1. Integrated Nutrient management,

2. Integrated Water Management,3. Integrated Soil management,4. etc

1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan hara tanaman ?

2. Mengapa perlu dikelola secara terpadu ?

3. Apa tujuan dari pengelolaan hara tanaman terpadu ?

4. Hara tanaman apa saja yang dapat dikelola secara terpadu ?

5. Bagaimana cara pengelolaannya ?

UNSUR YANG ADA DALAM JARINGAN

TANAMAN ≠ UNSUR HARA

YANG DIBUTUHKAN

TANAMAN

Enhanced Soil Fertility

Enhanced Pest Regulation

Synergisme

Healthy Agroecosystem

Healthy Crop

FertilizersCover cropsGreen manuresMulchingCompostRotations

Crop diversity Cultural practices Pesticides Herbicides Habitat modification

Interactions (+; -)

Agroecology: science & sustainability

Integrated Plant Management

Decisions

6

Integrated Nutrient Management advocates balanced & integrated use of fertilizers.

INM envisage following components : Use of Chemical fertilisers including

secondary and micro-nutrients, Bio-fertilisers, Organic manures, green manures, press

mud etc.Application of INM needs to be based upon

Soil test results (ideally)

HUKUM MINIMUM LIEBIG

minimum

Dikelola jumlah (takaran)nya

0102030405060708090

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

Gro

wth

(% o

f max

imum

)Luxury

ConsumptionToxicity

Visual Symptoms

Defic

ienc

y

10% Reduction in Growth

Visual Symptoms

Critical NutrientRange

(no symptoms)

Critical Concentration

Concentration of Nutrient in Tissue (dry basis)

Dikelola jenis (macam) hara-nya

1. N berlebihan meningkatkan kekahatan tembaga (Cu) & boron (B), tingkatkan kerentanan thd serangan hama & penyakit,

2. P berlebihan mengganggu serapan tembaga (Cu), besi (Fe) dan seng (Zn),

3. K berlebihan menimbulkan kekahatan boron & menurunkan rasio minyak terhadap tandan pada sawit,

4. Tembaga (Cu) & sulfat berlebihan hambat serapan Mo,

5. Tembaga, seng & mangan berlebihan hambat serapan Fe,

6. K atau Na berlebihan turunkan serapan mangan & boron,

7. N & Mg berlebihan sebabkan kekahatan tembaga,

8. Pengapuran (Ca) berlebihan turunkan serapan boron & kekahatan Mg,

9. Kelebihan besi, tembaga atau seng hambat serapan Mn.

How the pH of Soil Affects the Availability of Nutrients

Different types of plants have different soil pH requirements

Dikelola jenis (macam) sumber hara-nya

1. Mineral

2. Organik

3. Gas

Plant roots – the primary route for mineral nutrient acquisition

• Meristematic zone– Cells divide both in direction of

root base to form cells that will become the functional root and in the direction of the root apex to form the root cap

• Elongation zone– Cells elongate rapidly, undergo

final round of divisions to form the endodermis. Some cells thicken to form casparian strip

• Maturation zone– Fully formed root with xylem

and phloem – root hairs first appear here

ROOT ABSORBS DIFFERENT MINERAL IONS IN DIFFERENT AREAS

• Calcium– Apical region

• Iron– Apical region (barley)– Or entire root (corn)

• Potassium, nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate– All locations of root surface

• In corn, elongation zone has max K accumulation and nitrate absorption

– In corn and rice, root apex absorbs ammonium faster than the elongation zone does

– In several species, root hairs are the most active phosphate absorbers

WHY SHOULD ROOT TIPS BE THE PRIMARY SITE OF NUTRIENT UPTAKE?

Tissues with greatest need for nutrients Cell elongation requires Potassium, nitrate, and chlorine to

increase osmotic pressure within the wall, Ammonium is a good nitrogen source for cell division in

meristem, Apex grows into fresh soil and finds fresh supplies of

nutrients.Nutrients are carried via bulk flow with water, and

water enters near tips, Maintain concentration gradients for mineral nutrient

transport and uptake.

ROOT UPTAKE SOON DEPLETES NUTRIENTS NEAR THE ROOTS

• Formation of a nutrient depletion zone in the region of the soil near the plant root– Forms when rate of

nutrient uptake exceeds rate of replacement in soil by diffusion in the water column

– Root associations with Mycorrhizal fungi help the plant overcome this problem

1. Musim potensi fotosintesis,2. Potensi produksi tanaman,3. Interaksi hara (nol, sinergisme, antagonisme),4. Hara total vs tersedia tanah & faktor penjerapnya,,5. Reaksi pupuk (kemasaman akibat 100 kg Za diatasi

dg 107 kg kaptan; 100 kg Urea dg 36 kg kaptan),6. Jumlah & perbandingan hara terbawa panen,7. Kandungan hara dlm daun (efektivitas serapan),8. Aktivitas Biota tanah,9. Cara & waktu pemberian pupuk.

