1
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Silke BritzenMPIfR Bonnsbritzenmpifr-bonnmpgdeTel 0228 525 280
Literatur spezifisch zu jeder Vorlesung
Im Internetwwwmpifr-bonnmpgdestaffsbritzen- Vorlesung als pdf-file- Literaturhinweise- (Archiv fruumlherer Vorlesungen)
2
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007Themen amp Daten
1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope1805 Von Sternwarten zu VirtualObservatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
4
bull Welche Teleskope in welchen Wellenlaumlngenbereichen stehen zur Zeit zur Verfuumlgung (Radio ndash TeV)
bull Ausgewaumlhlte Teleskope im Detail (kurz)
bull Daten Fakten etc
bull Beobachtungsmoumlglichkeiten (Details)
bull Die Highlights die wichtigsten Beobachtungen der Instrumente
Grundlagen Teleskope
5
Zur Zeit stehen zur Verfuumlgungbull Radio
ndash Single-dish Lokale Interferometer VLBI geodaumltische Teleskope etc hellipndash Kein Weltraumteleskop zur Zeit
bull Mikrowellenndash Weltraum WMAP- APEX etc
bull Infrarotndash Weltraum Spitzerndash Flugzeug SOFIAndash VLTI etc
bull Optischndash Weltraum HSTndash VLTI etc
bull UVndash Weltraum HSTndash GALEX
Spitzer
Grundlagen (ausgewaumlhlte) Teleskope
6
Zur Zeit stehen zur Verfuumlgung
bull Roumlntgenndash Suzaku (aka Astro-E2)ndash RXTE (Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer)ndash CHANDRAndash XMM-Newtonndash etc
bull Gammandash INTEGRALndash SWIFTndash etc
bull TeVndash HESSndash MAGIC etc
Teleskope in blau sind Thema der heutigen Vorlesung
Grundlagen Teleskope
7
TeleskopeDas elektromagnetische Spektrum
8
Elektromagnetisches Spektrum Absorption in der Atmosphaumlre
9
in Kuumlrze
bull Mikrowellen Dezi- Zenti- und Millimeterwellen (300 MHz ndash 300 GHz) Mikrowellenherd arbeitet bei 245 GHz
bull Roumlntgenphotonen haben Energien zw 100 eV und 250 keV 3 1016
Hz ndash 6 1019 Hzbull weiche Roumlntgenstrahlen kleinste Energiebull harte Roumlntgenstrahlen groumlszligte Energie houmlchste Frequenz kleinste
Wellenlaumlngebull Roumlntgenstrahlen fuumlr das menschliche Auge sichtbar
10
Roumlntgen Absorption
Beobachtungen von der Erdenicht moumlglichProblemes fehlen Materialiendie Roumlntgenstrahlenwie sichtbares Licht reflektieren oderbrechen alle absorbieren Photonenim Roumlntgenbereich
Spiegelanordnungennach Erfinder H Wolterals Wolter Teleskopebezeichnetder Effekt der Totalreflexion von Roumlntgenstrahlen bei streifendem Einfall anMetallspiegeln
11
Roumlntgenstrahlen passieren die meisten Materialien nur im Grenzfall der Totalreflexion gelingt Reflexion der Strahlen Spiegel parallel zur Sichtlinienotwendig Spiegel ineinander verschachtelt (nested)
12
TeleskopeFrequenzen sub-mm Mikrowellen
WMAP
13
Mikrowellen kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung
14
WMAP
15
WMAP
bull WMAP (fruumlher MAP) ist eine am 30 Juni 2001 gestartete amerikanische Raumsonde
bull MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe dient der Erforschung von Unregelmaumlszligigkeiten in der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull Dezember 2002 umbenannt in WMAP bdquoWldquo steht fuumlr den Physiker David Todd Wilkinson (1935-2002) den Entdecker der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull WMAP Nachfolger von COBE (Nobelpreis)bull Instrumente messen Temperaturunterschiede im Bereich von 20
millionstel Gradbull 840 kgbull Nachfolger Planck (Europaumlische Raumsonde dreifach houmlhere
Aufloumlsung ab 2008)
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
2
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007Themen amp Daten
1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope1805 Von Sternwarten zu VirtualObservatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
4
bull Welche Teleskope in welchen Wellenlaumlngenbereichen stehen zur Zeit zur Verfuumlgung (Radio ndash TeV)
bull Ausgewaumlhlte Teleskope im Detail (kurz)
bull Daten Fakten etc
bull Beobachtungsmoumlglichkeiten (Details)
bull Die Highlights die wichtigsten Beobachtungen der Instrumente
Grundlagen Teleskope
5
Zur Zeit stehen zur Verfuumlgungbull Radio
ndash Single-dish Lokale Interferometer VLBI geodaumltische Teleskope etc hellipndash Kein Weltraumteleskop zur Zeit
bull Mikrowellenndash Weltraum WMAP- APEX etc
bull Infrarotndash Weltraum Spitzerndash Flugzeug SOFIAndash VLTI etc
bull Optischndash Weltraum HSTndash VLTI etc
bull UVndash Weltraum HSTndash GALEX
Spitzer
Grundlagen (ausgewaumlhlte) Teleskope
6
Zur Zeit stehen zur Verfuumlgung
bull Roumlntgenndash Suzaku (aka Astro-E2)ndash RXTE (Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer)ndash CHANDRAndash XMM-Newtonndash etc
bull Gammandash INTEGRALndash SWIFTndash etc
bull TeVndash HESSndash MAGIC etc
Teleskope in blau sind Thema der heutigen Vorlesung
Grundlagen Teleskope
7
TeleskopeDas elektromagnetische Spektrum
8
Elektromagnetisches Spektrum Absorption in der Atmosphaumlre
9
in Kuumlrze
bull Mikrowellen Dezi- Zenti- und Millimeterwellen (300 MHz ndash 300 GHz) Mikrowellenherd arbeitet bei 245 GHz
bull Roumlntgenphotonen haben Energien zw 100 eV und 250 keV 3 1016
Hz ndash 6 1019 Hzbull weiche Roumlntgenstrahlen kleinste Energiebull harte Roumlntgenstrahlen groumlszligte Energie houmlchste Frequenz kleinste
Wellenlaumlngebull Roumlntgenstrahlen fuumlr das menschliche Auge sichtbar
10
Roumlntgen Absorption
Beobachtungen von der Erdenicht moumlglichProblemes fehlen Materialiendie Roumlntgenstrahlenwie sichtbares Licht reflektieren oderbrechen alle absorbieren Photonenim Roumlntgenbereich
Spiegelanordnungennach Erfinder H Wolterals Wolter Teleskopebezeichnetder Effekt der Totalreflexion von Roumlntgenstrahlen bei streifendem Einfall anMetallspiegeln
11
Roumlntgenstrahlen passieren die meisten Materialien nur im Grenzfall der Totalreflexion gelingt Reflexion der Strahlen Spiegel parallel zur Sichtlinienotwendig Spiegel ineinander verschachtelt (nested)
12
TeleskopeFrequenzen sub-mm Mikrowellen
WMAP
13
Mikrowellen kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung
14
WMAP
15
WMAP
bull WMAP (fruumlher MAP) ist eine am 30 Juni 2001 gestartete amerikanische Raumsonde
bull MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe dient der Erforschung von Unregelmaumlszligigkeiten in der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull Dezember 2002 umbenannt in WMAP bdquoWldquo steht fuumlr den Physiker David Todd Wilkinson (1935-2002) den Entdecker der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull WMAP Nachfolger von COBE (Nobelpreis)bull Instrumente messen Temperaturunterschiede im Bereich von 20
millionstel Gradbull 840 kgbull Nachfolger Planck (Europaumlische Raumsonde dreifach houmlhere
Aufloumlsung ab 2008)
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
4
bull Welche Teleskope in welchen Wellenlaumlngenbereichen stehen zur Zeit zur Verfuumlgung (Radio ndash TeV)
bull Ausgewaumlhlte Teleskope im Detail (kurz)
bull Daten Fakten etc
bull Beobachtungsmoumlglichkeiten (Details)
bull Die Highlights die wichtigsten Beobachtungen der Instrumente
Grundlagen Teleskope
5
Zur Zeit stehen zur Verfuumlgungbull Radio
ndash Single-dish Lokale Interferometer VLBI geodaumltische Teleskope etc hellipndash Kein Weltraumteleskop zur Zeit
bull Mikrowellenndash Weltraum WMAP- APEX etc
bull Infrarotndash Weltraum Spitzerndash Flugzeug SOFIAndash VLTI etc
bull Optischndash Weltraum HSTndash VLTI etc
bull UVndash Weltraum HSTndash GALEX
Spitzer
Grundlagen (ausgewaumlhlte) Teleskope
6
Zur Zeit stehen zur Verfuumlgung
bull Roumlntgenndash Suzaku (aka Astro-E2)ndash RXTE (Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer)ndash CHANDRAndash XMM-Newtonndash etc
bull Gammandash INTEGRALndash SWIFTndash etc
bull TeVndash HESSndash MAGIC etc
Teleskope in blau sind Thema der heutigen Vorlesung
Grundlagen Teleskope
7
TeleskopeDas elektromagnetische Spektrum
8
Elektromagnetisches Spektrum Absorption in der Atmosphaumlre
9
in Kuumlrze
bull Mikrowellen Dezi- Zenti- und Millimeterwellen (300 MHz ndash 300 GHz) Mikrowellenherd arbeitet bei 245 GHz
bull Roumlntgenphotonen haben Energien zw 100 eV und 250 keV 3 1016
Hz ndash 6 1019 Hzbull weiche Roumlntgenstrahlen kleinste Energiebull harte Roumlntgenstrahlen groumlszligte Energie houmlchste Frequenz kleinste
Wellenlaumlngebull Roumlntgenstrahlen fuumlr das menschliche Auge sichtbar
10
Roumlntgen Absorption
Beobachtungen von der Erdenicht moumlglichProblemes fehlen Materialiendie Roumlntgenstrahlenwie sichtbares Licht reflektieren oderbrechen alle absorbieren Photonenim Roumlntgenbereich
Spiegelanordnungennach Erfinder H Wolterals Wolter Teleskopebezeichnetder Effekt der Totalreflexion von Roumlntgenstrahlen bei streifendem Einfall anMetallspiegeln
11
Roumlntgenstrahlen passieren die meisten Materialien nur im Grenzfall der Totalreflexion gelingt Reflexion der Strahlen Spiegel parallel zur Sichtlinienotwendig Spiegel ineinander verschachtelt (nested)
12
TeleskopeFrequenzen sub-mm Mikrowellen
WMAP
13
Mikrowellen kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung
14
WMAP
15
WMAP
bull WMAP (fruumlher MAP) ist eine am 30 Juni 2001 gestartete amerikanische Raumsonde
bull MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe dient der Erforschung von Unregelmaumlszligigkeiten in der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull Dezember 2002 umbenannt in WMAP bdquoWldquo steht fuumlr den Physiker David Todd Wilkinson (1935-2002) den Entdecker der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull WMAP Nachfolger von COBE (Nobelpreis)bull Instrumente messen Temperaturunterschiede im Bereich von 20
millionstel Gradbull 840 kgbull Nachfolger Planck (Europaumlische Raumsonde dreifach houmlhere
Aufloumlsung ab 2008)
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
5
Zur Zeit stehen zur Verfuumlgungbull Radio
ndash Single-dish Lokale Interferometer VLBI geodaumltische Teleskope etc hellipndash Kein Weltraumteleskop zur Zeit
bull Mikrowellenndash Weltraum WMAP- APEX etc
bull Infrarotndash Weltraum Spitzerndash Flugzeug SOFIAndash VLTI etc
bull Optischndash Weltraum HSTndash VLTI etc
bull UVndash Weltraum HSTndash GALEX
Spitzer
Grundlagen (ausgewaumlhlte) Teleskope
6
Zur Zeit stehen zur Verfuumlgung
bull Roumlntgenndash Suzaku (aka Astro-E2)ndash RXTE (Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer)ndash CHANDRAndash XMM-Newtonndash etc
bull Gammandash INTEGRALndash SWIFTndash etc
