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Electromagnetic Electromagnetic CompatibilityCompatibility

Dr.Ir. Agus Hartanto, M.EngDr.Ir. Agus Hartanto, M.Eng

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Electromagnetic compatibilityElectromagnetic compatibility (EMC) (EMC)

Kompatibilitas elektromagnetik (EMC) adalah cabang ilmu yang mempelajari munculnya listrik tak sengaja, perambatan dan penerimaan energi elektromagnetik yang disebabkan efek yang tidak diinginkan (gangguan elektromagnetik, atau EMI).

Tujuan EMC adalah operasi yang benar dari berbagai peralatan, dalam lingkungan elektromagnetik yang sama, untuk menghindari efek saling mengganggu.

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2 masalah dlm EMC2 masalah dlm EMC

1. Radiasi yang terkait dengan munculnya gelombang elektromaknetik yang tidak diinginkan oleh beberapa sumber, dan langkah penanggulangan yang harus diambil untuk mengurangi dampak tersebut.

2. Susceptibility (Kerentanan) atau immunity (kekebalan) dari peralatan listrik yang disebut sebagai korban terhadap gangguan elektromagnetik yang tidak direncanakan.

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PEMAKAIAN SPEKTRUM FREKUENSIPEMAKAIAN SPEKTRUM FREKUENSI101510141kHz 10kHz 100 kHz 1MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 10 GHz1 GHz 100 GHz

Ultraviolet

Cahaya

Infrared

Serat Optik

Percobaan

Wideband data

3 mm3 m3 km

Laser beam

Radio Gelombang tanah

Radio Garis pandang

Radio Gel Angkasa

Kabel 2 jalur Kabel Coaxial Waveguide

Satelit

Microwave Relay

3 mm3 m3 km

1 Cm10 Cm

EHFSHFUHFVHFHFMFLFVLFAudio

Cellular, Pager, TV, PCS

TV, FM

Radio CB, Radio amatir

Navigasi Kapal

Telepon, telegraph

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Electromagnetic InterferenceElectromagnetic Interference(EMI) ?(EMI) ?

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EMIEMI

EMI is a disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either electromagnetic conduction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an external source.

The disturbance may interrupt, obstruct, or otherwise degrade or limit the effective performance of the circuit.

The source may be any object, artificial or natural, that carries rapidly changing electrical currents, such as an electrical circuit, the Sun or the Northern Lights

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InterferenceInterference Continuous Interference

– Audio Frequency, from very low frequencies up to around 20 kHz. Frequencies up to 100 kHz (Mains hum from power supply units, nearby power supply wiring, transmission lines and substations)

– Radio Frequency Interference, RFI, from 20 kHz to a limit which constantly increases as technology pushes it higher (Wireless and Radio Frequency, Transmissions, Television and Radio Receivers, Industrial, scientific and medical equipment, High Frequency Circuit Signals (microcontroller activity))

– Broadband noise may be spread across parts of either or both frequency ranges, with no particular frequency accentuated (Solar Activity Continuously operating spark gaps such as arc welders)

Pulse or transient interference – Sources of isolated EMP (electromagnetic Pulse) events include (Switching action of

electrical circuitry, Electrostatic Discharge (ESD), as a result of two charged objects coming into close proximity or even contact, Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse (LEMP), Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse (NEMP), as a result of a nuclear explosion, Non-Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse (NNEMP) weapons, Power Line Surges/Pulses)

– Sources of repetitive EMP events, sometimes as regular pulse trains, include: Electric Motors, Gasoline engine ignition systems, Electric Fast Transient/Bursts (EFT)

Coupling Mechanisms – noise source, coupling path and victim, receptor or sink, natural phenomenon such as

a lightning strike, electrostatic discharge (ESD) or, in one famous case, the Big Bang

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Natural

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Man MadeMan Made

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electromagnetic interference electromagnetic interference (EMI) coupling modes (EMI) coupling modes

conductive, capacitive, magnetic or inductive, and radiative

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Conducted EmissionConducted Emission

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Radiated EmissionRadiated Emission

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EMI in 2.4 GHzEMI in 2.4 GHz

Phone: Many cordless telephones and baby monitors in the United States and Canada use the 2.4 GHz frequency, the same frequency at which Wi-Fi standards operate

Bluetooth devices intended for use in short-range personal area networks operate from 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz.

