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PENYELIDIKAN UMUM (GENERAL SURVEY)
EKSPLORASI (EXPLORATION)
PENGEMBANGAN TAMBANG (DEVELOPMENT)
PENAMBANGAN (EXPLOITATION) METODA
PENGOLAHAN/PEMURNIAN (PROCESSING)
PENJUALAN (MARKETING)
METODE PENAMBANGAN
DIBAGI MENJADI :
Tambang Terbuka/Tambang Permukaan (Surface Mining)
Tambang Bawah Tanah/Tambang Dalam (Underground Mining)
Penambangan : kegiatan yang dilakukan baik secara sederhana (manual) maupun mekanis yang meliputi penggalian, pemberaian, pemuatan dan pengangkutan bahan galian.
Aktivitas penambangan berhubungan langsung dengan udara luar (atmosfer)
Keadaan tanah penutup
Keadaan endapan bahan tambang
Kondisi hidrogeologi
Fasilitas teknik yang tersedia
Iklim dan cuaca
Kondisi lingkungan
Biaya relatif lebih rendah
Kondisi tempat kerja lebih leluasa & aman
Penggunaan alat-alat berat lebih leluasa
Mining recovery lebih tinggi
Pengamanan, pengaturan & kontrol lebih mudah
Kondisi kerja dipengaruhi iklim & cuaca
Kedalaman penggalian terbatas stripping ratio
Kerusakan lingkungan
Dibatasi tata guna lahan
I. PLACER MINING : Panning & Sluicing
Hidraulicking
Dredging
II. OPEN PIT :
Single-bench Mining
Multi-bench Mining
Quarry Mining
Strip MiningIII. GLORY HOLE
Pengangkutan melalui terowongan di bawah endapan bahan tambang
*) K. Sweet : Mining 1
Placer MiningPlacer mining involves excavating loose, or alluvial, deposits such as sand, gravel, silt, or clay. Valuable minerals are separated from the alluvial materials through a system of screens, jigs, and sluices. Placer minerals include metals
such as gold, platinum, and tin, and gems such as diamonds and rubies.
• Detrital mineral• Pada/dekat aliran air• Tidak dalam
Cara tradisional/manual Menggunakan alat pendulangan Pemisahan dengan bantuan aliran air
Sering dilakukan sebagai metoda sampling pada eksplorasi endapan placer
Penambangan emas sekunder (placer) atau intan (Martapura)
Berat jenis mineral berharga > B.D. batuan
Produksinya terbatas
Diamond Mining in IndonesiaDue to the presence of valuable minerals, especially tin
and petroleum, mining is an important industry in Indonesia. Some Indonesians are involved in small-
scale forms of mineral extraction, such as traditional diamond mining. Here on the island of Borneo, miners
wash gravel excavated from nearby pits and then examine the sifted soil with large, conical containers to
locate raw diamonds and gemstones.
PENAMBANGAN EMAS TANPA IZIN
• MATERIAL DIAMBIL DARI BEKAS TAMBANG PT. ANTAM BERUPA URAT URAT TIPIS
• SISA PROSESSING UMUMNYA DIBUANG KE SUNGAI (TANPA BAK PENAMPUNG)
• RECOVERY PENGOLAHAN 35 - 40 %
Menggunakan semprotan air untuk memisahkan bahan tambang
Menggunakan alat semprot GIANT atau MONITOR
Digunakan pada endapan alluvial, mis. pasir besi, timah sekunder, emas.
Material hasil semprotan dialirkan/ dipompakan ke instalasi pemisah konsentrat.
Syarat utama tersedia cukup banyak air
Menggunakan Kapal Keruk sebagai alat gali
Biasa digunakan untuk penambang-an endapan alluvial (timah sekunder)
Bisa dilakukan di laut ataupun di darat, tergantung dari jenis, bentuk dan ukuran kapal keruk.
Pemisahan konsentrat dilakukan di kapal keruk itu sendiri
Open-Cut Mining in AustraliaMining in the Pilbara region of Western Australia is done by the open-cut method, in which large
masses of ore-bearing rock are broken up and then removed by power shovels and trucks. Mining is one of Australia’s most important industries. The country has large deposits of bauxite, coal,
diamonds, gold, iron ore, nickel, uranium, and other minerals.
(Open Mine, Open Cut, atau Open Cast)
• Penambangan endapan mineral pada setiap jenis batuan
• Letak dekat permukaaan tanah
• Dimensi horisontalnya besar
• Produksi tinggi, biaya rendah
• Dilakukan secara berjenjang (benching)
• Membentuk cekungan/pit
Penyebaran deposit
Stripping ratio Kondisi iklim/
cuaca Kecepatan pro-
duksi yang diharapkan
Ketersediaan peralatan
PIT LAYOUT
Kennecott Copper MineThe Kennecott Copper Mine, located southwest of Salt Lake City, is the largest excavation in the
world and the first open-pit copper mine. The mine assists in making Utah the second leading state in copper production.
