Post on 03-Jun-2018
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An Introduction to the
Academic Word ListAveril Coxhead, Massey University, New Zealand
What is the Academic Word List?
The Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of 570
word families that are commonly found in
academic texts. This list was selected by
examining a large corpus (or collection) of
written academic texts and selecting thewords that occurred:
1 In texts from all four academic facultysections: Arts, Commerce, Law and Science.
2 Over 100 times in the corpus overall.
3 At least 10 times in each academicfaculty section.
4 Outside the 2000 most frequent wordson Michael Wests General Service List
(GSL). The GSL includes everyday wordssuch as I, houseanddo.
These principles ensured that only words that
occurred reasonably frequently in a variety of
study areas were selected.
The AWL targets vocabulary that occurs most
often in written academic texts. These words
also occur in newspapers but not as often as they
do in textbooks. The AWL words appear even
less in fiction. If your focus is learning academicvocabulary, you need to make sure you read
academic textbooks so that you encounter these
words in context.
How is the AWL organized?
The AWL is organized into Word Families.
Word families are made up of the parent word
and family members. Take for example the word
maximise. Its family members include inflections
of the verb such as maximised,maximisesandmaximisingas well as the noun
maximum. The word family also includes the
British spelling of the noun maximisation, as well
as maximization, the US spelling.
If you learn the verb maximise, you will be able
to recognise other family members such as
maximisedwhen you encounter them in your
reading. These words are closely related and themeaning is likely to be the same or similar. When
you are looking for words in this dictionary, think
about other word family members too.
Finally, there are some academic words that
do not have a word family. These words occur
on their own and do not have any inflections.
Examples include nonetheless,so-calledandbehalf.
Why is the AWL important?
The AWL is intended as a reference for students
who are studying or preparing to study at a
tertiary level in English. As a university lecturer,
I was aware of the difficulties that students had
in mastering the vocabulary necessary for written
assignments. The AWL does not include content
vocabulary for particular subjects which students
obviously need to learn as well. The AWL focuses
instead on the non-subject-specific vocabularythat students of any discipline will need to master
in order to produce coherently-structured written
assignments.
The AWL covers up to 10% of the vocabulary
covered in written academic texts. This means
that, on average, one word in 10 in an academic
textbook is in the AWL. Look at the following
extract from an academic text:
EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Environmental issuesare truly global.Many of the problems, like the releasingof CFCs into the atmosphere, have globaleffects and requireglobal action. Someproblems link to the exploitationof globalcommons theresourcesshared by theinternational communitysuchas ocean beds and the atmosphere.Sometimes small local problems, such
as poisonous gases leaking from landfillsand water pollution, are multiplied somany times in any local contextsthatthey become majorworld hazards. Theenvironmentis a global concern requiringglobal policies.
Academic Word List
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Academic Word List
The highlighted words are all on the AWL.
This sample illustrates clearly that the AWL
can help with decisions about which words are
important for you to learn if you are studying in
an English-speaking country.
How can the AWL help me with
my academic studies?
Knowledge of academic vocabulary is vital for
students studying at an English-speaking
university, particularly for reading and writing.
If you compare estimates of how many words a
native English speaker might know by the age of
18 (approximately 18,000 to 20,000 words) andhow many a learner who has had two or three
hours of schooling in English over
several years (roughly 2000 to 3000 words
depending on the language background of the
student), this gap is enormous. In order to read
and write successfully you need to be able to
recognize as many words as possible in your
textbooks and use as many as possible in your
essays. The bigger your vocabulary, the more you
will be able to cope with the high reading and
writing demands of your studies.
Academic writing tends to be quite formal in
style. The vocabulary items that you use in your
writing can affect the level of formality. Writers
need to know whether a word can be used in a
particular situation. Take for example consequent.
This is marked as formal. You would probably
not choose to use this word when speaking with
friends but you should use it in written English to
take your language to a higher level of formality.
The AWL will help you to focus on issues of
formality. Look out for the formal label in this
dictionary.
Remember that the AWL covers approximately
10% of all vocabulary in a piece of academic
writing. You should aim to have roughly the
same percentage in your own academic writing
too. If you go to the AWL highlighter website
by Sandra Haywood (http://www.nottingham.
ac.uk/~alzsh3/acvocab/awlhighlighter.html) you
can copy and paste your text into it and it will
highlight the AWL words for you. This will enable
you to see how many AWL words you are using
overall and whether you repeat the same words
many times in your writing.
