Post on 21-Jun-2015
LINGKUNGANLINGKUNGAN
ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Production and logistics
Research and development
HR and HRD/Human resource
management
Marketing and sales
PersonnelLeadership
•People are everywhere
Other companies
LINGKUNGANLINGKUNGAN
• Secara umum diartikan sebagai sesuatu Secara umum diartikan sebagai sesuatu yg tdk berhingga (yg tdk berhingga (infinitinfinit) dan mencakup ) dan mencakup seluruh elemen yang tdp di luar suatu seluruh elemen yang tdp di luar suatu organisasiorganisasi
• Untuk Analisis, lingkungan adalah Untuk Analisis, lingkungan adalah seluruh elemen yg tdp di luar batas-seluruh elemen yg tdp di luar batas-batas organisasi, yg mempunyai potensi batas organisasi, yg mempunyai potensi utk mempengaruhi sebagian ataupun utk mempengaruhi sebagian ataupun suatu organisasi secara keseluruhan.suatu organisasi secara keseluruhan.
(a) Competitors, industry size and competitiveness, related issues(b) Suppliers, manufacturers, real estate, services(c) Labor market, employment agencies, universities, training schools, employees in other companies, unionization(d) Stock markets, banks, savings and loans, private investors(e) Customers, clients, potential users of products and services(f) Techniques of production, science, computers, information technology
(g) Recession, unemployment rate,inflation rate, rate of investment,
economics, growth(h) City, state, federal laws
and regulations, taxes,services, court system,
political processes(i) Age, values, beliefs,
education, religion,work ethic, consumer
and greenmovements
(j) Competition fromand acquisition by
foreign firms,entry into overseas
markets, foreign customs, regulations,
exchange rates
An Organization’s An Organization’s EnvironmentEnvironment
(j)International
Sector
(d)Financial
ResourcesSector
(e)MarketSector
(f)Technolo
gySector
(g)EconomicConditions
Sector
(a)IndustrySector
(h)Government
Sector
(c)Human Resourc
esSector
(b)Raw
MaterialsSector
(i)Sociocultur
alSector
ORGANIZATION
DOMAIN
MarketSub-environment
Customers AdvertisingCompetitors agencies
Distributionsystem
ManufacturingSub-environment
Labor Raw Suppliersmaterials
Productionequipment
ScientificSub-environment
Scientific Researchjournals centers
Professionalassociations
Organizational Departments Organizational Departments Differentiate to Meet Needs Differentiate to Meet Needs
ofofSub-environmentsSub-environments
President
R & DDivision
SalesDivision
ManufacturingDivision
KETIDAKPASTIAN LINGKUNGANKETIDAKPASTIAN LINGKUNGAN
Pengaruh lingkungan thd organisasi dpt Pengaruh lingkungan thd organisasi dpt dianalisis melalui 2 dimensi :dianalisis melalui 2 dimensi :
• Uncertainty (Ketidakpastian)Uncertainty (Ketidakpastian)
Keadaan dimana pimpinan organisasi Keadaan dimana pimpinan organisasi tdk mempunyai informasi yg cukuptdk mempunyai informasi yg cukup
• Complexity (Keragaman)Complexity (Keragaman)
Heterogenitas/banyaknya elemen Heterogenitas/banyaknya elemen eksternal yg berpengaruh thd eksternal yg berpengaruh thd berfungsinya suatu organisasiberfungsinya suatu organisasi
Low Uncertainty
1. Mechanistic structure; formal, centralized2. Few departments
3. No integrating roles
4. Current operations orientation; low speed response
High-Moderate Uncertainty
1. Organic structure, teamwork; participative, decentralized2. Few departments, much boundary spanning3. Few integrating roles4. Planning orientation; fastresponse
High Uncertainty
