VOL. 1Z No. 4APRIL 2OO3
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. THE ART OF ROMAN SACRIFICE. BYZANTINE 1.01 _ PART 1
. PIPE DREAMS: THE HYDRAULIS. CROWNS AND HEADDRESSES ON TI{E
SMALL BRONZES OF ROMAN EGYPT
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AamirySann!
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6
FEATURES
The Art of Roman Sacrifice by John Bilner
24 Byzantine 101 - Part 1 by Prue Fitts
34 Pipe Dreams: The Hydraulis by S.C. Sliles
40 Crowns and Headdresses on the Small Bronzes of Roman Egypt by Francis Jarman
DEPARTMENTS
2 Editor's Note - Coming Next Month
4 Leiters to the Editor
32 People in the News - Profiles in Numismatics
33 Art and the Market
36 Coming Events
42 The Internet Connection by Thorn Bray & Kevin Barry
43 ANT IQ1JITIES by David Liebert
44 QLoins of tI) t jhl ibl r by David Hendin
46 The Other Side by Phillip Davis
47 'lhrough the Cooking glass by Wayne G, Sayles
48 Ask the Experts by James A. Hauck
50 Cartoon
51 Professional Directory
58 Club Directory
59 Classifieds - Index of Advertisers
Vol. 17, NO.4 April 2003
Consecutive Issue No. 190
Page 34
About the cover: The reverse of an IE Sestertius 01 Gaius Caligula (RIC 44) depicting a sacrificial scene. See this month's featured article by John Bitne r. (Photo by Richard Wing).
The Celator office will be closed on Friday, April 11 111. Office hours are generally 11 AM to 6PM EST, except for Tuesdays (9 AM-Noon).
EDITOR'S NOTE
There has been some recent controversy over the
usage of a magnifying lense to grade coins, in thi s case U.S. coins. Various !ellers, pro and con, have been written to the general coin publications on the subject. Because of this debate, I was asked by a collector and reader of this magazine whether one should usc a magnifying iense, or even a microscope, as an aid in grading ancient coins. The answer is simple - yes. And no.
First, let me explain my approach to grading a coin, any coin, whether it is an ancient coin, U.S. coin, German taler, or some other numismatic treasure. I usually form an opinion of a coin's grade by closely examin ing it without the aid of magnification. Visible wear should be juSt that, visible, and to the " naked" eye. After I have formed an opinion, then 1
As a dealer I always felt that it was betler to err on the conservative side when describing a coin 's grade and condition. But it is a fine line in choosing just how much to describe. Too few comments can lead to a coin 's return by an unhappy buyer, and too many comments can keep the coin from sel ling at all . Which brings me to the practice of net grading - also common in U.S . coin grading.
I dislike this practice, especially when it is done using the Sheldon numerical system (i.e., MS 1-70). If a collector or dealer judges a coin to be Extremely Fine, but then deducts points or
"My approach is TO grade the coin's wear, assign it a grade, and then describe any problems that / may see (e .g. , VF, with some light scratches in the obverse field before the bust, and light porosity on the reverse}."
almost always do examine the coin with a 5x magnifying lense. This time I'm looki ng for things not always visihle to the naked eye, such as tooling marks, evidence of repairs, or hidden defects. Hopeful ly a magnifying lense only confirms my initial opinion, but if J do find someth ing unappealing on c loser examination, then the 5x lense has done its job.
There is a tendency by some collectors (and dealers) 10 look at a coin with a lense fi rst. Depending on how trained your eye is there may not be anything wrong with this method . But if you let small defects and scratches inlluence you too much as they loom large before your eye under magnification, then you may lean toward under-grading the coin . Herein lies the problem that has led to the controversy in our sister field .
grade levels for defects, and describes the coin o nl y with the newer, lower grade, it can lead to confusion and a certain amount of guesswork by others. Why did he assign this grade? What am [not seeing?
My approach is to grade the coin' s wem, assign it a grade, and then describe any prohlems that I may see (e.g., VF, with some light scratches in the obverse field before the hust, and light porosity on the reverse). Anyone else reading my grade does not have to guess what it is, as it is right there in black-and-white.
And finally - does one need to use a microscope to assign a grade to a coin? Ahsolutely not. This will definitely lead to under-grading. A microscope should only be used if you have suspicions about a coin's authenticity. Not to establish your initial opinion of its grade.
A Re-assessment of the Dating and Identification
of Etruscan Coinage by Italo Vecchi
Images of the Cult Practices on the Coinage of Elagabalus
by Liladhar R Pendse
Cuitic Irnnges or Ship's Prow? A New Look at Pilate's Coinage by Jean-Philippe Fontanille &
Ken Baumheckel
AND COMING SOON
A Classical Romance by George M. Burden, M.D.
Was Claudius Really Gothicus? by Marco Arrigoni
Watching the Hammer Fall (An Epic Poem)
by O1arles D. Everett
Nero, Master of Propaganda by Robert Rutherford
A Brief History ofwrissa by CharJes K. Ammons
Single Digit Dated Coins -An Anomaly From
The wte Middle Ages By Robert A. Levinson
Byzantine 101- Part 2 by Prue Fitts
An Unpublished Alemndrian Coin of Augustus by Keith Emmett
Obsolete Roman Imperial Bronzes Used Again
in the 6th Cenhay by Prof. Dr.J.w. vander Dussen
'lite CeLatdl is named tdl and dedicil.ted to the coi", die-e",;;ttlt!e'lS 0-5 antiquit'(
",hose tat temai",s as po",ettu/ a",d appell/i"';; toda,( as i'" theit 0"'''' time,
2 The Gelator
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April2003 3
2ette/".1
, , Don't Forget About
the IBSCC
We can perhaps be best described as "astonished" in our reaction to an article "Authenticators Offer Range of Services" by Michael E. Marotta in the December, 2002 issue of The Gelatof. In his description of various authentication services, there is no mention whatsoever made of the IBSCC, a part of our Association which should also be known to your readers.
The IBSCC (International Bureau for the Suppression of Counterfeit Coins) was established by the IAPN in 1976 as a non-profit making agency with a number of objectives, including:
• Collecting , editing, publishing and circulating information on forger ies , not on ly to IAPN members, but to other interested parties.
• Building up a data bank of information on forgeries wh ich be available both to our members and to law enforcement, institutions and others.
• Arranging for the authentication of doubtful coins by panels of experts, and when necessary, for scientif ic testing .
• Collaborating with other bodies in the furtherance of its objectives .
The three fine services Mr. Marotta cites play an important and valuable role, and with the number of forgeries always surfacing , there is more than enough work to go around . We just want to point out that lor many coins, especially dilfi-
cult ones wh ich call for an international knowledge base and a level of expertise which our 115 members in twentysix countries and our other contacts provide, that the IBSCC is another option.
The Secretary of the IBSCC, Dr. Ursula Kampman n, P.O. Box 1414, 79504 L6rrach, Germany is pleased to provide more information. She may be contacted by phone (49-7621-47734), fax (49-762 1-47737) or email ([email protected]).
Arthur L. Friedberg President, International Association
of Professional Numismatists (IAPN) Clifton, NJ
Michael Marotta's article referred to by Mr. Friedberg was intended to cover authentication services that advertise their services directly to col/ectors. We 're sorry that Mr. Friedberg was ~as
tonished" that no mention was made of the IBSCC, but to the best of our knowledge they do not actively advertise their authentication services, at least in the US.
But, under President Friedberg and Dr. Kampmann's guidance, we have noticed an increase in the visibilty of the IBSCC in the US recently. Dr. Kampmann made a presentation on the IBSCC at the recently concluded New York International Numismatic Convention (NYINC) to a standing-room only crowd. KKW
Reader Lauds "The Other Side" & Phil Davis
I just read Phil Davis' most recent column. I felt the need to tell you that he is, in my op inion, the best writer you have working lor you. The way he develops his ideas shows a strong sense 01 audience and purpose. He nearly
always starts hi s essays in one place, but by the end, takes you somewhere else, and opens up the rather closed world of ancient numismatics to the larger, more open world of the "human experience" of life and death.
In the column I am referring to, he describes an experience many of us have had when going through the personal effects of someone no longer in this world. What must this person's life have been like? How strange to be handl ing his most prized posseSSions, without his knowledge , or permission . What would he have to say about these coins. if he were there?
By the end of the artic le we start to understand that someday, someone we may have never met wi ll quite possibly be doing the same thing with our collection. Each co in will be scrutinized, some harshly criticized (Why would he have kept that ug ly lump of metal?), discarded as common and uninteresting. or prized as unique. But the life that no longer exists ... the mind and will that assembled these coins .. what of that?
Nothing much. Gone. He did a few good, a few bad things, but the summation will be , uHe was a man; he lived and he died. "
I wonder who he was? Why did he assemble such an enormous co llection? We may never know anyth ing much beyond his name and a few odd facts about him. Obvious ly he was an "accumulator" of ancient treasu re, which is probably not an oddity in this hobby, but he went quite a bit farther than most of us will in his accumu lation. 3,500 pieces is a bit excessive. What drove him to do this? What drives ali of us?
Rob Rutherford Florida
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4 The Gelator
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April2003 5
The Art of Roman Sacrifice by John Bitner
Humans, being egocentric, tend to define the world in terms of themselves. Therefore, gods are frequently defined in anthropomorphic tenus. This was especially true in the ancient religions. Their gods were usually depicted in human fonn and exemplified many of the same characteristics that are found in mortals. A god cou ld become angry and punish the human population or the goo could love a person or group of people and shower them with blessings. Since the gods were considered to have human traits such as anger.jealousy,joy, sadness, lust, pleasure and suffering, people related to them as they would with another person. The gods differed from humans by being much more powerful and also immortal. Therefore, it was in a person's or society's best interest to clUT)' their favor. People sought to ingratiate themselves with their gods the same way they gained favor with each other; they praised the god and otTered gifts, which they cxpected, would please the gods. Sacrifice was the ritual in which humans communicated with their god through prayers, demonstrated theirdevotion by otTering gifts and watched for signs ofthcir god's reply.
Ovid, writing around the year 8 AD, quotes the goddess flora a<;saying, "We, too, are touched by honor; we delight in festivals and altars; we heavenly beings arc a greedy group. Often by sinning man has disposed the gods against him. and a sacrificial victim has been a conciliatory gift for crimes. Often have I seen Jupiter, when he wa~just about to launch his thunderbolts, hold his hand on the receipt of incense. But if we are neglected, we avenge the wrong by heavy penaltics, and our wrath exceeds just bounds." I
Although the religious rituals in the Roman Empire varied widely between cities, gods, and the various mystery cults, the sacrificial act remained the central focus. Depiction of a sacrifice implied picty as we!! as an association with and approval from the gods. The government conveyed this message to the people hy depicting on coins sacrifices as well as ritual items and symbols associated with the sacrifice. Occasionally a god was shown as actually being present at the sacrifice. On a dupondiu s of Domitian (Exhibit I) the river god Tiber is shown reclin ing to the left of the altar. The message was that the emperor pleases the gods therefore, the emperor and Rome are favorably regarded by the gods.
The depictions of sacrifice on ancient coins are of two general types, historic and allegorical. Historic occasions such as the anniven;ary of an emperor's reign, dedication of a temple, secular games. or achieving a military victory were celebrated with state sacrifices at which the emperor usually presided. To commemorate these events, coins were often minted depicting the sacrifice associated with the occasion .
The historic sacrificial type that occurs most frequently on Roman Imperial coins is the VOTA, which translated means vows. A sacrifice was offered when vows were made and again when they were fulfilled. The subject of the vows could be anything that the sacrificant believed was within the gods' power to grant. Vows were made requesting the gods to grant victory over an enemy, a safe journey, to be healed of a physical ailment, or to request that the emperor be granted a long reign. Beginning with Hadrian, a historical type that occurs frequently is the sacrifice celebrating the completion of ten
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6 The Gelator
years (decennalia) of an emperor's reign. However, the vota are not specifically identified as decennalia until the coins of Antoninus Pius.2 The tradition originated during the reign of Augustus. Tn 27 BC he accepted the government for ten years, in 18 BC for two periods of five years, in 8 BC for another ten years, and in 4 AD yet anothcrten years.) Exhibit 2 illustrates a denarius of Caracalla celehrating the completion of the tenth ycar of his reign. The reverse legend, VaJ'A SOLUT, refers to the emperor fulfilling his vows made ten years earlier, to sacrifice to the gods if granted ten years to reign. The scene dcpicts the cmperor pouring a libation on the altar while a bull is about to be sacrificed. The second ritual was the offering of a libation accompanied by vows to sacrifice again in ten years if the gods would grant the emperor an additional ten years to reign. The denarius of Septimius Severus illustrated in Exhibit 4 bears the reverse legend, VaJ'A SUSCEITA, the vows are made and shows the emperor pouring a libation as he makes his vows.
The allegorical depictions of sacrifice on Roman coins do not refer directly to a specific event. Their intent is to remind the viewer of the emperor's or government 's piety and exemplary qualities by depicting a personification a<;sociated with a particular attribute offering a sacrifice. The denarius of Hadrian in Exhibit 5 attests to the emperor's sense of mercy when administering his absolute power: The coin depicts Clementia, the embodiment of clemency sacrificing over a flaming altar. Other al legorical sacrificial scenes occurring on Roman Imperial coi ns inelude: Concordia (harmony, concord), Exhibit 6; Felicitas (happiness, prosperity), Exhibit 7; and Pietas (piety, dutifulness), Exhibit 8. As can be seen from these cxamples, many of the depictions of allegorical sacrificial scenes were based on a standard formu la. As a result they look very simi lar. Many times the individual personifications can be identified only by a symbolic item associated specifically with them, which they are holding, or the fact that their name appears on the coin.
Most major imperial sacrifices occurred in a courtyard in front of the temple of the god to whom the sacrifice was offered. The courtyard was spacious enough to accommodate a large group of worshipers and was sometimes enclosed by a fence or low wall. A large stone altar, at which animal sacrifices were con-
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Apri12003 7
dUeled. was located directl y in front of the temple. (Exhibit 9) When temples were situated in congested urban areas where space was limited. the ahars were built on the stai rs leading into the temple. Because of the position of the altar relative to the temple, detailed depictions of imponant state sacri fices often show the temple of the god bei ng honored in the background of the scene. On the reverse of a scstcrtius of Caligula (Exhibit I 0). the emperor is perfonning the first pmt of what will be the s..1crifice ofa bull to thedivineAugustus Caes..v. In case the viewer failed to recognize the facade of the Temple of AuguslUs in the background, the celators included the abbreviation DlVO AVG (to the divine Augustus) as pan of the scene.
The temple building's primary function was to house a large image of a god or goddess. It literally was the house of the god. Individuals and small groups of worshipers could come into the temple to pmy, ofTer incense sacrifi ces. or donate votive offerings. Because temples contained valuable sacred and ritual objccts as well as costly votive offerings. they were fined with heavy bronze doors. which were closed and locked whcn thcre was no temple allelldant on duty. Therefore. the temples were nOl always open for worship. The closed bronze doors of
the Temple of JupiterCapitolinus are clearly visible on the reverse of a den(lr ius struck in 78 BC by M . Volteius. (Exhibit II) The large doors. when open, were also the temple 's primary source of il lumination. Oil lamps and candles provided a secondary source of light. By 10-
day's standards, the temples would be considered as dimly lighted.
The Roman temples were basically a very large rectangular room made of marble or bricks with 11 high beamed ceiling supporting a roof of bronze or clay ti les. As a result of ils design and construction, any sound created in the temple would echo and reverberate. Thus. the di m lighting. the cool air filled with the scent of incense and fresh Oowers and the echoing sounds combined to creme a sense of spiritual mystery and awe as the worshiper stood before the giant image of the god o r goddess.
A coin issued by the city of Aphrodisias during the reign of Gordian III provides a rare view inside an ancient temple. (Exhibit 12) The central focus of lhe temple's interior wa.~ a large cuh statue of the goddess Aphrodite. Using the seated priestess as a unil of measure. the statue appears 10 be approximalely twelve feel high. Directly in front of the goddess is a domed altar in which incense was proba-
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bly burned. Virgil provides us with some idca of the aroma of an ancient temple when in the Aeneid he describes a shrine of Venus as, "a hundred altars where Sabaean incense fumed and garlands freshened the air.'" The scated pricstess. altar and cult statue are on an elevated dais. At each comer of the dais is a smal l column resting directly on the temple's noor surmounted by Eros poised on one leg and holding a torch toward the statue of Aphrodite. There was probably a column supporting an Eros located at each of the four comers of the dais. However. as often happens in numismatic art. the columns located at the two back comers are not depicted in order to avoid cluttering the design.
Preparations for major sacrificial rituals started many days before the actual ceremony. Except for Ihe arrangements to sacrifice animals, preparing for a sacrifice was very much like preparing for a modem day wedding. TIle services of the priest. attendants and musicians needed to be secured and the temple counyani (lnd altar reserved. Invitations to family members and fri ends were issued in advance :md. in the case of Slate sacrifiec.~, public announcemems were made Slat ing the time and place of the sacrifice. If there was to be a shared meal after the sacrifi ce. arrangements for procuring. cooking and serving the food and beverages were necessary.
Garlands needed to be made to deconile the temple and altar. The garlands draped around the Temple orAugu~1lIs and the altar can be seen in Exhibit 10. The second temple of Jupiter Capitolinus depicted on a denarius issued by Petill ius Capitol inus in 4 1 Be reveals that the garlands could also be suspended velticaliy between the colunms. (Exhibit 13) Each god and goddess had their sacred plant with which they were identilied. The oak tree was sacred to Jupiter. laurel to Apollo. myrtle to Aphrodite and ivy to Dionysus. Therefore, the garlands were made from the leaves of the plant sacred to the panicular de ity whose temple was being decorated. Sometimes various types of fruit were woven into the garland as a fonn of offering and a symbol of abundance.
Great eare was taken when selecting :m animal to be offered as a sacrifice. Each god or goddess had very special requirements as to what type of animal would be considered an acceptable sacrificial offering. The gods. being male, demanded male animals. The goddesses required female victims. Deities of the earth and the underworld insi sted on black animals.
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In contrast, Jupiter required a pure white bull. Some gods or goddesses had even more stringent requirements. The earth goddess, Telius, required that a pregnant black sow be sacriliced at a night ceremony.6 No matter which type of animal was required for a particular sacrificc, it was essential that it not be sick, crippled or blemished in any way.