bull TeVndash HESSndash MAGIC etc
Teleskope in blau sind Thema der heutigen Vorlesung
Grundlagen Teleskope
7
TeleskopeDas elektromagnetische Spektrum
8
Elektromagnetisches Spektrum Absorption in der Atmosphaumlre
9
in Kuumlrze
bull Mikrowellen Dezi- Zenti- und Millimeterwellen (300 MHz ndash 300 GHz) Mikrowellenherd arbeitet bei 245 GHz
bull Roumlntgenphotonen haben Energien zw 100 eV und 250 keV 3 1016
Hz ndash 6 1019 Hzbull weiche Roumlntgenstrahlen kleinste Energiebull harte Roumlntgenstrahlen groumlszligte Energie houmlchste Frequenz kleinste
Wellenlaumlngebull Roumlntgenstrahlen fuumlr das menschliche Auge sichtbar
10
Roumlntgen Absorption
Beobachtungen von der Erdenicht moumlglichProblemes fehlen Materialiendie Roumlntgenstrahlenwie sichtbares Licht reflektieren oderbrechen alle absorbieren Photonenim Roumlntgenbereich
Spiegelanordnungennach Erfinder H Wolterals Wolter Teleskopebezeichnetder Effekt der Totalreflexion von Roumlntgenstrahlen bei streifendem Einfall anMetallspiegeln
11
Roumlntgenstrahlen passieren die meisten Materialien nur im Grenzfall der Totalreflexion gelingt Reflexion der Strahlen Spiegel parallel zur Sichtlinienotwendig Spiegel ineinander verschachtelt (nested)
12
TeleskopeFrequenzen sub-mm Mikrowellen
WMAP
13
Mikrowellen kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung
14
WMAP
15
WMAP
bull WMAP (fruumlher MAP) ist eine am 30 Juni 2001 gestartete amerikanische Raumsonde
bull MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe dient der Erforschung von Unregelmaumlszligigkeiten in der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull Dezember 2002 umbenannt in WMAP bdquoWldquo steht fuumlr den Physiker David Todd Wilkinson (1935-2002) den Entdecker der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull WMAP Nachfolger von COBE (Nobelpreis)bull Instrumente messen Temperaturunterschiede im Bereich von 20
millionstel Gradbull 840 kgbull Nachfolger Planck (Europaumlische Raumsonde dreifach houmlhere
Aufloumlsung ab 2008)
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
6
Zur Zeit stehen zur Verfuumlgung
bull Roumlntgenndash Suzaku (aka Astro-E2)ndash RXTE (Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer)ndash CHANDRAndash XMM-Newtonndash etc
bull Gammandash INTEGRALndash SWIFTndash etc
bull TeVndash HESSndash MAGIC etc
Teleskope in blau sind Thema der heutigen Vorlesung
Grundlagen Teleskope
7
TeleskopeDas elektromagnetische Spektrum
8
Elektromagnetisches Spektrum Absorption in der Atmosphaumlre
9
in Kuumlrze
bull Mikrowellen Dezi- Zenti- und Millimeterwellen (300 MHz ndash 300 GHz) Mikrowellenherd arbeitet bei 245 GHz
bull Roumlntgenphotonen haben Energien zw 100 eV und 250 keV 3 1016
Hz ndash 6 1019 Hzbull weiche Roumlntgenstrahlen kleinste Energiebull harte Roumlntgenstrahlen groumlszligte Energie houmlchste Frequenz kleinste
Wellenlaumlngebull Roumlntgenstrahlen fuumlr das menschliche Auge sichtbar
10
Roumlntgen Absorption
Beobachtungen von der Erdenicht moumlglichProblemes fehlen Materialiendie Roumlntgenstrahlenwie sichtbares Licht reflektieren oderbrechen alle absorbieren Photonenim Roumlntgenbereich
Spiegelanordnungennach Erfinder H Wolterals Wolter Teleskopebezeichnetder Effekt der Totalreflexion von Roumlntgenstrahlen bei streifendem Einfall anMetallspiegeln
11
Roumlntgenstrahlen passieren die meisten Materialien nur im Grenzfall der Totalreflexion gelingt Reflexion der Strahlen Spiegel parallel zur Sichtlinienotwendig Spiegel ineinander verschachtelt (nested)
12
TeleskopeFrequenzen sub-mm Mikrowellen
WMAP
13
Mikrowellen kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung
14
WMAP
15
WMAP
bull WMAP (fruumlher MAP) ist eine am 30 Juni 2001 gestartete amerikanische Raumsonde
bull MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe dient der Erforschung von Unregelmaumlszligigkeiten in der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull Dezember 2002 umbenannt in WMAP bdquoWldquo steht fuumlr den Physiker David Todd Wilkinson (1935-2002) den Entdecker der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull WMAP Nachfolger von COBE (Nobelpreis)bull Instrumente messen Temperaturunterschiede im Bereich von 20
millionstel Gradbull 840 kgbull Nachfolger Planck (Europaumlische Raumsonde dreifach houmlhere
Aufloumlsung ab 2008)
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
7
TeleskopeDas elektromagnetische Spektrum
8
Elektromagnetisches Spektrum Absorption in der Atmosphaumlre
9
in Kuumlrze
bull Mikrowellen Dezi- Zenti- und Millimeterwellen (300 MHz ndash 300 GHz) Mikrowellenherd arbeitet bei 245 GHz
bull Roumlntgenphotonen haben Energien zw 100 eV und 250 keV 3 1016
Hz ndash 6 1019 Hzbull weiche Roumlntgenstrahlen kleinste Energiebull harte Roumlntgenstrahlen groumlszligte Energie houmlchste Frequenz kleinste
Wellenlaumlngebull Roumlntgenstrahlen fuumlr das menschliche Auge sichtbar
10
Roumlntgen Absorption
Beobachtungen von der Erdenicht moumlglichProblemes fehlen Materialiendie Roumlntgenstrahlenwie sichtbares Licht reflektieren oderbrechen alle absorbieren Photonenim Roumlntgenbereich
Spiegelanordnungennach Erfinder H Wolterals Wolter Teleskopebezeichnetder Effekt der Totalreflexion von Roumlntgenstrahlen bei streifendem Einfall anMetallspiegeln
11
Roumlntgenstrahlen passieren die meisten Materialien nur im Grenzfall der Totalreflexion gelingt Reflexion der Strahlen Spiegel parallel zur Sichtlinienotwendig Spiegel ineinander verschachtelt (nested)
12
TeleskopeFrequenzen sub-mm Mikrowellen
WMAP
13
Mikrowellen kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung
14
WMAP
15
WMAP
bull WMAP (fruumlher MAP) ist eine am 30 Juni 2001 gestartete amerikanische Raumsonde
bull MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe dient der Erforschung von Unregelmaumlszligigkeiten in der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull Dezember 2002 umbenannt in WMAP bdquoWldquo steht fuumlr den Physiker David Todd Wilkinson (1935-2002) den Entdecker der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull WMAP Nachfolger von COBE (Nobelpreis)bull Instrumente messen Temperaturunterschiede im Bereich von 20
millionstel Gradbull 840 kgbull Nachfolger Planck (Europaumlische Raumsonde dreifach houmlhere
Aufloumlsung ab 2008)
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
8
Elektromagnetisches Spektrum Absorption in der Atmosphaumlre
9
in Kuumlrze
bull Mikrowellen Dezi- Zenti- und Millimeterwellen (300 MHz ndash 300 GHz) Mikrowellenherd arbeitet bei 245 GHz
bull Roumlntgenphotonen haben Energien zw 100 eV und 250 keV 3 1016
Hz ndash 6 1019 Hzbull weiche Roumlntgenstrahlen kleinste Energiebull harte Roumlntgenstrahlen groumlszligte Energie houmlchste Frequenz kleinste
Wellenlaumlngebull Roumlntgenstrahlen fuumlr das menschliche Auge sichtbar
10
Roumlntgen Absorption
Beobachtungen von der Erdenicht moumlglichProblemes fehlen Materialiendie Roumlntgenstrahlenwie sichtbares Licht reflektieren oderbrechen alle absorbieren Photonenim Roumlntgenbereich
Spiegelanordnungennach Erfinder H Wolterals Wolter Teleskopebezeichnetder Effekt der Totalreflexion von Roumlntgenstrahlen bei streifendem Einfall anMetallspiegeln
11
Roumlntgenstrahlen passieren die meisten Materialien nur im Grenzfall der Totalreflexion gelingt Reflexion der Strahlen Spiegel parallel zur Sichtlinienotwendig Spiegel ineinander verschachtelt (nested)
12
TeleskopeFrequenzen sub-mm Mikrowellen
WMAP
13
Mikrowellen kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung
14
WMAP
15
WMAP
bull WMAP (fruumlher MAP) ist eine am 30 Juni 2001 gestartete amerikanische Raumsonde
bull MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe dient der Erforschung von Unregelmaumlszligigkeiten in der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull Dezember 2002 umbenannt in WMAP bdquoWldquo steht fuumlr den Physiker David Todd Wilkinson (1935-2002) den Entdecker der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull WMAP Nachfolger von COBE (Nobelpreis)bull Instrumente messen Temperaturunterschiede im Bereich von 20
millionstel Gradbull 840 kgbull Nachfolger Planck (Europaumlische Raumsonde dreifach houmlhere
Aufloumlsung ab 2008)
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
9
in Kuumlrze
bull Mikrowellen Dezi- Zenti- und Millimeterwellen (300 MHz ndash 300 GHz) Mikrowellenherd arbeitet bei 245 GHz
bull Roumlntgenphotonen haben Energien zw 100 eV und 250 keV 3 1016
Hz ndash 6 1019 Hzbull weiche Roumlntgenstrahlen kleinste Energiebull harte Roumlntgenstrahlen groumlszligte Energie houmlchste Frequenz kleinste
Wellenlaumlngebull Roumlntgenstrahlen fuumlr das menschliche Auge sichtbar
10
Roumlntgen Absorption
Beobachtungen von der Erdenicht moumlglichProblemes fehlen Materialiendie Roumlntgenstrahlenwie sichtbares Licht reflektieren oderbrechen alle absorbieren Photonenim Roumlntgenbereich
Spiegelanordnungennach Erfinder H Wolterals Wolter Teleskopebezeichnetder Effekt der Totalreflexion von Roumlntgenstrahlen bei streifendem Einfall anMetallspiegeln
11
Roumlntgenstrahlen passieren die meisten Materialien nur im Grenzfall der Totalreflexion gelingt Reflexion der Strahlen Spiegel parallel zur Sichtlinienotwendig Spiegel ineinander verschachtelt (nested)
12
TeleskopeFrequenzen sub-mm Mikrowellen
WMAP
13
Mikrowellen kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung
14
WMAP
15
WMAP
bull WMAP (fruumlher MAP) ist eine am 30 Juni 2001 gestartete amerikanische Raumsonde
bull MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe dient der Erforschung von Unregelmaumlszligigkeiten in der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull Dezember 2002 umbenannt in WMAP bdquoWldquo steht fuumlr den Physiker David Todd Wilkinson (1935-2002) den Entdecker der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull WMAP Nachfolger von COBE (Nobelpreis)bull Instrumente messen Temperaturunterschiede im Bereich von 20
millionstel Gradbull 840 kgbull Nachfolger Planck (Europaumlische Raumsonde dreifach houmlhere
Aufloumlsung ab 2008)
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
10
Roumlntgen Absorption
Beobachtungen von der Erdenicht moumlglichProblemes fehlen Materialiendie Roumlntgenstrahlenwie sichtbares Licht reflektieren oderbrechen alle absorbieren Photonenim Roumlntgenbereich
Spiegelanordnungennach Erfinder H Wolterals Wolter Teleskopebezeichnetder Effekt der Totalreflexion von Roumlntgenstrahlen bei streifendem Einfall anMetallspiegeln