Mining in the YukonMining has dominated the Yukon Territory’s economy since gold was discovered there in 1896. With rich mineral
deposits located throughout this Canadian province, mining continues to be its principal economic activity. Here, lead and zinc are extracted and loaded onto a truck at the Anvil open-pit mine in Faro, a town in the southeastern Yukon.
Sejenis dengan Open Pit
Untuk endapan bijih yang terdapat pada lereng
Bentuk tambang melingkari bukit/gunung
Arizona Copper Mine
This open-pit copper
mine at Morenci is the largest
copper mine in Arizona.
Large underground and open-pit mines in the southern
half of the state make Arizona the
leader in United States copper
production.
Open-Cut Copper Mine Utah
Metallic copper and copper ores, such as chalcopyrite and bornite, are mined in open-pit mines from deposits near the earth’s surface. Further refining is necessary to separate the copper from impurities such as sulfides, carbonates, iron, and silicates. Copper is used extensively in electrical components because of its high conductivity. Shown here is
one of North America’s largest open-pit copper mines, located in Kennecott, Utah.
Sejenis Open Cut Mining
Bahan galian non logam, mis. andesit, granit, batu kapur, marmer, serpih (shale) dll.
Dua jenis quarry : “dimension stone” dan “broken stone”
Salah satu metoda Open Pit Mine
Untuk endapan bahan galian yang luas dan horisontal (bedded deposit)
Paling cocog untuk tambang batubara terbuka
Dilakukan blasting tergantung kondisi overburdennya
Area Mining atau Contour Mining
Coal Strip Mine This excavated area, which borders farmland, has been strip mined for coal. Unless the strip mine is filled and revegetated, surface water runoff from the
mined area can flush sediments and sulfur-bearing compounds (acid drainage) into nearby streams and rivers, endangering plant and wildlife communities.
Coal Auger in Strip MineAfter the surface of a hill is stripped, a giant auger drill bores through the sides to get at the rich coal beds underneath the topsoil. The drills may penetrate as far as 30 m
(100 ft).
German Coal MiningAthough mining makes up only a small part of the German economy, some minerals are still produced
in large quantities, especially the type of coal known as lignite. Much of the lignite in Germany is produced in surface, or strip, mines, where machines remove dirt and rock from above the coal
deposits. Some of the machines used in German mining are the largest of their kind in the world; so-called shovel wheels, like the one shown here, can do the same amount of work in a day as thousands
of men.
Jenis surface mining/open pit mining
Pengangkutan melalui terowongan di bawah tempat penambangan
Pemberaian dilakukan dengan peledakan
Hancuran ore turun/jatuh ke terowongan karena gravitasi
Digunakan hampir pada semua jenis deposit yang tidak akan menggumpal/ menyumbat.
Kaolin MineGeorgia leads the nation in kaolin production. Kaolin is a soft white clay used in the manufacture of china, bricks,
and paper, among other things. This is an open pit kaolin mine.
Giant Coal BucketStrip miners often use extremely large buckets to level or move land. The buckets have sharp, slanted teeth on the front edge and are dragged along the surface of the ground by powerful machines. This
bucket, used in the Big Muskie coal mine in Ohio, is the size of a small house.
Letak deposit jauh di bawah permukaan tanah
Aktivitas kerja tidak berhubungan langsung dengan udara luar
Karakteristik spatial ore body
Sifat dan kondisi ore dan contry rock
Kondisi hidrogeologi
Faktor ekonomis (grade, nilai dan distribusi mineral)
Biaya eksploitasi
Kondisi lingkungan
Tidak dipengaruhi keadaan iklim dan cuaca
Kerusakan lingkungan dan tataguna lahan relatif kecil
Produksi yang dihasilkan relatif lebih bersih karena batuan samping tidak terikutkan
Tidak memerlukan lahan bukaan yang luas
Biaya operasional lebih besar
Alat-alat besar tidak bisa leluasa dipergunakan
Kondisi kerja lebih membahayakan
Pengamanan, pengaturan dan kontrol lebih rumit
Perolehan tambang lebih kecil, krn lingkup kerja & peralatan terbatas.
