainwordsthat look like but not identical. This rhyme also called as approximaterhyme.

b. TheFunctionofRepetition

According toPerrine (1977,p.202), inagoodpoem, repetitionwill

serve several purposes; itwill please the ears, emphasize thewords inwhichrepetitionoccurs,andgivestructuretothepoem.Besidethat,thefunctionofrepetitionalsotoproducesmoreimportanteffectstothepoemsaysAminuddin(1995,p.149).Itcansuggestcertainfeelingrelatedtothemeaningofpoem.Tobemorespecificaboutthefunctionofrepetition,thisstudywillanalyzefourfunctionofrepetition.Thefirstoneistoreinforcemeaningorideas,thesecondoneistoemphasizecertainwords,thenthethirdoneistoimitateorsuggestasenseoraction,andthelastoneistolinkuporcontrastwords.

1) ToReinforceMeaning

According to Perrine (1977), The function of reinforcing meaning

refers to the attempt of strengthen the meaning through the use ofrepetition.Basically, repetitions areused to reinforcemeaning, and theotherfunctionsofrepetitionaretoleadtothereinforcement.Althoughallrepetitionsareinrelationtoreinforcement,butrefrainusuallybecomesthe one that gives strong effect to this function. This function isrepresentedbytheoccurrenceofinternalrhymeandrefrain.

2) ToEmphasizeCertainWords

According to Perrine (1977), usually poets taking advantage of

repetition. Usually they use alliteration, assonance and consonance toemphasize certain words. Firstly, they put some repetition to somesounds,andthenthosesoundsgivetheeffectofemphasis tothewordswheretherepetitionhappens.Thisfunctioniscanberepresentedbytheoccurrenceofallthetypesofrepetition.

3) ToImitateCertainAction

AccordingtoPerrine(1977),Thereisnodirectrelationbetweenthe

soundsandtheobjectoractionsunderdescription,butwhenpeoplehearthem, theywillunderstandwhat is exactlybeingdelivered through thesounds. This is the functionof repetition to imitate certain action. Thisfunctionisrepresentedbytheoccurrenceofwordsthathasanactionorkindofactivitythathasaliteralmeaningbehindthosewords.



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4) ToLinkuporContrastwords

AccordingtoDaiches(1948),contrastwordsmeanstherelationofthephysicalsoundsofthewords.itwilllinkupthewordsiftheendofalinerhymeswiththefirstsyllableofthefollowingline.Anditwillcontrastifphysicallysoundofthewordsaresimilareitherthevowelorconsonantsounds.This is the functionofmusicaldevices that contrast thewords.This function is represented by the occurrence of internal rhyme, endrhyme,andapproximaterhyme.

c. SongLyricsaspoem

According to Kennedy and Gioia (1999, p. 792), Many familiar poems

began life as songs, but today, their tunes forgotten, they survive only inpoetryanthologies.Fromthatstatement,wecansay that in thepastsomepoemsweresomesongswhichthetunesorthemelodyareeliminated.Whenasongeliminatesitstune,itbecomesapoem.Incontrast,whenpoemfilledwithsometunes,thenitcanbesaidthatitisasong.Whatmakethemdifferentisasonghasmelodyortuneinit,whetherapoemhasnot.

AccordingtoSharndama&SuleimanascitedinAkporobaro(2006),songassume a variety of forms, some of the song are rich, imaginative, andelaborated in the play of words, rhythm, and melody. Moeliono in Sobar(2012)statedthatsongisarhythmicsoundvariety.Songsisanartoftonesor sounds in sequence. Its combination and temporal relationships areusuallyaccompaniedbymusicalinstrumentsproducemusicthatcontainsarhythmorrhythmicsound.Thereisonethingimportantinapartofsong,itiscalledlyric.Alyricisafairlyshortpoemwhichistheexpressionofstrongfeelingsofthoughtsorperceptionsofasinglespeakerinameditativemanner.Song lyric is includedby kind of literature because it is language creation(poem) served in song form. Its attribute is imaginative and sometime itcontainscriticaltoourgovernment’swisdom,welfare,andmiserable.

C. RESEARCHMETHOD

1. ResearchDesign

The researcher used descriptive qualitative approach to analyze data.