When looking up words from the AWL in this
dictionary you should also focus on the bold
phrases that are highlighted. These show you the
key grammatical patterns and collocations for
that word. Collocations are words that commonly
occur together or near each other in a text, for
example effect on. Collocations and phrasesare important because they help with fluency
in writing and indicate that you are working at a
higher level with academic vocabulary than just
using a word from your own language and its
translation. The collocations in the following text
have been highlighted in blue.
DECLINING BIODIVERSITY
Whatever the effects onthis planets
climate, rain-forest clearance hasanotherundeniable impact. The disappearance ofrain forests is a major factoreroding theearths biodiversity, or, more simplycausing many thousands of species of plantand animal life to disappear forever. Whilerain forests account forjust seven percent ofthe earths surface, they are home to almosthalf of this planets living species. Estimatesof the total numberof species of animalsand plants range from1.5 million toas high
as 30 million. Researchers, in fact, haveidentified more than 1,000 species of antsalone (Wilson, 1991).
What strategies can I use to help
learn the AWL words?
Remember that building your vocabulary takes
time. You are not likely to learn everything you
need to know about a word the very first time you
see it. And dont expect to remember everythingabout a word after looking it up in a dictionary
once. Try some of these ideas to help you with
vocabulary building:
Make the most of the information given in
this dictionary to build up your knowledge of a
word. Look at the bold phrases highlighted in
the entry. These show important grammatical
patterns and collocations. Learn these rather
than the word in isolation.
Even if you think you already know a word,look it up in the dictionary to see if there is any
additional information that you dont know.
Research has shown that repetition helps
people to remember things. Make sure you
build repetition into your learning. You could
do this through using word cards to test
yourself or by keeping a vocabulary notebook.
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Academic Word List
behalfn
beneficialadj
beneficiaryn
benefit1n
benefit2v
bias1n
bias2vbiasedadj
bond1n
bond2v
brevityn
brief1adj
brief2n
brief3v
briefingn
brieflyadv
bulk1n
bulkyadj
capabilityn
capableadj
capacityn
categoryn
cease1v
challenge1n
challenge2v
challengingadj
channel1n
channel2
vchaptern
chart1n
chart2v
chemical1n
chemical2adj
circumstancen
citationn
citev
civiladj
clarificationn
clarifyv
clarityn
classic1adj
classic2n
classicaladj
clausen
code1n
code2v
codedadj
codingn
coherencen
coherentadj
coincidevcoincidencen
coincidentadj
coincidentaladj
collapse1v
collapse2n
colleaguen
commencev
commencementn
comment1n
comment2v
commentaryn
commentatorn
commission1n
commission2v
commitvcommitmentn
committedadj
commodityn
communicableadj
communicatev
communicationn
communicativeadj
communityn
compatibilityn
compatible1adj
compensatevcompensationn
compensatoryadj
compilationn
compilev
complement1n
complement2v
complementaryadj
complex1adj
complex2n
complexityn
component1
ncomponent2adj
compound1n
compound2v
compound3adj
comprehensiveadj
comprisev
computationn
computev
computern
computingn
conceivableadj
conceivev
concentrate1v
concentrationn
conceptn
conceptionn
conceptualadj
concludev
concludingadj
conclusionn
conclusiveadj
concurrentadj
conduct1vconduct2n
conferv
conferencen
confinev
confinedadj
confirmv
confirmationn
conflict1n
conflict2v
conformv
conformationn
conformistadj
conformityn
consensusn
consent1nconsent2v
consequencen
consequentadj
consequentlyadv
considerableadj
considerablyadv
consistv
consistencyn
consistentadj
constancyn