1. Organic structure, teamwork; participative, decentralized2. Many departments differentiated, extensive boundary spanning3. Many integrating roles
4. Extensive planning, forecasting; high speed response
Low-Moderate Uncertainty
1. Mechanistic structure; formal, centralized2. Many departments, some boundary spanning3. Few integrating roles4. Some planning; moderate speed response
Contingency Framework for Contingency Framework for Environmental Uncertainty Environmental Uncertainty
and Organizational and Organizational ResponsesResponses
Uncertainty
Uncertainty
ENVIRONMENTALCHANGE
STABLE
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLEXITY
UNSTABLE
SIMPLE COMPLEX
Cara Adaptasi OrganisasiCara Adaptasi Organisasi
• Perubahan Internal (struktur, pola Perubahan Internal (struktur, pola kerja, perencanaan dll)kerja, perencanaan dll)
• Menguasai dan mengubah kondisi Menguasai dan mengubah kondisi lingkunganlingkungan
Struktur OrganisasiStruktur Organisasi
• Kompleksitas struktur organisasiKompleksitas struktur organisasi• Peredam (Buffers)Peredam (Buffers)
James Thompson menggambarkan James Thompson menggambarkan organisasi sbg suatu inti teknis organisasi sbg suatu inti teknis peleksana produksi yg dikelilingi peleksana produksi yg dikelilingi oleh sejumlah bagian peredam.oleh sejumlah bagian peredam.
ELEMEN PERBATASAN ELEMEN PERBATASAN ((BOUNDARY SPANNINGBOUNDARY SPANNING))
• Elemen perbatasan menghubungkan Elemen perbatasan menghubungkan dan menyelaraskan organisasi thd dan menyelaraskan organisasi thd unsur-unsur penting dari unsur-unsur penting dari lingkungannya, baik berupa individu lingkungannya, baik berupa individu maupun organisasi lain.maupun organisasi lain.
Fungsi Fungsi BOUNDARY SPANNINGBOUNDARY SPANNING
• Mendeteksi & memproses informasi Mendeteksi & memproses informasi mengenai perubahan yg terjadimengenai perubahan yg terjadi
• Mempresentasikan organisasi thd Mempresentasikan organisasi thd lingkunganlingkungan
CARA MENGUASAI / CARA MENGUASAI / MENGENDALIKAN MENGENDALIKAN
LINGKUNGANLINGKUNGAN• Mengusahakan Hubungan Baik Mengusahakan Hubungan Baik
Dengan Elemen Terpenting Dengan Elemen Terpenting OrganisasiOrganisasi– Integrasi melalui mergerIntegrasi melalui merger– Kontrak/Joint VenturesKontrak/Joint Ventures– Kooptasi & interlocking DirectoratesKooptasi & interlocking Directorates– Iklan & HumasIklan & Humas
CARA MENGUASAI / CARA MENGUASAI / MENGENDALIKAN MENGENDALIKAN
LINGKUNGANLINGKUNGANMembentuk Lingkungan Agar Tidak Membentuk Lingkungan Agar Tidak
Berbahaya & Menguntungkan Berbahaya & Menguntungkan OrganisasiOrganisasi
• Mengubah bidang kegiatanMengubah bidang kegiatan• Kegiatan PolitikKegiatan Politik• Assosiasi pengusaha sejenisAssosiasi pengusaha sejenis
Relationship Between Relationship Between Environmental Characteristics Environmental Characteristics
and Organizational Actionsand Organizational Actions
Environmentaldomain
(ten sectors)
High complexity
Establishment of favorable linkages:ownership, strategic alliances, cooptations,
interlocking directorates, executive recruitment, advertising, and public relations
Organic structure and systems with low formalization, decentralization,
and low standardization to enable a high-speed response
Many departments and boundary rolesGreater differentiation and more
integrators for internal coordinationHighuncertainty
High rateof change
Scarcity ofvalued
resources
Resourcedependence Control of the environmental domain:
change of domain, political activity,regulation, trade associations, and
illegitimate activities
Environment Organization