AccordingtoFraenkellandWallen(2012),qualitativeresearchwasdefinedasa research study that investigates thequalityof relationships, activities,situationsormaterials.Hence,thosecharacteristicsreferences,thisstudywasveryconcernedtoeveryoccurrencethatappearedduringtheanalysisofthemain data which were Shawn Mendes’ song lyrics. It also tried to givesufficientdescriptionof the factualdataof theoccurrencesandprovided itwithlogicalandrationalinterpretationbasedonrelevanttheories.



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2. DataSource

DatasourceinthisstudyweretakenfromShawnMendes’songlyrics.Datasource was taken from azlyrics.com. from this website the researchercollected ten song lyrics by Shawn Mendes that already selected by theresearcher. Such as IKnowWhatYouDid Last Summer, Stitches, Treat YouBetter,There’sNothingHoldin’MeBack,Mercy,LifeoftheParty,IfICan’tHaveYou,InMyBlood,NeverBeAlone,andSeñorita.ThedatasourcewaschosentoanalyzethetypesofrepetitionandalsotofindthefunctionoftherepetitioninthesonglyricsofShawnMendes.Dataofthisstudywouldbeintheformofwords,phrases,orlineswhichcontainsrepetition.

3. TechniqueofCollectingData

AccordingtoBogdanandBiklen(1982,p.67),qualitativeresearchgauge

whentheyarefinishedbywhattheytermdatasaturation.Tocollectdata,theresearchertriedtofindsomerelatedinformationontheinternettosupportthisstudysuchas;thesis,journals,books,andotherdatathatrelatedtothisstudy. In thisstudy, theresearcherused twotechniques inorder tocollectdata,suchas;observationandnotetaking.

4. TechniqueofAnalyzingData

Fortechniqueofanalyzingdata, theresearcherusedMilesandHuberman

theorytoanalyzedata.TherewerethreeprocessestoanalyzedataaccordingtoMiles and Huberman (1994), they were data reduction, data display, andconclusiondrawingorverification.MilesandHubermanformulatedtheanalysisintofourcyclesthatinteracteachother,itshowedashefollowingdiagram:

Figure:Miles&Huberman’sComponentofDataAnalysis



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a. DataReduction

Miles and Huberman (1994) described this first of three elements of

qualitative data analysis as data reduction. "Data reduction refers to theprocessofselecting,focusing,simplifying,abstracting,andtransformingdatathatappearsinwrittenfieldnotes".Notonlydoesdataneedtobecompactedformanagement,butitmustalsobetransformedsothatitcanbeunderstoodintermsoftheproblembeingaddressed.

b. DataDisplay

AccordingtoMilesandHuberman(1994),datadisplaywentastepbeyond

datareductiontoprovide"anorganized,compressedassemblyofinformationthatpermitsconclusiondrawing..."Adisplaycouldbeanextendedpieceoftextoradiagram,chart,ormatrixthatprovidesanewwayofarrangingandthinkingaboutthemoretextuallyembeddeddata.Datadisplays,whetherinwordordiagrammatic form,allowtheanalyst toextrapolate fromthedataenough to begin to see systematic patterns and interrelationships. At thedisplaystage,additional,higherordercategoriesorthemesmayappearfromthedata thatgobeyond those firstdiscoveredduring the initialprocessofdatareduction.

c. ConclusionDrawingorVerification

Conclusiondrawinginvolvessteppingbacktoconsiderwhattheanalyseddata mean and to evaluate their implications for the questions whenqualitative data are used as a precursor to the design/development ofquantitativeinstruments,thisstepmaybepostponed.Reducingthedataandlooking for relationshipswill provide adequate information for developingother instruments. According toMiles andHuberman (1994), Verification,integrally linked toconclusiondrawing,entails revisiting thedataasmanytimesasnecessarytocross-checkorverifytheseemergentconclusions."Themeaningsemergingfromthedatahavetobetestedfortheirplausibility,theirsturdiness, their ‘confirmability’ that is, their validity". Validity meanssomethingdifferentinthiscontextthaninquantitativeevaluation,whereitwasatechnicaltermthatrefersquitespecificallytowhetheragivenconstructmeasureswhatitpurportstomeasure.Herevalidityinvolveamuchbroaderconcern for whether the conclusions being drawn from the data werecredible,defensible,warranted,andabletoresistalternativeexplanations.

