Download - Psychology of learning Session iv

Prof: W.P.Gamini de Alwis, Senior Lecturer

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Psychology of learning

Session iv


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Usefulness of learning• To understand how to do workhula lrk lshk yegs oek.kakg

• To change attitudes and behavior wdl,am fjkia lsrsug

• To learn or transfer culture ixialD;sh bf.k.eksug

• For intelligent and creativity nqoaOu;alu yd ksraudkYs,s;ajhg


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Definition

• Education is any long term learning activity aimed at preparing individuals for a variety of roles in society. The focus is primarily on individual and his needs. Secondly on community as a whole

• wOHdmkh hkq iudcfha jsjsO N=usldjka ksrEmkhlsrsug iqodkus lsrsu wruqKq lrf.k lrkq ,nk os.=ld,Sk bf.kqus l%shdj,shls


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Definition ..development

• Is any learning activity which is directed toward future needs rather than present needs, and which is concerned more with career growth than immediate performances.

• wkd.; wjYH;djhka yd /lshd csjk udra. ixjraOkh b,lal lrf.k lrkq ,nk bf.kqus l%shdj,shls


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Definition..Training

• Training is any learning activity, which is directed toward the acquisition of specific knowledge and skill for the purpose or an occupation or task. The focus of training is the job or task.

• Is planned process to modify attitudes, knowledge, skill, or behavior through learning experiences to achieve performances in activity or range of activity

• lsishus ldraHhla lsrsug wjYH iajsfYaIs oeKquoCI;d yd wdl,am ,ndoSu b,lal lrf.k lrkq,nk bf.kSfus l%shdj,shls


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Learning- definition• Learning is relatively permanent change in

behavior, which reflects knowledge, understanding, or skill achieved through experience Ndjs;fhka oeKqu wjfndaOh yd l=I,;d jsoyd fmkajk yeisrSfus idfmaCIia:djr fjkiajSuls

• Learning is an adaptive process because it enhance our ability to changek fjkia jkmrsirhg .e,mSug wjyH yeisrSfus fjkiajSuswe;s lr .eksfus yelshdj ,nd fokl%shdj,shls


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Definition …Learning

• Is the process by which a new capability is attained kj l=I,;djka w;am;a lr.eksfus l%shdj,shls

• Any relatively permanent change in behavior occurring as a result of experiences or practice. w;aoelsus yd Ndjs;fha m%;sM,hla f,I yeisrsfus we;sjkakdjq idfmaCI ia:djr fjkisjsuls


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Defining Learning

• Some changes in behavior are excluded: illness, drug effects, maturational changes, effects of injuries (these tend to be temporary changes) wikSm ;;ajhka yd fT!Io .eksu wdosh ksid yeisrsfus we;sjkakdjq ;djld,sl fjkiajsfus bf.ksu ksid isoqjqjla fkdfjsh

• Changes might not be observed in behaviorimmediately bf.kSu CIKslj yeisrsfuka fmkakqus fkdlrk wjia:d o we; Changes might not be permanent (forgetting might occur) wu;ljsus isoqjk ksid yeisrSus fjkialus ia:djr fkdjsugo bv we


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Learning & Memory

• Learning & Memory are central to the study of Psychology

• u;lh yd bf.kSu ufkdajsoHdfjs b;d jeo.;a fldgils


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Biology plays a role in both Learning& Memory

• Learning & memory are associated with changes in neural activity iakdhq l%shdldrs;ajfha fjkiajsu;a bf.kSu yd u;lh w;r iusnkaO;djhla we;

• Learning & memory depend on specific structures & organizations in the nervous system iakdhq moaO;sfha jHqyh yd ixjsOdkh u; bf.ksu yd u;lh r|dmj;s

• Biological characteristics of organisms limit and shape the nature of learning and memory csjshdf.a fN!;sl .;s,CIK bf.kSfus yd u;lfha iajNdjhg n,mEus we;slrhs


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Types of learning• Habituation – the simplest kind of learning, is the

phenomenon by which we get used to wensneysjsu b;d ir, bf.kSuls

• Associated learning – kind of learning in which an association is formed between two events isoaOska folla w;r iusnkaOh ;=,ska f.dvkef.k iusnkaOs; bf.kSu

• classical conditioning learning iusm%odhsl wjia:dkqlrkh

• operant conditioning learning

• Cognitive learning – learning involving mental activity {dKuh bf.kqu- udkisl l%shdldrlus iusnkaOjq bf.kqu


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Classical conditioning • Kind of learning in which a previously neutral

stimulus acquire the power to elicit a response after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus that ordinarily elicits a particular response iajNdjsl W;af;achlg iajNdjslj olajk m%;spdrhla fia wiusnkaOs; W;af;aclhlgo tjeksu m%;spdrhla ,nosu i|yd wiusnkaOs; W;af;aclhla iajNdjsl W;af;aclhla iu. ld,hla iusnkaOlsrsfuka ,efnk bf.kqu