Careful planning for the sacrificial ritual was essential because the ceremony had to be perfectly perfomlcd. If the victim was uncooperative, one word was omitted, added or mispronounced, an attendant fu mbled or a distracting sowld was heard, the entire ritual was repeated. The Roman writer Plautus, in his comic play, "Little Carthaginian" describes a fellow named Lycus who is frustrated and angry about the expense of repeating his sacrifice. He is quotcd as saying, "six times today I have sacrificed a lamb, but I have not been able to do one sacrifice that pleases Venus."? To prevent the gods from becoming offended if a mistake occurred during the sacrificial ritual, a preliminary sacrifice called a hosta praecidanea was conducted the day before the primary sacrifice. At this sacri fice, thc gods were asked 10 forgive any blunder which may occur during the next day 's ceremony.~
Allhough the sacrificial ritual assumed numerous fonns in ancient times, there was an order of events that could be found in most sacrifices. For many public sacrifices the ceremony began with a procession by which the priests, altendants, musicians, participants and animal victims entered the temple grounds and approached the altar. The pompa or procession was headed by the liClOTS walking in single lile ordering the crowds in the street to make way for the procession. As a symbol of their office, they carried either a fasces which was a bundle of rods with an ax in the midd le symbolizing the power of Rome or a single rod called a virga. If someone failed to stand aside for the procession or show proper respect, the lictors would strike them with the virga. After the lictors came the priests who would preside over the sacrificial ritual. They were attired in white togas unless they were sacrificing to the Moirae or to Terra Matcrin which case they wore a long robelike garment called a tunica jimbriata.9
A dupondius of Domitian issued to commemorate the Ludi Saeculares held in 88 AD (Exhibit 14) dcpict~theemrerordressed in a tlInicafimbriata conducting a nighttime sacrifice ofa black goat and a black sheep to the three fates whodetennine human Hfeand destiny known as the Moirae.
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Following the priests in Ihe procession were the various assistants and attendants who would help to perfonn the sacrificial ritual. Freeborn children below the age of puocrty with both parents living assisted the priests by carrying objects to be used in the ritual. The IxlYS were referred to as Camilli and the girls as Carnitlae. The objects which they are frequently depicted as holding are a small box containing incense called an acceru, an urceolus which was a small water pitcher, a vase containing wine referred to as apraefericulum or a fringed hand towel known as a mante/e, to be used by the priests for wiping their hands . Other assistants inc luded slaves who were responsible for leading the sacrificial animals to the altar and then killing them. The slaves wore only a loincloth and a belt from which the case holding the sacrificial knife known as asecespita was suspended. The slave responsible for killing the animal was the popae. In the procession he carried an ax over his shoulder. lbe victimarii weTC the slaves who were charged with keeping the animals under control. This was an important job because an unruly animal was a bad omen. In the procession the victimarii led the animals using a short leash. The animals were decorated for the occasion. Pigs were adorned with a broad sash wrapped around their middle. Horned animals had their horns covered in gold, and sacred woolen fillets were entwined around their horns with the ends hanging down each side of their head.
Other participants in the procession included flutists (tihicines) and Ihe lyre players (citharoedi) who provided the background music during the sacrifice. Occasionally, a choir of women or young boys or girls singing hymns to the god or goddess would be induded in the procession . The reverse of a sestertius ofDomitian (Exhibit 15) depicts the emperor watching a choir of young boys singing a hymn as they proceed between the Temple of Palatine Apollo and the Capitol. Horace composed the hynm, known as the "Carmen Saeculare," in honor of Apo llo and Diana which the boys sang on this occasion.' (l The final and largest group in the procession was the congregation of worshipers. They usually wore white robes as a symbol of their purity and carried sprigs of laurel or other symbolic religious tokens.
Because of the sheer numbers of people involved in sacrificial processions, iconographic depictions of the processions are usually found only on large surfaces such as monuments and the walls of buildings. Thcy arc rarely found on coins due
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to the space restrictions. Although not a grand procession such as accompanied major public sacrifices. there is a small procession illustrated on a denarius of M. Junius BrulUs struck in Rome around 54 Be. L. Junius BlUlUs killed the last king of Rome in 509 BC and was elected the first Consul of the new republic. Upon assuming office. consuls marched in procession to the Temple of Jupi ter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill, where a young heifer was sacri ficed. An eyewitness account of the ceremony survives in the writings of Ovid. He describes the scene as follows, "In spotless gannents the procession wends to the Tarpenm towers; the people wear the color of the festal day; and now new rods of office lead the way. new purple gleams. and a new weight is felt by the far-seen ivory chair. Heifers , unbroken to the yoke. offer their necks to the axe, heifers that cropped the sward on the true Faliscan plains." liThe denarius in Exhibit 16 shows the new Consul walking between IWO lictors each carrying a fasces. A herald leads the group as thcy proceed to the Temple.
Upon entering the temple grounds, the priest took his position behind the altar, which stood in front of the temple. The various assistants assumed their positions on either side of the altar. Coins rendered with a great amount of detail often show
the facade of the temple in front of which the sacrifice is being petfonned. (Exhibits 10,1 4.17) Ifthetemple in the background can be recognized, the identity of the deity to whom the sacrifice is being offered can often be established. The congregation of worshipers stood in a semi-circle in front of the altar. A herald callcd for silence then requested any person not properly purified (usual! y by washing their hands before en tering the templc grounds) or considered profane in any way, to immediately leave the temple grounds. After a brief pause to allow the profane to leave, the musicians, who would perform throughout the sacrifice, began to play. The music was intended to please the gods as well as mask any distracting sound that would spoil the sacrifice.
If the sacrifice was to be conducted in the Roman style, the priest would usc the fold of his toga to cover his head. Virgil. writing in the first century Be, describes how Aeneas fled the destruction of Troy and was infornled by the priest of Phoebus how to get to Italy and where to establish the city that would lead 10 the founding of Rome. Upon arriving at the designated place in italy, Aeneas was instrucled to offer a sacrifice to the gods. TIle priest said, "there 10 put up your altars for offerings, veil your head in a red robe against intrusions on your holy lires, omen-unsel-
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t.ling sights amid your prayers. You and your company retain this ritual veiling in the future, let your progeny hold to religious purity thereby."12 For this reason, Romans sacrificed capite vc/alO. that is to say with their heads veiled. The coin illustrated in Exhibit 10 depicts Caligula sacrificing to the deified Augustus capite velmo. the fold of his toga draped over his head. Domitian is depicted sacrificing graeco ritu or Greek style on a coin issued to celehrate the Ludi Saeculares (saccular games) of 88 AD which is illustnlled in Exhibit 17. His head is uncovered because the sacrifices connected with the Ludi Saeculares were prescribed by the Greek Sibylline Books. Thus the sacrifices arc perfonncd as graeco ritu.I.l
The ritual opened with a prayer offered by the priest to the deity for whom the sacrifice was intended. When praying, the Romans raised their anns with their palms facing in the direction of the statue of the god or goddess. Pmyers were usually offered while standing. The image of Pi etas standing in prayer before an altar (Exhibit 18) as preserved on the reverse of a denarius of Julia Domna. demonstrates the correct posture for prayer. Although prayers were usually said while standing, there is numismatic evidence that prayers were occasionally offered while kneeling or even seated. On the reverse of a sestertius issued by Domitian to commemorate the Ludi Saeculares in 88 AD the Emperor can be scen dictating a prayer to a few of the 110 malrons knceling in praycr to Juno as part of the ceremony in which a cow was sacrificed. 14 (Exhibit 19) The priestess in the Temple of Aphrodite is shown as making her pmyer from a seated position. (Exhibit! 2)
Many of thc prayers that were recited as part of the sacrificial rituals havc been discovered in ancient documents. An in scribed stone was found that records the prayer to Juno as reci ted by the 110 matrons at the Ludi Saecularic of Augustus and Domitian. The matrons' prayer was as follows:
"Juno Regina. If there is any better fortune that may attend the Roman people, we one hundred and ten mistresses of households of the Roman people, mamed women on bended knee, pray that you bring it about, we beg and beseech that you increase the iX)wer and majesty of the Roman people in war and in peace; and that the Latins may always be obedient; and that you may grant eternal safety, victory and heaJth to the Roman people; and that you may protect the Roman people, and the legions of the Roman people; and that you may keep safe and make greater
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the siale of the Roman people; and that you may be favorable and propitious to the Roman people, to us, to our houses, to Ollr hOllseholds. These are the th ings that we one hundred and ten mistresses of the households of the Roman people, married women on bended k. nee, pray, beg, and beseech.""
Thus the sC$tcnius of Domitian in Exhibit 18 speaks to us across the millennia.
At the conclus ion of the opening prayen;, some of which were whispered or mouthed silently because they were considered too powerful for anyone but the priest 10 hear, the sacrificial fire was lighted using a glowing coal from a tcmpIe hearth or other nearby source. Earlier in the day, the temple attendant carefully :UTanged the wood on the altar. Wood was selected which was either fragrant or sacred to the deity for whom the sacrifice was intended. For example, juniper was a fragrant wood and oak. was sacred to Jupiter. The logs were of small to medium diameter. Each log was planed nilt on two sides, much like a rough cut board, so Ihat il would not shift and roll off the altar during the ccremony. If the fire were to tumble off the altar, it could be interpreted as a very bad omen. Each log WilS spaced so as to allow room for smilll dry kindling. The logs were stacked with each
layer at right angles to the previous layer. The end result was a frrc that could be easily ignited and would bum quickly. The presidingflamen priest, whose name is derived from a word meaning to blow the fire, was probably responsible for lighting the sacrificial fire. ll>
As the fire burned, a camillils holdi ng an accera fil led with incense approached the altar. The priest reached into the box, gathered some incense in his hand and dropped it into the fire as he recited a dedication to the deity. The denarius in Exhibit 8 shows Pietas holding the accera box in her left hand while she drops incense into thc alter fire wilh her right hand. After the incense offering was completed, the camillus holding the IIfcevlus pou red some water int o the priest's hands so that he could wash them. The priest dried his hands on the mantele, which the cami l/liS ca rried neatly folded over his ann.
Next, the camillus carrying th e praefericllfllm containing undiluted wine approached the altar. A small amount of wine was poured into a flat round bowl called a patera. The priest then proceeded to pour the wine from the patera onto the fire. As he did so he recited a dedication to the deity such as, "Jupiter Drt!Xtlis, be honored with the offeri ng of this sacri-
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fice , be honored with this sacrifici al wine." " It is this pan of the sacrificial ceremony which appears most frequentlyon Roman coins. At the conclusion of the wine offering, the priest once again washed his hands.
If the sacrifice was 10 be bloodless, small sacrificial cakes made of cheese, meal and salt would be offered on the altar as the priest recited the ded ication. This was fo llowed by a closing prayer after whi ch the priest declared that the sacrifice had ended. However, if the sacrifice was to be a blood sacrifice, the ceremony continued after the wine libalion with an intricate ritual involving the ki lling of the victim .
The slave assistants performed the messy job of kill ing and butchering the animal. The victimarius led the sacri ficial animal to the altar. The victim was purifi ed by using an implement called an a.5-pergillum or a small branch of a plant to sprinkle water on the animal. The reverse of a dcnarius struck by the moneyer A. Postumius Albinus provides an illustration of a priest purifying an ox fo r sacri fi ce at the temple of Diana on the Aventine before the battle of Lake RegilIus.' I (Exhi bit 20)
Purification having been completed, me animal was made sacred by anointing its head with wine and mola salsa, which was a salted nour, made by the Vestal Virgins from the first grain of the harvest.' 9 This stage of the sacrifice is referred to as the inunolation. The prayer recited during the immolation marked the poin t a t which the animal was given to the gods. It was believed that during the immolation, the gods could alter the entrails of the victim in order to send a warn ing of an ill Omen to the worshipers.20
Sheep, goats and other small an imals were killed by cutt ing the ir throats. However, a large victim, such as a bull or a cow, was dispatched by the Popae wi th one swift blow of his axe. (Exhibit 2) With the cervical ver1ebrne severed, the partiall y paralyzed animal collapscd beside Ihe a ltar. Its throat was slit and some blood collected in either a patera or a small vase called a culuflus. The blood was then poured on the altar as a sacrifi ce.2 ( Thc reverse of a denarius struck by Caracalla to celebf11te the completion of the tenth year of his reig n, depicts the emperor pouring a sacrifice of blood onto the altar. Behind the a ttar can be seen Ihe body of a dead bull lying on the ground . (Exhibit 3) The denarii in Exhibits 2 and 3 are interesting because they provide two views at different times of the same sacri fic ial cer-
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END OF SALE
April 2003 15
emony. In Exhibit 2, the bull is about to be killed. In Exhibit 3 the bull is dead and Caracalla is pouring the blood sacrifice.
When the animal was dead, the viclimarius cut open the victim so that its organs could be examined by a har!/.Ipices. This was an individual who was trained to predict the future and interprelthe will of the gods by inspecting the color and condition of the entrails of sacrificial victims. Cicero provides some insight into this process when he writes, "They regard the cleft in the lungs as a matter of vital importance to our property and our very life; they investigate the top of the liver on all sides with the most scrupulous exactness, and ifby any chance thcy cannot discover it, they affinn that nothing more disastrous could have happened.""
If the haruspices could find no flaw in the victim's entrai ls, he declared the sacrifice to be litatio, or accepted. The victimari were also skilled butchers. Much like modem butchers, they skinned the animal and sliced it into various cuts of meat for cooking. Surprisingly, the portions of the animal burned on the altar as an offering to the gods were the inedible parts, namely some of the entrails and bones wrapped in fal. The choice cuts were cooked and consumed at a feasl in which the worshipers participated. The shared feast concluded the ceremony af-
Edward J. Waddell, Ltd. Ancienl Coin
ter which the worshipers returned to their homes. Any left over meat was either given to the participants to takc home or sold in the local meat markets. The bucranium or skull of the animal with its gilded homs was carefully cleaned and presented to the individual who sponsored the sacrifice. Bucrania were proudly displayed on the outside wall s of Roman homes as a symbol of the family's piety. They were also used as symbolic decorations in temples. The tetrastyle temple with balustrades on the reverse of a follis of Maxentius has two bucrania suspended from the rafters, one on either side of the temple door. (Exh ibit 21)
The Greeks produced many scenes, primarily on their pottery, of the cooking orthe sacrilicial meat and the banquet that fol!owed. However, there are very few examples of this part of the sacrificial cer' emony in Roman mt. The Roman art of sacrifice focuses primarily on the emperor as pontifex maximus in tbe act of pouring a libation. This motif was ex tended to include gods, goddesses, and personifications also depicted as offering a li bation. Thus, the libation scene is the most common representation of the sacrificial ritual on Roman coins.
Not all sacrifices occurred in the vicinity of a temple orrcquired an altar. A celebration known as the Parentalia was held
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16 The Gelator
each year to honor dead ancestors. Every family was required to visit their ancestors' graves to offer small gifts of food and flowe rs and to pour libations while greeting and blessing the dead. Ancient writers attribute the origins of this tradition to Aeneas honoring his father's spri t. In the Aenead, Virgil describes the scene: "Aeneas made his way to the funeral mound. Once there, he poured the rituallihations: two of wine, two of fresh milk and two of victims' blood, then cast down purple mouming flowers and said: I greet and bless you, sacred father, bless you, ashes and shade and soul."?)
The reverse of a dupondius issued by Claudius, shows the emperor standing, head veiled, about to pour a libation onto the ground from a simpulum which he holds in his right hand. (Exhibit 22-A) The lovely portrait bust of his mother, Antonia, on the obverse sidc of the coin makes it clear to whom he is offering the sacrificiallibation. (Exhibit 22-B)
The Parentaiia celebration began on February l31h when a Vestal Virgin performed the ritual at the tomb of the Vestal Tarpeia21 and concluded on the 21 ~ with a fami ly feast. When the goddess Vesta appears on Roman coins. she is frequently depicted as holding a simpulum and no altar is present. (Exhibit 23) Although in most sacrificial scenes libations arc poured from a patera, the numismatic evidence suggests that the simpu/um was the appro, priate implement to usc when offering a libation to the dead.
In addition to the depictions of sacrifices, ancient coins also illustrated the objects used in the sacrificial ritual. To the ancient observer, these objects clearly impf ied the message of piety through sacrifice.
The reverse of a denarius issued by Juli us Caesar (Exhibit 24) presents an image of the axe (securis) used to kill the sacrificial victim, the sprinkler (aspergillum) and a dipper, known as a simpulum, which was used to pour libations and was the symbol of the college of preists known as the pontifices. The coin also provides an excellent illustration of the unusual headgear called an apex, which was worn only by a flamen priest. The inclusion of the apex on the coin along with the other sacrificial implements served to remind the people of Caesar's membership in the various priestly colleges and his role as Pontifex Maximus as well as attest to his piety.
The denarius struck in 17 BC by Augustus in the name of his grandson Gaius on the occasion of the Secular Games (Exhibit 25) contains additional symbols re-
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April2003 17
lating to a sacrifice. Around the pcrimcterof the reverse is a wreath of foliage which in~ corporates three paterae (shallow offering Ixlwls with mised centers) and two bucrania located in the upper left and right sides. The central feature of the reverse is a large incensebumerfrequently referred to in numismatic literature a~ a "candelabra". On a denarius ofDomitian, a similar incense bumer appears octween a cippus and a herald which announced the secular grunes of 88 AD. (Exhibit 26) "The incense burners were part of a temple's interior fumishings. They were asso:::iated with the sacrificial ritual because they were used to make personal offerings of incense to the gods. The Romans did have candelabras, which resembled the incense bumers except that instead of a large cup at the top, they had a series of sharp triangular horizontal protrusions upon which the base of candles could be impaled.
