Download - Sociology in Art & Design- Sesi 1

8/12/2019 Sociology in Art & Design- Sesi 1

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Sociologidalam Seni &

Desain


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Sosiologi dalam Seni dan

Desain

Materi

Pengenalan Sosiologi

dalam Seni dan Desain Budaya dan Masyarakat

Sosialisasi dan Interaksi

Sosial


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PEMAHAMAN SOSIOLOGI

Fokus sosiologi terhadap tatanan tersebut, termasuk

tentang bagaimana tatanan tersebut diciptakan, bagaimanatatanan tersebut berubah, dan bagaimana tatanan tersebut

mempengaruhi hidup kita, memberi peluang dan pilihan

hidup bagi kita (Rebach and Bruhn 2001, 5).

Mengenal Sosiologi berawal dari premis dasarbahwa kehidupan manusia adalah kehidupan sosial(Rebach and Bruhn 2001, 5).

Kebanyakan manusia secara ajeg terlibat dalaminteraksi bersama sesamanya. Mulai dari keluargatempat manusia dilahirkan, lewat sekolah, kerja,

dan bermain; pensiun dan bahkan ketika kumpulbersama untuk memperingati arwah, kita hidupdalam rajutan yang saling kait mengkait dalamtatanan sosial


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Etimologi Sosiologi

Istilah sociology berasal dari kata Latin word socius(companion) dan kata Yunani logos (study of ).

Jadi Secara harafiah sosiologi berarti ilmu tentang

persahabatan (Abercrombie, Hill, and Turner 2000, 333).

Definisi yang lebih luas dari yang harafiah kurang lebih

berarti: studi ilmiah tentang perkembangan, struktur,interaksi, dan perilaku kolektif dari relasi-relasi sosial.

Secara resmi istilah Sosiologi diperkenalkan oleh

Auguste Comte (17981857), Filsuf Perancis yang

digelari Bapak Sosiologi.


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Sumbangan Sosiologi

1. Membantumemahami

megapa kitamempersepsidunia dan carakitamempersepsinya :

Kita dibanjiri oleh informasi dalam berbagaibentuknya tentang:

bagaimana kita, dan dunia di seputar kita,

berada bersama dan bagaimana seharusnya

berada bersama.

Pesan/informasi tersebut hadir dalamberbagai bentuk:

osebagai macam-macam tuntunan hidup

dari orang tua, atau guru;

oSebagai hukum dan peraturan yang

ditetapkan agama dan politik.oSebagai macam-macam iklan mulai sepatu

olahraga sampai bagaimana membantu

orang kelaparan


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Jadi , Sos io log i membantu k i ta

dalam:

mempelajar i berbagai jenis pesan/

informasi yang terus menerus k i ta

terima,

sumber-sumber pesan tersebu t,

bagaimana serta mengapa pesan-

pesan tersebu t mempengaruh i ki ta,

jperan k ita dalam memproduks i

pesan, mengabadikannya dan

mengubahnya.


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Sumbangan Sosiologi

2. Membantumengindentifikasi apasaja yangkita miliki

bersama, didalam dandi antarakebudayaandanmasyarakat..

Sosiologi mengetahui bahwa:

Orang dapat tinggal di tempat berbeda (kota, negara, dunia),

dapat berbeda cara berpakaian, cara berbicara,

kepercayaan, kebiasaan, dll. TETAPI: ada yang sama yaitu:

tipe kekuatan sosial yang membentuk kehidupan mereka.

meskipun orang berbeda dalam hal:

Pandangan sosiologi tersebut penting , meskipunmedia massa sering memperlihatkan perbedaan.

Sosiologi mencari:

Struktur sosial apa dan proses mana yang

penting bagi berbagai kelompok..

Bagaimana berbagai kelompok terbentuk, dandipengaruhi masyarakat.

Maka dapat membantu kelompok dalam

mencari perhatian bersama, memahami

perspektif kelompok lain, dan mencari jalan

untuk kebaikan bersama.


