Post on 06-May-2023
א٢٦٢אאאאFE
،،אא،אW
אאאאאאאאאאא א א א א א א ،א
אאאאאאאאאאאאW
אאאK
אאאאאאא א ،א אא
א ، אא א אא אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
א א ،א אא،אאK
א א ? א א FE ? ?א
?אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאא،א،אאאא
אאאאאK
א אא א WאK
אאאא
א٢٦٢אאאFE
אאאאאאאאאKאאאא
אאאKאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאK
אKאאאאא،אאא،אא،א
אאK،אאאאאא،אאאאאאK
אא،אאאאאאאKאאאא
אא،אאאאK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ١ -
אאWאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאKאאW
אאW١- אאWFiEאאאK
• אאאאK • λmaxK • אאK•אאאK
FiiEאאK• λexλemK•אאאK
FiiiEאאאK• אאאK • אאאאאאK ٢- אאאK
אאאWאאא١٠٠K٪
אאW٤٠KאאW
،،،،א،א،א،،،א،K
אאWאאאK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٢ -
אאאאאא
אWאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאאאאא،אKאא
אFאאEvisible molecular spectrometry (colorimetry) אאאא(380-780 nm)אאא،ultraviolet
molecular spectrometryאאאאא(200-380 nm)Kאאא(Radiation source)
אאא(sample cell)אא،אאאאא،א
אmonochromatorKאאאאא،אא،א
אאאאdetectorאאאאאאאאK
0.000א
א
א
א
F١WEאאא
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٣ -
אאאW١JאאSingle-Beam SystemW
אאאאF١Eאא،אאאאאא
אאא،אאאאFאאE،אאא
Blank SolutionKאאאא٢JאאDouble-Beam SystemW
אאאאKאאאא،אאאא
F٢KEאאא،אא
א
FW٢Eאאא
א
א
א
א
א
א
א
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٥ -
אאאאW• אK • K
אאאW• אK • 100 mlK • א50 mlK • K • K
אאWWאאW
١- 10 g/lאאא100 mlK
٢J אאאאאW0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 g/lא50 mlאאF10 g/lKE
WאאאλmaxW١. אאאאאאK٢. אאאאאאאא
אאאF430__710 nmEאK ٣. אאאλmaxאאK
WאW١. λmaxאא،0.0אאאK٢. אאאאאKKKKKK
אK ٣. אאאK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٦ -
אאWאאW١- אא10 g/lא
100 mlK٢- אאאאאאאאW
F0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 g/lKE٣- אאאאאאאK٤- אאאλmaxK٥- אאאאאאא
אK٦- אאאאK٧- אאK٨- אא1221 CACA •=•K
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٧ -
٢J١J١אאאאSpectronic 20D
אW،אאא
אא،אF٤KEאאFxEאאא،FyKE
אאאאאאאFxKE
אאאאW
• אאK • K
C
A
y
x
F٤EWאאא
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٨ -
אאאW• אK • 100 mlK • 250 mlK • א50 mlK • K • K
אאWWאאW
١- 20 g/lאאאא250 mlK
٢- אאאאאW3, 6, 9, 12, 15 g/lא50 mlאאF20 g/lKE
WאאאλmaxW١- אאאאאאK٢- אאאאאאאא
אאאF370__410 nmEאK ٣- אאאλmaxאאK
WאW١- λmaxאא،0.0אאאK٢- אאאאאKKKKKK
אK ٣- אאאK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٩ -
אאWאאW١- אאא20 g/lא250 mlK٢- אאאאאאאאW
F3, 6, 9, 12, 15 g/lKE٣- אאאאאאאK٤- אאאλmaxK٥- אאאאאאאאK٦- אא،אא
