BIOETIKA DI INDONESIA
SUMBER Tien R Muchtadi Komisi Bioetika Nasional
Disiapkan oleh Kuswanto
Dialektika teknologi
Tantangan bidang Bioteknologi
bull Pengembangan pesat ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan informatika membawa tantangan besar dalam sistem nilaii ilmu pengetahuan yang relatif ldquomapanrdquosejak akhir perang dunia I
bull Pemunculan kembali masalah ldquobesarrdquolama di dunia ditengah masyarakat kini memerlukan pendekatan terpadu
bull Kemajuan bioteknologi berbasis biologi molekuler dan teknologi rekayasa genetika transgenic plant experiment cloning stem cell experiment dll menyentuh martabat dan harkat hidup organisme
bull Perumusan kebijakan arah pengembangan dan penerapan iptek menjadi terancam kehilangan kebijakan etika ilmu pengetahuan dan etika penelitian
Tantangan bidang Bioteknologi
bull Peninjauan etika dalam hal perlakuan manusia terhadaplingkungan hidupnya terhadap sesama makhluk hidup daridunia flora fauna dan jasad renik mengarahkan perlunyapembahasan menyeluruh dalam kerangka lsquobioetikarsquo
bull Diperlukan rambu-rambu berperilaku (etika) bagi parapengelola ilmu pengetahuan ilmuwan dan ahli tekonologiyang bergerak di bidang biologi molekuler dan teknologirekayasa genetika 1048782
bull Bioetika akan dapat berfungsi ndash 1pemanduanndash 2pengawalan danndash 3pemantauan dan pengawasan
Pengertian Bioetikbull 1Biologi dengan pengetahuan mengenai sistem nilai
manusia yang akan menjadi jembatan antara ilmupengetahuan dan kemanusiaan membantumenyelamatkan kemanusian dan mempertahankandan memperbaiki dunia beradab (Van Potter 1970s)
bull 2Bioetikaialah kajian mengenai pengaruh moral dansosial dari teknik-teknik yang dihasilkan oleh kemajuanilmu-ilmu hayati (Honderich Oxford 1995)
bull 3Bioetika bukanlah suatu disiplin Bioetika telahmenjadi tempat bertemunya sejumlah disiplin diskursus dan organisasi yang terlibat dan peduli padapersoalan etika hukum dan sosial yang ditimbulkanoleh kemajuan dalam kedokteran ilmu pengetahuan dan bioteknologi (Onara OrsquoNeill 2002)
Pengertian bioetika
bull 4Bioetika mengacu pada kajian sistematis plural daninterdisiplin dan penyelesaian masalah etika yang timbuldari ilmu hayati dan sosial sebagaimana yang diterapkanpada manusia danhubungannya dengan biosfera termasukmasalah yang terkait dengan ketersediaan danketerjangkauan perkembangan keilmuan dan keteknologiandan penerapannya (Preliminary Draft Declaration on Universal Norms on Bioethics UNESCO 2005)
bull Etika adalah bagian cabang dari filsafat terapan yang mencari rsquoperangkat perilaku apa yang benar apa yang salah yang baik dan yang jelek di dalam suatu keadaan tertentu dan Bioetika ialah semacam ilmu pengetahuan yang menawarkan pemecahan masalah bagi konflik moral yang timbul dalam tindakan ilmu hayati dan praktek kedokteran
Jadi
bull Bioetika terkait dengan kegiatan yang mencarijawab dan menawarkan pemecahan masalah darikonflik moral
bull Konflik moral yang dimaksud meliputi konflikyang timbul dari kemajuan pesat ilmu-ilmupengetahuan hayati dan kedokteran yang diikutioleh penerapan teknologi yang terkait dengannya
bull Dalam pada itu bioetika dapat pula dilihat sebagaicabang ilmu pengetahuan tersendiri yang berkenaan dengan konflik tersebut
Ciri-ciri bioetika
bull 1Interdisiplinerilitas -melibatkan ilmu pertanian hayati biomedis hukum ilmu sosial teologi dll
bull 2Internasionalisasi ndashproblem-problem etis yang ditimbulkan dalam perkembangan ilmu-ilmu hayati bersifat internasional
bull 3Plularisme -banyak golongan dan pandangan diikutsertakan
Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia yangterkait ldquobioetikardquodalam sistem PBBKNRT
Dasar hukum
bull Perubahan Keempat UUD 45 Pasal 31 ayat (5) yang menyatakanbahwaldquoPemerintah memajukan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologidengan menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai agamadan persatuan bangsauntuk memajukan peradaban serta kesejahteraan umat manusiardquo
bull UU No18 Tahun 2002 tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK pada pasal 22 Pemerintahmenjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa dan negara sertakeseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsilingkungan hidup
bull UU No 7 tahun 1996 tentang Pangan pasal 13 yang mengantisipasiproduk pangan yang dihasilkan melalui rekayasa genetika
bull Peraturan Pemerintah No 29 tahun 2000 tentang PerlindunganVarietas Tanaman yang memberikan batasan-batasan perlindungan
bull Keputusan Bersama Menristek MenKes dan Mentan Tahun 2004 tentang Pembentukan Komisi Bioetika Nasional