11
Roumlntgenstrahlen passieren die meisten Materialien nur im Grenzfall der Totalreflexion gelingt Reflexion der Strahlen Spiegel parallel zur Sichtlinienotwendig Spiegel ineinander verschachtelt (nested)
12
TeleskopeFrequenzen sub-mm Mikrowellen
WMAP
13
Mikrowellen kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung
14
WMAP
15
WMAP
bull WMAP (fruumlher MAP) ist eine am 30 Juni 2001 gestartete amerikanische Raumsonde
bull MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe dient der Erforschung von Unregelmaumlszligigkeiten in der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull Dezember 2002 umbenannt in WMAP bdquoWldquo steht fuumlr den Physiker David Todd Wilkinson (1935-2002) den Entdecker der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull WMAP Nachfolger von COBE (Nobelpreis)bull Instrumente messen Temperaturunterschiede im Bereich von 20
millionstel Gradbull 840 kgbull Nachfolger Planck (Europaumlische Raumsonde dreifach houmlhere
Aufloumlsung ab 2008)
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
11
Roumlntgenstrahlen passieren die meisten Materialien nur im Grenzfall der Totalreflexion gelingt Reflexion der Strahlen Spiegel parallel zur Sichtlinienotwendig Spiegel ineinander verschachtelt (nested)
12
TeleskopeFrequenzen sub-mm Mikrowellen
WMAP
13
Mikrowellen kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung
14
WMAP
15
WMAP
bull WMAP (fruumlher MAP) ist eine am 30 Juni 2001 gestartete amerikanische Raumsonde
bull MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe dient der Erforschung von Unregelmaumlszligigkeiten in der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull Dezember 2002 umbenannt in WMAP bdquoWldquo steht fuumlr den Physiker David Todd Wilkinson (1935-2002) den Entdecker der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull WMAP Nachfolger von COBE (Nobelpreis)bull Instrumente messen Temperaturunterschiede im Bereich von 20
millionstel Gradbull 840 kgbull Nachfolger Planck (Europaumlische Raumsonde dreifach houmlhere
Aufloumlsung ab 2008)
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
12
TeleskopeFrequenzen sub-mm Mikrowellen
WMAP
13
Mikrowellen kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung
14
WMAP
15
WMAP
bull WMAP (fruumlher MAP) ist eine am 30 Juni 2001 gestartete amerikanische Raumsonde
bull MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe dient der Erforschung von Unregelmaumlszligigkeiten in der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull Dezember 2002 umbenannt in WMAP bdquoWldquo steht fuumlr den Physiker David Todd Wilkinson (1935-2002) den Entdecker der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull WMAP Nachfolger von COBE (Nobelpreis)bull Instrumente messen Temperaturunterschiede im Bereich von 20
millionstel Gradbull 840 kgbull Nachfolger Planck (Europaumlische Raumsonde dreifach houmlhere
Aufloumlsung ab 2008)
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
13
Mikrowellen kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung
14
WMAP
15
WMAP
bull WMAP (fruumlher MAP) ist eine am 30 Juni 2001 gestartete amerikanische Raumsonde
bull MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe dient der Erforschung von Unregelmaumlszligigkeiten in der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull Dezember 2002 umbenannt in WMAP bdquoWldquo steht fuumlr den Physiker David Todd Wilkinson (1935-2002) den Entdecker der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull WMAP Nachfolger von COBE (Nobelpreis)bull Instrumente messen Temperaturunterschiede im Bereich von 20
millionstel Gradbull 840 kgbull Nachfolger Planck (Europaumlische Raumsonde dreifach houmlhere
Aufloumlsung ab 2008)
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
14
WMAP
15
WMAP
bull WMAP (fruumlher MAP) ist eine am 30 Juni 2001 gestartete amerikanische Raumsonde
bull MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe dient der Erforschung von Unregelmaumlszligigkeiten in der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull Dezember 2002 umbenannt in WMAP bdquoWldquo steht fuumlr den Physiker David Todd Wilkinson (1935-2002) den Entdecker der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull WMAP Nachfolger von COBE (Nobelpreis)bull Instrumente messen Temperaturunterschiede im Bereich von 20
millionstel Gradbull 840 kgbull Nachfolger Planck (Europaumlische Raumsonde dreifach houmlhere
Aufloumlsung ab 2008)
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
15
WMAP
bull WMAP (fruumlher MAP) ist eine am 30 Juni 2001 gestartete amerikanische Raumsonde
bull MAP Microwave Anisotropy Probe dient der Erforschung von Unregelmaumlszligigkeiten in der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull Dezember 2002 umbenannt in WMAP bdquoWldquo steht fuumlr den Physiker David Todd Wilkinson (1935-2002) den Entdecker der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung
bull WMAP Nachfolger von COBE (Nobelpreis)bull Instrumente messen Temperaturunterschiede im Bereich von 20
millionstel Gradbull 840 kgbull Nachfolger Planck (Europaumlische Raumsonde dreifach houmlhere
Aufloumlsung ab 2008)
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
16
WMAP
bull garantierte Beobachtungenbis September 2009
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
17
WMAP
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
18
WMAP
bull Ergebnissendash Zusammensetzung des Universums 4 Materie 23 Dunkle
Materie 73 Dunkle Energie
ndash flaches Universum
ndash Expansion dauert aufgrund Dunkler Energie ewig an
ndash Alter des Universums 137 Milliarden Jahre
ndash erste Sterne vor 135 Milliarden Jahren
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
19
TeleskopeFrequenzen Infrarot
Sofia Spitzer
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
20
Sofia
Das fliegende Infrarot-Observatorium
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
21
Sofia
bull Sofia Stratosphaumlren Observatorium fuumlr Infrarot-Astronomiebull Erster Testflug 26042007 bull Infrarot-Strahlung auf Erde unzugaumlnglichbull Transport des Teleskops nach Waco Texas Herbst 2002bull zur Zeit Testbetriebbull 25 m Teleskop Boeing 747SP-Verkehrsflugzeugbull Flughoumlhe 12 km (darunter absorbierender Wasserdampf in der
Troposphaumlre)bull 20 Jahre Betrieb geplant pro Jahr bis zu 160 astronomische Messfluumlgebull Jeder Beobachtungsflug 6 ndash 8 Stundenbull Zusammenarbeit NASA DLRbull Deutschland liefert Teleskop beteiligt sich mit 20 am Betrieb und
bekommt 30 Wissenschaftsfluumlge pro Jahrbull Stuttgart Deutsches SOFIA-Institut (DSI)bull ab 2009 Beobachtungen
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
22
Typische Arbeitsfelder und Themenbereiche fuumlr die SOFIA-Nutzer
bullDie Physik der interstellaren Wolken und der Sternentstehung in unserer Galaxis
bullProto-planetare Scheiben und Planetenentstehung in nahen
bullUrsprung und Entwicklung von biogenetischen Atomen Molekuumllen und Mineralien
bullDie Zusammensetzung und die Struktur von Planetenatmosphaumlren und - ringen und Kometen
bullDie Sternentstehung die Dynamik und die chemischen Bestandteile anderer Galaxien
bullDie dynamische Aktivitaumlt im Zentrum der Milchstraszlige
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
23
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Flugzeugs
Start der EntwicklungsphaseJanuar 1997
Beginn der Testfluumlge Fruumlhjahr 2007
Beginn des Wissenschaftsbetriebs
Geplante Lebensdauer 20 Jahre
Zahl der Beobachtungsfluumlge pro Jahr ca 160
Teleskop-Plattform Boeing 747SP-Flugzeug Rolltuumlr als Teleskopoumlffnung auf der Backbordseite des hinteren Rumpfes
Flughoumlhe fuumlr astronomische Beobachtungen 11 km bis 135 km
Beobachtungszeit in 12 km Houmlhe oder houmlher gt 6 Stunden
Gesamtbeobachtungszeit pro Jahr gt 960 Stunden
Umgebungstemperatur im Teleskopraum 210 K bis 330 K
Betriebsmannschaft im Flug 3 Personen im Cockpit 10 bis 15 OperatorenWissenschaftlerAusbilderGaumlste
Heimatflughafen Moffett Field am NASA Ames Research Center Kalifornien regelmaumlszligige Verlegungen in die suumldliche Hemisphaumlre
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
24
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
Gewicht des Teleskopsca 20 Tonnen
Teleskopkonfiguration Cassegrain-Teleskop mit Nasmyth-Fokus waumlhrend der Mission permanenter Zugang zum wissenschaftlichen Instrument von der Kabine aus
Struktureller Aufbau Kohlefaser-Struktur in Hantelform Spiegeltubus in Gitterbauweise
Rotations-Isolationssystem Hydrostatisches Oumlllager mit 2 Ringsegmenten 1200 mm Durchmesser 20 bis 30 microm Spalthoumlhe 10 - 30 bar Versorgungsdruck
Antriebssystem fuumlr Rotation Zahnkranztrieb fuumlr Grob-Elevation buumlrstenlose gekruumlmmte Gleichstrom-Linearmotoren fuumlr Feinelevation Cross-Elevation und line-of-sight (LOS)
Vibrations-Isolationssystem je 12 Luftfedern in Laumlngs- und Tangentialrichtung rings um das hydrostatische Lager und 3 Daumlmpferlemente
Primaumlrspiegel (PM) Durchmesser 270 m Oumlffnung 250 m leichtgewichtete ZERODUR-Struktur auf 18-Punkt- Whiffle-Tree-Lagerung aluminiumverguumltet PM-Blendenzahl f128
Sekundaumlrspiegel (SM) Silizium-Carbid (SiC)-Material Durchmesser 352 mm aluminiumverguumltet
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
25
Kenndaten des SOFIA-Teleskops
SM-Funktionen Fokussierung Justage Chopping (2-Achsen in beliebiger Richtung Offset 3-Punkt stationaumlr)
Tertiaumlrspiegel (TM) 2 ebene Spiegel teildurchlaumlssig (goldverguumltet) und reflektierend (aluminiumverguumltet)
Blendenzahl des Gesamtsystems f196
Spektralbereich 03 microm bis 1600 microm
Unvignettiertes Gesichtsfeld 8 Bogenminuten
Bewegungsbereiche Elevation 15 - 700 (unvignettiert 20 bis 600) Cross-Elevation und LOS +- 3deg
Bildqualitaumlt 80 Energie in einem Kreis mit 15 Bogensekunden Durchmesser bei 06 microm Wellenlaumlnge
Bildstabilitaumlt 08 Bogensekunden zu Beginn des Betriebs und 02 Bogensekunden nach einem Optimierungsprogramm
26
27
28
Artist concept ofPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecule
29
bull Spitzer-Weltraumteleskop (Spitzer Space Telescope SST)bull fruumlher SIRTF (Space Infrared Telescope Facility)bull benannt nach Astrophysiker Lyman Spitzerbull Infrarotteleskop der NASA 3-180 μmbull Problem Teleskope produzieren ihre eigene Waumlrme -gt Kuumlhlung notwendigbull Lebensdauer 5 Jahrebull 2008 Kuumlhlmittel fuumlr Detektoren werden verdampft seinbull um stoumlrende Waumlrmestrahlung der Erde zu vermeiden bewegt sich das
