7/22/2019 Selenium Kartiko Final
1/12
REVIEW UNSUR
SELENIUMTugas Mata Kuliah Kimia Unsur
Kartiko Nugroho (M0312034)KIMIA
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
SURAKARTA 2014
7/22/2019 Selenium Kartiko Final
2/12
TUGAS REVIEW UNSURKartiko Nugroho / M0312034
1
~SELENIUM Se)~( Yunani selene berarti "Bulan") ditemukan padaSelenium
tahun 1817 oleh Jns Jakob Berzelius dan Johan Gottlieb Gahn . Keduaahli kimia yang dimiliki pabrik kimia di dekat Gripsholm , Swedia
memproduksiasam sulfat dengan proses bilik timbal.Pada tahun 1873,
Willoughby Smith menemukan bahwa tahanan listrik dari selenium
abu-abu tergantung pada cahaya ambient. Hal ini menyebabkan
selenium digunakan sebagai sel untuk cahaya penginderaan. Produk
komersial pertama menggunakan selenium dikembangkan oleh Werner Siemens pada
pertengahan 1870-an. Sel selenium digunakan dalam photophone dikembangkan oleh
Alexander Graham Bellpada tahun 1879.
Selenium mentransmisikan arus listrik
sebanding dengan jumlah cahaya yang jatuh
pada permukaannya. Fenomena ini digunakan
dalam desain meter cahaya dan perangkat
sejenis. Sifat semikonduktor Selenium
menemukan berbagai aplikasi lain dalam
elektronik. Perkembangan rectifier selenium
dimulai pada awal 1930-an, dan ini diganti
tembaga oksida rectifier karena efisiensi unggul mereka. Ini berlangsung dalam aplikasi
komersial hingga tahun 1970-an, berikut yang mereka diganti dengan yang lebih murah
dan lebih efisien yaitu penyearah silikon . Pada tahun 1954, petunjuk pertama fungsi
biologis spesifik selenium ditemukan pada mikroorganisme . Esensialitas selenium untuk
kehidupan mamalia ditemukan pada tahun 1957.
Selenium terjadi secara alami dalam sejumlah bentuk anorganik, termasukselenide,
selenate,danseleniteyang mengandung mineral, namun mineral ini jarang terjadi. Mineral
umum selenite bukan mineral selenium, dan tidak mengandung ion selenite , tetapi lebihmerupakan jenis gipsum (kalsium sulfat hidrat) bernama seperti selenium untuk bulan
jauh sebelum penemuan selenium. Selenium yang paling sering ditemukan cukup
impurely, menggantikan sebagian kecil dari sulfur dalam bijih sulfida banyak logam.
Dalam sistem kehidupan, selenium ditemukan dalam asam amino selenomethionine ,
selenocysteine , danmethylselenocysteine. Dalam senyawa ini, selenium memainkan peran
analog dengan sulfur. Lain alamisenyawa organoselenium adalah dimetil selenide.
JONS JAKOB BERZELIUS
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Selenium Kartiko Final
3/12
TUGAS REVIEW UNSURKartiko Nugroho / M0312034
2
Di dalam tanah, selenium paling sering terjadi dalam bentuk larut seperti selenate
(analog dengan sulfat), yang mengalir ke sungai dengan limpasan sangat mudah. Air laut
mengandung sejumlah besar selenium. Sumber antropogenik selenium termasuk
pembakaran batu bara dan pertambangan dan peleburan bijih sulfida.
1. STRUCTUREi. Atomic Structure
Secara struktural Selenium
dengan elektron sejumlah 34
memiliki konfigurasiground-state
[Ar] 3d104s24p4. Dengan rincianpada:1st Energy Level:2 e
-
2nd
Energy Level:8 e-
3rd
Energy Level:18 e-
4th
Energy Level:6 e-
ii. Crystal Structure
Selenium ada dalam beberapa bentuk allotropic. Bentuk yang paling stabil
selenium ialah kristal heksagonal, abu-abu metalik. Kristal selenium monoklinik
berwarna merah tua. Selenium amorf merah dalam bentuk bubuk dan hitam
dalam bentuk vitreous.
Gray kristal 'logam' selenium menghasilkan listrik lebih baik dalam cahaya
daripada dalam gelap (fotokonduktif) dan dapat mengkonversi cahaya langsung
menjadi listrik (fotovoltaik). Dalam cara yang sama sepertisulfur bentuk sulfida,sulfat, dan sulfida, selenium bergabung dengan logam dan oksigen untuk
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4/12
TUGAS REVIEW UNSURKartiko Nugroho / M0312034
3
membentuk selenides, (seperti seng selanide, ZnSe), selenates, (seperti kalsium
selenate, CaSeO 4),dan selenites(seperti selenite perak, Ag 2SEO).