A denarius of Max..imus, son of the Emperor Maximinus, snuek during 235 or 236 AD proclaims "PIETAS AVG" (the piety of the emperor). "The reverse, illuslrated in Exhibit 27, provides cXlmlples of three additional sacrificial implemcnl<;. Inthecenterofthe grouping stands a culullus or pitcher from which the sacrificial wine was JX)ured. Leaning against the left side of the culullus is the sacrificial knife known as asecespita. To the extreme left is a lituus. A college of priests
known as the Augures was responsible for reading and interpreting the signs sent by the gods. The li tuus was a curved staff that an Augur used to divide the sky into quadmnts when observing a night of birds or a lightning storm. Dcpcncting in which part of the sky and from which direction the birds flew or the lightning flashed, the Augur would declare it to oc a good or bad omen. The liulUs was the special emblem of theAugures and wa~ carried by them as a symbol of their office. A denarius struck by the moneyer L. Pomponius Molo, depicts Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome and founder of the pliestly colleges, holding a lituus a<; he prepares to sacrifice a goat.2 ~ (Exhibit 28)
In addition to the liruus, apex and simpulum, the reverse of an G.'U'ly denarius of Caracalia prominently displays a bucranium with fillets banging down both sides oftlle skull. The priestly emblems referto the pliesthood conferred u]X>n Caracalla as Caesar by his father, the Emperor Severns. (Exhibit 29)
Hundreds of thousands of sacrifices were conducted every day in the arx:ient Rom,m Empire. Most were bloodless sacrificcsconducted by local priests or he.tds of households. Pious Roman frunilies presented daily offerings of wine, food. or incense at a small altar. which was a standard feature of most Roman houses. However, it was the elabomte state sacrifices at which the em-
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18 The Celatar
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peror presided as Pontex Maximus that were captured for posterity by the ancient celators. These coins conveyed the message, "PIETAS AUGUSTl."
Endnotes I Ovid- Fasti - Book V lines 297-304,
Loeb Classical Library #253, pg. 283. 2 Ryberg, I. Scott - Rites of the State
Religion in Roman Art. pg. 179 - Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. XXII, 1955.
J Stevenson, Smith, and Madden - Dietionaryo/Roman Coins, pg. 902, VOTAScaby Ltd. (reprint) 1982.
• Ferguson, John - The Religiolls of the Roman Empire - Cornell University Press 1970 pg. 73.
S Virgil _ The Aeneid - Book I, lines 570-571.
6 Ibid. pg. 176. 7 Plautus, "Little Carthaginian", lines
449-466. ~ Turcan, R. - The Gods of Ancient
Rome, pg. 9. 9 Ryberg, pg. 175. 10 Ibid. pp. 176-177. 11 Ovid- Fasti, Book I. Lines 79-84 12 Vir<Jil - The Aeneid - Book III, lines
546-552. 1.1 Ryberg, pg. 176 14 Ibid. pg. 176. IS Beard & North - Religions of Rome,
Vol. II , pg. 142. 16 Guhl & Koner - The Romans, Their
Life and Custom~, pg. 535. 17 Lewis & Meyer - Roman Civiliza
tion, Vol. L, pg. 144. (Cato- On Agriculture, pp. 33-82.)
18 Seaby _ Roman Silver Coins, Vol. 1 pg.82.
19 Beard & North - Religions o/Rome, Vol. I , pp. 53-54.
10 Cicero - On Divination, Book II, 15-16.
11 Guhl & Koner _ The RomallS Their Life alld Customs, pg. 545.
II Cicero _ On Divinatioll, Book n, 13. 1:< Virgil _ The Aeneid - Book V, lines
98-106. 2~ Fowler, W. - Roman Festivals of the
Period afthe Repuhlic, pg. 306. 2S Cain-Stefanelli _ Life In Republican
Rome on its Coinage, pg. 33.
About the author- 101m Bitner is a Senior Vice President and the Chief lnvestment Ot~ ticer of Eastern Barlk, Boston. He has long been interested in archacology and ancient history. Ancient coin collecting serves as a focus for his exploration of the origins of rnooem ocliefs, traditions and symbols. John is a member of the Society Historia Numorum, an active group of ancient coin collectors in the Boston area.
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Exhibit l - Domitian dupondius, RIC 383
Exhibit 5-Hadrian denarius, RIC 117
Exhibit 9- Elagaba/us, Tyre, IE 27, Cf. SNG Cop. 366
Illustrations (All photos by Ri chard Wing)
Exhibit 2-Caracal/a denarius , RIC 205
Exhibit 6-Aquilia Se vera denarius, RIC 225
Exhibit 10- Gaius Caligu/a sesler/ius, RIC 44
Exhibit 3- Caracal/a denarius, RIC 204
Exhibit 7-Julia Maesa denarius, RIC 271
Exhibit 1' - M. Va/teius denarius, Syd, 774
Exhibit 4-Septimius Severus denarius, RIC 309
Exhibit 8- Faustina Senior denarius, RIC 3948
Exhibit 12- Gordian /If, Aphrodisias, IE, BMC Caria
pg. 46, 126
Exhibit 13-Petillia denarius, Syd. 1151
Exhibit 14- Domitian dupondius, RIC 381
Exhibit 15-Domitian sestertius, RIC 379
20 The Gelator
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Exhibit 16-M. Junius Brutus Exhibit 17- Domitian as, denarius, Syd. 906 RIC 385a
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22 The Celator
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Byzantine 101 - Part 1 by Prue Fitts
The fall of the Roman Empire in 476 is spoken of as a singular event, as if Rome suddenly collapsed like a sou ffle and Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire rose immediately from its ashes like the mythical phoenix . Rather, it was power and focus flowing from the West to the East over a long period oftimc. What we call " Byzantine" is a relatively recent modern term dal~ iog from the! 7Lh century and derived fro m the city of Byzantium (later Constantinople).
sus, a province now known as Yugoslavia. His father, nicknamed "Chlorus the Pale", was the Caesar' in charge of ma intaining Rome' s authority in Br itain . Trained in the court of Dioclctian:
The stage for Byzantine history and its coinage was set at the beginning of the 4th century. Heavy Roman taxation stressed the Mediterranean economy and the Empire had been d ivided into West and East Sectors with an Emperor in cacho The capitol of the West had been moved to Milan in order to defend against pressure from the North.!
Constantine was proclaimed Augustus after the death of hi s father in 306. A popular leader, he waited a decade to consolidate his power by battling his brother-in-law, Maxentiu s, another Augustus. An unsubstantiated legend states that he saw a sign in the sky with the inscription, "By this sign, you will conquer." The sign was the Chi (X) Rho (R) for the fi rst two letters in Christ's name [sec Fig. 2]. Constantine put this insignia on the shields of his soldiers and did in-
Figure I-The reverse of a gold medallion of Constantine the Great.
Into th e Rom an world was born Constantine/ [see Fig. 11 born in Nais-
deed conquer at the Milvian Bridge as Maxentius' troops fe ll literally into the river when the bridge collapsed; thus , he became mastcr of Europc from the Atlantic to thc Adriatic. The Christian symbol assumcd a signi ficant place on Byzantine coinage as well as in their ceremonies as it became the "Iabarum".
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24 The Gelator
Certainly some of the credit for his attraction to monotheism belongs to his mother, HcJcna,$ who found a piece of the True Cross while on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem at the age of 80. In a time and place where paganism had a god for every hour and sneeze, hi s conversion is nothing short of earth shaking. He issued coins in 310 showing one god and permitted Christians to practice their religion openly without fear of pcrsecution and wi th recogn ition of their legal rights. Sunday was legitimi zed as the Sabbath.
Equally momentous was Constantinc 's decision to move his capital away from Rome whose borders were increasingly threatened. The ci ty was besel with economic and sanitation problems - its popu lation left in droves to escapc rampant malaria. An opportunity to build a Christian Capital with an Eastern orientation in a time when his elit ist society would be in cl oser touch with the great academic tradit ions in Alexandria and Antioch eou ld not be postponed.
Byzanti um was prime real cstatc. A naturally defensi ble site, it would serve thc Empire well unti l late in its history. The onl y vulnerable (no rthern) s ide would eventually be fortified by thirtccn miles of walls with 50 guarded gates . Commanding the entrance to both the Black Sea and the Mediterranean lsee fig. 31, it controlled the major caravan roulcs from India, Persia and China.
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new city was fin ished. as commanded, fo r Constantine's silver jubilee in 330. Dedicated on May 11'\ a Monday. the population, estimated as high as 200.000 reveled for 40 days in the renamed ci ty ofConstantinopolis.6 Large sil ver coins were struck for the occasion. Hi s capitol was a twin of Rome ; it has the same
Figure 2- A Chi-Rho Symbol as part 01 an ankh.
tertainmem. An oval marble Forum displayed a 20-foot tall plinth in the center containing a polyglot collection of relics includi ng baskets with the leftovers from Jesus' feeding of the multitudes. A Law Court with a stele proclaimed this to be the New Rome and. of course. a mammoth Palace. The Ch urch of 51. Eirene was the first great Chri s tian church to be built.
one- th ird) , it rema ined as co inagc throughout the ex istence of the Empire. The silver mi/iareme was fi rs t struck during his reign but was not a common denomination until a later Constantine (V) introduced the type with a cross on three steps. Coppers were not in common usage at this time.
Drawing by the author.
This. then, was the stage on which the Byzant ine Empire played out its fascinating. colorful and frequently violent history. Citize ns spoke Lat in and cons id ered themse lve s \0 he Roman s. Th ere were already flourishing mints in Antioch and in Thessa· lonika. The coin - Figure 3-Map 01 Constantinople age of the time was
munici pal system of 14 districts. There was a Senate house;1 a Hippodrome with labyrinths of offices, apartment s and baths. and the arenas for chariot races and wild animal fights for pub l ic en-
late Roman. Constantine introduced the solidus whose full weight of gold was 24 carats and struck 72 to the pound. In fract ional form (the sEmisses was one half the solidus and the tremissis was
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26 The Gelator
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The reign of Anastasius (491-518) Isee fig . 4J is generally considered to be the start of Byzantine coinage. An older man and unlike ly candidate for Emperor a~ he was not of royal blood, hi s appointment was ensured when he married the widow of the pre vious Emperor. Zeno. His most important contributions were a stunning increase 10 the treasury of 300,000 pounds of gol d, and the introduction of a series of low denom ination bron ze coins in 498. The series consisted of th e 40 nummi (M=fo lli s); the 20 nummi (K= half fo llis): the \0 nummi (l = decanumm iu m) and the 5 nummi (E = pentanumm iu m). The o bve rse remained the same with the profile portrai tu re and the inscription but the reverse used a Greek leiter to indicatc the val ue in nummi {see fig. 5],
At this ti me. man y Roman mints had ceased operating except at Consta nti nople and Thes salon ica. Wit h new coins. Nicomed ia was revitali zed and within four years Antioch minted the new bronzes struc k on the "small modu le" standard. The foll is was about 23-27 millimeters. However, for the last six years of An astasius' reign, the sizes were increased by 10 mm.
Hi s successor, Jus tin I (5 18-27) was an ill itera te peas ant, a career military mans who was cl ever enough to insinuate enough support in the Senate for his elect ion. Generally overshadowed by the sole and dyn amic
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April2003 27
reign of his nephew, Justinian, he made a major change in the design of the reverse of the solidus from the traditional fema le Victory to a male Angel in 5 19. The figure kept the same accoutrements, i.e. , holding the long
Figure 4-An obverse of a follis of Anastasius (from the author's collection).
staff with Ihe Chi-Rho or a wreath or globus crucifer. The globe, the traditional representation of authority, now carried a cross above il to show the second role of the Emperor as head of Church as well.
Justinian (527-565) dominated the 6'" century. His wife, Theooom had beauty,
grace, wit and an iron wi!! r see lig. 6J. Never mind that she also had a past. It was she who convinced the Emperor to stand finn as he contemplated fleeing his burning city in 532 when factions norma lly warring against each other, joined to ca!! for bis ouster. "Evelyman who is born must die ... if you wish to save your skin, you will have no difficulty in doing so ... but as for me, I stand by the ancient saying, the purple is the noblest winding sheet." 9 He stayed.
Justinian rebuilt his burnt city and crowned it with the largest Christian church in the world, the SI. Sophia. Designed by the famous Greek engineer,Antemius, and his colleague, Isador, it remains to this day one of the greatest structures in the world, with a dome of 107-feet in diameter. with 40 windows, smu'ing 160 feet ahove ground level [see fig . 7, which shows the modern additions of Muslim towers].
As Emperors before and after, Justinian considered his primary duty to restore the Roman Empire
Figure 5-Clockwise from top: Reverse of a tollis (M=40 nummi); a decanummium (1=10 nummi); half~follis (K=20 nummi); 4 nummi (J=4); and in the center a 1 nummi piece. (All coins from the author's collection). to its original 2"" century boundaries.
Using the vasltrcasUlY left by Anastasius, he increased the Empire's boundaries to Spain on the West, reclaiming
much of italy, and North Africa to the South. The Empire would never again be so extensive.
SAMUS NUMISMATICS, LLC During his reign, the 33 nummi
(Ar): the 6 nummi (S) and the 3 nummi (n were struck at the mint at Alexandria . The 12 nummi (dodecanummium, IB ) became the standard coin of the Egyptian mint and was struck only Ihere . The pay for a soldier during this time was 3 solidii (paid every three years). Using $ 11,000 as a base point, Chris Connell has estimated that each so lidus was worth the equivalent of $3,600. One solidus = 180 folli = 7,200 nummi. Therefore, I nummi was worth about 50 cents. Justinian added the regnal year of the emperor as part of the design , usually on either side of the mark of value [see fig. 8J. This remained the pattern on copper for the next three centu ri es. In 538/9, he introduced the 3/4 facing bust on the obverse, which became synonymous with " Byzantine" posture, though the Roman profile bust continued into the 7'" century.
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28 The Gelator
His successor, Justin II (565-578) and Empress, Sophia, were shown enthroned side by side [see fig. 9J. Double figure and even triple figure obverse types became common in the 7m century. Silver was being produced althe new mint at Ravenna in great quantities and with several reverse Iypes, though it remained rare in Constantinople.
Forced inlO a losing war againsl lhe Avars in Dalmatia and stressed by the treasury emptied by his ambitious uncle, Just inian, Justin II 's mind coll apsed. On his good day s, he rode in a cart around the palace; on bad days, he bi t those who had the bad luck to be guarding him. Sophia, unable to cope alone, enlisted the aid of Tiberius, a General to Caesar. In 578 for a scant nine days, the two ruled jointly before Justin died and there are actuall y two issues fro m this time, bOlh very mre: a .\"alidus and a light weigh, solidu.s, each showing the two faces with a cross between their heads and an angel on the reverse.
his coins from the time of his appoinUllcnt as Caesar, rather than as Augustus, thereby adding four years to his reign.
Maurice Tibe rius ' (582-602) succession was ens ured when he married Tiberius' dau ghter. His coinage re-
lie games. Silver ceremonial pieces were issued at the same time as the regular silver currency up to the early 8'" century.
Theod os iu s was t he fir st so n born to a reign in g empe ror in twO centuri e s and there was much rejoic
ing in the kin gdom. H e jo int ly reigned with his father fro m 590 to 602 and a ppea rs on the foll is and the hal f-fo ll is with his father and mOl her, Cons ta ntia, Oil the obverse. Thcre are rarc go ld 'O and silve r coins from thi s period , too {see fi g. 11 1. On e s ilver coin show s h im o n the obve r se w ith the le ge nd, AMEN ITAS DEI, tran sla ted as " the de li ght of God . s urely a referenc e to his yout hful appearance.
Tiberius, now II, added Con.,ta ntine to his name. He was a popular ruler who sU'Cngthened theAnny. Hc produced a huge one-pound medallion. made of gold, nonc of
Figure 6-A mosaic depicting the Empress Theodora . Into this seemingly, hap
py family picture. ente r Phocas. one of the emperors who
gave the noun, Byzantine, new meaning in cruelty and violence.
which are known to survive. He introduced a cross-potent on four steps on the reverse of the solidus [see fi g. IOJ. which sometimes was composed of dOls. The semissis and the fremiuis also show a cross potent with or without a circle beneath, depending on Ihe issuing mint. He dated
verts to the ange l image on his solidi and a new Vic tory advancing on lhe reverse on the Iremisses. His coins arc di slinguished by their very Roman symbols of authority: the robe and scepter and the mappa, a napkin- like piece of cloth used to signal the start of Ihe pub-
£ml of Part One
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April 2003 29
My profoulld thanh' /0 Chris Connellfor his reading of tIle originalll/(lfwscript and advice anti corrections. Any errors extant are my OWII.
Endnotes
zero. based their ari thmetic calculations o n the number 20.
2ConsidercJ by many to be one of the four greatest men in history; the others being Jesus, Buddha and Mohammed.
3 Th e ti tle"Caesar" was conferred o n those who wc re seco nd in com ma nd to "A u g us t u s", whic h was equ iva lent to " Emperor" .
• Dioclet ian who ru led f rom 28 4-305, o rdered all books which we re writt e n abou t the fashionin g o f gold. s il ve r a nd copper bu rned , in an effort to p revent cou nterfei tin g.
Figure 7- An artist's dra wing of SI. Sophia
S An Innkeeper 's daugh te r, and pe rh aps so methin g more comfo rtin g to Travel ers, s he was badly treated by Co nstantine 's father. she is cred ited
I Timel ill e: Elsew here in the world , Nco Taoi sm was developing an d the earlie st Ch ri stian mona sti c o rd ers were be in g es tablished in Egypt; Runes in Ge rmanic script we re touted as mind puzzles and magica l charms: much of Nort hern Ind ia had been united under Cha ndra Y..!ull..a: the Mayans, the fi rs t to use a sy mbol fo r
wit h begi nn ing the trad itio n of a ·'pil g rimage" . The True Cross she di scovered was proud ly di splayed in his new ci ty.
6 Po lis meaning c ity: therefore. c ity of Constanti ne.
7 FUllctioning in concert with the o nc in Rome.
I A not un common com bina tion in successio n.
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30 The Gelator
Kingdom of Parthia Bagasis, 127-126 Be.
Tctradrachm
AR, 15.86 gm, Se1cucia mint Obv. Long bearded bust to right in diadem, fi lleted border. Rev. Demeter enthroned 10 left, holding Nikc in right hand, comucopiac in left. neirod supporting throne, to right. BA1:lAffiL 10 left [A jPI:AKOY. S.-. Sellwood IS.I,Le RidcrSusc. Pl.Lxxi.l-2. BMC-, Shore -. Some minor porosity at edge. otherwise good very fi ne and exIfemc ly rare. Sec CcialOr Jan llary 2001 ........ ..... ........ ........ .. .. . US$ ]800.00
~ Hislory oflhe War, J, xxiI'. 33- 7 by Proco pius. Thi s hi storia n-d iarist from who m we get much of o ur Byzant ine h istory, loat hed Theodora but dutifu lly repo rted her ra llyin g specch.
Figure 8-The reverse of a (ollis showing the value o( the coin (M) and regnal year (XII). (From the author 's collec t ion).