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Sumbangan Sosiologi

3. Membantumemahamimengapa danbagaimanamasyarakat

berubah.

Sosiologi adalah bidang ilmu yangmempertanyakan secara terus meneruskondisi kemanusiaan, memashaminya,menjelaskannya, mengkritknya, danmeningkatkannya. (Restivo 1991, 4).

Karena itu, kalau kita memiliki perspektifsosiologis, kita dapat: lebih efektif dalam mengambil tindakan ketika

kita tidak suka terhadap apa yang terjadi.

Lebih mampu ikut serta dalam membentukmasa depan kita dan orang lain.


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Kaitan antara Sosiologi dan

PsikologiDisiplin ilmusosial

Fokus bidangilmu

Perhatian yangsama dengan

Sosiologi

PerbedaanFokus dengan

Sosiologi

Psikologi Perspektif

individualistik

Penyesuaian

dengan situasi

hidup

Pengaruh

eksternal pada

individu


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Perbedaan antaraseni murni, craft dan desain

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Seni murni craft disain

Ekspresi pribadi

Inovasi visual

Memperkaya

pengalaman estetika

subjektivitas

Craftmanship

Workmanship

Unik

Trial & error

nilai keindahantersendiri

Problem solving of need

fungsi dan daya pakai

proses desain

produksi

objektivitas


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desain

Hasil karya melalui sebuah proses yangmelibatkan berbagai disiplin ilmu danmerupakan hasil kerja koordinatif

Proses yang melibatkan penelitian ( guna

mengetahui kebutuhan masyarakatpengguna) Merupakan proses kreatif yang melibatkan

unsur kemampuan, berpikir lateral danpengalaman

Merupakan proses pengambilan keputusanyang rasional dan dapat dipertanggung

jawabkan

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Desainsebagai salah satu unsur dalam memenuhi

kebutuhan manusia

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manusia

kegiatan

kebutuhan

tuntutan

DESAIN


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Desain merupakan hasil dari proses penelitian

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desainer

masyarakat informasi

Teknis

Non teknis

Faktor eksternal

- informasi proyek

- sistem yg digunakan

- informasi kegiatan, kebutuhan

dan kapasitas

- informasi pemakai

- informasi lingkungan

- perilaku, karakter, sifat

- hirarki, struktur, klasifikasi sosial

- karakteristik demografi, interaksi

sosial dan budaya

- kualitas kenyamanan, efisiensi,

keamanan, privasi

- aspek legal: peraturan

- topografi, iklim dan waktu


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Desainmerupakan hasil proses kreatif yang melibatkan

unsur kemampuan, keterampilan, berpikir lateral dan

pengalaman

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First insight

Preparation

Incubation

illumination

Verification

Pengenalan masalah

Antisipasi

Mengerti masalah pencarian solusi

Pengendalian pemikiran

Pemunculan ide

penguraian,

pengujian dan

pengembangan

Persepsi thd

masalah

Penyusunantahapan

pemikiran

Aksi dari dalam

pikiran

Penilaian yang

kritis

Proses kreatif yang

berlangsung selama

mendesain harus disertai

dengan kemampuan

desainer dalam mengolahinformasi, memunculkan

ide dan kemampuan

berpikir lateral (secara

menyeluruh),

memunculkan berbagai

alternatif pemecahan.

Untuk itu desainer harus

memiliki pengalaman.

Pengalaman diperoleh

dari lingkungan

pendidikan, kehidupan

sosial budaya dan

hubungan sosial

masyarakat.


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BUDAYA DANMASYARAKAT

Budaya dan Tipe Budaya

Kebudayaan: terdiri dari segala ide, kepercayaan,perilaku, dan berbagai barang/produk dalam hidupbersama dan mencirikan cara hidup sebuah

kelompok. Lebih dari sekadar hal-hal yang diciptakan manusia,

dan memiliki segala hal yang terdapat dalam interaksiantar manusia: membentuk cara pandang manusia terhadap dunia di

sekitarnya. Berdampak pada cara manusia berpikir, bertindak,

menentukan nilai, bagaimana berbicara, organisasi apayang dibentuk, ritual apa yang dijalani, hukum yang dibuat,bagaimana dan apa yang disembah, apa yang dimakan,apa yang dipakai, apa yang dinilai cantik atau jelek, dll.


