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Page 1: SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI - …file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPMIPA/JUR._PEND._FISIKA/196302071991031... · SISTEM INSTRUMENTASI PRINSIP DASAR ISI KULIAH Sensor Mekanik Sensor

4 : PRINSIP DASAR SENSOR

Program Studi Fisika

FI 365 FI 365 FI 365 FI 365 –––– SISTEM INSTRUMENTASISISTEM INSTRUMENTASISISTEM INSTRUMENTASISISTEM INSTRUMENTASI

Waslaluddin, dkk

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PRINSIP DASAR

ISI KULIAH

� Sensor Mekanik

� Sensor Elektrik

� Sensor Temperatur dan Radiasi

� Sensor Magnetik dan Kimia

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SENSOR MEKANIK

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SENSOR MEKANIK:

Velocity and AccelerationVelocity and Acceleration• Capacitive Accelerometers • Piezoresistive Accelerometers • Piezoelectric Accelerometers • Thermal Accelerometers

• Heated-Plate Accelerometer • Heated-Gas Accelerometer

Velocity and AccelerationVelocity and Acceleration• Capacitive Accelerometers • Piezoresistive Accelerometers • Piezoelectric Accelerometers • Thermal Accelerometers

• Heated-Plate Accelerometer • Heated-Gas Accelerometer

Pressure Sensors Pressure Sensors • Mercury Pressure Sensor • Piezoresistive Sensors • Capacitive Sensors• VRP Sensors • Optoelectronic Sensors • Vacuum Sensors

• Pirani Gauge

Pressure Sensors Pressure Sensors • Mercury Pressure Sensor • Piezoresistive Sensors • Capacitive Sensors• VRP Sensors • Optoelectronic Sensors • Vacuum Sensors

• Pirani Gauge

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• Gyroscopes• Rotor Gyroscope• Monolithic Silicon Gyroscopes • Optical Gyroscopes

• Gyroscopes• Rotor Gyroscope• Monolithic Silicon Gyroscopes • Optical Gyroscopes

Force, Strain, and Tactile SensorsForce, Strain, and Tactile Sensors• Strain Gauges • Tactile Sensors . • Piezoelectric Force Sensors

Force, Strain, and Tactile SensorsForce, Strain, and Tactile Sensors• Strain Gauges • Tactile Sensors . • Piezoelectric Force Sensors

• Pirani Gauge • Ionization Gauges • Gas Drag Gauge

• Pirani Gauge • Ionization Gauges • Gas Drag Gauge

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SENSOR MEKANIK:

Flow SensorsFlow Sensors• Thermal Transport Sensors • Ultrasonic Sensors • Electromagnetic Sensors• Microflow Sensors • Breeze Sensor • Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors

Flow SensorsFlow Sensors• Thermal Transport Sensors • Ultrasonic Sensors • Electromagnetic Sensors• Microflow Sensors • Breeze Sensor • Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors

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• Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors • Drag Force Flow Sensors • Coriolis Mass Flow Sensors • Drag Force Flow Sensors

Acoustic SensorsAcoustic Sensors• Resistive Microphones • Condenser Microphones • Fiber-Optic Microphone • Piezoelectric Microphones • Electret Microphones • Solid-State Acoustic Detectors

Acoustic SensorsAcoustic Sensors• Resistive Microphones • Condenser Microphones • Fiber-Optic Microphone • Piezoelectric Microphones • Electret Microphones • Solid-State Acoustic Detectors

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SENSOR MEKANIK:Occupancy and Motion DetectorsOccupancy and Motion Detectors• Ultrasonic Sensors • Microwave Motion Detectors • Capacitive Occupancy Detectors • Triboelectric Detectors • Optoelectronic Motion Detectors

• Visible and Near-Infrared Light Motion Detectors & Far-IR Motion Detectors

Occupancy and Motion DetectorsOccupancy and Motion Detectors• Ultrasonic Sensors • Microwave Motion Detectors • Capacitive Occupancy Detectors • Triboelectric Detectors • Optoelectronic Motion Detectors

• Visible and Near-Infrared Light Motion Detectors & Far-IR Motion Detectors

Position, Displacement, and LevelPosition, Displacement, and Level• Potentiometric Sensors Position, Displacement, and LevelPosition, Displacement, and Level• Potentiometric Sensors

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• Potentiometric Sensors • Gravitational Sensors • Capacitive Sensors • Inductive and Magnetic Sensors

