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PENGANTAR ILMU EKONOMI(IIE-108)
Kuliah Jurusan Teknik Industri, UNPAR
Silabus (1)
MINGGU
TANGGAL MATERI CHAPTER
I 18 – 22 Jan Dasar Ekonomi 1 - 3
II 25 – 29 Jan Konsep Penawaran dan Permintaan
4 - 5III 1 – 5 Feb
IV 8 – 12 Feb Biaya Produksi 13
V 15 – 19 FebPerusahaan dalam Pasar Kompetitif dan Monopoli
14 - 15
VI 22 – 26 FebOligopoli dan Persaingan Monopolistik
16 - 17
VII 1 – 5 Maret Pasar Faktor Produksi 18
UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER 8 – 19 MARET 2010
Silabus (2)
MINGGU
TANGGAL MATERI CHAPTER
VIII 22 – 26 MaretPengukuran Pendapatan Nasional dan Biaya Hidup
22 – 23
IX29 Maret – 2 April
Tabungan, Investasi dan Sistem Keuangan
25
X 5 – 9 AprilTingkat Pengangguran Alamiah
26
XI 12 – 16 April Sistem Moneter 27
XII 19 – 23 AprilInflasi : Penyebab dan Biayanya
28
XIII 26 – 30 AprilKonsep Dasar Makroekonomi Perekonomian Terbuka
29
XIV 3 – 7 MeiPermintaan dan Penawaran Agregat
31
XV 10 – 14 Mei Presentasi
UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER 17 – 31 MEI 2009
Silabus (3)
BOBOT PENILAIAN :UTS : 35 % UAS : 35 %TUGAS & QUIZ : 30 %
PUSTAKA UTAMA :1. Mankiw, N. Gregory, Principles of Economics,
Harcourt Brace & Company, 1998 2. Samuelson, Paul A. and William D. Nordhaus,
Economics, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1995
Quote
“An optimist expects his dreams to come true; a
pessimist expects his nightmares to.” (Laurance J.Peter)
11DASAR – DASAR ILMU EKONOMI
Economy. . .(1)
. . . Kata economy berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang merujuk pada “pihak yang
mengelola rumah tangga (one who manages a household)”
Economy. . .(2)
Sebuah rumah tangga dan sebuah masyarakat
akan membuat keputusan yang sama :• Pekerjaan apa yang perlu dilakukan ?• Siapa yang akan bekerja ?• Sumber daya apa yang dibutuhkan untuk
berproduksi ?• Bagaimana mengalokasikan hasil produksi ?
- dsb -
Economy. . .(3)
• Pengelolaan sumber daya tersebut penting karena keberadaan sumber daya tersebut terbatas atau langka (scarcity)
• Scarcity. . . Berarti sumber daya yang dapat ditawarkan selalu kurang atau tidak sebanyak yang diinginkan
Consider a world without scarcity !Economic goods vs free goods
Economy. . .(4)
Ekonomi adalah sebuah studi tentang bagaimana masyarakat mengelola sumber-sumber daya
langkanya
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
Tujuan studi dan aplikasi ilmu ekonomimeningkatkan kemakmuran dan kesejahteraan
masyarakat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
Economy. . .(5)
Economy is the study of how societies use scarce
resources to produce valuable commodities and
distribute them among different people
(Samuelson, 1995)
Two key ideas :1. the goods are scarce and
2. that society must use its resources efficiently
Economy. . .(6)
• Eficiency means absence of waste, or using the economy’s resources as effectively as possible to satisfy people’s needs and desires
• The economy is producing efficiently when it cannot produce more of one good without producing less of something else
Economy. . .(7)
The essence of economics is to acknowledge the reality of
scarcity and then figure out how to organize society in a way
which produces the most efficient use of resources
Ilmu ekonomi sering disebut sebagai ilmu alokasisumber daya (allocation of resources)
1. Pemanfaatan maksimal sumber daya ekonomi yang tersedia
2. Dilakukan pilihan, melakukan seleksi atau prioritas
3. Pengambilan keputusan memilih yang terbaik dari alternatif yang ada (economic behaviour)
The 3 Problems of Economic Organization
• What commodities are produced and in what quantities ?
• How are goods produced ?