אא؟אא٧- אאK٨- אא1221 CACA •=•K
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ١٠ -
λ
A
x Y
λ1 λ2
F٥WEאא
Fx+yE
٣J١J١אJMnO4אא-2OCr 72אאאא
אWאאאא
λ1λ2אF٥KE
• xאλ1،yאλ2K
• אאאאW
1.…………… yc · yε1 + xc· xε1 = 1λA1
2Aλ2 = 2εx · cx + 2εy · cy ………….2
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ١١ -
• ε1
x،2εx1εy، 2εyx ،yאא
cA=εאFb = 1KE
• 1A2Aאאλ1λ2K
• א12אאcxcyW
……………….3
yεxεyεxε
yεAyεA
xC 1221
1221
•−•
•−•=
………............4
xεyεxεyε
xεAxεAyC 2112
2112
•−•
•−•=
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ١٢ -
אאאאW• אאK • אאKIO4K • אF0.002 MEW
1.0 g אא110° CK300.08 g400 ml150 mlאא
א250א mlאאאK• אא-OCr 2
72K2F0.017 ME250 mlW
2.0 gאאאא120° CK30-401.25 g400 ml150 mlא
אא250א mlאאאK
אאאW• א250 mlK • 10 mlK • אK • א250 mlK • 400 mlK • K
אאWJ אאFεEW
١- אאאW10 , 15 , 25 mlאאא250 ml50 mlK
٢- 10 mlאאא0.5 gאאKIO4K
٣- אאאK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ١٣ -
٤- אא250 mlאאK
٥- אאא440 nm545 nmא0.5M אK
٦- אאאεWFCAε = Eאא440 nm545
nmK
J אאFεEאW ١- אאאW10 , 15 , 25 mlאאאא
250 ml100 mlK٢- 10 mlאאא
אאאאK ٣- אאא440 nm545 nmא0.5M
אK ٤- אאאεאא440 nm545 nmK
J אW • −
4MnO−272OCrאאא
440א nm545 nmK
אאWאאWאאאאאא -١
K٢- אאאאK ٣- אאεאאאא440 nm
545 nmאאK ٤- אεאאאאא440 nm545
nmK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ١٤ -
٥- אאאאאא440 nm545 nmK
٦- nm440εnm545εnm440εnm545εאאאFAEλmax =440 nmλmax =545 nm
אאאאאאאאW
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
×−×
×−×=−
545440545440
440545545440
4 CrMnMnCr
ACr
ACr
MnOC
εεεε
εε
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
×−×
×−×=−
545440545440
545440440545272 CrMnMnCr
AMn
AMn
OCrC
εεεε
εε
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ١٥ -
٤J١J١אאאא
אWאאא١،١٠אFe 2+،
K
N
N
3+Fe2+
N
3
Fe
N
אאאאאא،λmaxאאאאאλmaxא
אאאאאאKאאpHא3.5،א
אאא+2FeWOHHONFeOHNHFe 242
242234 +++++→++אאאאW
• אא10 p.p.m0.0702 gאאOHSONHFe 26.2)4(2)4(אאא
،2.5 mlאאאאK • אאWא0.1 g١،١٠100 mlאא
K • אWא10 g
אHClא100 mlK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ١٦ -
• אWא10 gא100 mlאאK
אאאW• 1LK • אK • K • א100 mlK • K
אאW١. 25 ,10 ,5 ,2 ,1א mlאאא
100 mlK٢. 50א mlאא100 mlK٣. אאא100 mlאK٤. אאאאא1 mlא
5 mlאא8 mlאאאאאאK
٥. א15אאאאאא،K
٦. אאאאאאאאp.p.mאא١K
٧. אאאאאאאאאאאאאא400 nm700 nmא
אאאλmaxK٨. אאאאאאא
אאλmax،אאאλmax،אאאK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ١٨ -
٥J١J١אאאא
אWאא،א
אא،אאאאאאאא،אאאאא
אאKאאאאW
• אאK • K
אאאW• אK • 100 mlK • א25 mlK • 100 mlK • K • אK
אאWWאאW
١- 10 g/lאא100 mlK