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Pavlov’s Experiments on Salivation

• S R W;af;acl m%;spdr

• Unconditioned Stimulus (US) food powderiajNdjsl W;af;aclh

• Unconditioned Response (UR) salivation iajNdjsl m%;spdrh

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) beat of a metronome (neutral stimulus) wjia:dkq.;l, iajNdjsl W;af;aclh

• Conditioned Response (CR) salivation to the sound wjia:dkq.;l, m%;spdrh


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Generalization

• The tendency to transfer the conditioned response to stimulus that is similar but not identical to the one originally paired with the unconditioned stimulus ksjerosu W;af;aclhla fkdjqk;a ta yd iudk W;af;aclhlg wjia:dkq.;l, m%;spdr oelajsfus keushdjla we;


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Discrimination

• Learning to respond differently to two similar (but not identical) stimulus. kssjerosu W;af;aclhg yd ta yd iudk W;af;aclhlg fjkia wdldrhlg m%;spdr oelajsug bf.kSu


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Classical Conditioning in Daily Life

• Development of fear responses Nsh jeks m%;spdr jraOkhlsrsu

• phobias wkjYH Nshg m%;sldr lsrsug

• drug tolerances u;ao%jH mdkh jeksfoa keje;ajsug


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Operant conditioning

• Type of learning in which the consequences of a behavior determine whether or not the behavior will be repeat. lsishus yeisrsula kej; kej;;a lrkafkao keoao hkak tu yeisrsug ,efnk :,h u.ska ;SrKh lrk nj bf.ksu

• R S


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Thorndike's law of effect and law of exercise

• When a outcome of a particular behavior is desired there is a tendency to repeat the same behaviorlsishus yeisrsulg ,efnk M,h ys;lr tlla kus tu yeisrsu kej; kej; lsrsug keushdjla we;


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Skinners principles

• Reinforcement : event (or consequence) following a behavior which increases the probability that the behavior will occur again.lsishus yeisrsula h,s we;sjsfus iusNdjs;dj jevslrk wdldrfha yeisrsulg miqj we;sjk isoqjsula fyda M,hla

• Operant: response that an organism makes to bring about an effect. n,mEula we;s lrk wdldrhg bJo%Shhka olajk m%;spdrh


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Types of reinforcement

• Positive reinforcement : stimulus which when added to a situation increases the probability of the occurrence of a response. Okd;aul Yla;Slrkh( m%;spdrhla oelajsfus iusNdjs;dj jevslrk wdldrhg wjia:djlg lsishus W;af;aclhla tlalsrsu

• Negative reinforcement: stimulus which when removed to a situation increases the probability of the occurrence of a response. iDKd;;aul Yla;slrkh( m%;spdr oelajsfus iusNdjs;dj jevslrk wdldrhg wjia:djlska lsishus W;af;aclhla bj;alsrsu


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Schedule of reinforcement • For reinforcement to be effective, it must be prompt. Yla;slrkhla M,odhsjsug kus th yeisrsu isoqjq Cikslj jdf.a isoqjsh hq;=hs

• Pattern of by which reinforcement is administered Yla;slrkhka mrsmd,kh lrk wdldrh

• Continuous :pattern of reinforcement by which the organism is reinforced every time that it emits the desired response. wLKav Yla;slrkh( ys;lr M,hla we;sjk iEu wjia:djlu Yla;slrkh lsrsu

• Partial: the desired response is rewarded only part of the time. we;s j M,h b|ysg Yla;slrkh lsrsu wraO Yla;slrkhhs


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Schedule of reinforcement

• Partial reinforcement:wraO Yla;Slrkh

• interval schedules of reinforcement

• fixed

• variable

• ratio schedules of reinforcement

• fixed

• variable


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Aversive stimulus

• Stimulus that the subject does not like.

• Punishment : is consequence that decreases the probability that a behavior will recur.


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Operant conditioning

• Based on law of effect (Thorndike) – rewarded behavior is likely to be repeatedm%;sodk yeisrSu kej; kej; lsrsug fm,fUs

Positive

reinforcement

Desired undesired

offering

withdrawing

punishment

Negative

reinforcement

negative

reinforcement

Cognitive perspective

• Thought process is;=js,s l%shdj,sh

• Mental imagery udkisl mrsl,amk

• Expectation n,dfmdfrd;a;=

• Concept – describe a class or category that subsumes a number of individual instances. Ex dwelling (hut, house, tent, apartment etc) ixl,am

Social learning

• Observational learning – based on the imitation of models wkqlrkh ;=,ska b.ekSu

• Modeling – type of learning that involve observing and imitating other persons’ behavior