Certain car manufacturers use the 2.4 GHz frequency for their car alarm internal movement sensors

Microwave ovens operate by emitting a very high power signal in the 2.4 GHz band.

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Pemancar Radio atau Televisi Radar komersial maupun militer Satelit komunikasi Radio komunikasi (VHF, UHF, dll.) Radio navigasi (untuk pesawat terbang) dll.

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BasicBasicElectromagneticElectromagnetic

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Rangkaian SederhanaRangkaian Sederhana

ZV

Hukum Ohm ; V = I X Z

I

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Magnetic FieldMagnetic Field

Magnetic fields arise from current flows. Their strength is measured in amperes per meter

(A/m). Commonly, EMF investigators use a related measure, flux density (in microtesla (µT) or millitesla (mT) instead.

Magnetic fields exist as soon as a device is switched on and current flows.

Field strength decreases with distance from the source.

Magnetic fields are not attenuated by most materials.

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Magnetic (H) FieldsMagnetic (H) Fields

Gmbr.2

H = I / ( 2 H = I / ( 2 ππ r ) Amp./meter r ) Amp./meter

r = Jari-jari (meter)r = Jari-jari (meter)ΠΠ = dibaca phi = = dibaca phi = 3,143,14

rr

I = Arus listrik yang mengalir, dalam satuan AmperI = Arus listrik yang mengalir, dalam satuan Amper

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Magnetic (H) FieldsMagnetic (H) Fields

Gmbr.3

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Magnetic (H) FieldsMagnetic (H) Fields

Gmbr.4

V

H (t)

I(t)

Penomena ini disebut sebagai Coupling, dan ini merupakan

mekanisme utama terjadinya Electromagnetic Interference

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Electric FieldElectric Field

Electric fields arise from voltage. Their strength is measured in Volts per metre

(V/m) An electric field can be present even when a

device is switched off. Field strength decreases with distance from the

source. Most building materials shield electric fields to

some extent.

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Electric (E) FieldElectric (E) Field

Ground Plane

EEZ

+ + + ++++

V+

_

Gmbr.5

E = ( Voltage / Distance ) Volt/meterE = ( Voltage / Distance ) Volt/meter

Misal V = 12 VoltMisal V = 12 VoltD = 2cm= 0,02meterD = 2cm= 0,02meterE = 12 / 0,02 V/mE = 12 / 0,02 V/mE = 600 V/mE = 600 V/m

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RadiationRadiation

Decreasing magnitude

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Contoh Emisi dari peralatanContoh Emisi dari peralatan

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Contoh Emisi dari Kabel PowerContoh Emisi dari Kabel Power

EE

““HI”HI”

““Return”Return”

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Emisi dari Proses SwitchingEmisi dari Proses Switching Pengoperasian switch kecil atau peralatan switching (misal, swtching power supply) akan mengakibatkan perubahan arus yg. tiba- tiba. Hal ini akan menimbulkan perubahan medan magnit, sehingga akan menginduksikan tegangan serta arus pada rangkaian disekitarnya.

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Contoh Emisi dari Proses SwitchingContoh Emisi dari Proses Switching

SS

CoilCoil

Effect dari perubahan medan magnitEffect dari perubahan medan magnit pada coil, relay, motor dlsb.nya, akan terasapada coil, relay, motor dlsb.nya, akan terasa

lebih kuatlebih kuat

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Emisi dari Pemancar (Transmitter)Emisi dari Pemancar (Transmitter)

Enerji e.m. yang dipancarkan dari radio komunikasi, radar pesawat terbang, kapal laut atau pemancar-pemancar lainnya mempunyai level yg. tinggi sehingga akan mengganggu peralatan pesawat terbang lainnya, misalnya :

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Misalnya (cont’)Misalnya (cont’)

Mengganggu sistim komunikasi lainnya.