٢- אאאאאW1, 2, 3, 4, 5 g/lא25 mlאאF10 g/lKE
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ١٩ -
WאאאλmaxW١- אאאאאאK٢- אאאאאאאא
אאאאF240__340 nmEאK ٣- אאאλmaxאאK
WאW١- λmaxאא،0.0אאאK٢- אאאאאKKKKKK
אK ٣- אאאK
אאWאאW١- אאא10 g/l100 mlK٢- אאאאאאאאW
F1, 2, 3, 4, 5 g/lKE٣- אאאאאאאK٤- אאאאλmaxK٥- אאאאאאאK٦- אאאאλmaxK٧- אאאאאאאאK٨- אאאאK٩- אאK١٠- אא1221 CACA •=•K
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٢٠ -
٦J١J١אאאאאUV-1601PC
אWאאאאאאא
אאא،א،אאאאK
Wאאאא• אאK • אK • אאK • אאK • אK • K • K
אאאW• 100 mlK • 500 mlK • 1000 mlK • א100 mlK • K • K • K • אK • K
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٢١ -
אאWWאW
١. א1.0 gא10 mlאאFHNO3E100 mlK
٢. אאאFNO2E،אאאאאK
٣. אK٤. 5 mlאאK٥. אאאאאאFNO2Eא،
אK٦. אא
אאK٧. אK٨. א500 mlK٩. אאאK
WאאW١. 1000 p.p.mאאא
1000 mlK ٢. אאאאאp.p.mW200, 400, 600,
800, 1000א100 mlאאF1000 p.p.mKEWאאאλmaxW
١- אאאאאאK٢- אאאאאאאא
אאאF390__800 nmEאK ٣- אאאλmaxאאK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٢٢ -
אWאW١- λmaxאא،0.0אאאK٢- אאאאאKKKKKK
אK ٣- אאאK
אאWאאWא1000 p.p.mאאא -١
1000 mlK٢- אאאאאאאאW ٣- F200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 p.p.m Eא100 mlK٤- אאאאאאאK٥- אאאλmaxK٦- אאאאאאאאK٧- אאאאאK٨- אאp.p.mK٩- אאאK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٢٣ -
אאאFאEא
אWאfluorescenceאאאא10-6-10-9sec.אאK
אאאא٠א
אF٦EאאW
مصدر
حاجز
أشعة نافذة
طول موجة اإلثارةλex
وعاء العينة
مقدر آلة عرض
تألق تألق
تألق تألق
حاجز
موحد طول الموجة األولى
موحد طول الموجة الثاني
طول موجة االنبعاثλem
F٦WEאא
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٢٤ -
אאאאאאאאKאFאא٠אאא
אאאאJW
F = KØI0 (2.303 ε b c)
אאאאאF cאאאW
F = Kc
אFcא AcJKאאFcאאK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٢٥ -
١J٢J١
אאאאאאW
אאאאאאW
COOHO C
O
CH3+ 2OH
- COO-
OH + CH3COO +H2O
Salicylate ionAcetylsalicylic acid
אא400 nmFEא310 nmFKE
אאאאW• K• אK • א4 MFKE
אאאW• 100 mlK • אK • 2LK • K • 1LK • K • א100 mlK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٢٦ -
אאW١- א0.1א g100 mlK٢- אאא2 LאK ٣- א1 LK ٤- אאאאאK ٥- אאאאאF500 ml E٠ ٦- אאאאאאK ٧- 100 p.p.mא100 ml K ٨- 6א100 mlFWU،5،4،3،2،1KE ٩- 2 mlאאאאאK ١٠- אאאאF1-5 Eאאא
אWF5 ml،4،3،2،1EאKFאאאאאאKE
١١- אאFUE5mlאאאFאאאאאKE
١٢- אאאFאאEp.p.mאK
Wא0.1 gאאKאא
3.65 p.p.mאאאאKאW• אp.p.mZ3.65• אmgZ3.65• אgZ3.65 ×10-3
אg3.65 × 10-3• אZאאZ138.12Z2.64 × 10-5
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٢٧ -
QאZאFאE • אאZ2.64 × 10-5• אgZא×אאK
Z2.64 × 10-5×180.12Z4.76 × 10-3 g 100 • אאZ4.76 × 10-3 C5Z0.096 g
אg
∴אאאZא