2. PROPERTIESSifat Umum
Nama,simbol ,
nomor
selenium, Se, 34
Pengucapan /s l i n i m/
SI-LEE-NEE-M
Kategori Elemen nonlogam poliatomikkadang-kadang dianggap
sebagaimetalloid
Kelompok ,
periode ,blok
16 (chalcogens) ,4 ,p
Berat atom
standar
78,971 (8)
Konfigurasi
elektron
[Ar ] 3d10
4s24p
4
2, 8, 18, 6
Sifat fisik
Fase padat
Density (dekatrt ) (Abu-abu) 4,81 gcm-
Density (dekatrt ) (Alpha) 4,39 g cm-
Density (dekatrt ) (Vitreous) 4,28 gcm-3
Liquiddensity di
mp
3,99 g cm-3
Titik lebur 494K , 221 C,430 F
Titik didih 958 K, 685 C, 1265 F
Titik kritis 1766 K, 27,2 MPaPanas fusi (Abu-abu) 6.69kJ mol
-1
Panas penguapan 95,48 kJ mol-1
Kapasitas panas
molar
25,363 J mol-
-
Tekanan uap
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
di T (K) 500 552 617 704 813 958
Sifat atom
Oksidasi 6, 4, 2,1,[1]
-2
(Sangatasam oksida)
Elektronegativitas 2.55 (skala Pauling)
Energi ionisasi 1st: 941,0 kJ mol-1
2nd: 2045 kJ mol-1
3rd: 2973,7 kJ mol-1
Jari-jari atom 120pm
Kovalen radius 120 16:00
Van der Waals
radius
190 pm
Miscellanea
Struktur kristal bersegi enam
Magnetic
pemesanan
diamagnetic
Konduktivitas
termal
(Amorf) 0.519 W m-
K-
Ekspansi termal (25 C) (amorf) 37 pM m-1
K-1
Kecepatan suara
(batang tipis)
(20 C) 3350 m s-1
Modulus Young 10 GPa
Modulus geser 3,7 GPa
Modulus bulk 8.3 GPa
Rasio Poisson 0.33
Mohs kekerasan 2.0
Brinell kekerasan 736 MPa
Tanda Daftar
CAS
7782-49-2
Sejarah
Penamaan setelahSelene , dewi Yunani
bulan
Penemuan Jns Jakob Berzelius danJohann
Gottlieb Gahn (1817)
Isolasi Pertama Jns Jakob Berzelius dan Johann
Gottlieb Gahn (1817)
3. ISOTOPEsSelenium memiliki 24 isotop yang diketahui half-lifenya, dengan nomor massa
67-91. Selenium memiliki enam isotop alami , lima di antaranya adalah stabil:74Se, 76Se, 77Se, 78Se, dan 80Se. Tiga terakhir juga terjadi sebagai produk reaksi fisi
, bersama dengan 79Se , yang memiliki waktu paruh 327.000 tahun. Isotop alami
terakhir, 82Se, memiliki waktu paruh yang sangat panjang (~ 10-20 th, meluruh
melalui peluruhan beta ganda untuk 82Kr ), yang, untuk tujuan praktis, dapat
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dianggap stabil. Persentase yang ditunjukkan: 74 Se (0,9%), 76 Se (9,4%), 77 Se
(7,6%), 78 Se (23,8%), 80 Se (49.7 %) dan 82 Se (8,7%).
4. ABUNDANCEsKelimpahan di Kerak Bumi : 50 ppb by weight
Kelimpahan di Lautan : 0.45 ppb by weight
Kelimpahan di Semesta : 30 ppb by weight
Kelimpahan dalam tubuh manusia : 50 ppb by weight
Biaya, murni: $ 61 per 100g
Biaya, massal: $ 5,30 per 100gSumber: Selenium kadang terjadi bebas di alam, tetapi lebih sering terjadisebagai selenides dari besi , timbal , perak , atau tembaga . Secara komersial,
selenium diperoleh terutama dari limbah lumpur anoda yang dihasilkan dalam
pemurnian elektrolit tembaga. Kacang Brazil adalah sumber makanan terkaya
yang diketahui dari selenium.
5. USEsElektrolisis ManganeseSelama penambahan selenium dioksida pada elektro mangan
mengurangi daya yang diperlukan untuk mengoperasikan sel elektrolisis
. China adalah konsumen terbesar dari selenium dioksida untuk tujuan
ini. Untuk setiap ton mangan rata-rata 2 kg selenium oksida digunakan.