10 Reflects the m ilitary a ttire of his fathe r.
This series of articles first appeared ill tlte Womell III N llmismat· ics ( WIN) J ourllal.
About Ih e author- Prue Fitts is an acti ve collec tor of Byzan tine coinage re s idi ng in Massac hu se lls. She is a fo unding member of the Assoc iat io n o f Ded ic ated Byzan tine Co llectors (A D Be), and she is an ac tive vo lunteer at co in shows, bot h nati ona ll y and loca l. Co ll ectors in tere sted in finding ou t more about ADBC ean contac t P rue a t P.O. Box 644 , Fra mingham. MA 01704 o r by e-ma il at Tha lassa@ao l.co m.
Figure 9- An obverse of a {ollis depicting Justin and Sophia . (From the author's collection).
Figure 10- The reverse of a gold soli· dus of Tiberius II Constantine depict· ing a cross potent on three steps. (From the author's collection).
Figure' I-A gold solidus of Theodosius. (From the author's collection).
New York International Numismatic Convention Announces Website
MILWAUKEE, WI-Kevin Foley, Bourse Chairman of the January ' , tI., Btl, 2004 32'"'" Annual New York International Numis· matic Convention, to be held al the Waldorf Astoria Hotel, has announced that infor· mation about the world and ancient collecting event is now available at the show's website, nyinc. info. Foley said, 'With 95% of our booth holders having already renewed immediately after our January 2003 show, we've posted all the details about our event ()(l the nyinc.info website. Visitors to the si te will be able to find a listing of the booth holders who've signed up to date, the complete Schedule of Events for the New York International, our auction viewing and auction session schedules as well as information about how to contact our official auction companies to include their holdings in one of our sales. An exceptional feature of the NYINC is that we'll have auctions covering various aspects of world and ancient numismatics going from Monday, January 12 through Saturday, January 17. In addition, site visitors will be able to access information about our
special discounted room rates at the Waldorf Astoria as well as information about how to obtain preferential fares from Northwest Airl ines to travel to the NYINC.~
Foley continued, "Our nyinc.info site also includes other information of interest to our attendees, such the locations of nearby United States Post Office facilities, FEDEX offices and Kinko's outlets in addition to nearby office supply stores. We've tried to make the site as useful as possible to our anendees."
Dealers specializing in world or ancient numismatics who would like to have booth space at the NYINC can have their names added to the waiting list by calling Foley at (414) 421 -3484 or bye-mai l at [email protected].
Say you saw it ill
The Celator
AUKTIONSHAUS H.D.RAUCH VIENNA Auction 71 - April 28th_30th
The auction catalogue is in three parts and covers: 1- Ancient coins (about 1200 lots covering Celtic coins, Persian,
Roman Provincial coins, especially from the mint of Alexandria; a selection from an old Roman collection also)
U - World coins from the Middle Ages until today, including a small collection of the coins of Tuscany, 18-1 9" century, in excellent condi tion, and a Russian collection as well as historical medals
III - Decorations and medals, about 700 lots.
You will find the catalogues onhne under www.hdrauch.com. Please order the appropriate printed catalogue now (subscription fee $200.-)
H.D. RAUCH GMBH, Graben IS, A-I 01 0 Vienna, Austria
e-mail : offi ce@hdrauch. com; Tel: 01143 I 53333 12
April2oo3 31
[~:~~~~~~!~~l!I~!T!~~~~~~=~~~] Elwood Ra:fn Receives Outstanding Club Member
From 1\vin Cities Ancient Coin Club 5T. PAUL, MN-Elwood Rain,
a long-time member of the Twin Cities Ancient Coin Club, was presented with the club's Outstanding Club Member award al the organization's meeting on February 27'h. The surprised and delighted Rain graciously accepted the award from club president Steve Antonello, and remarked "I've always felt thai I've gotten more oul of the club than I've put into it."
Mr. Rain has been an active member of the club for many years, serving as President and Vice President on numerous occasions. The award was given as a smaliloken of appreciation, not only for Elwood's service to the
Elwood Rafn (left) receives the award from club president Steve AntoneI/o
club, but also to thank him for acting as a mentor to many of the members as their interest in ancient numismatics grew.
The Twin Cities Ancient Coin Club has been active since the early 1960's. The
(Photo courtesy of the E. Tomlinson Fort "Memorial" Library)
f)rofile5 in jFl umi5matic5
Edward Gibbon 1737-1794
Edward Gibbon is a name familiar to every student of Roman history. His monumental work, The Hi.\lOry of the Decline and Fall of Ihe Koman Empire, despite its many critics, is still regarded as "the source" for modern readers. t\lthough disenchanted as a student at Oxford, Gibbon spt:nt five years at Lausanne, where he ahsorhed a tremendous volume
of Latin classical li te rature. Unlike many great writers and anists. he was regarded in his own time as one of the world's great historians, and received many honors including the title "Professor of Ancient History at the Royal Academy". Gibbon was one of the first historians to use the inscriptions on ancient coins as historical evidence. He had read books by Addison and Spanheim, and spent many hours studying ancient coins in the museums where he travelled. In hi s journal, Gibbon commented that through the inscriptions on coins "we can often explain. confirm, and correct even the hislQrians. " (In fact , he wrOle "A Disscrtation on the Allegorical Beings Found on the Reverses of Medals", in response to Addison. Gibbon did not publish th is dissertat ion during his lifetime, but those interested can read it in the current issue of The Asylum, Winter 2003, Vol. XXI, No. I , pp. 2-7. The Asylum is the official journal for the Numismatic Bibliomania Society, David Sklow, Secretaryrrreasurer, P.O. Box 76192, Ocala, FL 34481 .)
This feature is provided courtesy of George Frederick Kolbe Fine Numismatic Books, Crestline, CA 92325
32 The Gelator
club meets monthly at Immanuel Lutheran Church, 104 Snelling Avenue, in SI. Paul, Minnesota. For more information , contact club secretary Art Noot at [email protected].
Dr. Charles Weber Collection To Be Sold By CNG, Inc.
LANCASTER, PA-The extensive collection of Charles E. Weber, American Numismatic Association (ANA) Life Member 285, is to be sold by Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. of Lancaste r, Pennsylvania and London, England .
Dr. Charles . E. Weber died in December of 2002. He was a Professo r of German ic Languages and had held professorships at the University of Missouri, Lou isiana State Un iversity and the University of Tulsa from where he retired in 1982.
Dr. Weber was an enthusiastic t raveler, a careful historian , a devotee of the arts, and a passionate collector of coins. He became seriously interested in numismatics in 1939, when he purchased a few Roman coins from the famous Cincinnati dealer Sol Kaplan . In 1945, whi le working for U.S. Military Inte ll igence in the U.S. Army, he met Frankfurt dealer Dr. Busso Peus who became his numismatic mentor and introduced him to German coins.
Dr. Weber became a life member of the ANA in 1956. Over the years he contributed frequent articles and book reviews for the Numismatist, the ANA's monthly publication. His literary efforts were recogn ized by Heath L iterary Awards in 1963, 1965, 1971 and 1979.
Dr. Weber frequently exhibited his coins, and his exhibit on Ind ian gold coins won first prize at the ANA convention in SI. Louis in 1970. In addition to Indian and German coins, his collecting interests covered the span of numismatics - from ancient to modern times.
Continued on page 36 .
~~=::::~ii!~~lE!:~~~!i::::::] Leu Numismatics To Auction An Athenian
Gold Stater In Their May Sale -----------------
by Ursula Kampmann
ZURICH-Up for sale al the next auction of Leu Numismatics Ltd. in May 2003 is a small Athenian gold coin thaI was minted when Athens was near final defeat in the long Peloponnesian War against Sparta. Since the flower of the Athenian youth had died of hunger and thirst in the quarries of Syracuse, the fortunes of war had left Athens , and by 411 it seemed that it on ly needed a final effort for Sparta to prevail.
To reach that aim Sparta had formed an alliance with the Persians, and soon the soldiers and oarsmen of Sparta were be ing paid with Persian gold daries and silver sigloi bearing the runn ing royal archer. A sad sight for the Athenians who had hoped that the Persian king would enter the war on the Athenian side. Alkibiades, then still in exile since the indictment for the desecration of the herms, had tried very hard to reali ze a treaty between Pers ia and Athens. One of the Persian requ irements had been the abolition of democracy in Athens , and the replacement of the famous Athenian government of the peop le by an oligarchy, a government of a small coterie of the wealthy. Incredibly enough, Athens saw no problem in that requirement. The Athenians were tired of their democracy - at least for the moment. In May 411 the full political rights hitherto owned by all adult male citizens of Athens were transferred to 5,000 rich men. All official sa laries were abolished to relieve the shrinking treasury. But the new oligarchy, which had been hoped to bring more continuity in the warfare, was no success: the rich is land of T hasos was lost, as was nearby Euboea, very important for the food supply of Athens.
The situation was desperate. And then the oarsmen of the Athen ian flee t anchored in the harbor of Samos elected the banned Alkibiades as their new general. He was full of ideas and his genius changed the fortunes of war: After a small Athenian v ictory near Abydos, and a somewhat bigger one
c lose to Kyzikos, Sparta began to thi nk about a peace-treaty before Athens could win back her fu l l power. The Peloponnesian a lliance would offer peace, if Athens would renounce forcing back into her power those cities that had left the Delian League, her seaborne alliance.
Athens. GOld-stater, 407/406 BC. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. Rv. A8E, Owl standing r. , head facing; behind, olive twig with fruit and two leaves. BMC pl.
I, ".
It was too late for peace. Athens had got the upper hand by the two unimportant victories of Alkibiades : Democracy -together with the salaries for officials of cou rse - was restored Since July 410 the council of 500 held its sessions and absolute ly refused to yield to the Spartans. A manufacturer of lyres was now the main spokesman for the people . He organized a resolution of the people inviting Alkibiades to return to Athens, and it was a great day for Athens when the former exil e entered the city. No thoughts about him l ighting together with Sparta against Athens, no thoughts about "his" Sicil ian expedit ion and the outrage on the herms. The marble steles on which his verdict had been engraved were broken . The people of Athens appointed Alkibiades general of ali the ir armed
Continued on page 60 .. .
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April2003 33
Pipe Dreams: The Hydraulis by S.c. Stites
The car at the corner shudders with the rhythm oflhe booming bass. Power mowers roar in stereo as several neighbors trim their lawns. Saturday morning cartoons blare through an open window. Phones fiog on or about one's person . The modern-day world is anything but quiet and relax ing, even when you are stretched out on a hammock slung between two trees in your backyard.
Take away the slereo systems, the phones. the televisions, and the power mowers. What are you left with? Sweet birdsong and the whirr of cicadas, the whine of a mosquito. the soft buzz of a honeybee, and the sound of a child singing a nursery rhyme. This perhaps approximates what an anc ient would have heard. Their din would have been relegated to the strength and capacity of the human lung.
Certainly, Rome could be noisy (although on a much smaller scale than today), with peop le hawking their wares, haranguing crowds in the forum, cursing at braying donkeys, and such. And the din of the day continued throughout the night, as wheeled traffic was proh ihited in Rome during daylight hours. In fact, Juvenal blamed his insomnia on the racket made by such nightly traffic. But, except for the screeching of wheels against ungreased meta l axles and the occasional roar of wi ld heasts in the arena, the loudes t noises wou ld have been limited to the range and power of the human voice and lun g: shouting, singing, declaiming, or playing horns and trumpets.
Seneca tells us lhat horns and trum pets were, indeed, considered the loudest inSlrumellls. And so they wou ld have been ... until the third century Be. That's when Ktesibios invented something new, something revolutionary. He combined two of his other inventions-the piston/cy l inder and the force pump-with a set of panpipes, and lo! the hydrauli s (or water organ) was born. Ktesibios ' s invention became very popu lar very quickly. No doubt his neighbors heard the melodious sounds of his wife's playing and clamored to be the first on their block to own this new musical instrument.
There are several depictions of water organs in ancient art, and one or two models have been uneanhed. The workings are described by Hero of Alexandria (2 n
,\ century AD) in his Pneumalika. with further mention made by Vitruvius, a Roman architect and engineer, of a more advanced version. l3asically, the hydraulis consists of a vat of water with a bell-shaped cup over top of it. l3ellows pump air illlo this cup, keeping the watcr pressure more or less constant. The bronze pipes were graduated in size, with sliders operated by keys, to let air through them. The hydraul is was, in fact, the forerunner of the organ and the piano, in short, the first keyboard instrument (see Figure I ).
The hydraulis gained prestige earlyon by being a favorite at religious ceremonies, and thus stood as a precursor to the modern church organ. Antipatros of Crete, for example, performed on the hydraulis at Delphi in 90 BC. He excelled to such a degree that he was loaded down with prizes and gained civic honors for himself
The Professional Numismatists Guild. Inc. has stood for KNOWLEDGE, INTEGRITY & RESPONSIBILITY since 1955. The PNG membership list includes dealers from all around the world. A directory of PNG members is availahlefree hy contacting:
Robcrt Brueggeman, PNG Executive Dircctor, 3950 Concordia Lane, Fallbrook, CA 92028 Tel. (760) 728-1300 Fax (760) 728-8507 email: [email protected]
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34 The Celator
Figure 1-A drawing of an ancient hydraulis. (From WM'I.churchorgansystems.coml evolution.html.).
and his fam ily in perpetuity. A century of so later, we again hear of the hydraulis in a religious con text- this time at Rhodes, where the instrument was used to rouse Dionysus after his periodic desccnt into the underworld.
During Roman times, the instrument became so popular that Nero, already "acclaimed" for his skill with the wind instru ment known as the a.\·kaulos, strove to become proficient on the water organ. He even called a midnight council meeting, according to Scneca, to announce that he had figured out a way to make the hydraulis louder and more melodious (see Fi gure 2).
One of the reasons for the popularity of the hydrau lis was its appearance at glad iator ial evenls. It providcd background music for combats, much the way silen t mov ies used piano accompaniment. It, along with other instruments, also played betwecn sets at these shows. Loud instrumenls were selected so that they could be heard throughout the entire arena. Mosaics depict its use in the arena, and Petron ius likens a dinner party-where the courses were "piped" in and the meat carved by a dancing server- to a gladiator fighting to organ accompaniment.
In thc summe r of 200 I , I was privil eged to hear a real hydraulis perform. This instrument was built to the exact specifications of a full-sized hydraulis that had been unearthed at Dion (Macedonia) in 1992 . Casts were
made of these pipes; the cabinet was reconstmcted according to the few depictions of the hydraulis that remain. And on one special night in London, the voice of the hydrau lis sang again.
Consisting of 24 brass pipes, the hydraul is produces sound when air flows through them, just as the syrinx or panpipes wou ld. The air is supplied by a pump, and passes through a pipe that leads to a cup-shaped chamber placed at the bottom of a tank of water. Air is brought in through a oneway valve, and exits through a second, simi lar valve. Air is pumpcd into the chamber and directed upward by another pipe to the wind chest. Sliders, controlled by keys, could then open the passage to each pipe . Water pressure kept the air supply fairly constant, so notes could continue to play even as other pipes were opened. An au thentic and anatomically correct waler organ had been produced, a collaboration between archeologist and instrument maker (sec Fi gure 3) .
Was it j ust as Seneca described? Were we blasted ou t of our seats as if at a rock concert? Alas .... no. The voice of the water organ was breathy and quiet. The clacking of the keys was clearly audible, and the wheeze of the bell ows noticeable . How it cou ld have ranked with Irumpets and horns is beyond me . It sounded more like a circus calliope, with the hollow quality of a ha lf-filled jug in a blue-
B
Figur 2-A drawing of a medallion depcting a hydraulis. (From http:// users.ipa.netl-tanker/organs.htm.)
grass band. Nero may have liked this instrument fo r its powerful sound, but this only underscores the relative quiet of the ancient world.
As time went on, improvements were made on the hydraulis. Though the counterweights and springs continued to be used, the water tank was replaced by an airbag, inflated via bellows. This new, improved, more powerfu l organ hecame the portable model of the Midd le Ages . The "countless voices and deafening sound," as Claudian says, of the water organ were heard no more.
Bihliogra ph,' Claudian. Carmina 17 .316- 19.
A
Hero of Alexandria. Pneumatika 1.42.
Petronius. Satyr icon.
Seneca. Quaestiones Naturales 2.6.5.
Vitruvius. De Archilectura X.S.
Landcls, J.G . Music in Ancient Greece and Rome. Rout -le dge. New York, 1999.
We s t , M.L. Ancient Greek Music.
Figure 3- Diagram of the hydraulis. A: pump handle and rocker arm; B: piston; C: one-way valves; D: inverted cup; E: vat with water; F: wind chest; G: keybJock with sliders; H: pipes. (From a similar drawing in Lande/s, Music from An· cient Greece and Rome, 1999.)
C larendon, Oxford 1992.