C100
0.096 Z0.1C100Z96%
אאW אאאאאאW
Kאאא •• אK • אK • אp.p.mK • אmggK • אFאאאKE • אK • אgK • אאאK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٢٨ -
٢J٢J١B2אאא
אWB2FRibo FlavinE5%،א
אK
אאאאW• B2K • א5% V/VK
אאאW• אK • 100 mlK • 1000 mlK • א100 mlK
אאWWאאW
١. 100 p.p.mB2א0.01 g5% V/VאאאK
٢. אאאאאW0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1
p.p.mאא5%א100 mlKWאW
١. אאאאאK ٢. אא0.0א p.p.m،
אK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٢٩ -
٣. אאאא0.6 p.p.mאFאEא،אא
אאK٤. אאאK ٥. אK ٦. אאK
אאW
אאW• B20.01 g K • אאאאF0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1 p.p.mEא
א100א p.p.mK • 5% V/VאK • אאאאK • אK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٣٠ -
אאאאאאא
Infra-red Spectroscopy אWאאאאFאE
אאאאאאאאKאאאאאW
J אאאK J אאאאK
אאאאאאWK אאK K אאאאאאאK
אאאא،אאאאאאאFאאE،א
אאאאאא،אאאאmass
spectroscopyאא،אא،N.M.RKאאאאλא
אµmאאKאאאאאאcm-1אאאאK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٣١ -
אאאWאאאF٧EW
אWאא،אKאאאW،אאאאאא
אאאאאאאKאF١EאאאאאאאW
FµmEאאא
א0.16 ___ 4
א0.13 ___ 9
א0.13 ___ 12
א0.2 ___ 25
א0.25 ___ 40
F١WEאאאאאא
א
א א
F٧WEאאא
אאאא
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٣٣ -
F٢WEאאאK
אא אאcm-1
C – H
FEאאFE
א
٢٨٥٠ – ٣٠٠٠ ٣٠٠٠ – ٣١٠٠ ٣٠٥٠ – ٣١٥٠
٣٣٠٠ ٢٨٠٠ – ٢٩٠٠ ٢٧٠٠ - ٢٨٠٠
C = C
١٦٠٠ – ١٦٨٠ ١٤٧٥ و ١٦٠٠
C ≡ C ٢١٠٠ – ٢٢٥٠
C = O
א
١٧٢٠ – ١٧٤٠ ١٧٠٥ – ١٧٢٥ ١٧٠٠ – ١٧٢٥ ١٧٣٠ – ١٧٥٠ ١٦٤٠ – ١٦٧٠ ١٦٧٠ و ١٨١٠
١٨٠٠C - O،א
،אא
١٠٠٠ - ١٣٠٠
H _Oא
٣٦٠٠ – ٣٦٥٠ ٣٢٠٠ – ٣٥٠٠ ٢٤٠٠ – ٣٤٠٠
N - Hאאאאא٣٠٠ - ٣٥٠٠ C – N١٠٠٠ – ٣٥٠ C = Nא١٦٤٠ – ١٦٩٠
N ≡C٢٢٤٠ – ٢٢٦٠
N = OC-XXZ
ZZ
١٣٥٠ – ١٥٥٠ ١٠٠٠ – ١٤٠٠
٦٠٠ – ٨٠٠
٦٦٧قل من أ
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٣٤ -
١J٣J١
אאאאאאאאאFIREאW
אאאאאאאאאאאא،א
אאאאK
אאאאW• אאK • אK • K • K
אאאW• אאKBrK
אאWWאאW
١. אאK٢. אאאאא
א،אאK
WאאאW
١- אאאאאK٢- אאאאאK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٣٦ -
٢J٣J١אאאאאאאאאFIRE
אWאאאאאא
א،אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאW• אFKE • אK • K
אאאW• אאK • אK • K
אאWWאאW
١J 0.001 gאK ٢J 0.1 gאK ٣J אאא،אאאK ٤J אאאאא،
אK ٥J אאאאK ٦J אאא1000א kgK ٧J אאK ٨J אא،אאK ٩J אאאK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٣٨ -
אאF١EאאW
F١EJאאאאאKF٢EJאאאאאאKF٣EJKF٤EJאאאεKF٥EJλmaxKF٦EJאאאKF٧EJאאאאאאאKF٨EJאאאאFCoSO4.7H2OEא
אF1.0 g/lE100 mlKF٩EJF2.0 g/lE100 ml
F10 g/lKEF١٠EJאאאא
F100 p.p.mE100 mlK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٣٩ -
אאF٢EW
F١EJאאPH=3.5אאKF٢EJאאאKF٣EJאאאאאאKF٤EJאאאאאKF٥EJאאאאKBrאאאKF٦EJאאאאאאKF٧EJאאאאאKF٨EJ١،١٠אאK