Produksi kacaPenggunaan komersial terbesar Se, terhitung sekitar 50% dari konsumsi,
adalah untuk produksi kaca. Senyawa se memberi warna merah untukkaca. Warna ini mencegahkan keluarnya tinta hijau atau kuning yang
muncul dari kotoran besi yang khas untuk sebagian besar kaca. Untuk
tujuan ini berbagai selenite dan selenate garam ditambahkan. Untuk
aplikasi lain, warna merah mungkin diinginkan, di mana campuran
kasus CdSe dan CdS ditambahkan.
PaduanSelenium digunakan dengan bismut di kuningan untuk menggantikantimbal yang lebih beracun. Peraturan timbal dalam air minum aplikasi
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dengan Safe Drinking Water Act tahun 1974 membuat pengurangan
timbal dalam kuningan yang diperlukan. Kuningan baru dipasarkan di
bawah nama EnviroBrass. Seperti timah dan belerang, selenium
meningkatkan machinability baja pada konsentrasi sekitar 0,15%.Peningkatan yang sama juga diamati pada paduan tembaga dan selenium
karena itu adalah juga digunakan dalam paduan tembaga machinable.
Sel suryaTembaga indium gallium selenideadalah bahan yang digunakan dalam
produksi sel surya. Selenium digunakan dalam sel surya dan fotosel -
bahkan sel surya pertama dibuat menggunakan selenium. Hal ini juga
digunakan sebagai toner fotografi.
Kegunaan laino Sejumlah kecil senyawa organoselenium digunakan untuk
memodifikasi vulkanisasi katalis yang digunakan dalam produksi
karet.
o Permintaan untuk selenium oleh industri elektronik menurun,meskipun sejumlah aplikasi terus. Karena sifatnya fotovoltaik dan
fotokonduktif sifat, selenium digunakan dalam fotokopi ,photocells , cahaya meter dan sel surya . Penggunaannya sebagai
fotokonduktor dalam mesin fotokopi biasa-kertas dulu aplikasi
terkemuka tetapi pada tahun 1980, aplikasi fotokonduktor
menurun (meskipun itu masih pengguna akhir besar) karena
semakin banyak mesin fotokopi beralih ke penggunaan
photoconductors organik. Hal ini pernah banyak digunakan
dalam penyearah selenium . Menggunakan ini sebagian besar
telah digantikan oleh perangkat berbasis silikon atau sedangdalam proses digantikan. Pengecualian yang paling penting
adalah daya DC perlindungan surge , dimana kemampuan energi
yang unggul penekan selenium membuat mereka lebih
diinginkan daripada logam oksida varistor .
o Selenide seng adalah material pertama untuk biru LED tetapigalium nitrida mendominasi pasar sekarang. Kadmium selenide
baru-baru ini memainkan peran penting dalam pembuatan titik-
titik kuantum . Lembar selenium amorf mengkonversi x-ray
7/22/2019 Selenium Kartiko Final
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TUGAS REVIEW UNSURKartiko Nugroho / M0312034
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gambar untuk pola biaya dalam xeroradiography dan solid-state,
layar datar kamera x-ray.
o Selenium merupakan katalis dalam beberapa reaksi kimia tetapitidak banyak digunakan karena masalah dengan toksisitas. Dalamkristalografi sinar-X , penggabungan satu atau lebih atom
selenium di tempat belerang membantu dengan Multi-panjang
gelombang dispersi anomali dan panjang gelombang tunggal
dispersi anomali pentahapan.
o Selenium digunakan dalam toning dari cetakan foto , dan itudijual sebagai toner oleh berbagai produsen fotografi.
Penggunaannya mengintensifkan dan memperluas jangkauan
tonal gambar fotografi hitam-putih dan meningkatkan permanencetakan.
o 75 Se digunakan sebagai sumber gamma dalam radiografiindustri.
o Selenium sulfida digunakan di shampoo anti-ketombe.o Meskipun toksisitas senyawanya, selenium juga merupakan
elemen esensial untuk manusia dan hewan lainnya. Tanpa itu,
enzim glutation peroksidase (GPX), yang melindungi terhadap
kerusakan oksidatif pada sel, tidak bisa berfungsi. Seleniumabnormal rendah dalam diet dapat meningkatkan risiko kanker.
Abnormal tingkat tinggi senyawa selenium dapat menyebabkan
keracunan selenium.
o Tanaman tampaknya tida
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