constant1adjconstant2n
constantlyadv
constituencyn
constituent1n
constituent2adj
constitutev
constitutionn
constitutional1adj
constrainv
constrainedadj
constraintnconstruct1v
construct2n
constructionn
constructiveadj
consultv
consultancyn
consultantn
consultationn
consultativeadj
consumev
consumern
consumptionn
contact1n
contact2v
contact3adj
contemporary1adj
contemporary2n
contextn
contextualadj
contextualizev
contract1n
contract2v
contractorncontradictv
contradictionn
contradictoryadj
contrary1n
contrary2adj
contrast1n
contrast2v
contrastingadj
contributev
contributionn
contributorn
controversialadj
controversyn
convenev
conventionnconventionaladj
converse3adj
converselyadv
conversionn
convert1v
convertible 1adj
convincev
convincedadj
convincingadj
cooperatev
cooperationncooperative1adj
coordinate1v
coordinate2n
coordinate3adj
coordinationn
coordinatorn
core1n
core2adj
core3v
corporateadj
corporationncorrespondv
correspondencen
correspondingadj
couple1n
couple2v
createv
creationn
creative1adj
creativityn
creatorn
credit1n
credit2v
creditorn
criterionn
crucialadj
culturaladj
culturallyadv
culture1n
currencyn
cycle1n
cycle2v
cyclicadj
datan
debatableadj
debate1n
debate2v
decaden
decline1n
decline2v
deducev
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Academic Word List
deductionn
definev
definiteadj
definitelyadv
definitionn
definitiveadj
demonstrableadjdemonstratev
demonstrationn
demonstrativeadj
demonstratorn
denialn
denotev
denyv
depressv
depressionn
derivationn
derivative1nderivative2adj
derivev
design1n
design2v
designer1n
despiteprep
detectv
detectionn
detectiven
detectorn
deviate1
vdeviationn
devicen
devotev
devotedadj
devotionn
differentiatev
dimensionn
diminishv
diminutionn
discreteadj
discretionn
discretionaryadj
discriminatev
discriminationn
disestablishv
displacev
displacementn
display1n
display2v
disposableadj
disposaln
disposev
disproportionndisproportionateadj
dissimilaradj
distinctadj
distinctionn
distinctiveadj
distinctlyadv
distortv
distributev
distributionn
distributiveadj
diverseadj
diversifyv
diversityn
document1n
document2vdocumentationn
domainn
domestic1adj
domesticatev
domesticatedadj
dominancen
dominant1adj
dominatev
draft1n
draft2v
draft3adjdraman
dramaticadj
dramatistn
dramatizev
durationn
dynamic1adj
dynamic2n
economicadj
economicaladj
economicallyadveconomicsn
economistn
economy1n
editv
editionn
editorn
editorial1adj
editorial2n
elementn
eliminatev
eliminationn
emergev
emergencen
emergentadj
emergingadj
emphasisn
emphasizev
emphaticadj
empiricaladj
empiricismn
enablev
enablingadj
encounter1vencounter2n
energeticadj
energyn
enforcev
enforcedadj
enforcementn
enhancev
enhancedadj
enormityn
enormousadj
enormouslyadv
ensurev
entityn
environmentn
environmentaladjenvironmentalistn
equatev
equationn
equipv
equipmentn
equivalent1adj
equivalent2n
erodev
erosionn
erroneousadj
errornestablishv
establishedadj
establishmentn
estaten
estimate1n
estimate2v
estimationn
ethicn
ethicaladj
ethnic1adj
ethnic2
nevaluatev
evaluationn
eventualadj
eventualityn
eventuallyadv
evidence1n
evidentadj
evidentialadj
evidentlyadv
evolutionn
evolutionaryadj
evolvev
exceedv
excludev
excludingprep
exclusionn
exclusive1adj
exclusivelyadv
exhibit1v
exhibit2n
exhibitionn
expandv
expansionnexpansionismn
expansiveadj
expert1n
expert2adj
expertisen
explicitadj
exploit1v
exploitationn
export1n
export2v
exportern
exposev
exposedadj
exposuren
externaladjexternalizev
extract1v
extract2n
extractionn
facilitatev
facilitatorn
facilityn
factor1n
factor2v
feature1nfeature2v
federaladj
federationn
feen
file1n
file2v
filingn
final1adj
final2n
finalityn
finalizevfinallyadv
finance1n
finance2v
financialadj
financiern
finiteadj
flexibilityn
flexibleadj
fluctuatev
fluctuationn
focus1v
focus2n
focussedadj
format1n
format2v
formulan
formulatev
forthcomingadj
found2v
foundationn