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٤٠ -
אאF٣EאאאW
F١EJWKMKAKT%KE
F٢EJאWKµgKKnmKmg
F٣EJאאλWKµgKngKnmKmg
F٤EJאאאWKאpHאKאKאאKא
F٥EJאאאאאאWKאKאKאאKא
F٦EJאאאWKאKKKK
F٧EJ1 p.p.mWK1 g/lK1 µg/lK1 ng/mlK1 µg/ml
F٨EJא150 p.p.m15 p.p.m50 mlאאW
K500 mlK0.2 mlK5 mlK45 mlF٩EJ0.01א،0.61،אεW
K0.0061K0.061K6.1K61F١٠EJ1 mole/lFEאאא23W
K23 p.p.mK230 p.p.mK2300 p.p.mK23000 p.p.m
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٤١ -
אאאF١EF١EJKאKאKאKאKF٢EJאאאאF380-780 nmE
אאאאF200-380 nmEF٣EJאאאKF٤EJ
CA=εK
F٥EJאאאKF٦EJאאא،KF٧EJא،אאאאא
אKF٨EJאאW
אאאmlאאZאא×א×אg/l×
1000 281.10 100 Z
1 × 58.93 ×1 ×1000
Z0.477 g
F٩EJאWC1 × V1 = C2 × V1
JאאאאF10 g/lZE1
22CVC ×
Jml20101002
C
CVV
1
221 =×=
×=
F١٠EJאאW
g01.01000100
1000100
138.12138.12
=××
אאאp.p.m אml אאZ
א1000× 1000×א
א٢٦٢ אאאאאF( אאא
- ٤٢ -
אאאF٢EF١EJאKF٢EJאאאKF٣EJא،אאאאKF٤EJאKF٥EJאאKBrKF٦EJאאאאאאאא
אKF٧EJ،אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאK
F٨EJאאאאאאK
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٤٥ -
אאWאאאאאאאK
אאW
אאW١- אאW
• אאאאאאK • אאK • אK • אאאK
٢- אאאאאאאאK
אאאW
אאא١٠٠K٪
אאW١٦KאאW
،א،،،،א،،،אK
אאW
אאאK
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٤٦ -
אאאא
אאאאאאאאK
Kאאאאאאא •• אאאאאW
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )ggg22 Cl Mg MgCl +→→sMgCl• אאאאאאאאא
אאאאW
( ) ( ) νh Mg Mg g*g +→→gMg
E2*
E1
*
Eo אאאאאFKE
אF٨EאאאK
אאאאאא
F٨WEאאאא
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٤٧ -
١J١J٢אאאאK
אWאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאאאKאאאאK
אאאאאאאK
אאאאW• אK • אK • אאK
אאאW • אK • 100 mlK • א1000 mlK • א100 mlK
אאWWאאW
١. 1000 p.p.mאא1000 mlK
٢. אאאא1000 p.p.m100 p.p.m1000 mlK
٣. אאאאאFW5, 10, 15, 20, 25 p.p.mEא100 mlא100 p.p.mK
٤. אאאאאK
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٤٨ -
WאW١. אאאאאאאK ٢. אאאאאאאאK ٣. א،אאאא
K KEא،אFאא .٤٥. אאאK
אאKאאW
١. אא1000 p.p.mא1000 mlK
٢. אאא1000א p.p.m100 p.p.m1000 mlK
٣. אאא100א p.p.mאאאFW5,10,15,20,25 p.p.mEא100 mlK
٤. אאאאאאאאK ٥. אאאאK ٦. אאK ٧. אK
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٤٩ -
٢J١J٢אאאאאK
אWאאFNaClEא،
אאאאאאאאאאא،א
Kאאאא
אאאאW• אK • אאK • K
אאאW• אK • 1000 mlK • א1000 mlK • א100 mlK
אאWWאאW١. 1000 p.p.mאא
1000 mlK ٢. אאאא1000 p.p.m100 p.p.m
1000 mlK ٣. אאאאאFW5, 10, 15, 20, 25 p.p.mE
א100 mlא100 p.p.mK
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٥٠ -
٤. א١א،אאא٣
אא100 mlFW25, 50, 75, 100, 125
p.p.mEאאF1000 p.p.mKEWאאFאWE
١J 10gאNaCl100 mlK WאW