SPRING LITERATURE B UY OR BID SALE
Closes June 15'\ 2003
Baldwin. A .. Symbolism on Grel'k Coi'" ......... . S$25 __ . FiKing fle<Uls on Greek Coins S $ 10
I:I~ Tlk.s. FA. Coins of Ribl" Oil}".' S S 20 Bell inger. AR,. E."sap' "n ,h~ C"inage "f AI<'XaT,der ,fIR Gtl'm ... ..... ... ...... ... ... ..... ... ... .... ........ ... ... ...... H $30 Bell inger. A.II... Syri~n Jl'lmdmchms. . ..... II 530 Bdhngcr. AR. , Troy the Coin> H 535 Bell ingerfBerlinooun. Vi"'''') Ma Coin Type .. S S20 Carson/HilllKenl. Late Rom"" Bronze Coin"ge S S25 Cunis. J .• Temuimchm, of Roman E"gypl (Upd ated)
... H S65 Da'·""I)()rl. J,. (jallic Hegi""ul C"inuge (1250· /750)
S$20 DuN. S.J. (ed.). R"""m C"rnmemormh'e Coinage (Anlhology) S $45 Floreoce. Geogml'hicall£xic()n "fGrel'k C"in Inscrip· ri"n' ......................... ... ..... .. .. .. .......... .... ... ... ..... . S $20 Gardner. P .. CatalognfCoins in BMC - Syria .. H S30 Garoocr. 1' .• Coinage of I'rmhi(l S 520 Gbbl. R., Sa.,unian N,a"i,.""lIin .. .. .......... . .. S S30 Grant. M .. ,\ndenl Hisroryllrlas ......... .. ... .......... S$ 13 Head. B.Y.. HiS/on'a Nunwmm. H Si lO Head. B, V .• Cain, ofLyd;a and Persia S $20 Hill. G.F . llncienl Method, ujCoining S SIO I lill. G.F. Beckr Ihe Counle/feirer .. ... ............. S $20 Hil L G.F. Coil/ngc vfScplimiu, S~ven<s & /liS Fam;ly
S SIS !card. S .. DiC/ianar), ofGffek Coin />lSaipti"nsH $55 kilin,. K .. Coi", of Creek Sicily S S $ 15 KlawaTl s. Z .. Omline of IIndent Cre", Coi",' S $16 Klawan" Z,. Re"ding & fur'''g R<>mt!n Imperial Coins ... ..... ....... ...... ... .... ... .... ....... .... ... ... ...... .... ... ... ... .. . S S l5
Kraay. C . lh"Chai<' and C/""ical Gre~k Coins H $95 Laurene, . R.IL M,dIll,' "f C~";no "l'ad"an . - (Ane. Copies) .. ... ......... ... .... ... ... ..... . ......... .. ............ ..... S $6 U)(}lka. J. M~di""aIIJm(ltm""' S $ 12 Lholka. J" Med;",,1 Fe"dal French C",,,s (Re\". 2'" Ed. ) . .. ... .... .. ........ ... .... ... .... ... ... ........ ... S S20 UJOlka. J. Medi"'al Bohemian C"i"age .... ...... S $20 LhOlko. J .. Inrrorl<.C/;on '" wle H"",a" (Bywntine ) Coil/oge S $20 l.holkaJAooe,'\O\l. Med;ewd Iberian Coinllg<' ... S $20 Madden. FW.. /lillory,,! ;",,·is/. Coinage S S40 Ma{{ingly. H .. Runum C"ins . ................... ... II $35 Milne. J.G .. Calalogue "iAlexandrian C""" .. H $55 Newell. E.1" .. Srandmd Prolemaic Sil\'er(updated)
..S Sti Newdl. E:I . R"y,,1 Greek Pon",;, Coins S 520 N,well . E.T. The dmedA/(xanderC"inageojSidon & ,He. . .. S $50 Price. 1>'1.. Coins oflhe Maad",,;an.<. . ..... .. . S $15 Rogers. Rc,·. E,M.A .• /lIlmiy Guide to}ewi."/o Coill"ge
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ADD S6 ,OO f ir" title . $1.50 c.~h addi,jon.llillc for (>OSlagc , NY reside,," add ,al" la" Lis" avai l· able; USICaoada. Foreign. or An~ic"tlMedie\'a l
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April2003 35
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Dr: Bussa Peus Nacht Auctions 374-375, Frankfurt am Main
Ponterio & Associates CICF Auction, Rosemont, IL
Chicago International Coin Fair, Rosemont, IL
H.D, Rauch GmbH Auction 71, Vienna, Austria
Central States Numismatic Society Conv., Sf. Louis, MO
Leu Numismatics Ltd., Auction 86, Zurich
Leu Numismatics Ltd., Auction 87, Zurich
Roman Gold Coins from the Collection of a Perlectionist
Baldwin's Auctions 33 & Islamic Auction 6, London
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36 The Gelator
The Celator ~ ~
P.O. Box 839, Lancaster, PA 17608 _ ['.01 PhonelFax (717) 656-8557 .a.
Weber Cont. from page 32
Classical Numismatic Group, Inc is handling his ancient and world collection. According to Victor England, Director of American operations for CNG, th is extensive collection of 3,000 plus coins will be sold in CNG's next three sales (May and September, 2003 and January, 2004) and thro ugh CNG's electronic auction systems. Collectors interested in receiving the May sale (CNG Auction 63) can purchase a copy for $25 .00 by sending a check to CNG, Inc., Post Office Box 479, Lancaster, PA 17608-0479. The catalogue will be available on CNG's web site in the middle of April 2003. The web address is : www.cngcOins.com.
Dr. Charles E. Weber
Hydraulis Cont. from page 35
"Be llum Catal inae" http:// II seTS . i pa, net/- tan kerf organs. htm. 9/3/ 02
"Church Organ Systems" b.11J2;.il www.churchorgansystems.com/ evolution.html 9/3/02
About the author- So C. Stites holds a B.A. in Classics and an M.A. in Art History fTom the University of Cincin nati . When she is not writ ing, editing, or chasing after kids and animals, she's likel y 10 be found with heT nose stuck in a book. She is a frequent contibutor to The Ce/alOr.
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Ruthann Brettell, ANA CFO, Announces Her Retirement
COLORADO SPRINGS, CO-After a long and distinguished career, Ruthann Bretlell , the American Numismatic Association's (ANA) chief financial officer, has announced her ret irement. "I have spent nearly 37 wonderful years al the ANA and have become friends with so many, many people, who I might not otherwise have come to know and love ," says Brettell , who has worked fo r the Association longer than any employee, "I will miss my involvement with them as a member of the staff, and I want to thank everyone for their support and friendship that has grown over these many years . I will remain invo lved with the hobby and in contact with the people who make the ANA the great organization it is. Having said that, this is the time for me to step aside from my daily activit ies as chief financial officer and retire . This is not goodbye but anothe r door opening and a new chapter for me.n
"Rutha nn has , withou t a doubt, had a tremendous impact on the ANA,n Executive Director Christopher Cipolelti says. "Her many positions on the staff, from club secretary to executive director, have made her work, advice and influence a significant pa rt of this organ ization. We wish her the best in her retirement and her continued involvement with the hobby."
"On behalf of the Board of Governors , I want to extend our gratitude to Ruthann for the many, many years of devoted service to the ANA," President John W. Wilson says . "As a member of the Board for nearly eight years, I cannot say we always made her job easy, but she always was there to help guide and advise us. For all your long service and great friendship, I want to say thank you Ruthann , you are the greatest."
When she received the ANA's highest award in 1997, the Farran Zerbe Memorial Award for Distinguished Service, Brette ll was noted as a dealmaker, d irector, staffer, bookkeeper, auditor, banquet-planner, doer, joke r, philosopher, counselor, ambassador, negotiator, comprom iser, daughter, mother and friend. In August 1966, Brettell came to work at the temporary headquarters of the ANA in Colorado
Springs, where the home and headquarters building was being constructed . She did anything and eve rything, including answerin g phones, operating the printing press and handling the mail, as well as doing accounting and serving as office manager. By 1977 she was made convention di rector and controller, and from 1985 to 1988, she se rved as ANA executive directo r. In the spr ing of that year, Brelle ll returned to serve as ANA's convention di rector, holding that pos ition fo r 10 years, before she was made chief f inancial officer.
Ruthann Brettell
Of her many accomplishments and honors, inclu ding the ANA Medal of Merit and Exemplary Service Award, and the Profess iona l Num ismati sts Guild "Pretty Nifty Ga l" Award, Brellell is most proud of having proposed and started the Young Numismatist (YN) Scholarship program for the ANA's Annual Summer Conference. In 1999 she was named a Numismatic Ambassador by Numismatic News. Cipoletti says he will beg in the search for a new ch ief financial officer and hopes to have the position filled in the near future.
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Numismatic Literature Greek, Roman, Byzantine
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Unless noted. oil books an; new. an; 'he latesl ed ition' . and ore in stock. Unless notoo (,b). on OTe hardbound, Oct ·of.print lit les are notoo (op). Please add $4.50 fOT domestic 'hi[>p;ng for the first title and $ 1.00 for ca<.:h additionol, Forforeign orders. payment must be in U.S dollars drown OIl a U.S, ban.\; with shipping avail able at cost.
Charles Davis p.o. Box 547
Wenham, Mass'" 0 1984 Tel: (978) 4~8 2933 Fax: (978) 468 7893
Numi,ht @a ul,com I" , pil ... ",,~, .• t>eboo' '.,om/l,,-." ,I" "mi.' <II"
c.,~ of ,i>: 51 Milljoo a..,.,. Nu","",,",;,; tihoaoy Memocr , iD(.'" 1%8; EAC t42 ANA (>Il(fl7
April 2003 37
Leu Auction 86 Has "Something For Evexyone"; Auction 87 OtIers "Collection of the perfectionist"
by Ursula Kampmann
Leu Auction 86 will offer 1156 ancient coins with a total estimate of 4.2 million Swiss Francs. The sale will be held on May 5" and 6" at the Hotel Savoy Saur en Vi lle in Zurich. A number of important collections will be dispersed in this sale.
The auction begins with a splendid selection of Cellic coins, the second half of a major collection of which the first part, Central Europe and the Balkans, was sold lasl year in Leu Auction 83 .This part includes coins from England, Gau l, Spain and northern Italy, altogether 170 lot$, including many multiple lois. These come from a collection in the best sense; the collector not only enjoyed the rare gold pieces, some 01 whose style is reminiscent of the best Picassos (!), but he a lso was especially interested in silver, bronze and potin coins in splendid condition, a quality not easy to find .
The second major section cons ists of 272 lots of Greek coins, as usual in top condition and of the finest style. But,
then , what else would you expect from leu? The kind of coins col lectors dream about are on offer here : how about one of the finest known archaic staters of Metapontum, or the tetradrachm of Katana , signed by Herakleidas and bearing his wonder1ul facing head of Apollo? Or would you prefer the famous late archaic letradrachm of Naxos with Dionysos and the Silen? Perhaps you might decide on a Syracusan letradrachm by the Demareteion Master, once in the great 'Kunstfre und' sale? There are even three splendid gold staters from Pantikapaion, with the proud griffin on their reverses.
The highlight of the auction is naturally the historically important gold stater of Athens, struck in one 01 that great City's darkest hours. The treasury of the Parthenon on the Acropolis gave up some of its greatest treasures, so that they could be made into gold coins to finance a new fleet to fig ht the Spartans al the end of the Peloponnesian War. Appearing as 101383, this is one of only four known examples, and is the only one not in a museum (please see ad-
C.G.B.tel 46, rue Vivienne F -75002 PARIS
: 33(0)1 42.33.25.99 E-mail : [email protected]
http://www.cgb.fr 100.000+ imag es - 100.000+ pa g es
MAIL BID SALES:
"MONNAIES"
FIXED PRICE LISTS :
"ROME" "MODERNES"
"JETONS" "BILLETS"
A .... d CI-AlIi.AND · J ... _lIlo", D ~X~AL · ,: .. ", .... 1 KONTOS _M;".d PRIEUR _ 1..0 __ 1 SCHMJ'fT _Sc., ... S()!\1HAKT
38 The Celator
ditional story on this coin on page 33 of this issue).
Also worthy of note is an extremely rare tetradrachm of the obscure rulers of Elymais, Kamnaskires III and Anzaze (ca. 82-74 BC), and a splendid group of Ptolemaic gold pieces_
Wh ile the Greek coins provided something for art lovers, the next section will appeal to those who adore history. Within the 178 lots of ancient Jewish coins that follow, is the important collection that belongs to the ex mayor of Jeru sa lem, Teddy Kollek. Th e most important piece 01 all is the Prutah of Mattathias Ant igonos, the last of the Hasmoneans, which bears the only ancient numismatic representation of the Menorah from the Tempte, and was struck in Jerusalem in 37 during his doomed batt le with Herod . Not only that, Ihere are other great rarities as well: the year 4 shekel from the Jewish War, and the year 1 tetradrachm and denarius of Bar Kokhba. Collectors of Roman Provincial coins will be most excited by the last lot of this section - a comprehensive collection 01 no less than 63 bronzes from Hadrian's new city 01 Aelia Capitol ina (estimated at SFr 7,500.·) .
fn this auction colleclors o f Roman Republican coins are also not neglected : there are 81 lots 01 denarii and aurei of the Republic, most extremely fine or better. Among the rarities is the denarius 01 Brutus with the EID MAR re· verse, and wonder1u l au reus of Sex· tus Pompeius with port raits of his lather and brother.
It is d iff icult to choose what 10 mention out of the 303 tots of rare and superb Roman tmperial coins in this sale. The two superb aurei of Galba? The extremely rare gold quinarius of Vespasian? The two extremely fine aurei of Ael ius? The many rare silver quinarii? The two superb aurei of Macrinus and one 01 Diadumenian? The gold medallion of Constantine I in the weight 011 1/ 2 solidi? One could go on and on.
The auction ends with 101 Late Roman, Byzantine and early Medieval coins, all arranged chronologically so thai strange names like Gaiseric, Clovis, Theoderic, Athalaric, Witigis and Totila appear next 10 Maurice Tiberius and Phocas. Two deniers of Charlemagne come just before a rare solidus of the contemporary empress Irene!
Finally, there are 15 multiple lots of Roman and Byzantine coins, In this vast auction of ancient coins, there is something for everyone,
There are 125 Roman gold coins in the "Collection of the Perfectionist" that Leu Numismatics will be selling on May 6th 2003 in their Auction 87, 125 coins with a total estimate of 3,2 million Swiss Francs, each capable of being a major high light of any other auction!
This collector only acqu ired coins below good extremely fine in condition if they were of the highest rarity, As for example, the only extremely fine aureus of Hadrian, wh ich bears a date in the era of the city's foundation, Otherwise one usually reads 'Virtually as struck', even for such great rarit ies as aurei of Didius Juhanus and Pescennius Niger.
What can one say about such a sale?
are found in this auction: Augustus, Tiberius, Nero Claudius Drusus, Antonia, Caligula, Nero, Galba, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Domilia, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Aelius, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius , Faust ina II, Lucius Verus, Luci lla, Commodus, Crispina, Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Septimius Severus, Ju lia Damna, Caracalla, Macrinus, Diadumen ian, EIagabalus, Julia Maesa, Severus Alexander, Gordian III, Trebonianus Gallus, Valerian, Gallienus, Postumus, Claudius II Gothicus, Marius, Victorinus, Aurelian , Tacitus, Florian, Probus, Car us, Carinus, Numerian, Julian of Pannonia, Diocletian, Maximinian Herculius, Galerius, Conslantius, Severus II, Maximinus II Daia, Maxentius, Licinius I, Licinius II , Constantinus I, Fausta, Crispus, Constantinus II, Constantius II, Vetranio, Constantius Gallus and Julian the Philosopher. The interested viewer will find that prac
tically every major emperor, and many of their wives and daughters, are represented, and he will never have seen so many gold coins in such superlative condition, Collectors will also appreciated the rather conservative estimates and the exceptional catalogue, with its many numismatic and historical notes,
Both catalogue s are available for $25,- 1 CHF 30,- lEUR 25,- each from Leu Numismatics Ltd., PO, Box 2131 , CH-8022 Zu rich , Switzerland. Tel: + 0041 /1f2 11 4772 , Fax : +0041/1/211 4686, email: info@LeuNumismatik.com. In addition, the catalogue can be viewed on the Internet at http://www.Leu-Numismatik.com.
www.athlna.ch
To make things simple here is a list of all the personalities whose gold coins
BALDWIN'S AUCTIONS Linll ted
11 Adelphi Terrace London WC2N 6BJ
TEL: 020 7930 9808 FAX: 020 7930 9450
email: [email protected]
BALDWIN'S AUCTION 33 6th & 7th May 2003
Ancient, British and Foreign Coins fea turing a specialis t collection which includes
Aurei and Late Roman Solidi selected for the C'xceptional quality of their portraiture and
a collection of Maltese silver and bronze coms of the Order of 5t John including several great rarities
Commemorative Medals including a collection of architectural medals by J Wiener
ISLAMIC COIN AUCTION 6 7th May 2003
Please contact Charles Riley or Seth Freeman for a copy of either ca talogue or
for advice on sell ing in our auction5
April2003 39
Crowns and Headdresses on the Small Bronzes of Roman Egypt
-----------------
by Francis Jarman
The smallest bronzes of Roman Egypt - tiny coins 10-15 mm. in diameter, genera ll y described as dichalkons and chalkons - don 't offer much space fo r elaborate designs. TIle obverses lend to have only an imperial portrait, without the emperor's name, which often makes it difficul t to ascribe them to one pruticular emperor (Domitian and Trajan can look very similar, especially on worn coins, and the same is sometimes true for Hadrian and Antoninus Pius). The reverses carry the date by regnal year and a figure, an imal or familiar object. The designs that work best arc the simple ones, and these include a number of d ifferent items referred to in the literature as "crowns" or "headdresses".
Not all of the numerous varieties of ancient Egyptian headgear appear on the coins, but those that do have not always been identified correctly or described consistently by numismatists. To try to cut
tbrougb the confusion a little, here are some notes on the main types, drawing especially on the classic study by Abubakr, a doctoral thesis in Gennan published in 1937, with comments (based on the tables in Keith Emmett's excellent survey, Alexandriwi Coins, and observations of the market in recent years) on the frequency of each type as an individual motif on the Alexandrian coinage.
Among the different types of Egyptian headgear arc the following:
I . Theconical White Crown (Hedjet), the royal symbol ofUppcr Egypt: An elongated, tapering cylindcr, possibly originally made of rushes knotted together at the top, though later versions were of smooth material, perhaps leather or linen.
Frequency: Not a coin-type. 2. The Red Crown (Decheret), the
royal symbol of Lower Egypt: A squat he lmet with a high, extended back and an upward protruding tongue coiled inwards at the end.
Frequency: Not a coin-type. 3. The Crown of Feathers of Lower
Ancient Greek Roman Republic
Roman Empire Byzantine
Ceiti,
caw/ogue on request
KIRK DAVIS Classical Numismatics
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Tel: (909) 625-5426 kirk @ancientgreek.net
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40 The Ce/ator
Egypt, consisting of two feathers, usually resting on ram's andlor cow's horns. In the numismatic literature, this type is almost always referred to as the "Crown of Isis" or "Isis Headdress", but originally there were two main sorts of crown, the difference being in the shape of the feathers: The AneQtj Crown had tapering ostrich feathers with rounded, curled out ends, whereas the Horus Crown of Feathers had straight hawk's feathers. Both these types appear on the Alexandrian bronzes, but the Ane.dtj Crown is sl ight ly commoner. Apart from the feathers and the horns, there arc other variations that occur, e.g. there may be a sun disc al the base of the feathers, ears of corn to either side of the feathers, or uraeus cobras on the horns.