Teleskop nicht in einem Erdorbit sondern in einem heliozentrischen der Erdbahn folgenden Orbit es ist kein Erdsatellit
bull 085 m groszliger Hauptspiegel kleinerer zweiter Spiegel aus Berylliumbull von 3-80 microns (menschliches Haar 50 micron)bull bdquoThe Far the Cold and the Dustyldquo die aumlltesten Sterne und Galaxien
Braune Zwerge und zirkumstellare Scheiben Staubverdeckte Prozesse wie Sternen- und Planetenentstehung
30
Beobachtungszielebull Erforschung von Protoplanetaren Scheiben Vorgaumlnge
bei der Entstehung von Planetensystemenbull Braune Zwergebull Infrarotgalaxienbull Aktive Galaxienkernebull fruumlhes Universum
31
Launch Date 25 August 2003Launch
VehicleSite Delta 7920H ELV Cape Canaveral Florida
Estimated Lifetime 25 years (minimum) 5+ years (goal)
Orbit Earth-trailing HeliocentricWavelength
Coverage 3 - 180 microns
Telescope 85 cm diameter (335 Inches) f12 lightweight Beryllium cooled to less 55 K
Diffraction Limit 65 microns
Science Capabilities
Imaging Photometry 3-180 microns Spectroscopy 5-40 microns Spectrophotometry 50-100 microns
32
Planetary Tracking 1 arcsec sec
Cryogen Volume Liquid Helium 360 liters (95 Gallons)
Launch Mass 950 kg (2094 lb) [Observatory 8515 kg Cover 60 kg Helium 504 kg Nitrogen Propellant 156 kg]
33
Major Innovations
bullChoice of OrbitbullWarm-Launch ArchitecturebullNew Generation of Large-Format Detector Arrays bullLightweight cryogenic optics
The Spitzer Team
bullJet Propulsion LaboratorybullSpitzer Science Center California Institute of TechnologybullBall Aerospace and Technologies CorporationbullLockheed Martin Space System CompanybullSmithsonian Astrophysical ObservatorybullNASA-Goddard Space Flight CenterbullCornell UniversitybullUniversity of Arizona
34
bull M104 (Sombrero Galaxie) HST- Bild Infrarot durch Spitzer
bull 50 000 Lj Durchmesser
bull Virgo-Haufen (Entfernung 28 Mio Lj) 2000 Kugelsternhaufen SMSL
bull Spitzer zeigt Sternlicht hellip
35
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull 300000 Spitzer Bilder der Groszligen Magellanschen Wolke (Entf 160000 Lj) kombiniert
bull Details jetzt sichtbarndash Neue Sterne bdquozaumlhlbarldquondash Wieviel Staub geben
alte Sterne in die Galaxie ab
ndash Sternentstehungsrate bestimmbar
36
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull Wavelength IRAC-only image 36 (blue) 45 (green) 58 and 80 (red) IRAC + MIPS 36 (blue) 80 (green) and 24 (red) Exposure Date IRAC July 15- 26 2005 and October 26- November 2 2005 MIPS July 27- August 2 2005 and November 2-9 2005 Exposure Time IRAC 43 seconds (HDR) MIPS 60 30 and 6 seconds for 24 70 and 160 microns respectively Image Scale 736 x 736 degrees
37
TeleskopeFrequenzen UV
Galex Swift
38
Galex
39
Galex
bull Galex Galaxy Evolution Explorerbull UV 50cm Teleskop
ndash Entwicklung der Galaxien Sternentstehungndash UV All-sky survey
bull Launch 28042003 29 Monatebull 500 Pfund oder wenigerbull 690 km uumlber der Erdebull ein einziges Instrument state-of-the-art UV Detektorbull UV-Beobachtungen auf der Erde aufgrund von Streuung am Ozon
der Atmosphaumlre nicht moumlglichbull umrundet die Erde 16mal pro Tag Geschwindigkeit 75 kms
40
Galex
Three-stage Pegasus launch vehicle
Mit Duumlsenjet auf 10 km Houmlhe gebrachtRakete erreicht mit eigenem Antrieb eine Houmlhe von 690 km
41
Galex
bull Dieses Bild hebt die versteckten Spiralarme (blau) hervor die in der nahgelegenen Galaxie NGC 4265 mit den ultravioletten Augen von NASAs GALEX entdeckt wurden
42
Galex
bull M81 Spiralgalaxiebull aumlltere Population innenbull junge Sternpopulation auszligen
bulloben UV-Blick auf die Andromeda-Galaxie Foto JPL NASA Caltechbullunten Die Andromeda-Galaxie im sichtbaren Bereich des Lichts
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
30
Beobachtungszielebull Erforschung von Protoplanetaren Scheiben Vorgaumlnge
bei der Entstehung von Planetensystemenbull Braune Zwergebull Infrarotgalaxienbull Aktive Galaxienkernebull fruumlhes Universum
31
Launch Date 25 August 2003Launch
VehicleSite Delta 7920H ELV Cape Canaveral Florida
Estimated Lifetime 25 years (minimum) 5+ years (goal)
Orbit Earth-trailing HeliocentricWavelength
Coverage 3 - 180 microns
Telescope 85 cm diameter (335 Inches) f12 lightweight Beryllium cooled to less 55 K
Diffraction Limit 65 microns
Science Capabilities
Imaging Photometry 3-180 microns Spectroscopy 5-40 microns Spectrophotometry 50-100 microns
32
Planetary Tracking 1 arcsec sec
Cryogen Volume Liquid Helium 360 liters (95 Gallons)
Launch Mass 950 kg (2094 lb) [Observatory 8515 kg Cover 60 kg Helium 504 kg Nitrogen Propellant 156 kg]
33
Major Innovations
bullChoice of OrbitbullWarm-Launch ArchitecturebullNew Generation of Large-Format Detector Arrays bullLightweight cryogenic optics
The Spitzer Team
bullJet Propulsion LaboratorybullSpitzer Science Center California Institute of TechnologybullBall Aerospace and Technologies CorporationbullLockheed Martin Space System CompanybullSmithsonian Astrophysical ObservatorybullNASA-Goddard Space Flight CenterbullCornell UniversitybullUniversity of Arizona
34
bull M104 (Sombrero Galaxie) HST- Bild Infrarot durch Spitzer
bull 50 000 Lj Durchmesser
bull Virgo-Haufen (Entfernung 28 Mio Lj) 2000 Kugelsternhaufen SMSL
bull Spitzer zeigt Sternlicht hellip
35
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull 300000 Spitzer Bilder der Groszligen Magellanschen Wolke (Entf 160000 Lj) kombiniert
bull Details jetzt sichtbarndash Neue Sterne bdquozaumlhlbarldquondash Wieviel Staub geben
alte Sterne in die Galaxie ab
ndash Sternentstehungsrate bestimmbar
36
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull Wavelength IRAC-only image 36 (blue) 45 (green) 58 and 80 (red) IRAC + MIPS 36 (blue) 80 (green) and 24 (red) Exposure Date IRAC July 15- 26 2005 and October 26- November 2 2005 MIPS July 27- August 2 2005 and November 2-9 2005 Exposure Time IRAC 43 seconds (HDR) MIPS 60 30 and 6 seconds for 24 70 and 160 microns respectively Image Scale 736 x 736 degrees
37
TeleskopeFrequenzen UV
Galex Swift
38
Galex
39
Galex
bull Galex Galaxy Evolution Explorerbull UV 50cm Teleskop
ndash Entwicklung der Galaxien Sternentstehungndash UV All-sky survey
bull Launch 28042003 29 Monatebull 500 Pfund oder wenigerbull 690 km uumlber der Erdebull ein einziges Instrument state-of-the-art UV Detektorbull UV-Beobachtungen auf der Erde aufgrund von Streuung am Ozon
der Atmosphaumlre nicht moumlglichbull umrundet die Erde 16mal pro Tag Geschwindigkeit 75 kms
40
Galex
Three-stage Pegasus launch vehicle
Mit Duumlsenjet auf 10 km Houmlhe gebrachtRakete erreicht mit eigenem Antrieb eine Houmlhe von 690 km
41
Galex
bull Dieses Bild hebt die versteckten Spiralarme (blau) hervor die in der nahgelegenen Galaxie NGC 4265 mit den ultravioletten Augen von NASAs GALEX entdeckt wurden
42
Galex
bull M81 Spiralgalaxiebull aumlltere Population innenbull junge Sternpopulation auszligen
bulloben UV-Blick auf die Andromeda-Galaxie Foto JPL NASA Caltechbullunten Die Andromeda-Galaxie im sichtbaren Bereich des Lichts
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
31
Launch Date 25 August 2003Launch
VehicleSite Delta 7920H ELV Cape Canaveral Florida
Estimated Lifetime 25 years (minimum) 5+ years (goal)
Orbit Earth-trailing HeliocentricWavelength
Coverage 3 - 180 microns
Telescope 85 cm diameter (335 Inches) f12 lightweight Beryllium cooled to less 55 K
Diffraction Limit 65 microns
Science Capabilities
Imaging Photometry 3-180 microns Spectroscopy 5-40 microns Spectrophotometry 50-100 microns
32
Planetary Tracking 1 arcsec sec
Cryogen Volume Liquid Helium 360 liters (95 Gallons)
Launch Mass 950 kg (2094 lb) [Observatory 8515 kg Cover 60 kg Helium 504 kg Nitrogen Propellant 156 kg]
33
Major Innovations
bullChoice of OrbitbullWarm-Launch ArchitecturebullNew Generation of Large-Format Detector Arrays bullLightweight cryogenic optics
The Spitzer Team
bullJet Propulsion LaboratorybullSpitzer Science Center California Institute of TechnologybullBall Aerospace and Technologies CorporationbullLockheed Martin Space System CompanybullSmithsonian Astrophysical ObservatorybullNASA-Goddard Space Flight CenterbullCornell UniversitybullUniversity of Arizona
34
bull M104 (Sombrero Galaxie) HST- Bild Infrarot durch Spitzer
bull 50 000 Lj Durchmesser
bull Virgo-Haufen (Entfernung 28 Mio Lj) 2000 Kugelsternhaufen SMSL
bull Spitzer zeigt Sternlicht hellip
35
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull 300000 Spitzer Bilder der Groszligen Magellanschen Wolke (Entf 160000 Lj) kombiniert
bull Details jetzt sichtbarndash Neue Sterne bdquozaumlhlbarldquondash Wieviel Staub geben
alte Sterne in die Galaxie ab
ndash Sternentstehungsrate bestimmbar
36
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull Wavelength IRAC-only image 36 (blue) 45 (green) 58 and 80 (red) IRAC + MIPS 36 (blue) 80 (green) and 24 (red) Exposure Date IRAC July 15- 26 2005 and October 26- November 2 2005 MIPS July 27- August 2 2005 and November 2-9 2005 Exposure Time IRAC 43 seconds (HDR) MIPS 60 30 and 6 seconds for 24 70 and 160 microns respectively Image Scale 736 x 736 degrees
37
TeleskopeFrequenzen UV
Galex Swift
38
Galex
39
Galex
bull Galex Galaxy Evolution Explorerbull UV 50cm Teleskop
ndash Entwicklung der Galaxien Sternentstehungndash UV All-sky survey
bull Launch 28042003 29 Monatebull 500 Pfund oder wenigerbull 690 km uumlber der Erdebull ein einziges Instrument state-of-the-art UV Detektorbull UV-Beobachtungen auf der Erde aufgrund von Streuung am Ozon
der Atmosphaumlre nicht moumlglichbull umrundet die Erde 16mal pro Tag Geschwindigkeit 75 kms
40
Galex
Three-stage Pegasus launch vehicle
Mit Duumlsenjet auf 10 km Houmlhe gebrachtRakete erreicht mit eigenem Antrieb eine Houmlhe von 690 km
41
Galex
bull Dieses Bild hebt die versteckten Spiralarme (blau) hervor die in der nahgelegenen Galaxie NGC 4265 mit den ultravioletten Augen von NASAs GALEX entdeckt wurden
42
Galex
bull M81 Spiralgalaxiebull aumlltere Population innenbull junge Sternpopulation auszligen
bulloben UV-Blick auf die Andromeda-Galaxie Foto JPL NASA Caltechbullunten Die Andromeda-Galaxie im sichtbaren Bereich des Lichts
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
32
Planetary Tracking 1 arcsec sec
Cryogen Volume Liquid Helium 360 liters (95 Gallons)
