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Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 1 2020 29

Original ArticlesReceived October 2, 2019; Accepted November 29, 2019

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Journal of the Science of Design Vol. 4 No. 1 202030

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6 Journal of the Science of Design Vol. xx No. x 20xx

observed that more than half of the papers concerned the de-sign elements of meaning space. We see that these papers have a great deal with the qualitative assessment of design elements, i.e., how creative, noble, or innovative the design outputs are. Almost half the papers also cover the design elements of at-tribute space and circumstance. As the attribute space is where the design elements related to physical, mechanical, and geo-metrical properties are allocated, many of the papers con-cerned with the shape, form, structure, color, and texture of a design object. The papers dealing with circumstance concen-trated on the properties of users and usage environment (e.g., age, gender, and the ways how the users use a product).

In the case of Journal of Engineering Design, more than half of the papers cover the design elements of meaning space, state space, attribute space, and circumstance. Many of them focus on how a design object would function in a circumstance and the physical properties of the design object, e.g., the struc-ture and technical measures which would realize the function. We can see that these papers cover the physical properties that can get influenced by the circumstance, e.g., motion, behavior, and displacement.

4. 2. Design thinking Shown in Figure 4(b) is the result of design thinking which

is being focused in Design Studies and Journal of Engineering Design, respectively. The result shows that the percentage of papers which handles generation in Design Studies is compar-atively higher to those of analysis and evaluation. It seemed that many of the papers were concerned with the act of creating a novel and innovative design solution and how the act can be generalized as a new idea generation method. In contrast, more than half of the papers in Journal of Engineering Design con-centrates on analysis and evaluation. These papers mainly deal with a new design method to analyze and model the relation-ship between the design parameters. The models are often ap-plied to evaluate the technical quality of a design object. 4. 3. Design knowledge

Figure 4(c) shows the allocation of papers in Design Stud-ies and Journal of Engineering Design from the viewpoint of the design knowledge. First, by looking at the result of Design Studies, about 60 to 70% of the papers in the journal concern subjective knowledge and objective knowledge, respectively. The papers dealing with subjective knowledge often cover de-signer’s behavior and experience in a specific design situation or the characteristics of his/her knowledge. The papers han-dling objective knowledge is often concerned with the explicit knowledge gained from an analysis of the designer’s tacit knowledge. The result of Journal of Engineering Design shows that over 90% of the papers concern objective knowledge. These papers often report methods to model the behavior of a design object or procedures to optimize design parameters. 4. 4. Design process

Figure 4(d) describes the result of the design process which is concerned in Design Studies and Journal of Engineering De-sign. In the case of Design Studies, it was indicated that about half of the papers have a deal with emergent design. These pa-pers mainly cover the characteristics of the design process which involves iteration of extracting various design elements and combining them to create design concepts under a design issue. In the case of Journal of Engineering Design, not so many but almost half of the papers cover optimum design. These studies often involve the construction of a design method for finding the most suitable design parameters to op-timize the function of a design object. 5. Discussion

In the case of Design Studies, the following facet terms have been extracted as its leading research subjects: meaning space, circumstance, generation, subjective knowledge, objec-tive knowledge, and emergent design and among these facet

Table 1. Percentage of papers handling each facet terms （（DS: Design Studies, JED: Journal of Engineering Design））

(a) Design object

(b) Design thinking

(c) Design knowledge (d) Design process

Greater than 90%Greater than 70%Greater than 50%Greater than 30%Greater than 10%Less than or equal to 10%

　　　　

DS JED 　 DS JED 　 DS JED 　 DS JED 　 DS JED2006 6.5% 21.9% 64.5% 56.3% 6.5% 53.1% 41.9% 78.1% 38.7% 50.0%2007 23.3% 19.4% 53.3% 52.8% 16.7% 52.8% 36.7% 69.4% 53.3% 52.8%2008 14.8% 37.5% 81.5% 50.0% 7.4% 43.8% 37.0% 78.1% 44.4% 56.3%2009 31.4% 25.8% 60.0% 51.6% 17.1% 48.4% 42.9% 61.3% 42.9% 58.1%2010 14.8% 27.8% 81.5% 63.9% 25.9% 41.7% 59.3% 61.1% 51.9% 63.9%2011 37.0% 32.4% 66.7% 59.5% 7.4% 40.5% 33.3% 75.7% 55.6% 56.8%2012 34.5% 11.9% 65.5% 64.3% 17.2% 52.4% 51.7% 59.5% 55.2% 57.1%2013 18.8% 17.9% 59.4% 56.4% 15.6% 59.0% 34.4% 59.0% 43.8% 43.6%2014 25.0% 17.6% 83.3% 64.7% 20.8% 58.8% 50.0% 82.4% 58.3% 52.9%2015 22.5% 25.0% 62.5% 65.0% 27.5% 50.0% 42.5% 60.0% 52.5% 70.0%

Median 22.9% 23.4% 65.0% 57.9% 16.9% 51.2% 42.2% 65.4% 52.2% 56.5%

Year Value space Meaning space State space Attribute space Circumstance

　　

DS JED 　 DS JED 　 DS JED2006 45.2% 53.1% 48.4% 18.8% 12.9% 37.5%2007 53.3% 69.4% 40.0% 16.7% 20.0% 58.3%2008 33.3% 75.0% 59.3% 28.1% 18.5% 37.5%2009 31.4% 61.3% 45.7% 32.3% 31.4% 58.1%2010 33.3% 58.3% 55.6% 19.4% 25.9% 72.2%2011 22.2% 73.0% 51.9% 16.2% 22.2% 48.6%2012 37.9% 54.8% 62.1% 31.0% 31.0% 52.4%2013 59.4% 51.3% 59.4% 17.9% 31.3% 71.8%2014 29.2% 64.7% 54.2% 23.5% 12.5% 70.6%2015 32.5% 65.0% 57.5% 20.0% 17.5% 45.0%

Median 33.3% 63.0% 54.9% 19.7% 21.1% 55.2%

EvaluationYear Analysis Generation

　

DS JED 　 DS JED2006 54.8% 34.4% 77.4% 93.8%2007 53.3% 30.6% 60.0% 94.4%2008 59.3% 31.3% 59.3% 90.6%2009 77.1% 35.5% 71.4% 90.3%2010 66.7% 30.6% 55.6% 86.1%2011 81.5% 29.7% 51.9% 91.9%2012 58.6% 26.2% 72.4% 88.1%2013 90.6% 38.5% 84.4% 89.7%2014 83.3% 23.5% 58.3% 100.0%2015 70.0% 35.0% 65.0% 100.0%

Median 68.3% 30.9% 62.5% 91.3%

YearSubjectiveknowledge

Objectiveknowledge 　

DS JED 　 DS JED2006 54.8% 25.0% 3.2% 40.6%2007 40.0% 36.1% 3.3% 47.2%2008 55.6% 28.1% 0.0% 43.8%2009 45.7% 41.9% 8.6% 35.5%2010 40.7% 19.4% 3.7% 36.1%2011 59.3% 27.0% 0.0% 64.9%2012 65.5% 19.0% 13.8% 40.5%2013 65.6% 15.4% 9.4% 41.0%2014 50.0% 23.5% 4.2% 52.9%2015 55.0% 20.0% 2.5% 35.0%Median 54.9% 24.3% 3.5% 40.8%

YearEmergentdesign

Optimumdesign