١. אאאאאאאK ٢. אאאאאאאאK ٣. א،אאאא
אאאאK ٤. אאK ٥. אאאK
אאWאאW
١. א1000א p.p.mא1000 mlK
٢. אאא1000א p.p.m100 p.p.m1000 mlK
٣. אאא100א p.p.mאאאFW5,10,15,20,25 p.p.mEא100 mlK
٤. אאאאאאאאK ٥. אאאאK ٦. אאK ٧. אאi)Ep.pmFgg /µKE
ii)EF% ( g/g K
W
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٥١ -
( )
( ) g sample theof
factor d. volumefinal /.. p.p.m )/(weight
mlgmppgg ××=
µµFiE
sample(g) theofweight 10factor d. volumefinal g/ml) ( p.p.m %
-4×××=
µ(ii)
K
٨. אאאא،אאFW25, 50, 75, 100, 125 p.p.mKE
W
א10 gאFאE100 mlא،אאאאא11א µg/ml (p.p.m)،
אFiEµg/g (p.p.m)FiiE%؟
אW
g/g 110 g 10
100ml g 11 µµ=
×=)..(/ mppggµFiE
0.011% g 10
10 ml 100/11 %-4
=××
=mlgµ
FiiE
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٥٢ -
אאאא
WאאAtomic Absorptionאאא?AA?א
אאא،אאאאאאאא،אאאאאא
אKKאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אp.p.bאW
אאאאאatomiser،אאאאאאאאאKאא
،אאאאFא٥E٪FEFאאKE
אאאFא٩٥E٪אFאאאאKEאאאאא
א،אKאWE
E אEEE
E E אWEE E EE
IIoא
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٥٣ -
אאאאאאאאmodulation
אאW
אאאאאאF٩E١- אאא،אאאאK٢- אא،אאK٣- אא،אK٤- ،אא،אאא
א،א،K
E EEI+EEEIoא
א
אאאא
א
F٩Eאא
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٥٤ -
١J٢J٢אאאא
אW،אא
אא،א،א،אא،אאK
אאאאW
• אK • K
אאאW• אK • 100 mlK • 1000 mlK • א100 mlK
אאWWאאW
١. 1000 p.p.mאא1000 mlK
٢. אאאא1000 p.p.m100 p.p.m100 mlK
٣. אאאאאFW5, 10, 15, 20, 25 p.p.mEא100 mlא100 p.p.mK
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٥٥ -
WאW
١. אאאאאK ٢. אאאK ٣. אאK
אאWאאW
١. אא1000 p.p.mא1000 mlK
٢. אאא1000א p.p.m100 p.p.m100 mlK
٣. אאא100א p.p.mאאאW5,10,15,20,25 p.p.m)Eא100 mlK
٤. אאאאאK ٥. אאK
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٥٦ -
٢J٢J٢אאאאא
אW،אאאאא
אKאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא
אKאאאאאאWאאאK
אאאאW
• אK • אאK • אK • אK • אK • אK • K
אאאW• אK • K • 250 mlK • 100 mlK • 25 mlK • א100 mlK
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٥٧ -
אאWWאאW
١. 0.5 gאK ٢. 5 mlאאאא
אאK ٣. אאאא
1א mlK ٤. א10 mlאאא25 ml،
אאK WאאW
١. א100 p.p.mא100 mlK
٢. WNa, K, Al100 mlאאK
٣. אאאאאFW2, 4, 6, 8, 10 p.p.mEא100 mlא100 p.p.m1
mlאאWNa, K, AlK WאW
١. אאאאאאK ٢. אאאK ٣. אאK
אאWאאW
١. אא100 p.p.mא100
mlK ٢. אאאאא100 p.p.mא
אW2, 4, 6, 8, 10 p.p.mא100 mlK
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٥٨ -
٣. אאאאאK ٤. אK ٥. אאFiEp.p.m ) /( ggµ
FiiE٪W
א0.5 gאא،אא25 mlאאא،
א3א µg/ml (p.p.m)،אµg/g (p.p.m)؟אWאאאאא٢J١J٢،
אK
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٥٩ -
אאF١EאאW