Menginduksikan tone /nada yg. tak di-inginkan pada peralatan lainnya

Mengkacaukan sistim kontrol peralatan lainnya. Satellite dish

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Radiated EmissionRadiated EmissionTest Set-upTest Set-up

CablePower

0,8m

Turn table

3m

1-4m

ToTest

Receiver

EUT

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Radiated EmissionRadiated EmissionAntennaAntenna

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Fasilitas Tes EMCFasilitas Tes EMC

Open Area Test Site (OATS) Shielded Enclosure atau Shielded Room Semi-Anechoic Chamber

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Out Area Test SiteOut Area Test Site(OATS)(OATS)

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Radiated EmissionTest Set-UpRadiated EmissionTest Set-Up

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Open Area Test SiteOpen Area Test Site(OATS)(OATS)

KEUNTUNGAN KERUGIAN

1. Biaya murah

2. Dapat menciptakan lingkungan (environment) tes yang ideal, tapi sulit tercapai.

1. Sulit untuk meng-kontrol Lingkungan electromaknet (electromagnetic environment).

2. Sulit untuk mencari lokasi yang bebas dari polusi elektromaknit.

3. Repeatable Test sulit tercapai

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Shielded EnclosureShielded Enclosure

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Shielded EnclosureShielded Enclosure

KEUNTUNGAN KERUGIAN

1. Menciptakan lingkungan (environment) elektromaknit yang terisolasi, sangat baik.

2. Biayanya mahal.

1. Tidak dapat dipakai untuk melakukan pengukuran beberapa jenis tes EMC, karena adanya pantulan

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Semi-Anechoic ChamberSemi-Anechoic Chamber

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Semi-Anechoic ChamberSemi-Anechoic Chamber

Semi-Anehoic Chamber adalah Shielded Enclosures yang dilapisi dengan Radio Frequency (RF) Energy Absorber (peredam enerji frekwensi radio) sehingga efek pantulan berkurang.

Semua sisi dilapisi dengan RF absorber kecuali lantai, yang berfungsi sebagai ground plane seperti pada OATS.

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Semi Anechoic ChamberSemi Anechoic Chamber

Keuntungan Kerugian

1. Menciptakan Gelombang elektromaknit (GEM) yang terisolasi sangat baik

2. Tidak ada pantulan GEM

3. Repeatable measurement

1. Biaya mahal

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Semi-Anechoic ChamberSemi-Anechoic Chamber

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Macam-macam RF AbsorberMacam-macam RF Absorber

Polyurethane Absorber Ferrite Tiles

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Polyurethane AbsorberPolyurethane Absorber

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Polyurethane Absorber didalam Polyurethane Absorber didalam Semi-Anechoic ChamberSemi-Anechoic Chamber

Menyerap Enerji Elektromaknit dengan cara mengubahnya menjadi Panas

Dirancang dalam bentuk Pyramid sedemikian hingga Impedansi berubah dari 377 Ohm (free space) menjadi minimum ketika berada dibelakang Absorber

Parameter Elektrik dari material berubah sebagai fungsi dari ketinggian Absorber.

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Ferrite Tiles didalamFerrite Tiles didalamSemi-Anechoic ChamberSemi-Anechoic Chamber

Ferrite Tiles adalah carbon yang dipadatkan dan dibentuk mirip tegel / teraso.

Ferrite Tiles ini mampu meredam enerji EM yang sangat baik untuk frekwensi rendah hingga 1Ghz.

Oleh karena bentuknya rata dengan ketebalan sekitar satu senti meter, maka sangat menghemat tempat, jika dibandingkan dengan Polyurethane yang membutuhkan ketebalan 1 meter atau lebih.

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PerbandinganPerbandinganFerrite Tiles terhadap PolyurethaneFerrite Tiles terhadap Polyurethane

Ferrite Tiles

(Keuntungan)

Polyurethane

(Kerugian)

1. Bekerja pada frekwensi rendah

2. Membutuhkan ruangan yang kecil untuk

3. Performance tidak berubah sepanjang masa

1. Membutuhkan ruangan yang sangat besar

2. Ukuran menjadi besar untuk frekwensi rendah

3. Performance makin buruk dengan pertambahan umur

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PerbandinganPerbandinganFerrite Tiles terhadap PolyurethaneFerrite Tiles terhadap Polyurethane

Ferrite Tiles

(Kerugian)

Polyurethane

(Keuntungan)

1. Sangat berat

2. Mudah pecah, terutama kalau jatuh

3. Bekerja makin buruk untuk frekwensi makin tinggi

1. Sangat ringan jika dibandingkan dengan Ferrite Tiles

2. Tidak mudah pecah

3. Bekerja makin baik untuk frekwensi tinggi

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Semi-Anechoic Chamber Semi-Anechoic Chamber Harus lulus beberapa jenis test berikutHarus lulus beberapa jenis test berikut