• For whom are goods produced ?
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS (1)
Bagaimana kita membuat keputusan 1. Kita harus selalu melakukan “trade-off” (People face
tradeoffs)
2. Biaya adalah apa yang Anda korbankan untuk memperoleh sesuatu (The cost of something is what you give up to get it)
3. Orang rasional berpikir secara marginal (Rational people think at the margin)
4. Orang bereaksi terhadap insentif (People respond to incentives)
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS (2)
Bagaimana orang berinteraksi dengan orang lain5. Perdagangan dapat menguntungkan semua pihak (Trade
can make everyone better off)
6. Secara umum pasar adalah tempat yang baik untuk mengorganisasikan kegiatan ekonomi (Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity)
7. Pemerintah kadang kala dapat memperbaiki hasil-hasil ekonomi (Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes)
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS (3)
Kekuatan dan kecenderungan yang mempengaruhi
bagaimana ekonomi bekerja secara keseluruhan8. Standar hidup tergantung pada produksi suatu negara (The
standard of living depends on a country’s production)
9. Harga-harga naik ketika pemerintah mencetak uang terlalu banyak (Prices rise when the government prints too much money)
10. Masyarakat menghadapi trade-off jangka pendek antara inflasi dan pengangguran (Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment)
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs (1)
“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”
Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs (2)
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
• Guns vs butter (classic tradeoff)• Food vs clothing• Leisure time vs work• Efficiency vs equity
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs (3)
Efficiency v. Equity• Efficiency means society gets the most that it can
from its scarce resources (masyarakat dapat memperoleh hasil/manfaat maksimal dari sumber daya langkanya)
• Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society (keuntungan dari sumber daya langka tersebut terbagi merata ke tiap anggota masyarakat)
Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It (1)
• Decisions require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives.• Whether to go to college or to work?• Whether to study or go out on a date?• Whether to go to class or sleep in?
• The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item (apa saja yang harus dikorbankan untuk memperoleh sesuatu yang lain)
Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It (2)
LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight from high school to the pros where he has earned millions of dollars.
People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.
Principle #3: Rational People Think at the Margin
• Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action
(Penyesuaian-penyesuaian kecil secara bertahap dalam pelaksanaan suatu rencana)
Principle #4: People Respond to Incentives
• Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.
• The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternative’s marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!
Principle #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off.
• People gain from their ability to trade with one another
• Competition results in gains from trading
• Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best
Principle #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity (1)• Command Economies vs Market Economies vs Mixed
Economies
• A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.
(Suatu perekonomian yang mengalokasikan sumber-sumber dayanya melalui proses keputusan terdesentralisasi oleh sekian banyak perusahaan dan rumah tangga yang satu sama lain berinteraksi di pasar-pasar barang dan jasa)
• Households decide what to buy and who to work for.• Firms decide who to hire and what to produce.
Principle #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity (2)• Laissez-faire Economy : the extreme case of a
market economy, in which the government keeps its hands off economic decisions
• Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand” • Because households and firms look at prices when deciding
what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions.
• As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.
Principle #7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes • Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate
resources efficiently (caused by externalities, imperfect competition, and public goods)
• When the market fails (breaks down) government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity.
• Salah satu tujuan belajar ilmu ekonomi adalah agar kita dapat menilai kelayakan kebijakan pemerintah dalam mempromosikan efisiensi dan keseimbangan
Principle #8: The Standard of Living Depends on a Country’s Production (1)
• Standard of living may be measured in different ways:• By comparing personal incomes.• By comparing the total market value of a nation’s
production.
Principle #8: The Standard of Living Depends on a Country’s Production (2)
• Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries’ productivities.
• Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time.
Principle #9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money
• Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.
• One cause of inflation is the growth in the quantity of money.
• When the government creates large quantities of money, the value of the money falls.
Principle #10: Society Faces a Short-run Tradeoff Between Inflation and Unemployment.
• The Phillips Curve illustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment:
Inflation Unemployment
It’s a short-run tradeoff!
A W H Phillips, "The Relationship Between Unemployment and the Rate of Change of Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom, 1861-1967', Economica NS, vol. xxv (November, 1958), 283-99
Economic Models
• Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world
• Two of the most basic economic models include:1. The Circular Flow Diagram
2. The Production Possibilities Frontier
Our First Model: The Circular-Flow Diagram (1)
• The circular-flow diagram is a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.