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BUDAYA DAN TIPEBUDAYA

Tipe Budaya

Kebudayaan material: meliputi segala hal yang dapatterlihat yang dibuat oleh manusia dari hasil interaksi di antaramereka: contohnya; pakaian, buku, karya seni, bangunan,

komputer, sofware, penemuan-penemuan, makanan,kendaraan, alat-alat, dll.

Kebudayaan non-material: terdiri dari segala hal yang takterlihat yang diciptakan manusia dari hasil interaksi di antaramereka. Antara lain: ide, bahasa, nilai, kepercayaan,perilaku, dan institusi/lembaga sosial.

Kebudayaan material, seperti teknologi, dapat lebih cepatberubah daripada kebudayaan non-material. Jika hal ituterjadi, akan terdapat cultural lag, dimana terdapat gap yaituberbagai aspek perubahaan kebudayaan yang berbedadalam berbagai tingkat(Ogburn 1964; Volti 2001).


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BUDAYA DAN TIPEBUDAYA

Tipe Budaya

Kebudayaan Tinggi: High culture terdiri dari hal-hal yang padaumumnya diasosiasikan dengan eli sosial. Contoh KebudayaanTinggi antara lain: adalah opera, dansa (cotillions or debutanteballs), musik klasik dan kesusasteraan, pencicipan anggur, dan

seni (fine arts). These activities may not beavailable to everyone,for several reasons. They may be too expensive, or they maybelocated in exclusive locations that are largely inaccessible withoutspecial membershipor hefty financial resources. Additionally,special preparation or knowledgemay be important inunderstanding or fully appreciating these activities.Unlike high

culture, Kebudayaan Rendah: popular culture consists of activities that

are widespread in a culture, with mass accessibility and appeal,and pursued by large numbers of people across all social classes.Examples of popular culture includefast-food restaurants, rockconcerts, television situation comedies, and best-sellingnovels


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SOCIETY

A society consists ofpeople who interact and share a commonculture.

Society is indispensable to the individual because it possesses ata given moment an accumulation of values, of plans and materialswhich the child could never accumulate alone . . . But the individualis also indispensable to society because by his activity and

ingenuity he creates all the material values, the whole fund ofcivilization (Thomas and Thomas 1928, 23334).

Some definitions of society (particularly older ones) specify thatinteraction occurs within some shared boundary. Increasingglobalization and the rapid expansion of communication,information, and transportation technologies all make culture

sharing and convergence possible across the globe. Dropping this geographic aspect of the definition of society allows a

more accurate and complex understanding of all that a society is.For example, Palestinian society defies any strictly definedterritorial boundaries (Abercrombie, Hill, and Turner 2000, 330).


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SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Society includes our social institutions,the major social organizations

formed to meet our human needs

social structure, the way a society is

organized around the regulated ways

people interrelat.e and organize social life


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STATUS

statuses are established social positions

Achieved statuses are thosepositionsacquired through personal effort.

Being a law-school student, architect, parent, squaredancer, or shoplifter are all achieved statuses.Individuals had to do something to become each ofthese things.

Ascribed statuses arepositions involuntarilyacquired through birth.

Being a female, a Caucasian, a toddler, a son, abrother, or a princess are all ascribed statuses.

Status Set &

Master

Status


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PERAN

A role is a behavior expected of someone in a particular status.

role set, all of the roles that go with a single status.

Role conflict The roles for different statuses the person holds mayconflict with each

other. Our doctor, who is also a mother, may find it difficult todevote the long work hours required of her job and concurrentlyfulfill the expectations of being a parent. Long work hours maymake attending her childs school plays or teacher conferencesdifficult.