Dasar Penetapan

1. Pemberian Zn tingkatkan serapan K, perbaiki status N, P & Ca didalam tanaman, tingkatkan produksi kelapa sawit sampai 12 – 78%,

2. Pemberian Zn melalui daun (larutan 1000 ppm Zn) lebih efektif drpd pemberian lewat tanah atau injeksi

N

CaP

MgK

S

16EssentialElements

C H O

B Cl CuFeMn Mo

Zn

Non-Mineral Nutrients

Carbon

(C)

Hydrogen

(H)

Oxygen

(O)

Used in photosynthesis

MINERAL NUTRIENTSMajor Nutrients

1. Nitrogen (N)2. Phosphorus (P)3. Potassium (K)

Secondary Nutrients1. Calcium (Ca)2. Magnesium (Mg)3. Sulfur (S)

Micronutrients1. Boron (B)2. Chloride (Cl)3. Copper (Cu)4. Iron (Fe)5. Manganese (Mn)6. Molybdenum (Mo)7. Zinc (Zn)

MuatanNegatif Kation2

teradsorbsi

Ca2+

H+

K+

Mg2+

H+

NH4+

H+

Na+

fenolik O-

hidroksil O-

COO-karboksil

O-fenolik

COO-karboksil

COO-karboksil

O-

O-

COO-

COO-

SATUAN INTIKOLOID HUMUS

(C, H & O)

H+

K+

Mg2+

H+

NH4+

H+

Na+

Kation2 dalam larutan tanah

ADSORPSI (JERAPAN) KATION OLEH KOLOID HUMUS & SEL-SEL MIKROBA DALAM TANAH

NUTRIENT CHEMICAL SYMBOL IONIC FORM

Chlorine Cl Cl-

Nitrate N NO3-

Sulfate S SO4=

Borate B BO4=

Phosphate P H2PO4-

NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONSARE CALLED ANIONS

Unlikes

Attract

Likes

Repel

+

+

+

+

-

---

SIFAT KATION-ANION

Negatively Charged ColloidsAttract Cations

K+

Ca++

Na+

Ca++

H+

Mg++

-

---

- -

---

Soil Colloid

HOW DOES CATION EXCHANGE AFFECT SOIL pH?

Raising soil pH with lime Ca(OH)2 + 2H+ Ca2+ + 2H2O

UNSUR DISERAP TANAMAN DALAM BENTUK

KONSENTRASI (%) BOBOT

KERINGNitrogen (N) NH4

+; NO3- 4,0Fosfor (P) PO4

3-; HPO42-; H2PO4

- 0,5Kalium (K) K+ 4,0Magnesium (Mg) Mg2+ 0,5Belerang (S) SO4

2- 0,5Kalsium (Ca) Ca2

+ 1,0

UNSUR DISERAP TANAMAN DALAM BENTUK

KONSENTRASI BOBOT KERING

Besi (Fe) Fe 2+; Fe3+ 200 ppmMangan (Mn) Mn2+ 200 ppmSeng (Zn) Zn2+ 30 ppmTembaga (Cu) Cu2+ 10 ppmBoron (B) BO3

2-; B4O72- 60 ppm

Molibden (Mo) MoO42- 2 ppm

Klor (Cr) Cl- 3000 ppm

CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY(CEC)

The total number of exchangeablecations a soil can hold

(amount of its negative charge)

SOIL

H+

Ca++

Mg++

K+

Al 3+

NH4+

+ 9 NH4OAc

SOIL

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

H+

Ca++

Mg++

K+

Al 3+

NH4+

+ + 9 OAc

Solution

“Conventional” CEC determination by displacement of cations with ammonium acetate extraction

+ 9 KCl

SOIL

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

+ 9 NH4+ + 9 Cl-

Solution

SOIL

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

NH4+

Filter and measure ammoniumby steam distillation of ammonia

Displacement of ammonium ions with KCl solution

Actual Soil Test Lab CEC Method- usually a summation method

• Cations determined by: – extraction using ammonium acetate, Mehlich

1, or Mehlich 3 extractants– analysis using atomic absorption spectrometry

or ICP equipment• Sum of extractable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na),

with some adjustment for H+ and Al3+(using pH), gives estimate of “true” CEC

Generally ….the higher the CEC

The more fertile the soil tends to beThe more clay the soil tends to haveThe more organic matter a soil tends to have (especially for weathered, sandy, soils in the South)

CLAY AND ORGANIC MATTER HAVE GREATEST INFLUENCE ON CEC

Clay

10-150 meq/100g

Organic Matter

200-400 meq/100g

ORGANIC MATTER HAS A HIGHER CEC