founder1n
foundingn
frameworknfunction1n
function2v
functionaladj
fund1n
fund2v
fundamentaladj
fundamentallyadv
fundingn
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Academic Word List
furthermoreadv
gendern
generatev
generationn
globalizationn
globengoaln
grade1n
grade2v
gradedadj
grant1v
grant2n
guarantee1v
guarantee2n
guidelinen
henceadvhierarchicaladj
hierarchyn
highlight1v
hypothesisn
hypothesizev
hypotheticaladj
identicaladj
identifiableadj
identificationn
identifyvidentityn
ideologicaladj
ideologyn
ignorancen
ignorantadj
ignorev
illegal1adj
illogicaladj
illustratev
illustrationn
illustrativeadj
imagen
imageryn
immatureadj
immigrantn
immigratev
immigrationn
impact1n
impact2v
implement1v
implement2n
implicatev
implicationnimplicitadj
implyv
imposev
impositionn
impreciseadj
inaccessibleadj
inaccuracyn
inaccurateadj
inadequacyn
inadequateadj
inappropriateadj
incapableadj
incapacitatev
incentiven
incidencenincidentn
incidentallyadv
inclinationn
incline1v
incline2n
incoherentadj
incomen
incompatibleadj
inconceivableadj
inconclusiveadj
inconsistencyninconsistentadj
incorporatev
incorporatedadj
indefiniteadj
indefinitelyadv
index1n
index2v
indicatev
indicationn
indicative1n
indicative2
adjindicatorn
indiscretionn
indistinctadj
individual1adj
individual2n
individualismn
individualistn
individualityn
individuallyadv
inducev
inductionn
inevitabilityn
inevitableadj
inevitablyadv
inferv
inferencen
infiniteadj
infinitelyadv
inflexibleadj
infrastructuren
inherentadj
inhibitv
inhibitionninitial1adj
initiallyadv
initiate1v
initiationn
initiativen
initiatorn
injurev
injuredadj
injuryn
innovatev
innovationn
innovativeadj
innovatorn
input1n
input2vinsecureadj
insert1v
insertionn
insightn
insightfuladj
insignificantadj
inspectv
inspectionn
inspectorn
instabilityn
instance1ninstance2v
institute1n
institute2v
institutionn
institutionaladj
institutionalizedadj
instructv
instructionn
instructiveadj
instructorn
insufficientadjintegraladj
integratev
integratedadj
integrationn
integrityn
intelligencen
intelligentadj
intenseadj
intensifyv
intensityn
intensiveadj
interactv
interactionn
interactiveadj
intermediate1adj
internaladj
internalizev
interpretv
interpretationn
interpretativeadj
interpretiveadj
intervaln
intervenevinterveningadj
interventionn
intrinsicadj
invalidatev
invalidityn
invariableadj
invariablyadv
investv
investigatev
investigationn
investigativeadj
investigatorn
investmentn
investorn
invisibleadjinvokev
involvev
involvementn
irrationaladj
irrelevancen
irrelevantadj
irreversibleadj
isolatev
isolatedadj
isolationn
isolationismnissue1n
issue2v
itemn
jobn
journaln
justifiableadj
justificationn
justifiedadj
justifyv
label1n
label2v
laborn
laboredadj
labour1n
labour2v
labouredadj
layer1n
layer2v
lecture1n
lecture2v
lecturern
legaladj
legalityn
legallyadv
legislatev
legislationn
legislativeadj
legislatorn
legislaturen
levy1v
levy2n
liberal1adjliberal2n
liberalismn
liberalizev
liberallyadv
liberatev
liberatedadj
licencen
licensev
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Academic Word List
licensedadj
likewiseadv
link1v
link2n
linkagen
locatev
locationnlogicn
logicaladj
logiciann
maintainv
maintenancen
major1adj
majorityn
manipulatev
manipulativeadj
manual1adjmanual2n
marginn
marginaladj
marginallyadv
maturationn
mature1adj
mature2v
maturityn
maximizev
maximum1adj
maximum2
nmechanismn
median
mediatev
medical1adj
medium1adj
medium2n
mentaladj
mentalityn
methodn
methodicaladj
methodologyn
migrantn
migratev
migrationn
migratoryadj
military1adj
military2n
minimaladj
minimizev
minimum1adj
minimum2n
ministerialadj
ministrynminor1adj
minorityn
misinterpretv
moden
modificationn
modifyv
monitor1v
motivatedadj
motivationn
motive1n
motive2adj
mutualadj
mutuallyadv
negatevnegative1adj
negative2n
network1n
network2v
networkingn
neutral1adj
neutralityn