Frequency: This is the commonest of all the crowns, with undated issues for Augustus (Emmett 20, "Horus" type), yea~ 10-12 of Domitian (Emmett 340, Figure 1, with sun disc and uraei), years 7, I I , 13, 16 and 17 of Trajan (Emmett 7 10, Fi~T1Jre la, "Horus type"), years 2, 9-12,14and 160fl-ladrian(Emmett 1189, Figure 2, with ears of corn), years I, 2, 8 and 24 of Antoninus Pius (Emmett 1800, Figure 3 of a rare contemporary forgery), and one issue (year uncertain) for Marcus Aurelius (Emmett 2268). Some years are common, some (including all the Domi tian and Antoninus Pius issues) quite rare, and the Marcus Aurelius coin is very rare, if not unique.
4. The Double Crown (Skhent), which combines the two royal crowns, the White Crown of Upper Egypt and the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. The earlier fOim places the White Crown in front of the Red Crown; a later form places the White Crown within the Red Crown. The Double Crown was a royal headdress, but also worn by some of the gods.
Frequency : Vel)' rare type, known only for year 16 of Trajan (Emmett 721, Figure 4) and year 2 of Antoninus Pius (Emmett 1793 = Dattari 3022).
5. The Double Crown of Lower Egypt, which combines the two feather crowns, the AneQtj Crown and the Horns Crown of Feathers.
Frequency: Not a coin-type. 6_ Complex Royal Crowns which
combine the White and Red Crowns with the Anedtj Crown, or even with both the Ancgtj Crown and the Horus Crown of Feathers.
Frequcncy: Not coin-types.
7. The Alef Crown, which combines the Whitc Crown of Upper Egypt with the horns and ostrich feathers of the Lower Egyptian Crown of Feathers (usually theAnegtj Crown); some~
times there are sun discs in the middle of the horns and allhe tip of the crown. The Alef Crown is very old, and probably indicated the union of Upper and wwer Egyptian entities in some way. It is sometimes described as an "Osiris Crown", but it was worn not only by Osiris but by many other gods as well , and by Egyptian rulers down to the time of the Ptolcmics. The meaning of "Atel" is uncertain.
Frequency: Rare. To the best of my knowledge, no one has yet drawn attention to this as a d istinct Alexandrian type. There is an issue for Hadrian, yeaf 14, illustrated in SNG Copenhagen (No. 359) but wrong ly described as a "Headdress of Isis" .lllustrated here arc coins of Trajan, years I I (Figure 5) and 16 (Figure 6).
8. The fai rly late Hemhem Crown, which consists of three Atef Crowns - not lotus buds, as Dattari suggested - tipped by sun di scs (Of even by Horus hawks) and arranged on ram's horns. The name Hemhem is connected with the idea of "roaring" and with causing fright: as Abubakr puts it, this is the crown "which in war strikes terror and fear in the hearts of the enemy" (p.65). However, the Hemhem crown is often worn by child-gods like Harpocrates ("Horus-the-Child").
Frequency: A reasonably common type, issued for Trajan in nine different years, some rarer than others (Emmett 707, Figure 7): quite rare for Hadri an , years 10 and 20 (Emmet! 1191); and there is also a rare Hemhem coin (BMC Supplement 3040A), not listed by Emmett, which might be year 6 of Antoninus Pius.
9. TIle headdress of Cow's Horns and Sun Disc, favored by goddesses like Hathor and Isis.
Frequency: Not a coin-type. Besides these, there are also two non-Egyptian types: 10. What looks like a Helmet on a coin of Hadrian, year
uncertain (Emmett 1190), in the Dattari collection (not listed in the Dattari catalogue itself, but illustrated as number 7843 in the recent supplementary volume of "rubbings" edited by Adriano Savio).
Frequency: Unique? 11. The 1~lei of the Dioscuri, the caps of the Gemini twins
Castor and Pollux . This is not an Egyptian motif, but the Dioscuri were patrons and protectors of sailors - there is a wondcrful song by Schubert based on a German poem by Mayrhofer, Song of a Seaman to the Dioscuri - and so the Heavenly Twins were very important to the citizens of a great maritime trading city likeAlcxandria. St. Paul sailed from Malta to Sicily on an Alexandrian ship called the Castor and Pollux (Acts 28: II ). (Another friend of sailors, Isis Pharia, is represented on the small bronzes by her rattie, the sistrum, and on larger bronzes by the goddess herself holding a sail inflated by the wind and, on some coins, with the Pharos, the famous lighthouse of A.lexandria, in the background.)
Frequency: A scarce type, rare for Trajan , year II (Emmett 716), commoner for Hadrian . years 9-11 (Emmett 1198, Figure 8).
I'd be happy to hear from readers who have interesting examples of these or other crown or headdress types. Please send the information to me at jannan@u,uni-hildesheim.de (with scans ifpossiblc).
Bibliography Abubakr, Abd el Monem Joussef, Untersuchungen ilber die
iigyptischen Kronen. Gliickstadt, Hamburg & New York, 1937
continued on page 45 ...
Roman Coin Price Yearbook
200212003 The 2003 edition includes 30,000+ auction results extracted from more than 300 international public auctions held worldwide during the two full calendar years of 2001 & 2002. An impressive 75+ major auction houses are covered. All results converted to USD. For exact listing of auction cats. presently included in the Databank, please study this link: http:// ho me . worl do n lin e. d klmemli nfo l roman2003UScatlistmanco.htm
Only to be produced by special & advance orders from dealers, auction houses, and serious market players, Following a number of enquiries from professional market players, the owners of the publishing rights have agreed by special order to produce an utmost and extremely limited number of 2002/2003 yearbooks, which alone can only be bought by those who previously are known to the publishers on a serious and professional level.
Printing run will be limited to 150 copies only (one hundred and fifty) to cover the complete world market. The three books thus will go out-of-print from day one. The order of reservations will be according to the dates we receive your advance order (a.k.a., first come - first serve). The three publications will be spiral softbound on red paper [contrary to the hitherto nine earlier published hard covered yearbooks] and individually numbered and named . The publications are not to be made available in the ordinary free book trade. Full page advertisements available (white paper section). Planned release date around May 2003.
[NEW] Roman Coin Price Yearbook 200212003, Republican, Vol. 0, [280 BC-BC 31]-1 pes. USD 240 INEW] Roman Coin Price Yearbook 200212003, Imperial, Vol. I, [31 BC-AD 138]-1 pes. USD 285 (NEW] Roman Coin Price Yearbook 200212003, Imperial, Vol. I, [138 AD-AD 254]- 1 pes. USD 285
For professionals the buying prices are net (excl. VAT.): Freight to be added: USD 18. Foreig n orders: Kindly add USD 12 for bank charges. No rebates ava ilable. Payment in advance w ith binding pre-order. Nonprepaid orders are not take n. Check/cash and advance order within 5 weeks to be mai led to:
Morten Eske Mortensen, Drej0gade 26 F 501, DK-2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark (phone: +45 39 29 07 23; email: [email protected] .t1!tQ;il home.worldonline.dkl-meml). Details + order form etc.:
http://home.woddonline.dklmemlinfo/roman2003US.htm Review of 1" edition 1996/97 : The Celator, June 1998, pg. 35 + April 2000, pp. 35-36,
April2003 41
"Helping Children, Spreading Joy"
As this article goes to press, the world is mourning the loss of a great friend 10 children. Fred Rogers, known to the world from his television program "Mr. Rogers' Neighbo rhood," recent ly died of cancer.
To those of us who had the joy of ha ving Fred in our lives, the loss is especially painfu l. But even those who only knew Fred from TV arc mourning him. Why? Because he helped children.
What has this to do with ancient coil1s, you may ask. To your author, dear readers, the answer is simple: anc ien t coin collecting can raise the level arjay in a child 's life!
Many of you don't have to be told this; you know it first hand. You've seen the excitement in a ch ild's eyes when you give them an ancient coin! What a good feeling!
There is a non-profit organization that is dedicllted to pUlling ancient coins in chi ldren's hands. Profiled in this column in May of 2002, the ACE (or Ancient Coins fo r Educ atio n) project, donates cleaned and uncleaned coins to classrooms, sponsors writing contests, with prizes (ancient coins, naturally) donated by the coin collecting community. According
to Mike Dalka, chairman of AC E, "We are bringing ancient history to life, awakening children 's minds, and eneouTllging students to pursue Classi cal studies. Aside from the social benefits, this program will be a great he lp to the numismatic community by en su ri ng that students are introduced to our hobby or profession."
We checked in with Mark Lehman. President of ACE for a fast update on ACE and its programs:
Q: Mark. on the ACE .. vehsite, it says that in 2002 ACE distributed coins 10 over 40 schools. Do you anticipate growing even heyond Ihalthis year?
A: We can now say we have 65 or so schools participating all across the US, in Canada and in a "sister program" in Austra lia admin istered by Michael Mori arit y. Although we have closed enrollment for the 2002-2003 academic season. inquiries continue to come in and we're already assembli ng a list of potential new schools for the 2003-2004 academic season. Due to the incred ible generosity of dealers and collectors who have heard the call, seen the light, and responded magn ificently, we are already wel l on the way to having suppli es of prizes , cleaned "example coi ns" and uncleaned coins sufficient to get us off to a !lying start in the new academic year!
Q: Are there any new directions you hope to take ACE in the near future! AllY exciting new plans?
A: We arc continually involved in ou treach and networking through the various people invo lved in ACE. One di rection we might hope to explore is the possibility of a college -level ACE program. We have a pi lot program thi s year at Transylva nia College in Kentucky. We eagerly await the results!
Q: What are ACE's biggest challenges and needs right now? How can Cefalor readers hefp!
Learn All About Collecting Ancient Coins
www.ancientcoinmarket.com New Articles Monthly
42 The Gelator
A: The single greatest challenge we ha ve found is main taini ng a dependab le supply of reasonable quality uncleaned coins to send to the partici pat ing schools . We were fort unate enough recently to ha ve the opportuni ty to acquire a relatively large lot of good-qua lity uncleaned coins that will give us an excellent toe-in-the-door on the next season, but we cannot grow the organization without the cont inued help of dealers and collectors. I know it sounds crass to ask for money, and we do not wish to become the NPR fund-drive of the numismatic community, but contributions of cash and/or good-quality uncleaned coins would probably help us more than anything else readers could do at this point in time.
What good neighbors! Mr. Rogers would be proud!
To contact ACE: http://www.bitsofhistory.com/ace/ Send Donations To: ACE P.O . Box 3115 Burbank, CA 91508
Morton & Eden Ltd. Will Hold May 20-21 Auction
Sale in London LO NDON-The Morton and Eden
sale to take place on May 20-21, 2003 includes a number of exce llent Greek coins with old provenances. Five come from the famous "Kunstfreund" auction of 1974 and include an archaic didrachm of Dika ia in Thrace (est. £2-2 ,500), a very rare didrachm from the island of Zakynlhos (est. £1-1 ,500), and a su· perbly preserved litra of Katana in Sicily (est. £2-2,500). A great rarity (possibly the second known) is a stater of lu lis, capita l of the Cycladic island of Keos, depict ing a bunch of grapes and dolphin - the grapes reflecting the vit iculture of the island (est. £20-25,000). Another island coin is one of the fin est known tetradrachms of Samos formerly in the collection of J. Desneux (esl. £3-4000).
Also of interest 10 collectors of ancient coins are many group lots of Greek coins, as well as Roman and Byzantine coins of various types.
The sale a lso includes important commemorative and portrait medals, English, foreign and Islamic coins, banknotes and war medals and decorations.
For more details, please contact Tom Ede n at Morton & Eden, 45 Maddox Street, London W1S 2PE (Tel: 020 7493 5344; Fax: 020 7495 6325; Email: [email protected]).
The Egyptian Bead Shroud - A Case Study
in Authentication
Some of the more interesting objects that I have had to authenticate over the years are bead shrouds and masks. These are beaded garments placed in antiquity over the mummy. They usually had a netli ke pattern and often had an integral 'mask" to go over the facial area. Design clcmenL~ such a~ winged scambs and the four sons of Horus were also often present. These look the pJaccor were in addition to the more common faience amulets placed over the mummy when it was put in the usual crutonnagc coffin of the period.
The problem with head shrouds, in general, and the beaded mummy masks one sees on the market from time to time, is that there has been to the best of my knowledge vet)' little publ ished regarding them. As far as I know they were only in usc during the Latc Peritxi, ca. 600-300 BC, and even then were not in universal use. Because they were composed of beads and string they are usually found in poor condition and must be restored to some semblance of their original appearance. Because of this and because so many loose ancient beads are found, they are a prime target for the forger of antiquities. Some appear on the market from old collections such as a couple sold in 200 I by a wellknown and highly reputable N. Y. Gallery thaI were described as having a "old collection number on the back". Since they were in "custom frames" I was llnable to examine the back of the masks at the time, although from the front they appeared fine, Onc would presume that such objects are authentic being from older collections. but it should be borne in mind that even in the 19th and early 20'" century many fake Egyptian antiquities were made, and it wou ld have been even easier to obtain genuine beads at that time as they were considered to be of little or no value.
So even a genuinely old collection tag is not an infallible guide to authenticity. Most. however, are sold today with little
or no provenance so the point is often moot. As for excavatcd examples of bead shrouds, the only one I can recall offhand is a magnificent shroud with Gold mask and Ornamentation in the Cairo Museum (#CG53668). Although I have not seen il in person, never having visited Cairo, there is a wonderful illustration of it in The Official Catalog of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo by Philip Von Zabern, Mainz 1987, no. 249. It was excavated by A, Barsanti in 1903 at Sakkara and dates to the Late Period, m. 26th Dynasty reign of Amasis, ca. 570-525 Be.
Of course, this shroud had a gold mask and not a bead work mask but less important personages would have had the entire shroud made of bead work, It is these less pretentious masks and shrouds or shroud fragments, which appear from time to time on the antiquities market. As far as I can tell, most if not alL are discovered in fragmentary condition and must be restored, even the magnificent example in the Cairo museum described above. The genuine examples I have examined usually have large portions cemented together at the back from contact wi th the linen mummy wrappings, which were impregnated with resi ns that hardened over the ages, AJ~
though I have never seen one restored, I imagine that you would compare several
known fragments to get an idea what the whole ones looked like in antiquity and work from that.
In any event, all of the masks, both good and bad, that I have seen over thc years are quite similar, dilTering mostly in size and the color of the beads used. Obviously, then, the first step in examining an item such as this is to ascertain if the beads are indeed authentic, Once the authenticity of the beads is established, the question becomes one of style. Since in the vast majority of cases the string used in antiquity to hold the beads together has to some degree rotted away, the real question regarding style is to what dcgrec the object, as restored, approx imates its original appearance. A careful examination under a 10 or 20 power glass should reveal which parts have been restored in modern times and which retain tnlces of the originaHinen, resin, etc. If all of the stringing is modem, then indeed it is impossible to know if the beads in question were ever a mask or shroud in the first place, and it must be a~sumed to be a modem forgery. If the whole item appears intact, then it is obviously genuine. However, if only substantial portions appear to be original then the restorations should not
continued all page 50 ..
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April2003 43
Barbarous Coins of Ancient Israel
Col lectors frequently ask about coins that are referred to as "barbarous" or crude, and some of them have "retrograde" inscriptions.
In the series of ancient Jew ish coins we observe barbarous bronze coins struck by the Maccabees, Herod the Great and hi s successors, the various prefects and procurators of Judea under Rome, Herod Agrippa I, Agrippa U, the Jewish War, and the Bar Kochba War.
All of the barbarous coins struck in the Second Temple Period are quile rare. Although no statistics exist, r would guess that less than one-percent of all or the coins from these groups arc of the barbarous type.
In general, the barbarous coins arc struck from dies that are engraved crudely, often with " retrograde" or mirror-image writ ing, and struck on irregu lar planchcts .
There has been considemble discussion concerning these barbarous coins. After studying them for morc than 30 years, I have made a couple of observations:
I. To my knowledge the barbarous coins always carry barbarous obverses and reverses. Sometimes they vary in the degrec of irregularity, but I have never seen a perfectly normal obverse or reverse combined with a barbarous obverse or reverse.
2. The barbarous coins of ancient Israel are discovered side by side with the ordinary issues.
3. The alloy of the barbarous coins appears to be the same or similar to the ordinary issues.
4. With many issues, especially the bronze prutah coins, there are degrees of crudeness. In other words, some coins are almost caricatures and others arc very close to the ordinary issues.
What are these crude "barbarous" coins and who issued them? Most of the crude and barb,rrous issues of Greece and Romc are thought to be contemporary fOf<Jeries.
However, I believe with great conviction that this was definitely NOT the case with the barbarous coins of ancient Israel. Instead, it seems that these coins were made in a second mint workshop. In the case of the Jewish War and the Bar Kochba War there were almost celt ain!y second mints, possibly mov ing wi th the troops, or by soldiers hiding out in the Judaean hills. A particularly barbarous issue of the famous shekel of the Jewish War is known to have been struck at Gamala (Hendin-673). Die studies by Leo Mildenberg clearly prove that barbarous Bar Kochba coins were not struck in the same mint as the standard issues.
Ya'akov Meshorer wri tes that, "Because of the unstable position of the Jewish administration, and the lack of a central mint. the mint masters were often changed. Occasionally unskilled people prepared the dies, and not only do the coins with the barbarous designs reveal bad style and obvious lack of skill, but also, they indicate work done under the pressures of the lime limitations."
It is certainly possiblc that thc barbarous J udean coins were struck at the central mint by e ither poor craftsmen or apprentices who made errors. However, speaking strongly against this possibili ty is the absolute paucity of die li nks between the barbarous coins and the standard issues.
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44 The Celator
652 652a
A regular and barbarous issue of a prutah of Antoninus Felix , procurator of J udea under Claudius, dated to 54 AD (Hendin-652 and 652a).
Retrograde inscriptions cannot be used to support any particular theory. The retrograde inscriptions probably occurred because the individual cutting the die was inexperienced and also probably ill iterate. He did not understand the principle of dic making that necessitates cutting thc die in reverse. When the negative die strikes the metal, a tlUe image is formed.
As beginners, die engravcrs (known as eelators) worked by copying. Thus, they probably cut their first dies by copying prototype coins, and not other dies. When coins were stamped from those dies, the inscriptions appeared in retrograde.
Leo Mildcnberg refe rred to the barbarous issues as "irregular" issues, and hc wrote that "the artisans who produced the irregu lar bronze dies were not only mere copyists imitating regular dies and even irregular works, but also unskilled copyists. For, their craft is inexpert, their hand insecure and their understanding of the legends, and even single leiters, poor or entirely absent. TIle overall picture of their production is entirely dilTerent from the
continued on page 50 ..