5. InstrumentoftheResearch



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Forthedescriptivequalitativeresearch, instrumentoftheresearchwasveryimportanttogettheresultofthestudy.GayandAirasian(2000:145)stated that instrument is a tool that is used in collecting data. And forinstrumentoftheresearchinthisstudy,theinstrumentwastheresearcherherself.

6. TechniqueofDataVerification

According to Denzin (1973), theoretical triangulation was the method

which the researcher used more than one theoretical scheme in theinterpretation of the phenomenon. In theoretical triangulation, theresearcher compared the data finding with perspective theory that wasrelevant.Intheoreticaltriangulation,theresearcherwasdemandedtocollectexpertjudgmenttocomparedthefindingofthestudywiththecertaintheorytogetthetrustworthinessofdata.

D. FINDINGANDDISCUSSION

1. TheTypesofRepetitionFoundinShawnMendes’SelectedLyrics

Justlikewhathasbeenmentionedasthefirstobjectiveofthisstudyinthe

firstchapter,thisstudyspecifiedtoanalyzethetypesofrepetitionsinShawnMendes’selectedsonglyricswhichwerealliteration,assonance,consonance,femininerhyme,masculinerhyme,internalrhyme,endrhyme,approximaterhyme,andrefrain.Andthisstudywouldalsofindoutandexplainthefunctionofeachrepetitionthattheresearcheralreadyfound

a. Alliteration

Inhissongs,ShawnMendesusedalliterationtomakehissongmore

aesthetic.Alliterationisrepetitionoftwoormoreidenticalconsonantofthe firstwords in the same line, andusually alliterationwell knownastonguetwister.ItcanbeseeninseverallinesofShawnMendes’songlyrics.Thiswastheexampleofalliterationsfoundinthefirstsong:

(1) IKnowWhatYouDidLastSummer,stanza2/line5and6

D-d-doesheknowAnother'shandshavetouchedmyskinIntheexample,alliterationhappenedfortherepetitionofthe

initial consonant [h] in the stanza.Thealliterationoccurred in linefifthandsixthofthestanza.Thewordsthatoccurredwithalliterationwere/hiː/,/hændz/,and/həv/.Sincetheinitialconsonant[h]andwasrepeatedinthestanza,thisiscalledalliterationphenomenon.



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b. Assonance

AssonanceisoneoftherepetitionsthattheresearcherfoundinShawnMendesselectedsonglyrics.Assonanceistherepetitionofidenticalvowelsoundinbetweenwordsinonestanza.Assonancewasfoundinseveralstanzaoftheselectedsonglyricsthattheresearcherchose.Theexampleofassonancethattheresearcherhasfound:

(2) IKnowWhatYouDidLastSummer,stanza4/lines1,2,3,5,6,&7

Iknowwhatyoudidlastsummer(ah-ah)Justliedtome,"there'snoother"(he-ey)IknowwhatyoudidlastsummerTellmewhereyou'vebeenIknowwhatyoudidlastsummer(ah-ah)Lookmeintheeyes,mylover(he-ey)IknowwhatyoudidlastsummerTellmewhereyou'vebeen

Intheexample,assonancehappenedfortherepetitionofthe

identicalvowel[ə]soundinthestanza.Thewordsthatoccurredwithassonancewere/ˈsʌmə/,/ˈʌðə/and/ˈlʌvə/.Sincetheinitialvowel[ə]sound was repeated in the stanza, this is called assonancephenomenon.

c. Consonance

Inhissonglyrics,ShawnMendesalsousedconsonancewhichisapart

ofrepetitiontypes.Consonanceisrepetitionofidenticalfinalconsonantsoundattheendofwords.Consonanceappearedinseveralstanzaofthesong lyrics.Theseare theconsonance found inShawnMendes selectedsonglyrics:

(3) IKnowWhatYouDidLastSummer,stanza3/lines1,2,3,5,and6

It'stearingmeapartShe'sslippingawayAmIjusthangingontoallthewordssheusedtosay?ThepicturesonherphoneShe'snotcominghome(I'mnotcominghome)Cominghome,cominghome

In the example, consonance happened for the repetition of the

identicalconsonant[ŋ]soundattheendofsomewordsinthestanza.The words that occurred with consonance were /ˈɪəɪŋ/, /ˈslɪpɪŋ/,