F١EJאאא،אאאאאא؟
F٢EJאאא؟אאאF٣EJ؟אאאF٤EJאאאא؟אKF٥EJאאאאאאא
א؟F٦EJ؟אאאאאאאאF٧EJ؟؟אאאאF٨EJאFCaCl2Eאאא110.99 g/mole
א100 p.p.m1000 ml؟F٩EJ1000 p.p.mאא،
100 p.p.m1000 ml؟F١٠EJא2.0 gא100 mlאאא،
א،אא4א µg/ml (p.p.m)Kאµg/g (p.p.m)؟
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٦٠ -
אאF٢EW
F١EJאאאאאאאKF٢EJאאאאאKF٣EJאאאאאKF٤EJאאאאאKF٥EJאWאאאאKF٦EJאאאאאאאKF٧EJאאאאKF٨EJ1.0 mlאאWNa, K, Alאאא
אK
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٦١ -
אאF٣EאאאW
F١EJאWKµgKKnmKmg
F٢EJאMgא10 p.p.m5א،אאW
K2 p.p.mK5 p.p.mK15 p.p.mK50 p.p.mF٣EJ א Cu 100 p.p.m ،
20 p.p.m 100 mlא א א א א W
K2 mlK10 mlK20 mlK5 mlF٤EJאאאאאא،
א5א0.5WK62.5 p.p.mK12.5 p.p.mK15 p.p.mK40 p.p.m
00.20.40.60.8
1
0 20 40
p.p.m
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٦٢ -
F٥EJאא0.4،א10א p.p.mא0.6W
K4 p.p.mK6 p.p.mK7.6 p.p.mK6.7 p.p.mF٦EJ1 mole/lFEאאא23W
K23 p.p.m K230 p.p.mK2300 p.p.mK23000 p.p.mF٧EJאאp.p.bW
KאאאאKאאאKאאKאאא
F٨EJ50 mlאאאאא،אא
2אאא،אWKאאאKאKאאאK25 mlא
00.20.40.60.8
1
0 10 20 30
p.p.m
A
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٦٣ -
F٩EJאNaClאאא58.54 g/moleא100 p.p.m100 mlא
א23א g/moleW K2.54 gK0.025 gK0.39 gK0.0039 g
F١٠EJאאא0.6אא1200 p.p.mא
א0.5אאWK1000 p.p.m
K360 p.p.mK1440 p.p.m
K4000 p.p.m
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٦٤ -
אאאF١EF١EJאאאKF٢EJאKF٣EJאאאKF٤EJאNaClKאאKF٥EJא٩٥K٪F٦EJאאאKF٧EJאאKאאאאKF٨EJאאW
אאאp.p.mאmlאאZאא×א×
1000 ×
1000
Z401
110.991000100
10001000
×××
Z0.277 gF٩EJאWC1 × V1 = C2 × V1
JאאאאF1000 p.p.mZE1
22CVC ×
Jml1001000
1000001C
CVV
1
221 =×=
×=
F١٠EJאµg/gW
g/g200 2.0g
ml 100 / 0.4 / µµµ =×
=mlggg
א٢٦٢אאאאאFEאאא
- ٦٥ -
אאאF٢EF١EJאאאאאא
אאאKF٢EJאKF٣EJאאאאאאא
אKF٤EJאאאKF٥EJאאאאאKF٦EJאאאKF٧EJאאאאאאאאא٩٥٪
אאאאאאא،אא٥٪K
F٨EJאאאK
א٢٦٢אאאאאFE
- ٦٧ -
אאאאאאאאW
WאאW١. אאאאאאK٢. אאאאאאאK ٣. אאאאאאאאאא
אK
WאW١. אאאאאאK٢. אאאאאK٣. אאK٤. אאא،K٥. אאאאאאאאK٦. אאאאK٧. אאא،אאאKKא،אא .٨٩. אאאאK١٠. אאאאK١١. אאאאאאK١٢. K١٣. אאאK١٤. אאFEK١٥. אאאאK١٦. אאאאאKKאאאא .١٧١٨. אאאאאאאאאאK
א٢٦٢אאאאאFE
- ٦٨ -
١٩. אאא،אאאאאK
٢٠. אאאאאK
WאאאW١. אאאאK ٢. אאאאאK ٣. א،אא،אאאK ٤. אא،אאאאא،אא
אK ٥. אאא،אאK ٦. אאאאאאאאK ٧. אאאאאאאאאK ٨. אאאאאאא
אאK
א٢٦٢אאאאאFE
- ٦٩ -
אא
1) Gary D. Chritian, Analytical Chemistry, fifth edition, John Willy & sons, Inc, 1986.
2) G.W. Ewing, Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis, Fourth edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975.
3) A.I. Vogel, Textbook of Quantitative chemical Analysis, fifth edition, Longman,
London 1975.