neutralizev
neverthelessadv
nonconformistn
nonethelessadvnormn
normal1adj
normal2n
normalityn
normalizev
normallyadv
notionn
notwithstandingprep
nuclearadj
objective1
nobjective2adj
objectivelyadv
obtainv
obtainableadj
obviousadj
obviouslyadv
occupancyn
occupantn
occupationn
occupationaladj
occupiern
occupyv
occurv
occurrencen
oddadj
oddsn
offset1v
ongoingadj
optionn
optionaladj
orient1v
orientatev
orientatedadjorientationn
orientedadj
outcomen
output1n
output2v
overall1adj
overall2adv
overestimate1v
overestimate2n
overlap1v
overlap2n
overseas1adv
overseas2adj
panelnparadigmn
paragraphn
parallel1n
parallel2adj
parallel3v
parametern
participantn
participatev
participationn
participatoryadj
partner1npartnershipn
passive1adj
passive2n
perceivev
percent1adj
percent2n
percentagen
perceptionn
period1n
periodicadj
periodicalnpersistv
persistencen
persistentadj
perspectiven
phase1n
phase2v
phenomenaladj
phenomenonn
philosophern
philosophicaladj
philosophizev
philosophyn
physical1adj
physicallyadv
plus1prep
plus2n
plus3adj
policyn
portion1n
pose1v
pose2n
positive1adj
positivelyadvpotential1adj
potential2n
potentiallyadv
practitionern
precedev
precedencen
precedentn
precedingadj
preciseadj
preciselyadv
precision1n
precision2adj
predictv
predictableadj
predictionnpredominancen
predominantadj
predominantlyadv
predominatev
preliminary1adj
preliminary2n
presumablyadv
presumev
presumptionn
previousadj
previouslyadvprimacyn
primarilyadv
primary1adj
prime1adj
principal1adj
principallyadv
principlen
principledadj
prior1adj
prioritizev
priority1
nproceduraladj
proceduren
proceedv
proceedingn
proceedsn
process1n
process2v
processedadj
professional1adj
professional2n
professionalismn
professionallyadv
prohibitv
prohibitionn
prohibitiveadj
project1n
project2v
projectionn
promotev
promotern
promotionn
proportion1n
proportionaladjproportionateadj
prospect1n
prospectiveadj
protocoln
psychologicaladj
psychologistn
psychologyn
publicationn
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Academic Word List
symbolicadj
symbolismn
symbolizev
tape1n
tape2v
target1ntarget2v
task1n
task2v
team1n
team2v
technicaladj
technicallyadv
techniquen
technologicaladj
technologyn
temporaryadjtense1adj
tensionn
terminal1adj
terminal2n
terminatev
terminationn
text1n
textualadj
thematicadj
themen
theoreticaladjtheoreticallyadv
theoristn
theoryn
therebyadv
thesisn
topicn
topicaladj
trace1v
trace2n
tracingn
traditionn
traditionaladj
traditionalistn
transfer1v
transfer2n
transferencen
transformv
transformationn
transitn
transitionn
transitionaladj
transitoryadj
transmissionntransmitv
transport1n
transport2v
transportationn
transportern
trendn
trigger1n
trigger2v
ultimate1adj
ultimatelyadv
unaccompaniedadj
unaffectedadj
unaidedadj
unalterableadj
unambiguousadjunanticipatedadj
unapproachableadj
unattachedadj
unattainableadj
unavailableadj
unawareadj
unbiasedadj
unchartedadj
unconstitutionaladj
unconventionaladj
undeniableadjunderestimate1v
underestimate2n
undergov
underliev
underlyingadj
undertakev
undertakingn
underwentv
undiminishedadj
uneconomicaladj
unethicaladjunfoundedadj
unificationn
unifiedadj
uniform2adj
uniformityn
unifyv
uniqueadj
unjustifiedadj
unlicensedadj
unobtainableadj
unparalleledadj
unprecedentedadj
unpredictableadj
unprincipledadj
unpublishedadj
unregulatedadj
unreliableadj
unresolvedadj
unresponsiveadj
unrestrainedadj
unrestrictedadj
unscheduledadj
unspecifiedadjunstableadj
unstressedadj
unstructuredadj
unsustainableadj
utilityn
utilizev
validadj
validatev
variable1adj
variable2n
variancen
variantn
variationnvariedadj
varyv
vehiclen
versionn
viaprep
violatev
violationn
virtualadj
virtuallyadv
visibilityn
visibleadjvisiblyadv
visionn
visual1adj
visualizev
visuallyadv
volumen
voluntarilyadv
voluntary1adj
volunteer1n
volunteer2v
welfaren
whereasconj
wherebyadv
widespreadadj