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/ˈhæŋɪŋ/ and /ˈkʌmɪŋ/. Since the initial consonant [ŋ] sound wasrepeatedinthestanza,thisiscalledconsonancephenomenon.

d. Refrain

RefrainispartofrepetitiontypeswhichappearedquiteofteninShawn

Mendes’selectedsonglyricsthattheresearcherchose.Refrainisusuallya repeated line or phrase that formed lyrically within the verse itself.Refrain is differentwith chorus. Every chorus is refrain, but not everyrefrainischorus.Refrainplacedaftertheverse,andplacedbeforechorus.Refrainoccurredinfivesongsfromthetotaltensongswhichishalfofthelistofsonglyricsthathavebeenchosenbytheresearcher.TheoccurrenceofrefraininShawnMendes’songlyricscanbeseenasfollow:

(4) IKnowWhatYouDidLastSummer,stanza3&7

It'stearingmeapartShe'sslippingawayAmIjusthangingontoallthewordssheusedtosay?ThepicturesonherphoneShe'snotcominghome(I'mnotcominghome)Cominghome,cominghome

…

…

…

It'stearingmeapart(it'stearingmeapart)She'sslippingaway(i'mslippingaway)AmIjusthangingontoallthewordssheusedtosay?ThepicturesonherphoneShe'snotcominghome(I'mnotcominghome)Oh,na,na,na,yeah

From the example, it can be seen that refrain existed in

Shawn Mendes’ song lyrics. Refrain occurred in the repeatedpatterninthesong’slyrics.Refrainarenotnecessarilyonehundredpercentsimilar,becausesometimestherearesomeadditioninthenextrefrainofthesongbuttheyhavethesamepattern.Inthissong,refrain occurred in stanza 3 and then repeated in stanza 7withlittlebitadditiontoit.Thisiscalledthephenomenonofrefrain.

e. Rhyme



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a) FeminineRhyme

Feminine rhyme is one of the rhymes that the researcher found inShawnMendesselectedsonglyrics.femininerhymewasnotthedominantone,andonlyafewwasfoundinstanzaoftheselectedsonglyricsthattheresearcherchose.Itispossiblethatfemininerhymeoccurredinmorethantwosyllables,whichthefirstrhymingsyllablemustbestressedandthenbeingfollowedbytheunstressedsyllable.Thesearethefemininerhymethattheresearcherhasfound:(5) Stitches,stanza2/lines1and3

GotafeelingthatI'mgoingunderButIknowthatI'llmakeitoutaliveIfIquitcallingyoumyloverMoveon

Intheexample,femininerhymeoccurredinbetweenthefirst

andthethirdlineofthestanza.Themarkedwordswere/ˈʌndər/and/ˈlʌvər/.Thosetwowordsconsistoftworhymingsyllableswhichisthecriteriaoffemininerhyme.Theword/ˈʌndər/wasstressedinthefirst rhyming syllable /ˈʌn/ but the second syllable was /dər/ notstressed.Andthiswasalsowhathappenedtotheword/ˈlʌvər/.Thefirstsyllable/ˈlʌ/wasstressed,andthesecondsyllable/vər/wasnotstressed.

b) MasculineRhyme

Masculine rhyme isoneof the rhymes that the researcher found inShawn Mendes selected song lyrics. Masculine rhyme was found inseveralstanzaoftheselectedsonglyricsthattheresearcherchose.Thiswastheexampleofmasculinerhymethattheresearcherhasfound:(6) Stitches,stanza1/lines3and4

YourwordscutdeeperthanaknifeNowIneedsomeonetobreathemebacktolifeAsseentheexample,masculinerhymeoccurredattheendof

thethirdandfourthlinethestanza.Therhymingwordsthathadonlyonesyllablebelongtomasculinerhymebecausethatwasthecriteriaofmasculinerhyme,whichonlyhappenedwithonesyllablewords.Theword/naɪf/and/laɪf/onlyhadonesyllablewhichoccurredattheendoftheline.

c) InternalRhyme



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InternalrhymeisoneoftherhymesthattheresearcherfoundinShawnMendesselectedsonglyrics.Internalrhymeisthetypeofrhymethathappenedwithinalineandanotherlineinthestanza.Thistypeofrhymenotnecessarilyplacedattheendoftheline.Therewereonlytwoofinternalrhymeswasfoundinstanzaoftheselectedsonglyricsthattheresearcherchose.Thiswastheexampleofinternalrhymethattheresearcherhasfound:(7) Mercy,stanza5/lines1and3