Shielding Effectiveness Test- Mil-Std 285 / NSA 65-6

Site Attenuation Test- FCC OST-55 / ANSI C63.4

Field Uniformity- IEC 1000-4-3

Absorber Test, - NRL 8093- MS-8-21- Texas Instrument Specification #2693066

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Shielding EffectivenessShielding Effectiveness

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Magnetic Field Attenuation TestMagnetic Field Attenuation Test

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Electric Field Attenuation TestElectric Field Attenuation Test

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Plane Wave Attenuation TestPlane Wave Attenuation Test

2. d1 = 72 inch2. d1 = 72 inch

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Site Attenuation TestSite Attenuation Test

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Regulatory and standards bodies Regulatory and standards bodies

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)– Technical Committee 77 (TC77), working on

electromagnetic compatibility between equipment including networks.

– Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques (CISPR), or International Special Committee on Radio Interference.

– The Advisory Committee on Electromagnetic Compatibility (ACEC) co-ordinates the IEC's work on EMC between these committees

International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which publishes standards for the automotive industry

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National Organizations National Organizations

Europe: – Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) or European

Committee for Standardization).– Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechniques

(CENELEC) or European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation.

– European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).

United States: The Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

Britain: The British Standards Institution (BSI). Indonesia: Badan Standarisasi Nasional (BSN)

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StandardStandardMicrowave ovens, Bluetooth devices, baby monitors and cordless telephones

Tahun 2003

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Medan Listrik dan Magnit pada Medan Listrik dan Magnit pada tubuh manusiatubuh manusia

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Health effect at different Health effect at different frequencies frequencies

low frequency (1 Hz and 10 MHz) current density (J, in A m-2) for preventing effects in excitable tissues such as nerve and muscle cells; and

high frequency (100 kHz and 10 GHz), specific absorption rate (SAR, in W kg-1) for prevention of whole-body heat stress and local heating.

intermediate frequency (100 kHz and 10 MHz) current density and SAR,

very high frequency (10 and 300 GHz) incident power density (S, in W m-2) for excessive tissue heating near or at the body surface.

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WHOWHO

Understanding the health impact of electromagnetic fields (EMF) falls within the mandate of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the area of environmental health

WHO’s International EMF Project has provided a unique opportunity to bring together over sixty countries to identify criteria for EMF standards setting and to develop the Framework for Developing Health-based EMF Standards.

The overall purpose of this Framework is to provide advice on how to develop science-based exposure limits that will protect the health of the public and workers from EMF exposure.

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Risk estimationRisk estimation

the definition of the biologically effective mechanism or characteristic of the field, which may vary with tissue or organ

an exposure-effect relationship, and identification of a threshold, if any

an exposure distribution and identification of sub populations with high exposure

differences in susceptibilities within a population.

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Exposure limits using the hazard Exposure limits using the hazard threshold and biological threshold and biological

approaches approaches

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Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment

For epidemiological studies, the strength of association between exposure and risk is important: is there a clearly associated risk with exposure? A strong association is one with a risk ratio (RR) of 5 or more. For tobacco smoking, many of the RRs were in excess of 10. However, the EMF studies of 50/60 Hz exposures, for example, suggest a RR of about 1.5 - 2 for childhood leukaemia

How consistent are the studies of association between exposure to EMF fields and the risk of some health outcome? Do most studies show the same risk for the same disease? Using the example of smoking, essentially all epidemiological studies of smoking demonstrated an increased risk for lung cancer

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Dampak Medan ElektromagnetikDampak Medan Elektromagnetik Weaver dkk di tahun 1999: medan listrik di perumahan

dan ditempat kerja tidak memberikan dampak negatif Adair di tahun 1999 menyatakan bahwa tidak ada

dampak biologis dari medan magnit yang kurang dari 100 mG, karena dirumah biasanya hanya sekitar 0,7 mG.

World Health Organisation (WHO): medan elektromagnetik berpotensi menimbulkan kanker pada manusia (possibly carcinogenic to humans)

United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS): “medan elektromagnetik pada frekuensi rendah adalah possible carcinogens.”