739 73iJa
A regular and barbarous bronze coin of Bar Kochba (Hendin-739 and 739a).
Crowns and Headdresses Illustrations
Figuire 1-Emmett 340
Figuire 4-Emmett 721
Figuire 8-Emmel! 1198
Crowns Cont. from page 41
(adapted for the Internet, though stilJ in Gennan, at http: //www.manetho.dcl).
Christiansen, Erik, Coins ojAlexandria and the Nomes: A Supplement 10 the British Museum Catalogue. London, 199 1.
Christiansen, Erik & Kromann, Anne, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum : The Royal Collection oj Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum. Part 41: Alaandria-Cyrenaica. Copenhagen . 1974.
Dattari, Giovanni, Monete lmperiali Creche. Numi Augg. Alexandrini. emulogo della Collezione G. Dattari. Cairo, 1901.
Dattari, Giovanni & Savio, Adriano, Calalogo Comp/eta della Collezione Dattari. NumiAugg. Alexandrini. Trieste, 1999.
Emmett, Keith, Alexandrian Coins. Lodi , 200 1.
Figuire 1aEmmett 710
Figuire 5-Emmett -
Figuire 2-Emmett 1189
Figuire 6-Emmett -
Figuire 3-Emmett 1800
Figuire 7-Emmett 707
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April2003 45
In a previous incamation, I managed a custom photo lab and digital retouching studio. This was a few long years ago. in the days of Shima Seiki work stations, when retouching was sti ll an expensive art rlild magic, and before any Joc off the street with Adobe Photoshop and a smidgen of talent could enable his dearly departed grandmother to knit demurely in fron t of the Eiffel Tower. I used to fantasize about asking one of our anists to create a transparency of an Olho scstertius for me as a joke.l would have sent 8 X 10 glossies of this to various dealers and publications and created a sensation. as no one in the coin world yet knew a pixel from Pixodaros. ThaI was then. and we were far too busy stripping mentho l cowboys into bluegreen meadows to indulge my pipe-drcam. Now all the Jocs are in fact off the streets and at their computers, madly remaking the world. Images of ancient coins are just so much putty in their busy little hands.
lllere is, unfonunately. a point to these musings. I recently took a carefu l look :11
a new Spanish catalogue of Roma n RepUbl ican denani, Calalogo MOlZograflco de los Dcnarios de fa Republica Roman{/, by Jose Fernand ez Molina, Manue l Pernandez Carrera, and Xavier Calico Estivill. The authors abbreviate this FFC, and I' ll do the same. FFC is billed as a re:ldily avail:lble alternative to the out of print Roman Silver Coins I, and purports to provide photos of all varieties of RepUb li can dcnarii , not merely the main types. Some of thcse illustrations arc reproduced from Crawford, or from an earlier catalogue by Calico and his brother. and m:lny others arc picked up from NAC sales. Quite a few. however, are of otherwisc unpublished pieces in the authors' collections, so FFC seemed to be a useful addition to a Republican library.
The book is organized according to Babelon's "unscientific" but time-honored :lnd easy to use fa mily arrangement, with the addition of consccUlive numberi ng. I' ve no objection to this system, which sometimes reveals significant pattern s within the Republican coinage that arc obsc ured by modern chronological arrangements. TIle recurring elephants of the 46 The Gelator
Caeciliagells :.re a dramatic example. Nor do I mind the decision. presumably dictated by space and interest, to exclude bronze, victoriati, and the entire pre-denarius coinage, although a listing of the denarius fractions would have been welcome. The photos themselves are a bit flat for my taste. but reasonably sh:l rp :lnd clear. Prices are given in Euros, for VF :lnd EF specimens. 'These arc intriguing. if somctimes open 10 debate.
I was dismayed however to di scover that many of the photos in FFC have been doctored, in Photos hop or something like it, to illustr:lte varieties of which lhe authors could not locate actual coins. Sonletimes the fCtouching is obvious, and adjacent entries clearly deri ve from the same original. a control mark or legend having been moved or changed on one photo without other alteration of the eoin. In other instances. a more serious elTort has been m:lde to make the original and the created coin appear different, The size of the nan is varied. scratches are added or removed. the contrast or density of the photos modified. To my knowledge. thi s proccdurc is without precedent or parallel in other numismatic works. whether inte nded fo r collectors o r sc ho lars. Originally I .hought these changes were made without comme nt, but a reread ing of the prologue shows that the authors do brieny mention this methodology, saying (a paraphrase of my poor tnlOSlation) "we have permilled ourselves to modify coins in the few cases where we regrellably ean ' t find origi nals:'
Excluding the two inunense and complex Calpumia issues. Crawford 34011 and 408/1, which the authors understandably do not attempt to exhaustively il!ustrrue, FFC contains 929 listings of Republican denmii . A quick survey of onl y the Republican section of the book (which also incl udes Imperatori a l and Augusta n denarii) finds 44 certain examples of modified images, ovcr 4.5% of the toul. I'm sure there are others [ mi ssed, and thaI the real percentage is higher. Each retouched image implies an unrclouched original, but the authors nowhere indicate which is which, so the unaltered image cannot be distinguished from the altered one. and both arc in doubt. Thus. almost 10% (or more) of the illustrations arc of "coi ns' which mayor Illay not have any existence in the real world. One might quest ion whether this really constitutes on ly "a few," but more imponant is the propriety of the procedure itself.
Putting the best face on it. this is a very slippery slope. It 's one thing to create an Otho sestenius as a prank. hut FPC would like to oc aecepted as a serious handbook for col!cctors and a valuable mine of lm-
ages for scholars. llK: possibiliticsof fmud are obvious. even if no fmud was intended hefC. That aside, the work is inherently dangerous, llS it presents a fal se picture of the Republican coinage, which fUlurccollectors arc likely to assume is accurate. The authors ' tcchnique results in some serious blunders. For example. an apparent mi s--reading of Crawford has led the authors 10 digita lly create a nonexistent variety of Cmwford 36311, L. Censorinus, with the lege nd L. CEN SOR to th e right of Marsyas. TIley then proceed to number (FFC 889) and describe this fantasy. FFC 976 seems \0 be a new variety ofCr.lwford 40513. M. Plaetorius M. f. Cestianus, wilh the vari ant reverse legend begin ni ng CESTIAN . S.c. rather than CEST. EX. S.c. Thi s i.~ of some interest, if it exists. There's no way to be sure, as FFC 977 repeats the same coin, with control mark removed and ba.nker's mark added, and the same variant legend, incorrectly cited as Crawford 405/301, In :lnother night of fancy, FFC 720. they concoct an example of the very rare Cr-353Ilb, Mn. Fonleius C. f. , with both CFand ROMA monogmm to the ri ght of the head of Apollo. This variety is cited by Crawford from the Cos:! Hoard. and illustrated in the hoard report by T. V. Buttrey. The :luthors. however. appear never to have seen this illustration. and simply to have guessed al the location of the monogram. They place il. grotesquely. at the tip of Apollo 's nose. not under his chin as is found on the actual coin. In general . the authors seem surprisingly unaware of pieces now residing elsewhere than in their own collections. even if sold in the NAC auctions whose catalogues they utilized, other than a few very rare items picked up from standard works.
The authors' stated goal o f prov iding illustrations of all varieties is laudable. but to me. their method of achieving it is distasteful, lazy. and intellectually dishonest. The point of such illustration should be to allow Ihe discerning rcader to confirm patterns of style and fabric di stincti ve to certain varieties. That is hardly possible here, where a single coin is repe.tted as many as five times (FFC 878. 880-83.) with control marks rearranged orehanged a~ needed. h 's clear that the book is worthless for reSC<:lreh (a view confirmed privately by others for whose opinions [ have the utmost respect.) I believe it 's of only minimal value to collectors either, except perhaps as a curiosity. This is u real shame, as the need for a single-volume replacement for the in valuable but hard to find RSC I is .Icute . One can only hope that FFC is an irresponsible alx:rmtion, not the emergence of a new paradigm for numismatic literature.
The Globe Revisited A debate over whether the ancients
knew the world is round has been going on for centuries, and still pops up now and then . In the February 1998 issue of The Celator. Michael Marotta presented a well thought out argument for the allinnativc ("Ancient coins show that they knew it was round"). Examining the literature and numismatic evidence, he concluded that the ancients did indeed know the world is round, and that the globes depicted on ancient coins (both Greek and Roman) are sometimes a representation of the emt h.
Evidence in these sorts of debates usually continues to surface long after the discussion has run its coursc. Such was the case recently when in the search for something else this writer became aware fo r the fi rs t time of a philosopher and literary critic by the name of Crates. Actually, it should be somewhat of an embarrassment to acknowledge ignorance of this important figure . Crates of Mallus was extremely famous in antiquity, as a polymath grammaria n and Stoic philosopher, and is no stranger to scholars of today. Nonetheless, since his work has not been mentioned, to our knowledge, in th is long-standing debate- at least not recently- we might assume that he is not universa ll y remembe red for an astounding hypothes is about the nature of our planet.
The Greeks, always seeking a sense of symmetry, were ill at ease with the calculations of Eratosthenes (275-194 BC) who postulated the size of the terrestrial globe. His theoretical size was much too big for the known size of the inhabited world that they knew. In fact, the oecumene occupied only one-fourth of the theoretical size of thc earth. Crates so lv ed the prob lem by anticipating the existence of three other continents, separated by waler, which formed a ba lance and an acceptable hannony. It was recognized by Crates that this could be represented accurately only in the form of a globe. His theory was so bighly respected that the Attalid King Eumenes II comm issioned him to
construct a 10 foot diameter globe at the library of Pergamum in 180 Be.
Actually, Crates credited this spherical earth theory to Homer. He believed that Homer's writing was based on actual events and scientific facts rather than being fancifu l poetry. Crates went on to Rome, where he taught philosophy and literill)' criticism to the noble and wealthy. Suetonius speaks bighly of him.
The famous Roman geographer Strabo (63 BC-AD 21) wrote: "Whoever would represent the real earth as ncar as possible by artific ial means, should make a sphere like that of Crates. and upon this draw the quadrilateral within which his chart of geography is to be placed ." He went on to descri be how the l in es should inte rsect at 90 degrees and how such a globe should be constructed.
uneducated and ignorant masses of thai time, steeped in the lore and fear of a lchemy and magic, may have believed so, but mariners who trusted their lives to the sea understood well the principles of a spheri cal earth . So too did the cartographers who recorded the journeys of these intrepid marin ers and encouraged the Age of Exploration that led to several hundred years of di scove ry , mapping and colonization .
It is probable that Columbus knew precisely where he was headed in 1492, the only questions were how far was it. how long would it take to get there, and what would he find when he arrived?
Modern reconstruction of the Globe of Crates
Th is in tersection of lines , or quadrants may well account for the intersecting lines secn on some globes on coi ns f rom the Flavian and Antonine periods . Thcse lines have been traditiona lly thought of as an equ inocta l c ross (sec: M. Moln a r, "Symbolism of the Sphere", The CeialOr, June 1998) and probably are in most cases. How ever, g ivcn the widespread acceptance of Crates' theory, it is not at all unlikely that representations of tbe earth could or should appear on coins along with in t ersecti ng lin es o f ,:'------------------------, quadri lateral division.
T he theory of land masses on opposite sides of the globe was not lost over time. Some of us today may re member that our grammar sc hoo l les so ns included study of the "Dark Ages·' when peop le supposedly th ought the wor ld was flat. Tbis, u nfortunately was a distortion of the facts. The
Antoninus Pius, IE sestertius, AD 138-161 !talis seated on globe, holding cornucopia and scepter
(eNG photo)
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April2003 47
This month we wi ll deal with one reader-supplied topic - coin diame ter measurement, and discuss the completed co ntest. I hope you enjoy the column, this marks its one-year anniversary!
I recently received a question for the co lumn that I thou ght was pre tty sclf-exp lanatory. Then I noticed a lengthy discus sion on the Moneta-L list on the sa me topic. T hanks James for the question.
"How docs one measure the diameter of ancient coins? Since the flans are most often irregular, do I use my caliper to measure the maximum diameter of the flan, or average the maximum and mini· mum, or do I measure the maxi· mum extent of the coin design 011
the flan". James D. Trenchard, Bridgewater, NJ
I know how I measure the diameter of my co in s , and I thought there was only o ne way (see Figure #1 for one method - the 3 o'c lock to 9 o ' clock method) , but now I am not so SUfe. This simple issue seems to have sparked a bit of a debate; maybe our next issue wi ll be about the 'correct' way to 'weigh' an anc ient com.
Let's see what the Ex perts have to say:
Benjamin Bell, CIVITAS Galleries, " When meas uring an anci ent coin, I rotate it to the maximum d iameter and take the measurement with a transparent plastic ruicr, care fully view ing the al ignment so as to avoid para llax . This seems to be a ll that is needed when providing mea surements for a sale . With th is syste m, showin g a decima l wi ll be a contravention of the rule of ' significant digits ' often appl ied in phys ics or chemistry. The measurements are shown pr imarily to earmark an aberrant coin, or to demonstrate <lC tual size to a novice,
measurement is its diam eter. Hi storically, the En glish have measured diameter in inches, the French and other Europeans in mill imeters, and numismat ists have over the years developed some unique system of their own. Among these is the famous Mionne t Scale.
Between 1807 and 1837, the ac claimed numismatist T. E. Mionnet produced a monumental 16 volume catalogue attempting to l ist all known Gree k and Roman coins. Instead of mea suring each coin precisely, Mionne t deve lo ped a scale wilh pre-establ ished sizes numbered I through 19. This scale was used
when images do not corre spond to any real scalar sta ndard. For th e purpose of a museum catalog , cal ipers would be adv isab le. So long as th e mea surements a re made consisten t ly and using the same criteria (stated in the in t roduction), those measurements cou ld be maximum breadth or at a specific coordinate. It is important to note both di mensions of a rectan-gul ar or ob long coin,
Figure #1-Measuring the diameter of a coin using the 3 o'clock to 9 o'clock obverse method. (Photo by the author).
although comme rcially it is possible to list on ly the max imum dimension for the sa ke of brevity."
Wayne Sayles. " It just happens that this question was addressed in the second edition of Ancient Coin Co llect ing . which is at the pub lish er now . Here is an excerpt from th at sec tio n: ' A coin can be measured in more ways than one migh t think. The most commonly encountered
www.oldromancoins.com
frequently by 19th and earl y 20,h century numismatists , especially in descri bin g Greek and Roman provincia l coins . Rom<ln Imp erial co ins were normally described by denomination only, sin ce the s izes of common denominat ions were fairly standard and well known. Another afbitrary system came into usc by numisma t ists to describe var ious bronze co in s of the Late Roman Emp ire for which the denomination is uncertain. These coins arc classifi ed as First, Second, Third or Fou rth Brass or IE 1,2, 3,4 respectively. The IE I refers 10 coins over 25 mm in diameter, IE 2 10 coins between 25 and 2 1 mm , IE 3 to coins between 21 and 17 mm, and IE 4 to coins less that 17 mm in diameter. Today, diameter is almost universally measured in millimeters and lacking a proper denomination, coins are referred to by the metal CAY = gold, AR = silver, IE = bro nze) and the diameter in millimeters, e.g. A: 22 for a bronze coin of 22 mi llimeters diameter. Classical Cash
48 The Celator
S ince the diameter of ancient coins of the same type and denomi -
nation can - and usually does - vary significa ntly, the utility of a precise readi ng is questionable. Accuracy to the nearest mill im ete r is ce rtain ly adequate for most collector purposes''' .
David Hendin, Amphora Coins. " Th e re are several me tho ds for measuring the diameter of coins. Some do measure the maximum and minimum diameters, although T prefer the convent ion of holding a coin at 12 o'clock (that is look ing at the obvcrse of the coin wi th the top of the head of the ruler lor compara ble ] in thc upright position) then measure the diameter from 9 o ' clock to 3 o'cloc k"
Barry Murphy , "W hi le there is no established method for measuring diameter, the general practice is to measure the flan from 9:00 to 3:00 horizontally acro ss th e center of th e flan. I have seen some people measure the la rgest d iameter, bu t thi s method could become cumbersome requiri ng several measurements to fin d the widest point. No one method is better th an any other. bu t to me, when I think of diame ter. I think of a horizontal line across a circle, not a line tilted at some an· gle. T he only reason I can think of to measure the widest po int would be the notion that bigger is some· how better. You could take a string, wrap it around the edge of the co in. measure the string and div ide by pi to get the average diameter (agai n time consum ing).
Due to variance in strike pressu re and metal softness, you can gct coins of the same issue with widely different diameters. You may have a co in 23 mm, and another of 27 mm, both from the same issue, even sometime s from the same dies. Diameter of the flan is subjec t to too many variables such as temperature of the flan when it was struck, th ic kness of the flan, die pressure , an d the ang le of the strike. [t wou ld probably be more useful to measure die size instead of flan size but you will rarely see thi s done. In the few instances I ha ve seen where the size of the die has becn measured, it ha s becn clearly stated" .
Curtis Clay, Harlan Berk, Ltd. "I've had litt le to do with these, s in ce they are rare ly give n for Roman imperial coins .
However, I wonder if my friend Barry Murphy is right that measuring three to nine o'clock is the standard method.
In Die anliken Muenzcn Nord · griechenlands 1.2. Berlin 1910, pg. 587, Kurt Regling states : "In my specificat ion o f the size of th e coins I have always given the grcatest diame ter and have only given two mcasurements when the coin's form is dist inc t ly oval. " '"Bei der Angabe der Groesse habe ic h stets den groess ten Durchmesser angegeben und nur bei geradezu oval en Stueck· en zwei Maasse angegegen ."
In his ca ta logue of the Ro man imper ial medallions in Berl in , Hei nrich Dresse l (died 1920) seems reg ularly to give both the largest and smallest diameters, e.g . '"26 1/2 -27 mm'", 35 112-36 1/2 mm", "38-40 mm Occasionall y hc gives only one measuremen t , apparently be cause the coin is pretty much perfec tly rou nd" Curtis '5 response is to Barry's Moneta-L post· JAH
Coin Contest
There was no winner of th e contes t, i.e. a person who guessed ninc of the nine coins correct ly. The pe rson wi th the most correct guesses was Frank Robinson, who go t six coins correct. Fran k was stu mped
wi th coins #3 and #6, wh ich he thought were authentic , and #9. which he thought was a Limes de narius . I gue ss it is pretty hard to te ll a fourree from a Limes, based on a photo, so we should probably give him that one too . Thanks for all who took the time \0 enter.