Ventilation shaft
Main shaft
Auxiliary Level
Ore Body
Pillar Horizontal
Main Level I
Main Level II
Sub Level I
Sub Level IIStope
Hanging Wall Foot Wall
Sump
Skip
Water Basin
Pump Station
Skip Filling Station
Ore bin
WinzeDrift ExplorationDiamond
Drilling
Communication raise, manway
Ore pass
Ore pass
Haulage drift
Surface production
Un
derg
rou
nd
P
rod
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nd
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Dvl
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Exp
lora
tion
I. SELF SUPPORTING OPENINGS :
Open Stope Mining
Pillared Open StopedII. ARTIFICIAL
SUPPORTING :
Shrinkage Stoping
Cut and Fill
Stull Stoping
Square-set Stoping
Longwall MiningIII. CAVING METHOD
Caving
Top Slicing*) K. Sweet : Mining 1
ISOLATED OPEN STOPE
MINING
(GOPHERING)Tanpa
penyanggaan
Batuan keras dan kompak
Bentuk endapan
tidak teratur
Ukuran endapan kecil
Kadar bijih tinggi dan berharga
mahal
Endapan bijih berbentuk
urat, tebal 1-20 mtr
Kemiringan + 300
Ore & batuan samping
keras dan kuat
Batas ore & batuan
samping jelas
Penyebaran grade merata
Pillar dari ore
Grade & ketebalan ore relatif rata
Kemiringan relatif datar
Biasa dilakukan untuk batubara bawah tanah
Perolehan tambang 50-75%
Penambangan ke arah atas
Dilakukan peledakan
Endapan bijih berbentuk vein,
lebar dan kemiringan > 500
Ore & batuan samping tidak mudah runtuh
Penyebaran grade agak homogen
Penambangan ke arah atas
Bekas galian diisi dengan waste/tailing
Bentuk endapan bijih vein, tebal 1-6 mtr, kemiringan sekitar 450
Endapan bijih masif, sedang batuan samping bisa lunak/kurang kompak
Endapan bijih bernilai tinggi
Deep Mine Shaft
An Idaho miner operates a jack-leg drill more than 1500
m (5000 feet) below the surface. Miners in the Lucky Friday mine face the same dangers encountered in all
deep shafts: potential buildup of hazardous gases,
explosive coal dust, and possible roof collapse. Good ventilation systems, rock-
dusting with limestone, and extensive steel
reinforcement are used to lower the possibility of
these accidents.
Penyanggaan secara teratur antara footwall &
hanging wall
Struktur ore deposit dan batuan samping lemah
Bentuk deposit tidak teratur, tebal < 3.6 meter
Biaya tinggi untuk personel dan material
Populer digunakan untuk penambangan batubara bawah tanah
Menggunakan serangkaian dongkrak hidraulik (“jack”) untuk menyangga atap tambang (panjang rangkaian bisa mencapai 180 mtr)
Penggalian memakai mesin pemotong dengan me-motong2 batubara 50-75 cm
Jack secara otomatis bergerak maju, sementara atap di belakangnya dibiarkan runtuh
Batubara ditranspor dengan belt conveyor
Produksi bisa 4-5 kali lebih besar dari room & pillar
Tidak bisa diterapkan jika lapisan batuan di atasnya bisa mengalami penurunan
(subsidence)
Penambangan dilakukan dengan cara meruntuhkan endapan bijih
Tipe endapan bijih masif, menyebar secara horisontal, cukup berkadar
rendah
Penurunan permukaan tanah dapat ditolerir
Sebagai pengembangan dari open pit
Penambangan ke atas dari setiap sub level, dimulai dari
bagian atas
Endapan bijih lemah sedang
batuan samping dapat pecah jadi
bongkah-bongkah
Tebal endapan bijih > 3 mtr
Penambangan dengan
cara diruntuhkan blok per blokDigunakan untuk endapan bijih masif, kadar rendah dan tersebar, berukuran
luas secara mendatar, dan strukturnya lemah (mudah runtuh)
Produksinya tinggi, biaya rendah tapi recovery akan turun jika bijih terkontaminasi (dilution) oleh batuan samping
Penambangan mulai dari atas le
arah bawah
Pada bukaan sebelumnya
disangga dg kayu
Setelah bukaan berikutnya, penyangga
diledakkan dan overburden
runtuh
Digunkan pada endapan bijih masif, berlapis tebal atau vein
Endapan bijih dan batuan
samping lemah dan mudah
runtuh
Cutting PeatA worker cuts peat from lush peatland in Ireland. Peat is the first stage in the transformation of
vegetation into coal. For hundreds of years, people have cut, dried, and burned it for heating and cooking. This compact, dark-brown material contains about one third less heating value than coal.
Pit Mining in BrazilWorkers excavate a pit mine in northeastern Brazil by hauling sacks of earth up steep
ladders. Open-pit excavations are the least expensive method of exploiting mineral resources located close to the earth’s surface. Prospectors have been pit mining for
gold and other minerals in Brazil since colonial times.