• LVDT and RVDT • Eddy Current Sensors & Transverse Inductive Sensor • Hall Effect Sensors & Magnetoresistive Sensors

• Optical Sensors • Optical Bridge & Proximity Detector with Polarized Light • Fiber-Optic Sensors & Fabry–Perot Sensors • Grating Sensors & Linear Optical Sensors (PSD)

• Ultrasonic Sensors • Radar Sensors : Micropower Impulse Radar & Ground-P enetrating Radar • Thickness and Level Sensors : Ablation & Thin-Film & Liquid-Level Sensors

• Potentiometric Sensors • Gravitational Sensors • Capacitive Sensors • Inductive and Magnetic Sensors

• LVDT and RVDT • Eddy Current Sensors & Transverse Inductive Sensor • Hall Effect Sensors & Magnetoresistive Sensors

• Optical Sensors • Optical Bridge & Proximity Detector with Polarized Light • Fiber-Optic Sensors & Fabry–Perot Sensors • Grating Sensors & Linear Optical Sensors (PSD)

• Ultrasonic Sensors • Radar Sensors : Micropower Impulse Radar & Ground-P enetrating Radar • Thickness and Level Sensors : Ablation & Thin-Film & Liquid-Level Sensors

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SENSOR TEKANAN (PRESSURE SENSOR):

Definisi makroskopis Tekanan (P) = Gaya mengenai permukaanSatuan luas

P = F/A

Definisi mikroskopis Tekanan (P) berdasar teori kinetik gas =“Total energi kinetik molekul gas mengenai permukaan persatuan volume”

P = 2/3 (E /V) = NRT

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P = 2/3 (Ek/V) = NRTEk = energi kinetik molekul gasV = volume gas

N = jumlah molekul gasR = konstanta gasT = temperatur gas

Satuan tekanan (P):1 Pa=1.45×10.4 lb/in2 =9.869×10.6 atm=7.5×10.4 cm Hg.

1 atm=760 torr=101,325 Pa.

1 psi=6.89×103Pa=0.0703 atm.(sistem US)

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Bellow & Membran Strain-gage Pressure Sensor

Z : defleksi r : jari-jari membranS : tensi pada membran

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plat tipis

membran

S : tensi pada membrang : tebal membranσσσσ : stress pada membran

Untuk plat :

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Membran/diaprahm Pressure SensorFI 365

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Membran/diaprahm Pressure Sensor

Defleksi yang kecil ditengah-tengah membran � jari-jari membran rn berubah

Untuk

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Untuk �

dimana

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Capacitive Transduction

d

AC roεε= ( ) ( )( )22

3

2

16

13rR

EhPry −−= ν

Bagaimana transduksi P � C ?

d

A = ππππr2

d – y(r)

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∫∫−

=−

=R

roR

ro

d

ryrdr

ddr

ryd

rC

00)(

1

2

)(2

επεεπε

...)(

1)(

1...1

1

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+=−

⇒++=−

rdrd

ry

d

ryrdr

xx

Maka:

Ingat pendekatan

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Capacitive Transduction

( ) ( )

−+=

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=

∫ ∫

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PRR

rdrryrdrC

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dd

ryrdr

C

roR R

ro

Rro

R

ro

622

00

1212

)(1

2)(

12

νεπεεπε

επεεπε

Sehingga:

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( ) ( )

+=

+= ∫ ∫ PEdhd

rdrryd

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atau( )

PhEd

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622

16

1)(

νεπεεπε −+=

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Capacitive Pressure SensorFI 365

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Piezoresistive TransductionFI 365

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Piezoresistive Transduction

and are the

transversal

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and are the perpendicular/transversal and parallel/longitudinal components of stress

longitudinal

and are the perpendicular and parallel piezoresistive coefficients

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Piezoresistive Transduction - CircuitFI 365

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Ra & Rc // stressRb & Rd ⊥ stress

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Piezoresistive Transduction - CircuitFI 365

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• One chip Si-Piezoresistive sensor and signal conditi oning• Pressure range: up to 5,2 bar Absolute• Operating temperature: -40 to 125 °C• Supply voltage: 5 V ± 0.25 V • Transfer function: linear, ratiometric • Accuracy over full-scale: 1 % full span (10 to 85 ° C)

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Position, Displacement, and LevelPosition, Displacement, and Level• Potentiometric Sensors• Gravitational Sensors • Capacitive Sensors • Inductive and Magnetic Sensors

• LVDT and RVDT • Eddy Current Sensors & Transverse Inductive Sensor • Hall Effect Sensors & Magnetoresistive Sensors