I'mnotaskingforalotJustthatyou'rehonestwithmeMyprideisallIgot

In the example above, internal rhyme occurred in the

middleoflinefourandrhymingwiththewordattheendoffifthlineinthestanza.Internalrhymeoccurredwiththewords/nɒt/,/lɒt/and/gɒt/whichrhymingtoeachotherperfectly.

d) EndRhyme

EndrhymeisoneoftherhymesthattheresearcherfoundinShawn

Mendesselectedsonglyrics.Endrhymesisarhymethathappenedattheendof lines.Everyrhymingwordsthatplacedat theendof linesbelong to end rhyme. End rhymewas found in several stanza of theselected song lyrics since it is possible to include other rhymeclassificationsintothetypeofendrhymebecausetheirpositionsareattheendoflines.Thiswastheexampleofendrhymethattheresearcherhasfound:

(8) Stitches,stanza1/alllines

IthoughtthatI'vebeenhurtbeforeButnoone'severleftmequitethissoreYourwordscutdeeperthanaknifeNowIneedsomeonetobreathemebacktolife

Intheexample,endrhymeoccurredattheendofeveryline

of thestanza.Thewordsthatbelongtoendrhymewere/bɪˈfɔː/,/sɔː/, /naɪf/ and /laɪf/. The reason why those words arecategorized as the end rhyme because, all of the words thatrhyming are located in the end of linewhich the criteria of endrhyme.

e) ApproximateRhyme



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ApproximaterhymeisoneoftherhymesthattheresearcherfoundinShawnMendesselectedsonglyrics.Approximaterhymeisthewords thatkindof lookalikeorhavesimilar soundeven thoughnotnecessarilyexactlythesame.Onlyfewofapproximaterhymewasfoundinstanzaoftheselectedsonglyricsthattheresearcherchose.Thiswastheexampleofapproximaterhymethattheresearcherhasfound:

(9) Stitches,stanza4/lines4and5

NowI'mgonnareapwhatIsowI'mleftseeingredonmyown

Intheexampleabove,approximaterhymeoccurredatthe

fourthandfifth lineof thestanza.Therhymingwords/səʊ/ənd/əʊn/notnecessarilysimilarorperfectlyrhymetoeachother.But,thecriteriaofapproximaterhymeisanywordswithanykindofsimilarsoundthatalmostbutnotquite.Andalsocertainwordsthatlook likebutnot identical.Thewords/səʊ/ənd/əʊn/were thepart of approximate rhyme because they kind of look like andalmostrhymingtoeachother.

2. TheFunctionofRepetition

a) ToReinforceMeaning

In his song lyrics, ShawnMendes employed repetition to achieve

certainfunctionthatcanbehelpfultomakethelyricsmoreaestheticbutalsotohelpthelistenerofhissongstointerpretthemeaningbehindhis song lyrics. The first function was to reinforce meaning. Thisfunction refers to attempt of strengthen the meaning throughrepetition.Refrainusuallybecametheonethatgavestrongeffecttothisfunction.Thisfunctionwasrepresentedbythephenomenonofrefrainandinternalrhyme.Thiswastheexampleofrepresentativefromthefunction of repetition to reinforce meaning that the researcher hasfound:

(10) Mercy,stanza5

I’mnotaskingforalotJustthatyou’rehonestwithmeMyprideisallIgotI’msayingbaby

From the example above, the function of to reinforce

meaning was represented by the occurrence of internal rhyme.Thistypeofrhymerepresentedtoreinforcethemeaningoftheselines.Thissongsupposedtoexplainthatthewriterwastiredofhis



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loverthatneverconsidershisfeeling,sohewashurtconstantlybyhis loveractionseven thoughhealreadygavehiseverything forthisperson.So,allhegotwashispridebecausehehasnothingelsetoask.Hejustwantedhislovertobehonestandstoptorturedhisheartbytellingthetruth.