One Year Anniversary
Well we made it! It has bcen one year since the first column of 'Ask the Experts' was published in The Celator. My goal is to keep the column both factual AND en tcrtain in g, and based on thc readers' response, it appears we are successfu l.
Thanks to the experts who have helped me answer your questions, and remember your questions make this co lumn - SEND THEM IN!
See you next month. CARPE DIEM !! Have fun collecting - Share your Hohb y -enj oy!!!- SEND TN SOME QUESTIONS/COMMENTS.
Copyright © James A. Hauck 2003
jimhauck@s haw,ca
STILL IN PRINT
Martin J. Price
The Coinage in the name of Alexander the Great and Philip Arrhidaeus
A British Museu m Catalogue. Zurich/London 1991 2 cloth bound volumes, 637 pages, 159 pla tes
T he Swiss Numismatic Society is pleased to announce that the late Martin Price's masterwork on the coinage of Alexander
is still avail able from the Society's distributor.
Special Price for Celator readers: $275.00 including postage.
To order, send your cheque to:
Mr. Alexander Wild, Rathausgasse 30, CH 3011 Berne, Switzerland phone, 0041 0313114480,1a,,0041 0313114470
and don 't forget to note that you are a Celator reader!
April2003 49
Baldwin's Auction 33 Scheduled For May 6th & 7th In London
Hendin Cont. from page 44
surprising achievement of Ihe men who cut the regular bronze dies ."
LONDON-The Ancient Coins section of Baldwin's Auction of 6-7 May 2003, includes a group of Greek si lver coins of various cit ies, among them a handsome didrachm of Rhodes with facing head of He lios and an opening rosebud on the reve rse. The olive spray on a lilra of Rhegium conveys a suitab ly top ical symbolism. Among the Roman Republican , Imperial, and Byz antine coins, is a specialist collection in which gold aure i and particu larly Late Roman gold solidi were selected for the exceptional quality of their portraiture.
The aureus of Maximianus (285-305) and the solidus of Valentinian II (375-392) are particularly striking. A number of rare varieties, where Christian emblems are used as devices in the design of the coin, were selected over the years from European sources. Examp les of this are the Solidus of Honorius (393-423) with a Christogram on his shie ld, and the Solidus of Leo I (457-474) whose scepte r is in the form of a cross. A so lidus ofTheophilus (829-842) displays a patriarcha l cross of crisply confident style appropriate to the Emperor's name.
There is also a collection of silver coins of Galba, Vitelli us and the Civi l Wars , and an interesting group of Legionary coins, of Septimius Severus and of Gallienus , in the latte r case , diffe rent an imals and symbols being used to signify the different Legions , a Pegasus be ing chosen by LEG II ADIVTR IX and a suitably Parthian centaur for LEG Iii PART.
The mediaeval and later coin section includes a coliection of Maltese silver and bronze coins of the Order of St John, which spent the whole of the 20 th century in a bank box. Every Grand Master from Juan de Omedes (1536-1553) is represented , includ ing seve ral great rarities, such as the 2-Tari of Claude de Sengle (1553-1557) [i ll ], a 2-Tari of Pietro de l Monte (1568-1572), the 3-Tari of Luis Mendes de Vasconcellos (1622-1623) and the 3-Tari of Nicolas Cotoner (1663-1680) .
Amongst much othe r material offered is a large group of Russian of coins and medals inc luding the re mainder of the col lection sold in The New York Sale VI (Janua ry 2003) There will a lso be the usua l offering of about 500 Islamic coins in a sepa rate cata logue
The catalogues will be available in early Apri l. For further detai ls, please contact. Edward Ba ldwin , Charles Riley or Seth Freeman; Ba ldwin's Auctions Ltd, 11 Adelphi Terrace , London WC2N 6BJ; Te l: 020 7930 9808; Fax: 020 7930 9450 or bye -mai l at auctions@baldwin .sh.
Antiquities from page 43
detract from the value. Since many masks and/or shroud fragments will fall somewhere in between the extremes of possible restoration, it often becomes a value judgment on the pmt of the collector or dealer as 10 whether the object is "real" or not.
I suggest that the barbarous issues might well have come from a trade school, a k ind of apprentice minI. Because this was a poor society, in great need of Ihe small change, the products of this mint were used. It was a maHer of pride for Ihe master engravers to keep the work of their students far away from the mint proper, and this is the reason we never find die links. Th is scenario would also explain Ihe rari ty of the barbarous issues, si nce they we re manufactured as a "projec t" and nOI as an ongoing production l ine.
The situation was possibly different during the Jewish War and the Bar Kochba War, since these were times of particu lar stress, and the government would have wanted to continue production of money through a redundancy of mints. Still, the basics facts rcgarding the barbarous coins still apply to these two periods of history. Thus the second mints, or, in the case of Gamala, even the third mints, wcrc obvious l y staffed by students or outright inexperienced minters and celators.
Copyright © 2003 by David Hendin
"101/ Mf{;J/T KJIOW 1M GI!£AT. Gll£l.T, GI!£AT. GI!£AT. GI!£AT. Gll£l.T, Gll£l.T, Gll£l.T, GI!£AT. GI!£AT. ETC. GRA!I/XtJI/ ' ~ T!-IE BOYt" PlAY "PICK - UP - nI£ - CII«K"AFTf!! TJiEt!! WEEKLY WEONE£DAY GET TOGET!-IE/.? AT /.?fSTORANTO !CfPfO -- ROMA 43 BC
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50 The Celator
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fQAG/"\t:J1TS Of 1/"\1::: MUSEUM-QUALITY ANCIENT ART
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The Roman Connection
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Please call or send us an e·mai l for ~1 list of our current on·line auctions
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HERAKLES NUMISMATICS, INC.
Greek . Roman· Byzantine Biblical· Judaean • Antiquities
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Additional coins at www.vcoins.comlherakles
Perry Siegel P.O. Box 480611
Charlotte, NC 28269 (704) 598·2214
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937 Sir Francis Drake Kentfield, CA 94904
(415) 459·2035 Gallery Hours: 11 :30AM·6PM
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Autiquities and Numismatic Literature
on the net at: www.ancientguy.com
Harry Rescigno P.O. Box415
Newfoundland, NJ 07435 Send for free list of Numismatic Lileratllre
FINE NUMISMATIC BOOKS Bought and Sold
Numismatic Arts of Santa Fe
p.o. Box 9712, Santa Fe, NM 87504 Phone 505·982·8792 · Fax 505·982-029 1
E·mail: [email protected] We are always keenly interested in buying
important Antiquarian and Out·OI·Print Numismatic Books and Libra ries in all
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DAVID R. SEAR can supply autographed copies
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by mail: PO. Box 7314, Porter Ranch. CA 91327
by phone: (8 18) 993-7602 by fax: (818) 993-6119
April2003 51
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WANTED w~ adive!y pun::hdse d~irable numismatic books, catalogues and ptriodicals in all fidds, and also conduct frequent auctions. Send $10.00 for our nexl cata· logue or visit our web site to find books for salt listed, and upcoming auctions.
C;EORC;E FREDERICK KOLBE Fine Numismatic Books
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email: [email protected] web site: www.numislil .com
Brian Kritl Dealer in Ancient & Medieval Coins
Specia l i,)lIg ill Anciel/l Greek. Homall & Judaic Coins
P.O. Box 558 Burtonsvilie, MD 20866
(301) 236-0256· fax (301) 989-1796 e-mail : [email protected]
)
PAPYRUS BOOKS Choice Ancient Coins
Speciali st, in literature on Ancie nt Numismatics and Antiquities
Actl~dy buying, selling and trading book!;
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Complimentary catalogues em reqOC:St
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6 167 Jarvi s Av~ _ . #152. Newark. CA 94560 Tel: (5 10) 790· 1342 • F~ x : (510) 790·2676
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Barry P. Murphy
52 The Gelator
To access one oj the best Ancient Coin inventories
in the United States, contact David Vag i today.
P.O. BOX 623144 OVllmo, 1' 1. 3276:.!·:P44
407-366-5436
(L"'tml. fSlabiislitd J88(J
ANTIQUARIUS Robert Loosley Professional dealer
since 1969 - ex Scaby
GREEK AND ROMAN COINS ANI) ANTIQUITIES
www.anliquities.co.nz <h up:!!www.ant iq uit ies .co.nz>
antiquarius@ xtra.co. nz
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RUb~IK NUM ISMATICS
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www .• udul k.ron,
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Thomas Bray Box 82082, Portland, OR '172K2 email: [email protected]
Glenn Schinke Numismatist lflok jor us at:
Apri l 4·6-Santa Oard Coin. Stump & Co llectibles Expo, CA April 25·27-Chicago Intemational Coin Fair. Rosemont Ill inois May 2·4-Cemral States Numismatic Convent ion, SI. Louis. MO May 29-Junc I-Long Beach Coin, Stamp & Collectibles Expo, CA June I) - IS- Glendale. CA (Park ing is free with validat ion at show)
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PONTERIO & ASSOCIATES, INC.
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Colosseum Coin Exchange, Inc. P.o. Box 21CL, Hazlet, NJ 07730
(732) 264-1161. Fax (732) 264-6467
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Look/or us at: April5-6-Crcscem City Coin Show, Metairie, LA April 18-19--Mid Citie~ Show, Dalla.<JF!, Worth April 25-27-Chicago International Coin Fair. Roscmom, IL May 3--Private Show with Olympus Coins, Austin. TX May 9-11- Texas Numismatic Association Show, FL Worth, TX
1'.0. Box 3442 Austin, TX 78764
Tel.: 512-441·7158; e-mail: [email protected] Visit Nilus CQins aJ lJCoins.com
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Free Illustrated Catalog
Attractive, Low Priced
Ancients Medieval
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"No One Sells Beller for Less"
a year you a remarkable choice of rare and beautiful Celtic coins. \Ve are the only dealers who deal only in Celtic. Chris Rudd, PO Box 22.2, Aylsham, Norfolk NRll 6TY, England.
Tel: (+44) 1263 735 707 Fax: (+44) 1263 731
VVeb: wr~~~~~~~1
Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Aksumite & World Coins
Dr. Keith Candiotti P.O. Box 416673
Miami Beach, FL 3314 1-8673 Tel: (305) 469-4372 Fax: (305) 868-8079
E-mail: [email protected]
HIPPOCAMPOS, Inc.
April2003 53
Professional Directory ( Coins
Maine Classical Numismatics
2069 Atlantic Hwy., Warren , ME 04864
Bowley's: A fu ll service coin center Open 7am to Spm Mon. thru Fri.
and 7am to 4pm on Sat.
U.s. Route #1, Warren, Maine Business : 207-273-3462
Home: 207-273-2653
Wilen ill Maille stop i ll a/1d see liS.
We will be glnd to see y OIl .
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Barrie Jenkins Classical Numismatist
, INTECRI~.'~ • I:XI'I:RIENCE 'tij~J • Rl:lIABILITY ~
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\ i nc<.' 1,),,7
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WAYNE G. SAYLES, ANTIQUARIAN
J~o. Box (Ill (,d i l lC' '-, \'il h' , 'II) fi-,h-,-,
I-~I,I (i'<)-.2I ·l.!
\\',[\'11('('(\ rldl ' )Lee It II
Harlan J. Berk, Ltd. Chicago's Full Service Dealer
Since 1964 - Our 37th Yea r
Originator of the
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3 1 Nonh Clark Street Chicago, Illinois 60602
PH (3 12)@-OO IS Fax (3 12)609·1 309 E-Mail: [email protected]
• www.harlanjberk.com~
54 The Gelator
( Coins
Since 1967 -Nutnismatic Dealer
Now - on the Web!
Visit www.Paul·Rynearson.com
Jonathan K. Kern Co. Bachelor or Arts, Numismatics
Ancient, Medieval, Earl), American Numismatics
441 S. Ashland Lexington, KY 40502
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Warden Numismatics, LLC
Specialists on Coinages of Greece, Rome, rh e Near East,
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Derek P.B. Warden Classicaf Nllmi.mwlist
P.O . Bo x 121 WyncOie. PA 19095 USA
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PR ICE LIST OF ANCIENT COINS Wr offrr fff'l!lent ,\"ci~nt Barsain Prier Lisls
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Dr. Hubert Lanz Luilpoldblock, Ma:<imiliansplalz 10
D-80333 Miincht:n. Germany
•
Tel. (49) (89) 29 <)() 70 ~." ..... F<IX , (49) (89) 22 07 62 f . '
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Numismatic Gold Specmlil"/s Since 1950
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Pegasi NUMISMATICS An n Arbor, MI Holicong, PA
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Phone: (734) 995-5743 Fax: (734) 995-3410
1 RARE .~"1 1t£ COINS ~ ,
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Specializing in the Coinage of ludaea
*A . nClent • * Medieval ~_ * Modern .~
William M. Rosenblum P.O. Box 355
Evergreen CO 80437-0355 Phone: (303) 838-4831 , 910-8245
Fax : (303) 838-12 13 E-mai l: [email protected] www.roscnblumcoins,com
_ For "" ColI."or_
ANCIENT & MEDIEVAl" COINS BVY _ SELl. _ APPBAlSA.L
1'0 llox 15134, PMtland, 01{ 97293 Tel/Fax: (503) 234_ 1262
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available upon request
"We wrote the book on Biblical coins!"
~AMPHORAi)~\
1:j.. w. So" 805 ". t ~ §.'l Nyac k.NY 10960 if ~ ~~ 8~s·35a·716<l ~.
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Siamak Ahghari Numismat ist
Coill.l of Greek, Roman, Seifl!cid, Byumtillt, etc.
Spnializi7lg in Eastern Coinage
P.O. Box 9667. San Jo,e. CA 95157 lei: 408.281.3870 rax: 408.281.7205
email: Pan;[email protected]
ISLAMIC & INDIAN COINS
Price lists issut'd regularly, available upon request
STEPHEN ALBUM po. 80X 7386
SANTA ROSA, CA. 95407 U.s.A. phone: 707-539-2120
fax: 707-539-3348
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April2003 55
Professional Directory ( Coins
R<Jlph 'DeMq~co Anne'''! Co; ,,,
Visit US on the web at VColns P.O. Box 705, Murray Hill , NJ
07974-0705 USA TeleplloneJFAX (908) 464-7252
m~rooins,@bQme,~Qm http://www.vcoins.com/
ralphdemarco
Fred B. Shore Classical Numislllalics
AI/d ellt Greek, Roman wul Parlhian wins 0/ the highest
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April2003 57
Club & Society Directory
Ancient Coin Club 01 Chicago
Meets the 4th ~nday of the month ~ce~~r6pm at the ':~ ) ~f H~rl an J. Be t ~d. a ~7fw. Washing-ton~ 13f'Fl?;;:, it: !ownt~wn _ . ~ ' ." ."""f. . ChlCag~~~ ~'';
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Twin Cities Attention: Ancient Ancient Coin Club Coin Clubs
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April2003 59
Leu Cont. from page 33
forces. Now. everybody was sure, it would be a trifle to win the war against Sparta.
But Alkibiades had his equal at Sparta, a general who was as bri ll iant as he -Lysander. He managed to bring Athens close to destruction in cooperation with the younger Kyros, second son of the Persian king. When , in spring 407, Alkibiades suffered a crushing defeat, the Athenians, of course, removed him from command. He retired to his estates in northern Greece and left the Athenians alone with the huge problem of rebuilding a new fleet after the complete loss of almost ali of their ships.
The treasury was empty, and ali the silver that had been collected by Perikles
View of the Athenian Akropolis
in order to finance a war against Sparta was spent. The Athenians had no choice but to fail back upon the gold reserves that had been deposited as dedications within the temple of Athena.
To us it looks a little bit peculiar to reclaim consecrated dedications in troubled times. For a Greek this was very normal. A lot of temples acted as banks where you couid deposit something while life was good, and where you could borrow someth ing when you needed it. When the troubled times were over the temple expected the return of the amount lent, as well as a suitable sum of interest. In the winter of 407 the Parthenon in Athens still had eight Nikai (Victories) within the treasury, each adorned with 2 talents of easily removable gold decoration. And there sti ll was the golden sh ield of the statue of
60 The Gelator
Athena made by Phidias, which is sa id to have weighed 40 talents. The Athenians took a part of the gold (seven of the eight Nikai pl us other dedications) in order to melt it down and mint it into coins for financing the construction of the new fleet. The gold stater shown here, which comes from the upcoming Leu Numismatics Auction 86, is a rare witness to Ihatlast desperate effort of Athens.
The Athenians were not very happy to be paid with
new types of coins, especially unusua l gold staters. Aristophanes referred to the displeasure
Statue of Athena by Phidias. The shield was made from pure gold of 40 talents of weight.
of the Athenians towards their currency in his "Frogs", fi rst performed in 406/5:
II seems to me, that in our city the best honorable citizens are treated the same way as our old coins and the new gold;The new gold, which is neither fake, nor of too low weight, which is the best I know of all coins , which is struck nicely and is very accepted in Greece and abroad; this new gold you do nol like, but you like the plated money with the bad sound that has been minted yesterday and the day before yesterday!
This last effort of Athens was a success. The newly built fleet was victorious in August 406 at the Arginusae, the strait between Lesbos and Asia Minor. But this victory demonstrated that the Athenians were no longer a community: the six generals that had commanded the victorious fleet were denounced for being unable to rescue a number of shipwrecked Athenian sailors in a riSing storm. All six were con-
demned to die, and all were executed, including the only son of the great states-
man Peri kles. A single judge refused to agree to this unjust judgment. He was will ing to bear arrest and lynch law in order to protest against the biased court. It was Sokrales who later said that his daemon, his inner voice , compelled him from acti ng according the wishes of the majority.
Unfortunately he was the only Athenian who possessed a daemon. Athens had killed her best generals, after having driven Alkibiades into his voluntary exi le. Now the fleet was an easy victim of Lysander. He defeated and crushed the Athenian ships at Aigospotamoi. That was the beginn ing of the end. Lysander besieged Athens - once so proud , now unable to resist very long . In April 404 Athens accepted the peace. They themselves had to destroy the long walls and the fortifications of Piraeus , and surrender all but twelve ships. This was the end of the power of Athens. Al l the gold of the Akropolis cou ld not make Athens from being more than just one among many other cities in the Greek world.
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