• Optical Sensors

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• Optical Sensors • Optical Bridge & Proximity Detector with Polarized L ight • Fiber-Optic Sensors & Fabry–Perot Sensors • Grating Sensors & Linear Optical Sensors (PSD)

• Ultrasonic Sensors • Radar Sensors :

• Micropower Impulse Radar & Ground-Penetrating Radar • Thickness and Level Sensors :

• Ablation & Thin-Film & Liquid-Level Sensors

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Displacement Sensor

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)FI 365

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Basic Principles:a. AC current flows through “primary” coil, due to exc itation voltage e ex.b. Current is “induced” through a pair of secondary coils (e o1, eo2).c. The frequency of the induced AC current is the sa me as the excitation

frequency.d. The amplitude of the induced current in each secondary coil depen ds

upon the location of the movable “core”.

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Displacement Sensor

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

If core is located in “null” position then secondary voltages are equal, as illustrated below.

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Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)If the two secondary coils are connected in anti-series (+ → + and - →-) then the resulting output is the difference between the outputs of the individual seconary coils. The amplitude depends upon the position of the rod.

(There is also a Phase shift between eex and eo as we will show later)

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2020

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Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)The input, xi, is the MOTION of the rod to which the core is connected.

The output, eo, is the voltage difference between the induced voltages in the two secondary loops.

Note: The output is inherently AM modulated

(The “carrier” is AC excitation of the primary loop).

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ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

2121Note: Phase Shift occurs as xicrosses “null” point

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SIS

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PRINSIP DASAR

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

Simulated Output

Generator00Y/t Chart00

Generator0125 50 75 100 125 150 175

1.000.750.500.250.00

-0.25-0.50-0.75-1.00

5.0

2.5

0.0

-2.5

-5.0

xi

→→→→

eo

→→→→

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

2222

FFT00Formula00 Y/t Chart01

ms25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Hz250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250

0.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.0

2.252.001.751.501.251.000.750.500.250.00

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SIS

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PRINSIP DASAR

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

xi →→→→

eo,1 →→→→

1.00

0.00

-1.001.00

0.00

-1.00

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

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2323

eo,2 →→→→

eo →→→→

ms25 50 75 100 125 150 175

1.00

0.00

-1.001.00

-0.75

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SIS

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SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

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SIS

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SIS

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INSTRUM

ENTASI

PRINSIP DASAR

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

1.00

0.00

-1.001.00

Motion →→→→

LVDT output →→→→

How Do We Recover the LVDT Signal?

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

2424ms

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

-0.754

0

-41.5

0.0

-1.5

Demod LVDT →→→→

Recovered Motion →→→→

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SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

PRINSIP DASAR

Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)

Motion →

LVDT output →

0.8

0.4

0.00.35

0.00

LVDT Signal Recover – Frequency Domain

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

2525

Demod LVDT →

Recovered Motion →

Hz250 500 750 1000 1250

Y/t Chart 0 Y/t Chart 1

Y/t Chart 2 Y/t Chart 3

0.001.25

0.001.25

0.00

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TEM

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SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

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SIS

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INSTRUM

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TEM

INSTRUM

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PRINSIP DASAR

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

2626

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INSTRUM

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PRINSIP DASAR

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

2727

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TEM

INSTRUM

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INSTRUM

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PRINSIP DASAR

Displacement SensorFI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

2828

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TEM

INSTRUM

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PRINSIP DASAR

Displacement SensorFI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

2929

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SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

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INSTRUM

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PRINSIP DASAR

Displacement SensorFI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

3030

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TEM

INSTRUM

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PRINSIP DASAR

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

3131

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INSTRUM

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INSTRUM

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FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

3232

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FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

3333

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SIS

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INSTRUM

ENTASI

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TEM

INSTRUM

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PRINSIP DASAR

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

3434

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SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

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INSTRUM

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SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

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PRINSIP DASAR

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

3535

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SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

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INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

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PRINSIP DASAR

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

3636

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INSTRUM

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SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

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PRINSIP DASAR

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

3737

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INSTRUM

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TEM

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PRINSIP DASAR

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

3838

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INSTRUM

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TEM

INSTRUM

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PRINSIP DASAR

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

3939

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SIS

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SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

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TEM

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PRINSIP DASAR

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

4040

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SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

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TEM

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PRINSIP DASAR

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

4141

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INSTRUM

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FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

FI 365

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

SIS

TEM

INSTRUM

ENTASI

4242