bull UU No 13 tahun 2010 tentang Hortikultura
Dasar hukumbull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian
Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK (RPP PeneltianBerisiko Tinggi) Pasal 22ndash 1)Pemerintah menjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa
dan negara serta keseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup
ndash 2)Untuk melaksanakan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksuddalam ayat (1) pemerintah mengatur perizinan bagipelaksanaan kegiatan penelitian pengembangan danpenerapan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berisikotinggi dan berbahaya dengan memperhatikan standarnasional dan ketentuan yang berlaku secara internasional
ndash 3)Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (2) diaturlebih lanjut dalam Peraturan Pemerintah
Dasar hukum
bull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK -
bull PP No 412006 Perizinan Melakukan Litbang bagiPerguruan TinggiAsing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan BadanUsaha Asing dan Orang Asing
bull Pasal 20ndash 1)Perguruan Tinggi Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan
Usaha Asing dan Orang Asing tidak membawa sampel danatauspesimen bahan litbang keluar wilayah NKRI
bull Pasal 21 ndash 1)Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan litbang i Perguruan Tinggi
Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan Usaha Asing dan OrangAsing tetap menghormati adat istiadat dan norma-normakebudayaan yang berlaku di tempat kegiatan litbang
Tugas Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 2 PP No 412006 )
ndash memajukan telaah masalah yang terkait dengan prinsip-prinsip bioetika
ndash memberi pertimbangan kepada Pemerintah mengenai aspek bioetika dalam penelitian pengembangan dan penerapan Iptek yang berbasis pada ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan
ndash menyebarluaskan pemahaman umum mengenai bioetika
Fungsi Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 3 PP No 412006 )
bull 1Penelaahan prinsip-prinsip bioetika dalam memajukaniptek serta mengkaji dampaknya pada masyarakat
bull 2Peninjauan etika terhadap arah perkembangan iptek khususnya ilmu-ilmu hayati
bull 3Pemberian pertimbangan kepada pemerintahbull 4Pengembangan pedoman nasional bioetikabull 5Pelayanan informasi dari dan kepada pemerintah
masyarakat luasbull 6Penguatan jaringan antar kelompok yang berkepentingan
dengan aspek etikabull 7Penyelenggaraan kerjasama di forum internasionalbull 8Penyelenggaraan fungsi-fungsi lain di bidang bioetika
yang berkaitan dengan tugas komisi
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Dialektika teknologi
Tantangan bidang Bioteknologi
bull Pengembangan pesat ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan informatika membawa tantangan besar dalam sistem nilaii ilmu pengetahuan yang relatif ldquomapanrdquosejak akhir perang dunia I
bull Pemunculan kembali masalah ldquobesarrdquolama di dunia ditengah masyarakat kini memerlukan pendekatan terpadu
bull Kemajuan bioteknologi berbasis biologi molekuler dan teknologi rekayasa genetika transgenic plant experiment cloning stem cell experiment dll menyentuh martabat dan harkat hidup organisme
bull Perumusan kebijakan arah pengembangan dan penerapan iptek menjadi terancam kehilangan kebijakan etika ilmu pengetahuan dan etika penelitian
Tantangan bidang Bioteknologi
bull Peninjauan etika dalam hal perlakuan manusia terhadaplingkungan hidupnya terhadap sesama makhluk hidup daridunia flora fauna dan jasad renik mengarahkan perlunyapembahasan menyeluruh dalam kerangka lsquobioetikarsquo
bull Diperlukan rambu-rambu berperilaku (etika) bagi parapengelola ilmu pengetahuan ilmuwan dan ahli tekonologiyang bergerak di bidang biologi molekuler dan teknologirekayasa genetika 1048782
bull Bioetika akan dapat berfungsi ndash 1pemanduanndash 2pengawalan danndash 3pemantauan dan pengawasan
Pengertian Bioetikbull 1Biologi dengan pengetahuan mengenai sistem nilai
manusia yang akan menjadi jembatan antara ilmupengetahuan dan kemanusiaan membantumenyelamatkan kemanusian dan mempertahankandan memperbaiki dunia beradab (Van Potter 1970s)
bull 2Bioetikaialah kajian mengenai pengaruh moral dansosial dari teknik-teknik yang dihasilkan oleh kemajuanilmu-ilmu hayati (Honderich Oxford 1995)
bull 3Bioetika bukanlah suatu disiplin Bioetika telahmenjadi tempat bertemunya sejumlah disiplin diskursus dan organisasi yang terlibat dan peduli padapersoalan etika hukum dan sosial yang ditimbulkanoleh kemajuan dalam kedokteran ilmu pengetahuan dan bioteknologi (Onara OrsquoNeill 2002)