b) ToEmphasizeCertainWords

The second function that the researcher found in ShawnMendessonglyricswastoemphasizecertainwords.Thisfunctionsupposedtohappenedwhentheremorethanonerepetitionoccurredinastanza.Then,thisrepetitiongavetheeffecttoemphasizethewordswheretherepetition happened. This function represented by all types ofrepetitionwhichoccurredat thesametime.Thiswastheexampleofrepresentative from the function of repetition to emphasize certainwordsthattheresearcherhasfound:

(11) Stitches,stanza2

GotafeelingthatI’mgoingunderButIknowthatI’llmakeitoutaliveIfIquitcallingyoumyloverMoveon

Through the example above, this type of repetition

representedtoemphasizethewordsthathadtheappearanceofconsonance,femininerhyme,andendrhyme.Thefunctionoftoemphasizecertainwordswasrepresentedbytheoccurrenceofsomerepetitionsuchasconsonantsound[ŋ],femininerhymebythewords“under”and“lover”,andalsoendrhymebythesamewordwhichare“under”and“lover”.Thisrepetitionexplainedaboutthewriter’sfeelingwhichfeelslikehewassodownandheartbrokenthatcanbeseeninthefirstlineofthestanza.Buthe knew he will be fine and will move by cutting off therelationshipbetweenhimandhisloverthatcanbeseeninthethirdline.

c) ToLinkUporContrastWords

ThelastfunctionthattheresearcherfoundinShawnMendessonglyricswastolinkuporcontrastwords.Itmeansthattherelationofthephysicalsoundsofthewordsintheendoflineswererhymingeitherthevowelorconsonantsounds.Thisfunctionwasrepresentedbythephenomenonof internal rhyme,endrhyme,andapproximaterhyme.Thiswastheexampleofrepetitiontolinkuporcontrastwordsthattheresearcherhasfound:

(12) Mercy,stanza7



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ConsumingalltheairinsidemylungsRippingalltheskinfromoffmybonesI’mpreparedtosacrificemylifeIwouldgladlydoittwice

Asseenintheexample,internalrhymewasplacedinthe

words “sacrifice” and “twice”. Even though thosewordshavenodirectrelation,andalsodonotlinkideaswithinthelines.Buttheywererhymingtoeachotherthatmadethemlinkuporcontrastthewords.Therefore,thistypeofrepetitionhadafunctiontocontrastthewords“sacrifice”and“twice”torhymingthisstanza.

E. CONCLUSION

This study is stylistics study that required to comprehend the use of

repetitionandtheirfunctioninthesonglyrics.Throughrepetition,literationandlinguisticsleanerscanlearnmoreaboutlinguisticsknowledgeespeciallyinstylisticsfield.Learnersareexpectedtouseofrepetitionintheirspokenandwrittenskillsinordertomakeafreshandinterestingwriting.Theuseofvariousrepetitions.Theycancauseeffectthatmakethemmoreaestheticandalso toemphasizesomewords that thewriterwants toconvey inhissonglyrics.

AftertheprocessofanalyzinganddiscussingShawnMendes’tenselectedsong lyrics, the researcher can conclude that there are many types ofrepetitionfoundinthisstudy.Inalloftheselectedsonglyrics,theresearcherfoundallninetypesofrepetitionandthreeoutoffourfunctionofrepetitionineachsonglyrics.Thereareonehundredandthirty-twodataofrepetitionsfoundinthisstudy.Therepetitionthatarefoundarealliteration,assonance,consonance,refrain,femininerhyme,masculinerhyme,internalrhyme,endrhyme,andapproximaterhyme.Andbesidesthat,itwaspossibletoincludeotherclassificationsofrepetitionsandfunctionsinonedata.Thereasonwasbecause each data can have more than types of repetitions in them. Andbecauseofthat,thefunctionsalsoappearedmorethanonetypesfollowingthetypesofrepetitionsthatfoundineachdata.Andalso,themostdominanttypeofrepetitioninShawnMendes’selectedsonglyricsisalliteration.Thistypeofrepetitionusedtogivetheeffectofemphasizingthewordswherethisrepetitionhappens.

Basedontheexplanationabove,itcanbeconcludedthatsonglyricsthathaverepetitioncanleadthelistenerstointerpretthesonglyricsalotbetter.Because of that, the researcher can conclude that thewriter of these songlyricshasnarrativewritingstyle.Narrativewriting'smainpurposeistotellastory.Theauthorwillcreatedifferentcharactersandtellyouwhathappenstothem.



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