Launch Mass 950 kg (2094 lb) [Observatory 8515 kg Cover 60 kg Helium 504 kg Nitrogen Propellant 156 kg]
33
Major Innovations
bullChoice of OrbitbullWarm-Launch ArchitecturebullNew Generation of Large-Format Detector Arrays bullLightweight cryogenic optics
The Spitzer Team
bullJet Propulsion LaboratorybullSpitzer Science Center California Institute of TechnologybullBall Aerospace and Technologies CorporationbullLockheed Martin Space System CompanybullSmithsonian Astrophysical ObservatorybullNASA-Goddard Space Flight CenterbullCornell UniversitybullUniversity of Arizona
34
bull M104 (Sombrero Galaxie) HST- Bild Infrarot durch Spitzer
bull 50 000 Lj Durchmesser
bull Virgo-Haufen (Entfernung 28 Mio Lj) 2000 Kugelsternhaufen SMSL
bull Spitzer zeigt Sternlicht hellip
35
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull 300000 Spitzer Bilder der Groszligen Magellanschen Wolke (Entf 160000 Lj) kombiniert
bull Details jetzt sichtbarndash Neue Sterne bdquozaumlhlbarldquondash Wieviel Staub geben
alte Sterne in die Galaxie ab
ndash Sternentstehungsrate bestimmbar
36
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull Wavelength IRAC-only image 36 (blue) 45 (green) 58 and 80 (red) IRAC + MIPS 36 (blue) 80 (green) and 24 (red) Exposure Date IRAC July 15- 26 2005 and October 26- November 2 2005 MIPS July 27- August 2 2005 and November 2-9 2005 Exposure Time IRAC 43 seconds (HDR) MIPS 60 30 and 6 seconds for 24 70 and 160 microns respectively Image Scale 736 x 736 degrees
37
TeleskopeFrequenzen UV
Galex Swift
38
Galex
39
Galex
bull Galex Galaxy Evolution Explorerbull UV 50cm Teleskop
ndash Entwicklung der Galaxien Sternentstehungndash UV All-sky survey
bull Launch 28042003 29 Monatebull 500 Pfund oder wenigerbull 690 km uumlber der Erdebull ein einziges Instrument state-of-the-art UV Detektorbull UV-Beobachtungen auf der Erde aufgrund von Streuung am Ozon
der Atmosphaumlre nicht moumlglichbull umrundet die Erde 16mal pro Tag Geschwindigkeit 75 kms
40
Galex
Three-stage Pegasus launch vehicle
Mit Duumlsenjet auf 10 km Houmlhe gebrachtRakete erreicht mit eigenem Antrieb eine Houmlhe von 690 km
41
Galex
bull Dieses Bild hebt die versteckten Spiralarme (blau) hervor die in der nahgelegenen Galaxie NGC 4265 mit den ultravioletten Augen von NASAs GALEX entdeckt wurden
42
Galex
bull M81 Spiralgalaxiebull aumlltere Population innenbull junge Sternpopulation auszligen
bulloben UV-Blick auf die Andromeda-Galaxie Foto JPL NASA Caltechbullunten Die Andromeda-Galaxie im sichtbaren Bereich des Lichts
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
33
Major Innovations
bullChoice of OrbitbullWarm-Launch ArchitecturebullNew Generation of Large-Format Detector Arrays bullLightweight cryogenic optics
The Spitzer Team
bullJet Propulsion LaboratorybullSpitzer Science Center California Institute of TechnologybullBall Aerospace and Technologies CorporationbullLockheed Martin Space System CompanybullSmithsonian Astrophysical ObservatorybullNASA-Goddard Space Flight CenterbullCornell UniversitybullUniversity of Arizona
34
bull M104 (Sombrero Galaxie) HST- Bild Infrarot durch Spitzer
bull 50 000 Lj Durchmesser
bull Virgo-Haufen (Entfernung 28 Mio Lj) 2000 Kugelsternhaufen SMSL
bull Spitzer zeigt Sternlicht hellip
35
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull 300000 Spitzer Bilder der Groszligen Magellanschen Wolke (Entf 160000 Lj) kombiniert
bull Details jetzt sichtbarndash Neue Sterne bdquozaumlhlbarldquondash Wieviel Staub geben
alte Sterne in die Galaxie ab
ndash Sternentstehungsrate bestimmbar
36
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull Wavelength IRAC-only image 36 (blue) 45 (green) 58 and 80 (red) IRAC + MIPS 36 (blue) 80 (green) and 24 (red) Exposure Date IRAC July 15- 26 2005 and October 26- November 2 2005 MIPS July 27- August 2 2005 and November 2-9 2005 Exposure Time IRAC 43 seconds (HDR) MIPS 60 30 and 6 seconds for 24 70 and 160 microns respectively Image Scale 736 x 736 degrees
37
TeleskopeFrequenzen UV
Galex Swift
38
Galex
39
Galex
bull Galex Galaxy Evolution Explorerbull UV 50cm Teleskop
ndash Entwicklung der Galaxien Sternentstehungndash UV All-sky survey
bull Launch 28042003 29 Monatebull 500 Pfund oder wenigerbull 690 km uumlber der Erdebull ein einziges Instrument state-of-the-art UV Detektorbull UV-Beobachtungen auf der Erde aufgrund von Streuung am Ozon
der Atmosphaumlre nicht moumlglichbull umrundet die Erde 16mal pro Tag Geschwindigkeit 75 kms
40
Galex
Three-stage Pegasus launch vehicle
Mit Duumlsenjet auf 10 km Houmlhe gebrachtRakete erreicht mit eigenem Antrieb eine Houmlhe von 690 km
41
Galex
bull Dieses Bild hebt die versteckten Spiralarme (blau) hervor die in der nahgelegenen Galaxie NGC 4265 mit den ultravioletten Augen von NASAs GALEX entdeckt wurden
42
Galex
bull M81 Spiralgalaxiebull aumlltere Population innenbull junge Sternpopulation auszligen
bulloben UV-Blick auf die Andromeda-Galaxie Foto JPL NASA Caltechbullunten Die Andromeda-Galaxie im sichtbaren Bereich des Lichts
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
34
bull M104 (Sombrero Galaxie) HST- Bild Infrarot durch Spitzer
bull 50 000 Lj Durchmesser
bull Virgo-Haufen (Entfernung 28 Mio Lj) 2000 Kugelsternhaufen SMSL
bull Spitzer zeigt Sternlicht hellip
35
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull 300000 Spitzer Bilder der Groszligen Magellanschen Wolke (Entf 160000 Lj) kombiniert
bull Details jetzt sichtbarndash Neue Sterne bdquozaumlhlbarldquondash Wieviel Staub geben
alte Sterne in die Galaxie ab
ndash Sternentstehungsrate bestimmbar
36
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull Wavelength IRAC-only image 36 (blue) 45 (green) 58 and 80 (red) IRAC + MIPS 36 (blue) 80 (green) and 24 (red) Exposure Date IRAC July 15- 26 2005 and October 26- November 2 2005 MIPS July 27- August 2 2005 and November 2-9 2005 Exposure Time IRAC 43 seconds (HDR) MIPS 60 30 and 6 seconds for 24 70 and 160 microns respectively Image Scale 736 x 736 degrees
37
TeleskopeFrequenzen UV
Galex Swift
38
Galex
39
Galex
bull Galex Galaxy Evolution Explorerbull UV 50cm Teleskop
ndash Entwicklung der Galaxien Sternentstehungndash UV All-sky survey
bull Launch 28042003 29 Monatebull 500 Pfund oder wenigerbull 690 km uumlber der Erdebull ein einziges Instrument state-of-the-art UV Detektorbull UV-Beobachtungen auf der Erde aufgrund von Streuung am Ozon
der Atmosphaumlre nicht moumlglichbull umrundet die Erde 16mal pro Tag Geschwindigkeit 75 kms
40
Galex
Three-stage Pegasus launch vehicle
Mit Duumlsenjet auf 10 km Houmlhe gebrachtRakete erreicht mit eigenem Antrieb eine Houmlhe von 690 km
41
Galex
bull Dieses Bild hebt die versteckten Spiralarme (blau) hervor die in der nahgelegenen Galaxie NGC 4265 mit den ultravioletten Augen von NASAs GALEX entdeckt wurden
42
Galex
bull M81 Spiralgalaxiebull aumlltere Population innenbull junge Sternpopulation auszligen
bulloben UV-Blick auf die Andromeda-Galaxie Foto JPL NASA Caltechbullunten Die Andromeda-Galaxie im sichtbaren Bereich des Lichts
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
35
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull 300000 Spitzer Bilder der Groszligen Magellanschen Wolke (Entf 160000 Lj) kombiniert
bull Details jetzt sichtbarndash Neue Sterne bdquozaumlhlbarldquondash Wieviel Staub geben
alte Sterne in die Galaxie ab
ndash Sternentstehungsrate bestimmbar
36
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull Wavelength IRAC-only image 36 (blue) 45 (green) 58 and 80 (red) IRAC + MIPS 36 (blue) 80 (green) and 24 (red) Exposure Date IRAC July 15- 26 2005 and October 26- November 2 2005 MIPS July 27- August 2 2005 and November 2-9 2005 Exposure Time IRAC 43 seconds (HDR) MIPS 60 30 and 6 seconds for 24 70 and 160 microns respectively Image Scale 736 x 736 degrees
37
TeleskopeFrequenzen UV
Galex Swift
38
Galex
39
Galex
bull Galex Galaxy Evolution Explorerbull UV 50cm Teleskop
ndash Entwicklung der Galaxien Sternentstehungndash UV All-sky survey
bull Launch 28042003 29 Monatebull 500 Pfund oder wenigerbull 690 km uumlber der Erdebull ein einziges Instrument state-of-the-art UV Detektorbull UV-Beobachtungen auf der Erde aufgrund von Streuung am Ozon
der Atmosphaumlre nicht moumlglichbull umrundet die Erde 16mal pro Tag Geschwindigkeit 75 kms
40
Galex
Three-stage Pegasus launch vehicle
Mit Duumlsenjet auf 10 km Houmlhe gebrachtRakete erreicht mit eigenem Antrieb eine Houmlhe von 690 km
41
Galex
bull Dieses Bild hebt die versteckten Spiralarme (blau) hervor die in der nahgelegenen Galaxie NGC 4265 mit den ultravioletten Augen von NASAs GALEX entdeckt wurden
42
Galex
bull M81 Spiralgalaxiebull aumlltere Population innenbull junge Sternpopulation auszligen
bulloben UV-Blick auf die Andromeda-Galaxie Foto JPL NASA Caltechbullunten Die Andromeda-Galaxie im sichtbaren Bereich des Lichts
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
36
IRAS
Teleskope Spitzer
bull Wavelength IRAC-only image 36 (blue) 45 (green) 58 and 80 (red) IRAC + MIPS 36 (blue) 80 (green) and 24 (red) Exposure Date IRAC July 15- 26 2005 and October 26- November 2 2005 MIPS July 27- August 2 2005 and November 2-9 2005 Exposure Time IRAC 43 seconds (HDR) MIPS 60 30 and 6 seconds for 24 70 and 160 microns respectively Image Scale 736 x 736 degrees
37
TeleskopeFrequenzen UV
Galex Swift
38
Galex
39
Galex
bull Galex Galaxy Evolution Explorerbull UV 50cm Teleskop
ndash Entwicklung der Galaxien Sternentstehungndash UV All-sky survey
bull Launch 28042003 29 Monatebull 500 Pfund oder wenigerbull 690 km uumlber der Erdebull ein einziges Instrument state-of-the-art UV Detektorbull UV-Beobachtungen auf der Erde aufgrund von Streuung am Ozon
der Atmosphaumlre nicht moumlglichbull umrundet die Erde 16mal pro Tag Geschwindigkeit 75 kms
40
Galex
Three-stage Pegasus launch vehicle
Mit Duumlsenjet auf 10 km Houmlhe gebrachtRakete erreicht mit eigenem Antrieb eine Houmlhe von 690 km
41
Galex
bull Dieses Bild hebt die versteckten Spiralarme (blau) hervor die in der nahgelegenen Galaxie NGC 4265 mit den ultravioletten Augen von NASAs GALEX entdeckt wurden
42
Galex
bull M81 Spiralgalaxiebull aumlltere Population innenbull junge Sternpopulation auszligen
bulloben UV-Blick auf die Andromeda-Galaxie Foto JPL NASA Caltechbullunten Die Andromeda-Galaxie im sichtbaren Bereich des Lichts
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
37
TeleskopeFrequenzen UV
Galex Swift
38
Galex
39
Galex