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Dampak Medan ElektromagnetikDampak Medan Elektromagnetik

mengubah pergerakan ion calcium didalam cel; mengurangi produksi melatonin, dapat mengubah berbagai hormon dan

neurotransmitter. dapat merubah struktur genetik, rebonucleic

acid (RNA). merubah aktivitas cel kekebalan melemahkan jantung

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Exposure limits for ELECTRIC fields (50/60Hz)1 V/m Aaronia "E1" recommendation

10 V/m Aaronia "E2" recommendationRecommended 1996 as maximum for "private individuals" by the NCRP, but not yet official

100 V/m Recommended 1996 as maximum for "workers" and their working environments by the NCRP, but not yet official.Influences Melatonin synthesis**Already viewed as "critical" by many scientists

1.000 V/m Maximum limit as recommended by ACGIH for persons with pacemakers or other electronic implantsThough already probable as the future authoritative exposure limit. US state Montana already adopted this exposure limit. Might be authoritative in the EU soon

5.000 V/m Current limit in Germany and recommendation of IRPA/INIRC for "private individuals"

10.000 V/m Exposure limit for "workers" as suggested by IRPA/INIRC

20.000 V/m Exposure limit for "workers" as suggested by ACGIH

25.000 V/m Exposure limit for "workers" for a maximum of 2 hours, as suggested by IRPA/INIRC

NCRP = National Council of Radiation Protection and MeasurementsACGIH = American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsIRPA/INIRC = International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection

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Exposure limits for MAGNETIC fields (50/60 Hz)

10 nT Aaronia "M1" recommendation

100 nT Aaronia "M2" recommendation

1.000 nT Influences Melatonin synthesis**Already viewed as "critical" by many scientistsRecommended as maximum for "private individuals" by the NCRP in 1996, but not yet official

10.000 nT Considered as the future authoritative exposure limit. Might be authoritative for the complete EU soonRecommended as maximum for "workers" and their working environments by the NCRP in 1996, but not yet official

100.000 nT Current exposure limit in Germany and IRPA/INIRC recommendation for "private individuals" (daily, constant exposure).Maximum limit as recommended by the ACGIH for persons with pacemakers or other electronic implants.

500.000 nT IRPA/INIRC recommendation for "workers" (daily, constant exposure)

1.000.000 nT IRPA/INIRC exposure limit for "private individuals" (daily exposure for few hours)

5.000.000 nT IRPA/INIRC recommendation for "workers" (daily exposure for few hours)

NCRP = National Council of Radiation Protection and MeasurementsACGIH = American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsIRPA/INIRC = International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection

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Kuat Medan Listrik dari Kuat Medan Listrik dari Transmisi 3 phasa Transmisi 3 phasa

Dokuments of the NRB , ELF Electromagnetic Fields and the risk of Cancer vol 12 no 1, 2001, National Radiological Protection Board Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 ORQ

ACGIHAaronoa E2

US state Montana

EU Soon

IRPAPrivat Individual

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Kuat Medan Magnit dari Saluran Kuat Medan Magnit dari Saluran Transmisi 3 phasaTransmisi 3 phasa

Dokuments of the NRB , ELF Electromagnetic Fields and the risk of Cancer vol 12 no 1, 2001, National Radiological Protection Board Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 ORQ

NCRPworkers

EU Soon

IRPAPrivat Individual

100 T

Aaronia M2

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70

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NCRPworkers

Aaronia M2

NCRPPrivate

individual

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Measurement of 50 Hz Magnetic Fields Measurement of 50 Hz Magnetic Fields by ARPANSAby ARPANSA

http://www.arpansa.gov.au/is_electricity.htm, 8 juli 2006

Aaronia M2NCRP workers

NCRPPrivate

individual

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Hasil pengukuran medan magnit dari Hasil pengukuran medan magnit dari beberapa peralatan listrik [mGauss beberapa peralatan listrik [mGauss ((T)T)]]

  Hartanto   ARPANSA   Inge dkk  

Jarak dekat 30 Cm 1 m 30 Cm 0,5 Cm 30 Cm 1 m

Televisi25

(2,5)15

(0,15)2,2

(0,22)10

(0,1)25 – 500(2,5 - 50)

0,4 -20(0,04 - 2)

0,1 – 2(0,01-0,2)

Hairdryer50(5)

2,5(0,25)

1,5(0,15)

25,3(2,53)

50 – 20000(5 - 2000)

1 – 70(0,1 - 7)

0,1 – 3(0,04-0,3)

Elektric shaver100(10)

4,5(0,45)

1,8(0,18) -

150 -150000(15 - 15000)

1 – 90(0,1 - 9)

0,4 – 3(0,04-0,3)

Komputer6

(0,6)3

(0,3)1,6

(0,16)2,3

(0,23) - - -

Pompa Aquarium113

(11,3)15

(1,5)1

(0,1) - - - -

Pompa Air 300 W100(10)

