R Semester 7, 2017-2018 T ATIGRAFI U N AP I...

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TRATIG

U NA P

[TGS7704]

Dr. Hill. Gendoet Hartono

Semester 7, 2017-2018

2 SKS teori

RAFI

GI

Pendahuluan, SP-BS-KS-MS v/s SGA

Magmatisme, Batuan Beku, Intrusi

Volkanisme, Batuan Piroklastika, Ekstrusi

Sumber, lokasi asal, sistim

Deskripsi, intrusi dangkal, lava, piroklastika

Genesis, proses terjadinya

Waktu, prinsip geologi

Fasies Gunung Api

Stratigrafi Gumuk

Stratigrafi Khuluk

Stratigrafi Bregada

Stratigrafi Manggala

Stratigrafi Busur

Aplikasi SGA, peta gga, rawan bencana, dll

Grading:20 % quizzes and task30 % mid test50 % final test

Volcano… a term borrowed from the

Romans… Vulcan was the Roman God of

fire that forged metal… the vent (or

chimney) of his furnace was an island

named Volcano… this was a simple

attempt by people to try to understand the

complex processes that cause volcanic

activity

Volcano Background

Volcano: A Definition

Volcano is the modern term used to

describe vents in the earth’s surface

through which molten rock, heated rock

debris, gases and water vapor are

expelled from beneath the earth’s surface

in igneous processes.

Volcanic Materials

• The stuff that results from volcanic activity

can be in the form of solids, liquids and

gases… some of these materials include

• water vapor (the major gas expelled)

• rock (lava or magma)

• pyroclastic materials

FORMATION OF A VOLCANIC NECK

[Hartono, 2000]

Lateral and/or vertical changes in physical

aspects of rock bodies deposited within a specific

interval of geologic time.

Volcanic Facies are usually named according to:

– closeness to source (central, proximal, distal)

– Depositional environment (subaerial, shallow

subaqueous, sub-glacial, etc.)

– Within deposit type (pyroclastic flow facies,

hyalotuff facies, dome facies, etc.)

Fasies gunung api

Williams & McBirney, 1979 (dalam Hartono, 2010)

Vessel & Davies, 1981 (dalam Hartono, 2010)

Fasies ini sebenarnya merupakan bukaan keluarnya magma dari

dalam bumi ke permukaan. Oleh sebab itu daerah ini akan dicirikan

oleh asosiasi batuan beku yang berupa kubah lava dan berbagai

macam batuan terobosan semi gunung api (subvolcanic intrusions)

seperti halnya leher gunung api (volcanic necks), sill, retas, dan kubah

bawah permukaan (cryptodomes). Batuan terobosan dangkal tersebut

dapat ditemukan pada dinding kawah atau kaldera gunung api masa

kini, atau pada gunung api purba yang sudah tererosi lanjut. Selain itu,

karena daerah bukaan mulai dari conduit atau diatrema sampai

dengan kawah merupakan lokasi terbentuknya fluida hidrotermal,

maka hal itu mengakibatkan terbentuknya batuan ubahan atau bahkan

mineralisasi. Apabila erosi di fasies sentral ini sangat lanjut, batuan tua

yang mendasari batuan gunung api juga dapat tersingkap.

Fasies Pusat

• Range- central vent out to about 2km

• Recognized by:

Lava domes and thick, banded lavas

Abundant dykes and sills

circular to elongate

stocks breccia pipes coarsely stratified,

poorly sorted air fall deposits (blocks and/or bombs present)

hydrothermally altered rocks

Interlayering of coarse grained tephra and lava flows

Lag-fall breccias of pyroclastic flows

No single feature- combination needed

Subaerial- Stratovolcanoes:

Central Facies

Williams & McBirney, 1979 (dalam Hartono, 2010)

• Rocks around a volcanic center deposited from pyf’s,

lava flows, debris flows/avalanches, fallout processes

and their erosional products.

• As distance from source increases within this facies,

there is an increase in amount of resedimented

epiclastic and pyroclastic debris

Proximal Facies (2-15km)

• Lahars- angular-sub angular blocks, poorly sorted, massive,

reverse grading at base

• Tephra layers with good bedding and sorting, grain size

coarse ash to lapilli

• Pyroclastic flow units (main body) underlain by surge

deposits (lense-like) and overlain by fine-bedded ash

deposits

• Broad, thick (15m) lava flows

• Block and ash flows from dome collapse-monolithic,

massive, poorly sorted.

• Clastic debris reworked by water

• Debris avalanche deposits-mounds (block facies) and

more normal laharic material.

Fasies ini merupakan kawasan gunung api yang

paling dekat dengan lokasi sumber atau fasies

pusat. Asosiasi batuan pada kerucut gunung api

komposit sangat didominasi oleh perselingan

aliran lava dengan breksi piroklastika dan

aglomerat. Kelompok batuan ini sangat resistan,

sehingga biasanya membentuk timbulan tertinggi

pada gunung api purba.

Fasies Proksimal

Williams & McBirney, 1979 (dalam Hartono, 2010)

Vessel & Davies, 1981 (dalam Hartono, 2010)

karena sudah lebih menjauhi lokasi sumber,

aliran lava dan aglomerat sudah berkurang,

tetapi breksi piroklastika dan tuf sangat

dominan, dan breksi lahar juga sudah mulai

berkembang. Sebagai daerah pengendapan

terjauh dari sumber.

Fasies Medial

• Base of volcano and beyond

• Rocks here characterized by a much greater lateral

continuity than those of the proximal and central facies.

Distal facies (>7-15km)

• Finely bedded tephra composed dominantly of finecoarse ash,

outward increasing ratio of glass to crystals

• Lahars with blocks that rarely exceed 1 meter in diameter and

have rounded or subrounded particles in the matrix. Lahars

may be interlayered with shallow water sediments.

• Pyroclastic flows will be thinner than in proximal areas, no surge

deposits, ash fall common above flows. May find distinct

layering caused by concentration of pumice at tops of flow

units.

• Interlayered shallow water sediments

• Rare lava flows-restricted to isolated vents

• Debris avalance mounds

Fasies ini didominasi oleh endapan rombakan gunung api

seperti halnya breksi lahar, breksi fluviatil, konglomerat,

batupasir, dan batulanau. Endapan primer gunung api di fasies

ini umumnya berupa tuf. Ciri-ciri litologi secara umum tersebut

tentunya ada kekecualian apabila terjadi letusan besar sehingga

menghasilkan endapan aliran piroklastika atau endapan

longsoran gunung api yang melampar jauh dari sumbernya.

Pada pulau gunung api ataupun gunung api bawah laut, di

dalam fasies distal ini batuan gunung api dapat berselang-seling

dengan batuan non gunung api, seperti halnya batuan karbonat.

Fasies Distal