bull Galex Galaxy Evolution Explorerbull UV 50cm Teleskop
ndash Entwicklung der Galaxien Sternentstehungndash UV All-sky survey
bull Launch 28042003 29 Monatebull 500 Pfund oder wenigerbull 690 km uumlber der Erdebull ein einziges Instrument state-of-the-art UV Detektorbull UV-Beobachtungen auf der Erde aufgrund von Streuung am Ozon
der Atmosphaumlre nicht moumlglichbull umrundet die Erde 16mal pro Tag Geschwindigkeit 75 kms
40
Galex
Three-stage Pegasus launch vehicle
Mit Duumlsenjet auf 10 km Houmlhe gebrachtRakete erreicht mit eigenem Antrieb eine Houmlhe von 690 km
41
Galex
bull Dieses Bild hebt die versteckten Spiralarme (blau) hervor die in der nahgelegenen Galaxie NGC 4265 mit den ultravioletten Augen von NASAs GALEX entdeckt wurden
42
Galex
bull M81 Spiralgalaxiebull aumlltere Population innenbull junge Sternpopulation auszligen
bulloben UV-Blick auf die Andromeda-Galaxie Foto JPL NASA Caltechbullunten Die Andromeda-Galaxie im sichtbaren Bereich des Lichts
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
38
Galex
39
Galex
bull Galex Galaxy Evolution Explorerbull UV 50cm Teleskop
ndash Entwicklung der Galaxien Sternentstehungndash UV All-sky survey
bull Launch 28042003 29 Monatebull 500 Pfund oder wenigerbull 690 km uumlber der Erdebull ein einziges Instrument state-of-the-art UV Detektorbull UV-Beobachtungen auf der Erde aufgrund von Streuung am Ozon
der Atmosphaumlre nicht moumlglichbull umrundet die Erde 16mal pro Tag Geschwindigkeit 75 kms
40
Galex
Three-stage Pegasus launch vehicle
Mit Duumlsenjet auf 10 km Houmlhe gebrachtRakete erreicht mit eigenem Antrieb eine Houmlhe von 690 km
41
Galex
bull Dieses Bild hebt die versteckten Spiralarme (blau) hervor die in der nahgelegenen Galaxie NGC 4265 mit den ultravioletten Augen von NASAs GALEX entdeckt wurden
42
Galex
bull M81 Spiralgalaxiebull aumlltere Population innenbull junge Sternpopulation auszligen
bulloben UV-Blick auf die Andromeda-Galaxie Foto JPL NASA Caltechbullunten Die Andromeda-Galaxie im sichtbaren Bereich des Lichts
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
39
Galex
bull Galex Galaxy Evolution Explorerbull UV 50cm Teleskop
ndash Entwicklung der Galaxien Sternentstehungndash UV All-sky survey
bull Launch 28042003 29 Monatebull 500 Pfund oder wenigerbull 690 km uumlber der Erdebull ein einziges Instrument state-of-the-art UV Detektorbull UV-Beobachtungen auf der Erde aufgrund von Streuung am Ozon
der Atmosphaumlre nicht moumlglichbull umrundet die Erde 16mal pro Tag Geschwindigkeit 75 kms
40
Galex
Three-stage Pegasus launch vehicle
Mit Duumlsenjet auf 10 km Houmlhe gebrachtRakete erreicht mit eigenem Antrieb eine Houmlhe von 690 km
41
Galex
bull Dieses Bild hebt die versteckten Spiralarme (blau) hervor die in der nahgelegenen Galaxie NGC 4265 mit den ultravioletten Augen von NASAs GALEX entdeckt wurden
42
Galex
bull M81 Spiralgalaxiebull aumlltere Population innenbull junge Sternpopulation auszligen
bulloben UV-Blick auf die Andromeda-Galaxie Foto JPL NASA Caltechbullunten Die Andromeda-Galaxie im sichtbaren Bereich des Lichts
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
40
Galex
Three-stage Pegasus launch vehicle
Mit Duumlsenjet auf 10 km Houmlhe gebrachtRakete erreicht mit eigenem Antrieb eine Houmlhe von 690 km
41
Galex
bull Dieses Bild hebt die versteckten Spiralarme (blau) hervor die in der nahgelegenen Galaxie NGC 4265 mit den ultravioletten Augen von NASAs GALEX entdeckt wurden
42
Galex
bull M81 Spiralgalaxiebull aumlltere Population innenbull junge Sternpopulation auszligen
bulloben UV-Blick auf die Andromeda-Galaxie Foto JPL NASA Caltechbullunten Die Andromeda-Galaxie im sichtbaren Bereich des Lichts
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
41
Galex
bull Dieses Bild hebt die versteckten Spiralarme (blau) hervor die in der nahgelegenen Galaxie NGC 4265 mit den ultravioletten Augen von NASAs GALEX entdeckt wurden
42
Galex
bull M81 Spiralgalaxiebull aumlltere Population innenbull junge Sternpopulation auszligen
bulloben UV-Blick auf die Andromeda-Galaxie Foto JPL NASA Caltechbullunten Die Andromeda-Galaxie im sichtbaren Bereich des Lichts
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
42
Galex
bull M81 Spiralgalaxiebull aumlltere Population innenbull junge Sternpopulation auszligen
bulloben UV-Blick auf die Andromeda-Galaxie Foto JPL NASA Caltechbullunten Die Andromeda-Galaxie im sichtbaren Bereich des Lichts
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
43
Galex
MISSION NAME Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) a NASA small explorer class mission
OBJECTIVE To map the history and evolution of the Universe 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang GALEX aims to answer the questions 1What is the history of star formation in the Universe 2What do nearby galaxies look like in ultraviolet light 3When and where did the stars and elements we see today have their origins
LAUNCH DATE GALEX was launched at 8am EDT (5am PDT) on April 28th 2003
MISSION DURATION 29 months
LAUNCH SITE Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Florida
LAUNCH VEHICLE Air launched Pegasus XL Carried by an L-1011 Stargazer aircraft to 40000 feet over the Atlantic Ocean
ORBIT Near circular altitude 694 x 700 km eccentricity 000045 inclination to the equator 2899 degrees Right Ascension of theAscending Node is 11823 degrees
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
44
Galex
SATELLITE MASS 280 kilograms (a little more than 617 pounds)
TELESCOPE f60 Richey-Chreacutetien design 50 centimeter (197 inches) diameter primary mirror 22 centimeter (88 inches) diameter secondary mirror
DETECTORS Two 65 millimeter (25 inches) diameter microchannel plate detectors Far ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 135 to 175 nanometers Near ultraviolet sensitive to light with wavelengths 175 to 280 nanometers
OBSERVING TIMELINE Dayside of the Earth no science observations solar panels aligned to face the Sun Twilight slew to science target Night science data collection while spacecraft is in Earths shadow
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
45
Galex
DATA PRODUCTS Circular images of the sky with 12 degree diameterand 5 arcsecond resolution in two ultraviolet light bands Spectra with10 to 20 Angstrom resolution of all objects in the field of view obtainedusing a grism in the light path
TELEMETRY SYSTEM X-band science downlink has 25 Megabits per second transmission S-band command and housekeeping data link 2 Megabits per second transmission
GROUND STATIONS South Point Hawaii and Dongara AustraliaTracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) communications system capable
SOLAR ARRAYS Fixed Gallium Arsenide solar cells with total area of 3 square meters (27 square feet)
POWER SUPPLY Orbit average of 290 watts
CONSUMABLES No consumable fuel needed on orbit
SPACECRAFT ATTITUDE CONTROL 3-axis stabilized Two gyroscope systems a hemispherical resonating gyroscope and a ring laser gyroscope Pointing stability from four reaction wheels and magnetic torquer bars and coil
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
46
TeleskopeFrequenzen Roumlntgen
Suzaku XMM-Newton CHANDRA
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
47
Suzaku
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
48
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
49
bull 10Juli 2005 Uchinoura Space Center in Japan
bull kurz nach dem Start wurde die Mission von Astro-E2 in Suzaku umbenannt
bull Suzaku ist die Nachbildung von Astro- E der beim Start 2000 verloren ging
bull Suzaku Roter Vogel des Suumldensbull Japans 5 Missionbull Roumlntgen Microcalorimeter enorme
Energieaufloumlsungbull 882005 Hauptinstrument faumlllt aus
trotzdem funktionieren XIS und HXD
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
50
Year of Publication XRS XIS HXD
Energy Range 05 - 12 keV 04 - 10 keV 10 - 700 keV
Number of Sensors 1 4 (one CCD chipsensor) 1 (16 identical units)
Number of Pixels 32 (2 x 18)[image] 1024 x 1024 for each CCD
Pixel Size 094 x 024 mm 19 x 19
Effective area per sensor
190 cm2 1300 cm2 160 cm2 (lt 30 keV) 330 cm2 (gt 40 keV)
Energy Resolution(FWHM) 12 eV 130 eV 35 keV (10 - 40 keV)
(9 662 keV)
Field of View 19 x 42 19x19 08 deg (FWHM 60 keV)
Imaging CapabilityLimited
(2 x 18 pixels) Full056 x 056deglt 100 keV
46 x 46deggt 200 keV
Others 2 yr lifetime
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
51
bull X-ray Spectrometer 03-12 keVbull X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (02-12 keV)bull Hard X-ray Detector (10-600 keV)
Beobachtungszielebull Neutronensternebull Schwarze Loumlcherbull Supernova-Uumlberrestebull Galaktische Kernebull Galaxienhaufen
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
53
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull XMM Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror ESA gestartet 10121999 (an Bord einer Ariane-5G) bis 2010 in Betrieb
bull Hauptaufgabe energiereichste Prozesse wie Materieeinfall auf Schwarze Loumlcher und Leben und Sterben der Sterne (Supernovae)
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
54
Roumlntgen XMM-Newtonbull 38 t exzentrische Umlaufsbahn Aumlquatorneigung von 387 Grad
und Houmlhe von 850-114000 km
bull Bahn mit 48 Stunden Umlaufszeit erlaubt lange ununterbrochene Beobachtungen veraumlnderlicher Objekte und verlaumluft auszligerhalb der stoumlrenden Strahlungsguumlrtel der Erde
bull ESOC in Darmstadt uumlberwacht das Teleskop
bull Daten werden in Villafranca (Spanien) aufbereitet und verwaltet
bull massereichster Satellit der jemals in Europa gebaut wurde (durch Integral inzwischen uumlbertroffen)
bull 3 parallel ausgerichtete Roumlntgentelskope (Wolter-Telskop-Typ 1) beobachten gleichzeitig dasselbe Gebiet
bull jedes Teleskop besteht aus 58 ineinander verschachtelten duumlnnen aber hochgenauen Spiegelschalen Brennweite 75m Duchrmesser70cm
bull Vergleich mit CHANDRA wesentlich groumlszligere effektive Sammelflaumlche besonders fuumlr harte Roumlntgenstrahlung um 7 keV aber schlechtere Abbildungsqualitaumlt von 5 Bogensekunden Halbwertsbreite fuumlr eine Punktquelle
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
55
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Instrumente an Bordndash drei Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) liefern
Roumlntgenaufnahmen im Bereich 01-15 keV erlauben Variabilitaumltsstudien mit hoher Zeitaufloumlsung