Role strain occurs when two or more roles associated with a singlestatus are in conflict. This requires balancing expectations. Forexample, the doctor may find it difficult to give patients all the timeshe would like to during appointments while holding to herappointment schedule and seeing the number of patients she mustsee daily to meet the financial obligations of the clinic.


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ASPEK BUDAYA

cultural values, norms, symbols, and language

Values, culturally defined ideas about what isimportant.

Norms constitute the shared rules or expectations

specifying appropriate behaviors in various situations. A symbol is something that stands for, represents, or

signifies something else in a particular culture. It canrepresent, for example, ideas, emotions, values,beliefs, attitudes, or events. A symbol can be

anything. It can be a gesture, word, object, or even anevent. Sharing symbols can help build a sense ofunity an commitment among people.

Language is a system of symbols that allowscommunication among members of a culture. These

symbols can be verbal or written.


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SOSIALISASI DANINTERAKSI SOSIAL

Teori Sosialisasi

the looking-glass self - Charles Horton Cooley (18641929), society provides a sort of mirror, or looking-glass, that reflects

to us who we are. We form our self image on the basis of how wethink others see us.

This concept consists of three major parts: the imagination of our appearance to the other person;

the imagination of [the] judgment of that appearance;

and some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification (Cooley1964, 184).

We come to think o ourselves in terms of how we imagine others see us.

Primary groups are those small groups in which all themembers have enduring, intimate face-to-face interaction andcooperation.

secondary groups, larger groups in which all members do notinteract directly and have relationships that are not permanent


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Teori Sosialisasi

The I and Me

George Herbert Mead (18631931)developed a concept of the self thatwas central to our understanding of the socialization process and thedevelopment of symbolic interactionism.

To Mead (1934), we are not born with a self. We develop a self throughsocial experience and interaction.

There are two phases to this self that we form: the I and the Me.

The I is a spontaneous, impulsive, creative actor.

The Me is the part of us that conforms, reflecting and acting on the reactions of others.

We have a mental conversation with ourselves that guides our behaviors that goes like

this: When I do something, it will reflect on Me, and others will appraise that behavior. I can then

fashion new actions and reactions in response to my perception of how others have appraisedMe.

The core of socialization in Meads concept is role taking, or the ability totake the role of others in social interaction, enabling us to see ourselves aswe perceive society sees us.


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Teori Sosialisasi

Personality and Social Development

Sigmund Freud (18561939), profiled below, is both complexand controversial made important contributions to our

understanding of socialization. early socialization is critically important to personality

development and to managing natural desires that promote self-interest rather than social interests.

the importance of internalizing norms and values.

Freud (1950) moved beyond Cooleys and Meads focus on

conscious perceptions, identifying the importance of theunconscious mind.

Freud (1950) saw personality as divided into three parts: theid, the ego, and the superego.


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Teori Sosialisasi

ognitive development that examined how children develop the ability to learn, understand, andengage in logical thought.Jean Piaget (18961980),Piaget felt that humans develop through fourstages as they learn to use language, understand reality, discover how and why things work as they do,and then think abstractly. They learn to make causal connections and reason out alternatives. Acorresponding theory of moral development examined how people progress from the self-centeredness of a small child, through learning, to understand othersstandpointsand develop an

abstract sense of fairness. Social experience is a vital role throughout this development (Piaget 1926,1928, 1930, 1932).

theory of moral development ( Lawrence Kohlberg). According to Kohlberg (1984), moral developmentalso occurs in stages. Children do what meets their needs to stay out of trouble. As young teens, peopleare socialized into meeting socially accepted norms and values. Some adults are then able to engage inabstract ethical reasoning, considering not only right and wrong but the reasons for these positions.

gender-role socialization, How socialization impacts this moral reasoning has been the subject offurther research by psychologist Carol Gilligan (1982; Gilligan, Ward, and Taylor 1989). Consideringgender, she argues that boys and girls use different principles in moral reasoning. These principlesreflect the

process of learning to take on socially approved roles for males and females. Boys tend to focus onjustice, whereas girls tend to focus on caring and responsibility. Gender-role socialization impacts usthroughout our lives. It influences the way we approach social relationships, leisure activities, even our

jobs.