4) J.S. Fritz & G.H. Schenk, Quantitative Chemistry, Fourth edition, Allyn Bacon, Boston, 1979.
5) D.A. Skoog & D.M. West, Principles of Instrumental Methods of Analysis, sixth
edition, Holf Rinehart & Wiston, New York, 1991.
6) PAVIA & LAMPMAN, Introduction to spectroscopy, Saunders College Publishing.
٧E אKKאאKאאK،אאKאאאא،א،אא
א،١٩٨٦K
٨E אאא،אאJאא،אא،אא،١٩٩٨K
٩E ،אאאאאאאא،
אאאא،אK
א٢٦٢אאאאFE
א אא
אאWאאאאאWאאאא
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣
אאאאColorimeterKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥אאאאSpectronic 20DKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٨
אאאאאאא
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١١
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٦
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK١٩
אאאאאUV-1601PC
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢١
אאWאFאEאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢٤
אאאאא
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢٦
B2אאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٢٩
אאWאאאאאInfra-red Spectroscopy
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣١
אאאאאאאאאFIRE
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٥
אאאאאאאאאFIRE
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٧
אאF١EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٣٩
אאF٢EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٠
אאF٣EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤١
אאאF١EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٢
א٢٦٢אאאאFE
אאאF٢EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٣
אאאF٣EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٤
אאWאאא
אאWאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٦
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٧
אאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٤٩
אאWאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٢
אאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٤
אאאאאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٦
אאF١EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٥٩
אאF٢EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٠
אאF٣EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦١
אאאF١EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٤
אאאF٢EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٥
אאאF٣EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٦
אאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٦٩