ndash zwei Reflection Grating Spectrometers durch die Verwendung eines zusaumltzlichen Gitterspektrometers koumlnnen hellere Quellen mit wesentlich besserer Energieaufloumlsung im Energieberiech 035-25 keV untersucht werden
ndash Optical Monitor 30 cm Spiegeldurchmesser damit gleichzeitige Messung im Roumlntgen Sichtbaren UV moumlglich
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
56
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
bull Ergebnissendash Roumlntgenspektroskopie der Koronae von
Sternen
ndash heiszliges Gas in Galaxienhaufen die zeigen daszlig die vermuteten bdquoCooling Flowsldquo in denen sich das heiszlige Gas rasch abkuumlhlt so nicht existieren
ndash empfindlichste Himmelsaufnahme im harten Roumlntgenlicht mit der sich die Entwicklung aktiver galaktischer Kern in den Fruumlhphasen des Universums untersuchen laumlszligt
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
57
bull die Freizeit zw den Beobachtungen wird fuumlr eine Himmelsdurchmusterung genutzt mehr als 25 des Himmels wurden beobachtet (jetzt seit 4 Jahren)
bull 15 oumlffentlich mehr als 2700 helle Quellen 2000 Quellen geringerer Signifikanz
bull speziell fuumlr AGN bis zu einer Rotverschiebung von 34
bull 15 sind ausgedehnt (Galaxienhaufen) viele Neuentdeckungen
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
58
Roumlntgen XMM-Newton
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
bull
Title
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory
The Chandra XThe Chandra X--Ray Ray ObservatoryObservatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE FORMAL BEGINNING - 1976TTHE HE FFORMALORMAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19761976
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE REAL BEGINNING - 1963TTHE HE RREALEAL BBEGINNING EGINNING -- 19631963
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICS ndash FLIGHT SYSTEMTTHE HE OOPTICS PTICS ndashndash FLIGHT SYSTEMFLIGHT SYSTEM
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE OPTICSTTHE HE OOPTICSPTICS
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
Grazi ng
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
Polishing a CXO Mirror Shell CXO Mirror Fabrication
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
66
Chandra in Cargo BayC a r g o
B a y
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
67
C r e w
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
MonTue July 1920MonTue July 1920Sensor spike Sensor spike -- hydrogen in hydrogen in
the engine compartmentthe engine compartment
WedThurs JulyWedThurs July 21222122
LightningLightning in the vicinityin the vicinity
ThursFri JulyThursFri July 22232223
LaunchLaunch
LAUNCHLLAUNCHAUNCH
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
STS-93 Launch
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
70
D e pl o y
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Chandrarsquos Orbit
From above with radiation belts amp Moon Side view showing radiation belts
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
73
E -
S p e c t r u m
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra X-ray Observatory Satellit mit Roumlntgenteleskopbull am 23071999 von der NASA mit Space Shuttle Columbia in die
Umlaufbahn gebrachtbull nach dem Astronomen Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar benanntbull in Entwicklungs- und Bauphase AXAF (Advanced X-ray Astrophysics
Facility) genannt aber noch vor dem Start umbenanntbull ist bisher groumlter Satellit der mit einem Space Shuttle in eine Umlaufbahn
befoumlrdert wurdebull ein Umlauf dauert 64 Stunden 18 Minutenbull mehr als 55 Stunden koumlnnen fuumlr die Beobachtung benutzt werdenbull Great Observatory Program der NASA (nach Hubble und CGRO)bull + Spitzer
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
bull Chandra ist ausgeruumlstet mitndash vierfach verschachteltem Wolter-Teleskopndash zwei Transmissionsgitter-Spektrometern LETGS
(Low Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer)
ndash HETGS (High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer)
ndash abbildendes Spektrometer (ACIS Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer)
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Aufloumlsung 05 BogensekundenROSAT hatte 4 Bogensekunden
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
78
Cas A Spectrum
CXC
First Light Cas A
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
79
Cassiopeia A the different faces of an imageData Cas A
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
CASSIOPEIA ACCASSIOPEIAASSIOPEIA AA
Tananbaum et al 1999 Hwang et al 2004Hwang et al 2004
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
81
Data Showcasing Images
Showcasing Images SNR Collection
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
82
Data In Motion Crab
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
Crab Nebula Movie Shocking Secrets of the Crab Pulsar 7 Chandra images taken over several months were stacked into this timelapse movieProvides stunning view of the activity in the inner region around the Crab Nebula pulsar
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
83
Data X-ray+Opt Stephan
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
Not Just X-ray Stephanrsquos Quintet Shock-heated gas visible only in X-ray has temperature of about 6 million degrees
CelsiusHeating produced by the rapid motion of a spiral galaxy intruder located to the right of the
shock wave in the center of the image
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
84Data X- ray+Opt
3079
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
Two Are Better Than One NGC 3079 Towering filaments of warm (~ 10000 C) and hot (~ 10 million C) gas blend to create the bright
horseshoe-shaped feature Formed when superwind of hot gas collided wcold gas in galactic disk full extent of superwind
shows up as fainter conical cloud of X-ray emission surrounding the filaments
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
85
Data In Motion GC
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
Mosaic of Galactic Center 400 by 900 light-year mosaic of several images of central region of Milky Way galaxy Hundreds of white dwarfs neutron stars amp black holes bathed in fog of multimillion-degree
gas
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
GALACTIC CENTER -zoom in-GGALACTIC ALACTIC CCENTER ENTER --zoom inzoom in--
Baganoff et al 2003
84rsquo
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
CXC
Antennae
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
THE ANTENNAE TTHEHE AANTENNAE NTENNAE
Red = Fe
Fabbiano et al 2004
Green = MgBlue = Si
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
CHANDRA DEEP FIELD NORTHCCHANDRA HANDRA DDEEP EEP FFIELD IELD NNORTHORTH
Brandt Garmire et al 2003
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
90
Illustration GRB-SNR
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
Gamma Ray Burst amp SupernovasGRB afterglow may be produced when the jet of high-energy particles interacts with the expanding supernova shell
SupernovaShell
GRBJets
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
91
Data Spectra
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
GRB 020813 bull 21-hour observation of the afterglow of the GRB 020813 revealed an overabundance of elements characteristically ejected by the supernova explosion of a massive star bull Afterglow is thought to be produced by the interaction of a jet of high-energy particles with the expanding supernova shell bull Narrow lines due to silicon and sulfur ions were clearly identified in the X-ray spectrumbull Two gratings dispersed X-rays from the source like a prism disperses visible light to produce the crossed bands - the narrow bright regions are the spectral lines
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
92
Illustration AGN-Flr
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
Black Hole with Accretion Disk Torus amp JetsBlack hole surrounded by a disk of hot gas amp a large torus of cooler gas and dustLight blue ring on the back of the torus is due to the fluorescence of iron atoms excited
by X-rays from the hot gas diskJets of high energy particles are propelled away from the black hole by intense electric
and magnetic fields
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
93
Centaurus AC e n t a u r u s
A
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
Forman et al 2004
JETSJJETSETS
Siemiginowska et al 2003
M87 GB 1508+5714 Jet at Redshift 43
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
95
Putting it together On Paper amp On the Web
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
CHANDRACHANDRA
X-RAY ASTRONOMY ROADMAPXX--RAYRAY AASTRONOMYSTRONOMY RROADMAPOADMAP
First Black Holes amp Galaxies
Black Hole Event horizon
First Clusters of Galaxies
MAXIM
20-100 times increased sensitivity
for spectroscopy
Constellation-X
3 m2
5-15 arc sec
Constellation-X endorsed by NAS McKee- Taylor Survey amp Q2C report as high priority
mission for this decade50-150 m2
01-1 arc sec
10 Million times finer imaging
01-10 m2
01 micro arc sec
MAXIM
1000 times deeper X-ray imaging
Generation-X01-035 m2
05-90 arc sec
Chandra
XMM-Newton
Astro-E2
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
97
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
INTEGRAL
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
98
INTEGRAL
bull INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
99
INTEGRAL
bull LAUNCH DATE17-Oct-2002 0441 UT bull MISSION ENDNominal 2 years - extended to 16 December 2010bull LAUNCH VEHICLEProtonbull LAUNCH MASS4000 kgbull MISSION PHASEOperationalbull ORBIT
Elliptical 72 hourbull ACHIEVEMENTS
bull Spectral measurements of gamma-ray sourcesbull Detection of gamma-ray bursts including the closest and faintest
on record (GRB 031203) bull Mapping the galactic plane in gamma-raysbull Resolving diffuse gamma-ray emission from galactic centrebull Providing supporting evidence for torii in AGN bull Finding new class of highly absorbed objects
o n
r e c o r d
( G R B
0 3 1 2 0 3 )
bullM a p p i n g
t h e
g a l a c t i c
p l a n e
i n
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
100