10(1)

1(0,1) - - - -

NCRP < 1 T Aaronia M2 <0,1 T Aaronia M1 <0,01 T

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PENGUKURAN MEDAN PENGUKURAN MEDAN MAGNITMAGNIT

1,6

1 m

Televisi29”

252.2

1 m

35

20

25 Cm3 m

0.3

Satuan dalam mGauss

Pengukuran dengan TRIFIELD

MonitorKomputer

15”

8

106

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Alat ukur medan magnit: Alat ukur medan magnit: Tri-Field MeterTri-Field Meter

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Reduces Emissions & Reduces Emissions & Susceptibility Susceptibility

Shielded Housings. Shielded Lines. Grounding Decoupled Cable Entries (Line filter, Signal

filter) using RF chokes, or RC elements Keep Distance

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Dampak panas dari Dampak panas dari HandphoneHandphone

Radiated power from Antenna= 125 mW

Pada frekuensi 1900 MHzSAR = Specific Absorbed Radiation [W/kg]

Standar FCC: 1,6 W/kg

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Pengaruh gangguan tidur karena Pengaruh gangguan tidur karena medan elektromagnetik medan elektromagnetik

Source: Environmental Management and Design ivisionLincoln UniversityNew Zealand

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Banyaknya menara telekomunikasi yang didirikan.

Tidak efisiennya pendirian tower: setiap penyelenggara komunikasi/penyiaran satu tower. Terdapat lebih dari 20.000 menara BTS tersebar diseluruh Indonesia

Banyaknya menara telekomunikasi yang dalam pembangunannya tidak/kurang memperhatikan keamanan lingkungan dan estetika.

Kondisi EksistingKondisi Eksisting

Source: Dirjen Postel

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Beam Shapes and Directions Beam Shapes and Directions

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Pattern Pattern AntennaAntenna

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Pengukuran Kuat PancaranPengukuran Kuat Pancaran

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Medan dekat & jauhMedan dekat & jauh

R2

R1

Medan Jauh

Daerah Fresnel

Medan dekat

R2 = 2 d2/

R1 = 0,62 (d2/

d = panjang antenna

jika panjang antenna 2 m dan

Frekuensi 900 MHz maka R2 = 24 m

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Data Standard 900 Data Standard 900 (1800)(1800) MHz MHz0,000.000.01 W/m² Aaronia recommendation HF1-2003

0,000.45 W/m² BUND recommendation 1997

0,001 W/m² "Precautionary limit" in Austria

0,02 W/m² Exposure limit in Russia

0,045 W/m² ECOLOG-recommendation 1998 (Germany)

0,1 W/m² Exposure limit in Poland

0,1 W/m² Exposure limit in Italy

0,24 W/m² Exposure limit in CSSR

2 W/m² Exposure limit in New Zealand

3 W/m² Exposure limit in Canada (Safety Code 6, 1997)

4,5 W/m² (9 W/m²) Exposure limit in Germany and ICNIRP recommendation 1998

30 W/m2 (6 W/m2) FCC Occupational (General population)

Hasil Pengukuran : - 22 dBm atau 0,000.763 W/m² =0,000.0763 mW/Cm²

- 55 dBm atau 0,000.000.382 W/m²= 0,000.000.38 mW/Cm²

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Hasil Pengukuran : 0,000.763 W/m² di Atap Gedung 20 LIPI Bdg

Frekw=900 MHz 0,000.000.382 W/m² di dalam Gedung 20 LIPI Bdg

Daerah Frekuensi (MHz)

Kuat Medan Listrik (V/m)

Kuat Medan Magnit (A/m)

Kerapatan Daya (W/m2)

0.1 < f < 3 60 0,20 -

3 < f < 3000 20 0,05 1

3000 < f < 300000 40 0,10 4

Batas Radiasi Peralatan Telekomunikasi dan Penyiaran yg Diusulakn ke Dirjen Postel

Daerah Frekuensi (MHz) Kuat Medan Listrik (V/m)

Kuat Medan Magnit (A/m)

Kerapatan Daya (W/m2)

0.1 MHz < f < 300 GHz 6 0,016 0,10

Batas Radiasi Peralatan Telekomunikasi dan Penyiaran Untuk Daerah Khusus yg Diusulakn ke Dirjen Postel

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Alat UkurAlat Ukur

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