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Proses Sosialisasi

the family is the first and most importantlocation for socialization (an agent of

socialization). The family into which we areborn provides us social characteristics suchas social class, race and ethnicity, andreligious background. Our families are ourinitial teachers of behaviors, language,

cultural knowledge, values, and social skills.They are also central to gender rolesocialization (Fenstermaker Berk 1985). Inothe words, they provide our primary

socialization.


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Proses Sosialisasi

In schools, students are exposed to a variety of differentexperiences. They interact with people of different races,ethnicities, religions, social classes, and value systems, perhaps forthe first time. These secondary-group interactions with schoolmates

and staff are different than the primary-group interactions they havehad with their families. When children enter school, they enter abureaucracy where they are expected to learn how to be a student(Gracey 2001).

They will be educated not only in academic skills, but also in ahidden curriculum that encourages conformity to the norms,

values, and beliefs held by wider society. Students learn to speakwith proper grammar, stand in line, wait their turn, and in someschools, say the Pledge of Allegiance to the U.S. flag. In addition tofamilies, schools also contribute to gender-role socialization.Formal and informal institutional activities such as recess periodsand games socialize children into culturally approved gender roles(e.g., Best 1983; Block 1983; Thorne and Luria 1986).


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Proses Sosialisasi

peer groups, those of similar age, social class, and interests. Peersettings allow children to engage in activities outside of parentalcontrol and other adult supervision. Peers become especiallyimportant in adolescence. They influence students study habits

(Bogler and Somech 2002), music, and clothing choices, and viewsof self (Eder 1995). Theories that address peer socialization areoften used to explain adolescent deviance (see chapter 6). Friendsare a major source of information about sexuality for adolescents,and they have a greater influence on dating choices than do adults(Wood et al. 2002). Pressure from peers encourages teens toengage insexual intercourse, with boys in particular pressing eachother to talk about sexual prowess and scoring (Sprecher andMcKinney 1993). Parents, however, have influence over many ofthe big areas in adolescents lives, such as their long-term goals(Davies and Kandel 1981).


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Proses Sosialisasi

Mass media, impersonal communications that are directedin a one-way flow to a large audience, are also important inthe socialization process. These media are pervasivethroughout society. They include newspapers, magazines,movies, radio, and television. We are exposed to a variety ofbehaviors, ideas, beliefs, and values through the media. Wealso obtain many of our views about society and how thingsare or should be through the mass media. For example,whether or not we have ever met a team of emergency roomphysicians or observed surgery, we develop expectationsabout these people and situations based on media portrayals(e.g., televised medical dramas and documentaries aboutmedical procedures).


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Proses Sosialisasi

Anticipatory socialization. They learn and adopt the behavior andattitudes of the group they desire or expect to join. This occurs as theyinteract with their peers and attempt to fit in with their mentors andestablished colleagues. Anticipatory socialization occurs in many settingsacross society. Its not specific to the workplace. It occurs in any group wewish to join or use as a reference group. For example, we anticipate how tofit in with classmates, a potential spouses family, or members of a sportsteam we join (see Chapter 5). Retirement from paid work also continuesthe socialization process. Many workers look forward to being able to leavetheir jobs and move on to another position or leisurely activities. What theyfind may be unexpected, at least to some degree. Social expectations forretirees are not as clearly defined as for other stages in the life course.

This leaves some retirees in a roleless role. However, loss of the workerrole is less of a problem to retirees than other issues such as health orincome (e.g., Solomon and Szwabo 1994), and most retirees experiencetheir retirement years positively (Atchley 2000; Palmore et al. 1985;Crowley 1985).


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