bull Spacecraftbull Prime contractorAlenia Spazio Turin Italybull Launch date17 October 2002bull LauncherRussian Proton rocketbull Launch mass4 tonnesbull DimensionsHeight5 metresDiameter37 metresSolar panels16 metres acrossbull Instrumentsbull InstrumentTopicPrincipal investigator institutesbull SPISpectrometer with cooled Ge detectors coded mask and active shieldJ-P
Roques CESR Toulouse France and R Diehl MPE Garching Germanybull IBISImager with two detector layers (CdTe array 16 000 pixels and Csl array 4000
pixels) and coded maskP Ubertini IAS Rome Italy F Lebrun CE-Saclay France G DiCocco ITESRE Bologna Italy
bull JEM-XX-ray monitor with microstrip proportional counter and coded maskN Lund DSRI Copenhagen Denmark
bull OMCOptical monitor with CCD and lens opticsM Mas-Hesse LAEFF-INTA Madrid Spain
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
101
bull Orbitbull Highly eccentric 72-hour orbit around the Earth bull Perigee 9000 km bull Apogee 153 000 km bull Inclination 516obull The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40
000 kilometres outside Earths radiation belts thereby reducing background radiation effects
bull Operations Centrebull InstituteLocationMission Operations Centre (MOC)ESOC
Darmstadt GermanyINTEGRAL Science Operations Centre (ISOC)ESAC Madrid SpainINTEGRAL Science Data Centre (ISDC)Geneva SwitzerlandGround stationsReduESABelgiumGoldstoneNASAUnited States
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
102
TeleskopeFrequenzen Gamma
SWIFT
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
103
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
104
Launch Productsbull Model bookletbull Lithograph with educational activitybull Fact sheetbull CD with httpswiftgsfcnasagovbull Stickersbull Patchesbull Angling for GRBs posterbull Teeshirts
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
105
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
106
bull Swift Forschungssatellit der NASA mit britischer und italienischer Beteiligung der Gammablitze detektiert und untersucht
bull 20November 2004 von Cape Canaveral gestartet bull kreisfoumlrmiger Orbit ca 600 km uumlber der Erdoberflaumlchebull Ziel schnellstmoumlgliche und genaue Lokalisierung der kurzlebigen
Gammablitzebull Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detektiert Gammablitze
(Photonenenergiebereich 15-150 keV)bull 100 Gammablitze pro Jahr detektieren Position kann auf 1-4
Bogenminuten bestimmt werdenbull Roumlntgen-Teleskop (XRT) kann Nachleuchten im Roumlntgenbereich
untersuchen (300eV-3KeV) bestimmt Position auf 3-5 Bogensekunden genau nimmt auch Roumlntgenspektrum auf
bull Ultraviolettoptisches Teleskop (UVOT) 30 cm Durchmesser (170- 650 nm) Positionsgenauigkeit 03 Bogensekunden kann auch Spektren aufnehmen
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
107
Related Swift SitesOperationsbullSwift Mission Operations Center (MOC)at Penn State University (PSU) bullSwift Science Data Center (SDC) responsible for processing Swift databullASI Malindi Kenya Ground StationbullGRB Coordinates Network (GCN)bullInformation on GCNSwift GRB NoticesLead University Partner bullPenn State UniversityInternational Hardware Partners bullUniversity of LeicesterbullMullard Space Science LaboratorybullOsservatorio Astronomico di BrerabullASI Science Data CenterGRB Follow-Up OrganizationbullUniversity of California at Berkeley
Key Associate InstitutionsbullInstitute of Space and Astronautical SciencebullLos Alamos National LaboratorybullMax-Planck-Institut fuumlr extraterrestrische PhysikOutreach bullSonoma State UniversitybullSwift Mission pages at the NASA websiteSpacecraft Contractor bullSpectrum AstroTeam and Project bullSwift Team PagesbullSwift Project Pages+ Full Swift Participant List
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
108
bull am 492005 wurde der staumlrkste je dokumentierte Gammablitz gemessen (von einem Objekt in 13 Milliarden Lichtjahre Entfernung)
bull am 18022006 wurde mit 33 Minute der bisher bei weitem laumlngste Gammablitz von einem 440 Mio Lichtjahre entfernten Objekt gemessen
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
109
bull Rotverschiebun- gen historisch
bull GRBs wurden nur bei hohen Rotverschiebungen
detektiert
bull Gehoumlren zu den entferntesten Objekten des Universums
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
110
bull UVOT Bilder der Supernova 2006X (SN2006X) in M100 (VBU)bull links 11112005 rechts 822006 nach der Explosion
VUVW1 Roumlntgen
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
111
Teleskope
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
112
Multifrequenz-Beobachtungenin der Astronomie
Sommersemester 2007
Themen amp Daten1904 Uumlberblick
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope
1805 Von Sternwarten zu Virtual Observatories Durchmusterungen0106 Deep Fields in bdquoBuntldquo
15062906bdquoMultifrequenzraumltselldquo
1307Multifrequenzkampagnen (Mrk 501 etc)
2707 Die Multifrequenz-Zukunft
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
113
0405 Grundlagen Teleskope Detektoren amp Emissionsmechanismen
CHANDRA - Highlights
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
114
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
115
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory Exploring the X-ray Universe
20062006
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
116
Images 31
M82 Stunning View of Starburst Galaxy
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
117
Images 35
Andromeda Galaxy (M31) The Heat is on in Andromedas Center
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
118
Images 36
NGC 4696 in the Centaurus Galaxy Cluster Black Holes Found to be Green
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
119
Images 01
NGC 3079 Superwind Sculpts Filamentary Features
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
120
Images 33
Puppis A Chandra Reveals Cloud Disrupted by Supernova Shock
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
121
Images 02
Crab Nebula Shocking Secrets of theCrab Pulsar Revealed in X-rays
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
122
Images 37
3C 75 in Abell 400 Black Holes Determined to be Bound
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
123
Images 32
Mz 3 Planetary Nebula ndashFast Winds from Dying Stars
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
124
Images 05
Cassiopeia A Chandras Celestial Fireworks
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
125
Images 40
SN 1006 The Hot Remains of a 1000 Year-Old Supernova
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
126
Images 06
NGC 6240 Never Before Seen Two Supermassive Black Holes in the Same Galaxy
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
127
Images 07
Centaurus A Arcs Tell the Tale of a Giant Eruption
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
128
Images 08
G292 Chandra Looks at the Aftermathof a Massive Star Explosion
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
129
Images 45
Trumpler 14 Bright Young Stars Mix It Up
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
130
Images 09
Sagittarius A Milky Way Monster Stars in Cosmic Reality Show
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
131
Images 28
Saturn X-rays from Saturn Pose Puzzles
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
132
Images 10
M87 Chandra Sheds Light on the Knotty Problem of the M87 Jet
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
133
Images 11
M83 X-rays Reveal Nature of Spiral Galaxys Boisterous Activity
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
134
Images 34
J0617 in IC 443 The Case of the Neutron Star with a Wayward Wake
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
135
Images 12
DEM L71 Supernova Origin Revealed
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
136
Cygnus X-1 XTE J1650-500 amp GX 339-4 Iron-Clad Evidence for Spinning Black Hole
ILLUSTRATION
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
137
Images 29
Keplerrsquos Supernova Remnant Unravelling a 400-Year Old Supernova Mystery
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
138
Images 14
M86 Clusterrsquos Gain is Galaxyrsquos Loss
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
139
Images 16
A2029 Hot News for Cold Dark Matter
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
140
Images 44
G215-09 Cosmic Shell-Seekers Find a Beauty
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
141
Images 17
44i Bootis The Terrible Twos What Might Happen if Our Sun had a Twin
ILLUSTRATION
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
142
Images 18
The Crescent Nebula Live Fast Blow Hard And Die Young
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
143
Images 46
Tychos Supernova Remnant Tychos Remnant Provides Shocking Evidence for Cosmic Rays
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
144
Images 19
SNR 0103-726 Chandra Finds Rich Oxygen Supply Inside Glowing Ring
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
145
Images 20
The Tarantula Nebula A Drama Of Star Formation And Evolution
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
146
Images 43
Orion Nebula Planetary Protection X-ray Super-Flares Aid Formation of Solar Systems
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
147
Images 21
Jupiter Hot Spot Makes Trouble For Theory
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
148
Images 22
Galactic Center Chandra Takes In The Bright Lights Big City Of The Milky Way
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
149
Images 26
N132D Faint Afterglow of Nearby Stellar Explosion
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
150
Images 27
Abell 2125 Chandra Catches Early Phase of Cosmic Assembly
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
151
Images 38
Cartwheel Galaxy Astronomers Do Flips Over Cartwheel Galaxy
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
152
Images 39
Perseus Cluster Chandra Proves Black Hole Influence is Far Reaching
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
153
Images 41
Earth Aurora Chandra Looks Back At Earth
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
154
Images 42
NGC 2841 Galactic Chimneys Turn Up the Heat
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
155
Images 25
Seeing the Universe in a WholeNew Light with the
Chandra X-ray Observatory
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
156
Closing
Chandra X-ray Observatory
157
157
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