Figure 1 The Circular Flow
Spending
Goods andservicesbought
Revenue
Goodsand servicessold
Labor, land,and capital
Income
= Flow of inputs and outputs
= Flow of dollars
Factors ofproduction
Wages, rent,and profit
FIRMS•Produce and sellgoods and services
•Hire and use factorsof production
•Buy and consumegoods and services
•Own and sell factorsof production
HOUSEHOLDS
•Households sell•Firms buy
MARKETSFOR
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
•Firms sell•Households buy
MARKETSFOR
GOODS AND SERVICES
Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities Frontier (1)
• The production possibilities frontier is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
Figure 2 The Production Possibilities Frontier
Productionpossibilitiesfrontier
A
B
C
Quantity ofCars Produced
2,200
600
1,000
3000 700
2,000
3,000
1,000
Quantity ofComputers
Produced
D
Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities Frontier (2)
• Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier • Efficiency• Tradeoffs• Opportunity Cost• Economic Growth
Figure 3 A Shift in the Production Possibilities Frontier
E
Quantity ofCars Produced
2,000
700
2,100
7500
4,000
3,000
1,000
Quantity ofComputers
Produced
A
The Study of Economics (1)
The Study of Economics (2)
Microeconomics is concerned with the behaviour of individual entities such as markets, firms, and
households
(Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Natures and Causes of the Wealth of
Nations, 1776. He is the founder of the field of microeconomics)
Microeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the
economy.• How households and firms make decisions and
how they interact in specific markets(Mankiw, 1998)
The Study of Economics (3)
Macroeconomics views the performance of the economy
as a whole
(John Maynard Keynes, General Theory of Employment, Interest and
Money, 1935)
Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.• Economy-wide phenomena, including inflation,
unemployment, and economic growth(Mankiw, 1998)
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
Consider a typical consumer in Canada who in a given
morning might: • wake up to an alarm clock made in Korea,• drink orange juice made from Chilean oranges
and coffee from beans grown in Vietnam,• put on some clothes made of cotton grown in
the Egypt and sewn in factories in the Dominican Republic,
• watch the morning news broadcast from Ottawa on a TV made in Japan,
• and drive to class/work in a car made of parts manufactured in at least a half-dozen different countries (most likely Brazil, Mexico, Thailand, the United States)
A PARABLE FOR THE MODERN ECONOMY
• Imagine . . .• only two goods: potatoes and meat
• only two people: a potato farmer and a cattle rancher
• What should each produce?
• Why should they trade?
Table 1 The Production Opportunities of the Farmer and Rancher
Production Possibilities
• Self-sufficiency (or in the case of nations, autarky)
• By ignoring each other:• Each consumes what they each produce.• The production possibilities frontier is also the
consumption possibilities frontier.• Without trade, economic gains are diminished.
Figure 4 The Production Possibilities Curve
Potatoes (oz)
4
16
8
32
A
0
Meat (oz)
’(a) The Farmer’s Production Possibilities Frontier
If there is no trade, the farmer chooses this production and consumption.
Figure 4 The Production Possibilities Curve
Potatoes (oz)
12
24
B
0
Meat (oz)
’(b) The Rancher’s Production Possibilities Frontier
48
24
If there is no trade, the rancher chooses this production and consumption.
Table 2 The Gains from Trade: A Summary
Table 2 The Gains from Trade: A Summary
Figure 5 How Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Opportunities
Potatoes (oz)
4
16
5
17
8
32
A
A*
0
Meat (oz)
’(a) The Farmer’s Production and Consumption
Farmer's production and consumption without trade
Farmer's consumption with trade
Farmer's production with trade
Potatoes (oz)
12
24
13
27
B
0
Meat (oz)
’(b) The Rancher’s Production and Consumption
48
24
12
18
B*
Rancher's consumption with trade
Rancher's production with trade
Rancher's production and consumption without trade
Figure 5 How Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Opportunities
Who can produce potatoes at a lower cost—the farmer or the
rancher?
Who can produce potatoes at a lower cost—the farmer or the
rancher?
THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
• Differences in the costs of production determine the following:• Who should produce what?• How much should be traded for each
product?
The Principles of Absolute & Comparative Advantage
• Differences in Costs of Production
• Two ways to measure differences in costs of production:• The number of hours required to
produce a unit of output (for example, one kilogram of potatoes)—this corresponds to absolute advantage.
• The opportunity cost of sacrificing one good for another—this corresponds to comparative advantage.
Absolute Advantage (1)
• Absolute advantage is a comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity
• Describes the productivity of one person, firm, or nation compared to that of another.• The producer that requires a smaller
quantity of inputs to produce a good is said to have an absolute advantage in producing that good.
The Rancher has an absolute advantage in the production of both
meat and potatoes.
The Rancher has an absolute advantage in the production of both
meat and potatoes.
Absolute Advantage (2)
• The Rancher needs only 10 minutes to produce a kilogram of potatoes, whereas the Farmer needs 15 minutes.
• The Rancher needs only 20 minutes to produce a kilogram of meat, whereas the Farmer needs 60 minutes.
Opportunity Cost and Comparative Advantage
• Compares producers of a good according to their opportunity cost.• Whatever must be given up to obtain an
item.
• The producer who has the smaller opportunity cost of producing a good is said to have a comparative advantage in producing that good.
• So, in our example, who has the comparative advantage in the two goods?
Table 3 The Opportunity Cost of Meat and Potatoes
Comparative Advantage and Trade (1)
• The Rancher’s opportunity cost of a kilogram of potatoes is 0.50 kg of meat, whereas the Farmer’s opportunity cost of a kilogram of potatoes is 0.25 kg of meat.
• The Rancher’s opportunity cost of a pound of meat is only 2 kg of potatoes, while the Farmer’s opportunity cost of a kilogram of meat is only 4 kg of potatoes...
• (Notice that the opportunity costs for each producer are reciprocals of one another…)
…so, the Rancher has a comparative advantage in the production of meat but
the Farmer has a comparative advantage in the production of potatoes.
Comparative Advantage and Trade (2)
Comparative Advantage and Trade (3)
• Comparative advantage and differences in opportunity costs are the basis for specialized production and trade.
• Whenever potential trading parties have differences in opportunity costs, they can each benefit from trade.
• Trade can benefit everyone in a society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage.
QUESTION ???
What is A Market ?
A market is a mechanism by which buyers and
sellers interact to determine the price and quantity
of a good or service.
• Everything has a PRICE (the value of the good in terms of money)
• Prices represent the terms on which people and firms voluntarily exchange different commodities
• Prices serve as signals to producers and consumers• Prices are the balance wheel in the market mechanism
Market Equilibrium
Market equilibrium represents a balance among
all the different buyers and sellers
Too high a price too much outputToo low a price deficiency of goods
Those prices for which buyers desire to buy exactly
the quantity that sellers desire to sell yield an equilibrium of supply and demand.
Invisible Hand
Hukum Invinsible hand menyatakan bahwa setiap orang
dalam mengejar kepentingannya sendiri, seolah-olah
dikendalikan oleh tangan yang tidak nampak untuk
mencapai apa yang terbaik bagi semua (Adam Smith, The
Wealth of Nation)
Adam Smith memandang bahwa ada sebuah kekuatan tersembunyi yang
akan mengatur pasar (invisible hand), maka pasar harus memiliki
laissez-faire atau kebebasan dari intervensi pemerintah. Pemerintah
hanya bertugas sebagai pengawas dari semua pekerjaan yang dilakukan
oleh rakyatnya.
Perfect Competition
• The invisible-hand doctrine applies to economies in which all the markets are perfectly competitive
• Perfect competition means that all goods and services have a price and are traded on markets, and no firm or consumer is large enough to affect the market price
• In such a circumstance, an economy is on its Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF)
Market Failure
Market failure may be caused by :1. Imperfect competition (market power) : occurs
when a buyer or seller can affect a good’s price
2. An Externality (spillover effects) :occur when firms or people impose costs or benefits on others outside the marketplace
3. Public Goods : commodities for which the cost of extending the service to an additional person is zero and which it is impossible to exclude individuals from enjoying positive externalities