Pengertian bioetika
bull 4Bioetika mengacu pada kajian sistematis plural daninterdisiplin dan penyelesaian masalah etika yang timbuldari ilmu hayati dan sosial sebagaimana yang diterapkanpada manusia danhubungannya dengan biosfera termasukmasalah yang terkait dengan ketersediaan danketerjangkauan perkembangan keilmuan dan keteknologiandan penerapannya (Preliminary Draft Declaration on Universal Norms on Bioethics UNESCO 2005)
bull Etika adalah bagian cabang dari filsafat terapan yang mencari rsquoperangkat perilaku apa yang benar apa yang salah yang baik dan yang jelek di dalam suatu keadaan tertentu dan Bioetika ialah semacam ilmu pengetahuan yang menawarkan pemecahan masalah bagi konflik moral yang timbul dalam tindakan ilmu hayati dan praktek kedokteran
Jadi
bull Bioetika terkait dengan kegiatan yang mencarijawab dan menawarkan pemecahan masalah darikonflik moral
bull Konflik moral yang dimaksud meliputi konflikyang timbul dari kemajuan pesat ilmu-ilmupengetahuan hayati dan kedokteran yang diikutioleh penerapan teknologi yang terkait dengannya
bull Dalam pada itu bioetika dapat pula dilihat sebagaicabang ilmu pengetahuan tersendiri yang berkenaan dengan konflik tersebut
Ciri-ciri bioetika
bull 1Interdisiplinerilitas -melibatkan ilmu pertanian hayati biomedis hukum ilmu sosial teologi dll
bull 2Internasionalisasi ndashproblem-problem etis yang ditimbulkan dalam perkembangan ilmu-ilmu hayati bersifat internasional
bull 3Plularisme -banyak golongan dan pandangan diikutsertakan
Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia yangterkait ldquobioetikardquodalam sistem PBBKNRT
Dasar hukum
bull Perubahan Keempat UUD 45 Pasal 31 ayat (5) yang menyatakanbahwaldquoPemerintah memajukan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologidengan menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai agamadan persatuan bangsauntuk memajukan peradaban serta kesejahteraan umat manusiardquo
bull UU No18 Tahun 2002 tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK pada pasal 22 Pemerintahmenjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa dan negara sertakeseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsilingkungan hidup
bull UU No 7 tahun 1996 tentang Pangan pasal 13 yang mengantisipasiproduk pangan yang dihasilkan melalui rekayasa genetika
bull Peraturan Pemerintah No 29 tahun 2000 tentang PerlindunganVarietas Tanaman yang memberikan batasan-batasan perlindungan
bull Keputusan Bersama Menristek MenKes dan Mentan Tahun 2004 tentang Pembentukan Komisi Bioetika Nasional
bull UU No 13 tahun 2010 tentang Hortikultura
Dasar hukumbull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian
Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK (RPP PeneltianBerisiko Tinggi) Pasal 22ndash 1)Pemerintah menjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa
dan negara serta keseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup
ndash 2)Untuk melaksanakan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksuddalam ayat (1) pemerintah mengatur perizinan bagipelaksanaan kegiatan penelitian pengembangan danpenerapan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berisikotinggi dan berbahaya dengan memperhatikan standarnasional dan ketentuan yang berlaku secara internasional
ndash 3)Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (2) diaturlebih lanjut dalam Peraturan Pemerintah
Dasar hukum
bull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK -
bull PP No 412006 Perizinan Melakukan Litbang bagiPerguruan TinggiAsing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan BadanUsaha Asing dan Orang Asing
bull Pasal 20ndash 1)Perguruan Tinggi Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan
Usaha Asing dan Orang Asing tidak membawa sampel danatauspesimen bahan litbang keluar wilayah NKRI
bull Pasal 21 ndash 1)Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan litbang i Perguruan Tinggi
Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan Usaha Asing dan OrangAsing tetap menghormati adat istiadat dan norma-normakebudayaan yang berlaku di tempat kegiatan litbang
Tugas Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 2 PP No 412006 )
ndash memajukan telaah masalah yang terkait dengan prinsip-prinsip bioetika
ndash memberi pertimbangan kepada Pemerintah mengenai aspek bioetika dalam penelitian pengembangan dan penerapan Iptek yang berbasis pada ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan
ndash menyebarluaskan pemahaman umum mengenai bioetika
Fungsi Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 3 PP No 412006 )
bull 1Penelaahan prinsip-prinsip bioetika dalam memajukaniptek serta mengkaji dampaknya pada masyarakat
bull 2Peninjauan etika terhadap arah perkembangan iptek khususnya ilmu-ilmu hayati
bull 3Pemberian pertimbangan kepada pemerintahbull 4Pengembangan pedoman nasional bioetikabull 5Pelayanan informasi dari dan kepada pemerintah
masyarakat luasbull 6Penguatan jaringan antar kelompok yang berkepentingan
dengan aspek etikabull 7Penyelenggaraan kerjasama di forum internasionalbull 8Penyelenggaraan fungsi-fungsi lain di bidang bioetika
yang berkaitan dengan tugas komisi
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Tantangan bidang Bioteknologi
bull Pengembangan pesat ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan informatika membawa tantangan besar dalam sistem nilaii ilmu pengetahuan yang relatif ldquomapanrdquosejak akhir perang dunia I
bull Pemunculan kembali masalah ldquobesarrdquolama di dunia ditengah masyarakat kini memerlukan pendekatan terpadu
bull Kemajuan bioteknologi berbasis biologi molekuler dan teknologi rekayasa genetika transgenic plant experiment cloning stem cell experiment dll menyentuh martabat dan harkat hidup organisme
bull Perumusan kebijakan arah pengembangan dan penerapan iptek menjadi terancam kehilangan kebijakan etika ilmu pengetahuan dan etika penelitian
Tantangan bidang Bioteknologi
bull Peninjauan etika dalam hal perlakuan manusia terhadaplingkungan hidupnya terhadap sesama makhluk hidup daridunia flora fauna dan jasad renik mengarahkan perlunyapembahasan menyeluruh dalam kerangka lsquobioetikarsquo
bull Diperlukan rambu-rambu berperilaku (etika) bagi parapengelola ilmu pengetahuan ilmuwan dan ahli tekonologiyang bergerak di bidang biologi molekuler dan teknologirekayasa genetika 1048782
bull Bioetika akan dapat berfungsi ndash 1pemanduanndash 2pengawalan danndash 3pemantauan dan pengawasan
Pengertian Bioetikbull 1Biologi dengan pengetahuan mengenai sistem nilai
manusia yang akan menjadi jembatan antara ilmupengetahuan dan kemanusiaan membantumenyelamatkan kemanusian dan mempertahankandan memperbaiki dunia beradab (Van Potter 1970s)
bull 2Bioetikaialah kajian mengenai pengaruh moral dansosial dari teknik-teknik yang dihasilkan oleh kemajuanilmu-ilmu hayati (Honderich Oxford 1995)
bull 3Bioetika bukanlah suatu disiplin Bioetika telahmenjadi tempat bertemunya sejumlah disiplin diskursus dan organisasi yang terlibat dan peduli padapersoalan etika hukum dan sosial yang ditimbulkanoleh kemajuan dalam kedokteran ilmu pengetahuan dan bioteknologi (Onara OrsquoNeill 2002)
Pengertian bioetika
bull 4Bioetika mengacu pada kajian sistematis plural daninterdisiplin dan penyelesaian masalah etika yang timbuldari ilmu hayati dan sosial sebagaimana yang diterapkanpada manusia danhubungannya dengan biosfera termasukmasalah yang terkait dengan ketersediaan danketerjangkauan perkembangan keilmuan dan keteknologiandan penerapannya (Preliminary Draft Declaration on Universal Norms on Bioethics UNESCO 2005)
bull Etika adalah bagian cabang dari filsafat terapan yang mencari rsquoperangkat perilaku apa yang benar apa yang salah yang baik dan yang jelek di dalam suatu keadaan tertentu dan Bioetika ialah semacam ilmu pengetahuan yang menawarkan pemecahan masalah bagi konflik moral yang timbul dalam tindakan ilmu hayati dan praktek kedokteran
Jadi
bull Bioetika terkait dengan kegiatan yang mencarijawab dan menawarkan pemecahan masalah darikonflik moral
bull Konflik moral yang dimaksud meliputi konflikyang timbul dari kemajuan pesat ilmu-ilmupengetahuan hayati dan kedokteran yang diikutioleh penerapan teknologi yang terkait dengannya
bull Dalam pada itu bioetika dapat pula dilihat sebagaicabang ilmu pengetahuan tersendiri yang berkenaan dengan konflik tersebut
Ciri-ciri bioetika
bull 1Interdisiplinerilitas -melibatkan ilmu pertanian hayati biomedis hukum ilmu sosial teologi dll
bull 2Internasionalisasi ndashproblem-problem etis yang ditimbulkan dalam perkembangan ilmu-ilmu hayati bersifat internasional
bull 3Plularisme -banyak golongan dan pandangan diikutsertakan
Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia yangterkait ldquobioetikardquodalam sistem PBBKNRT
Dasar hukum
bull Perubahan Keempat UUD 45 Pasal 31 ayat (5) yang menyatakanbahwaldquoPemerintah memajukan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologidengan menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai agamadan persatuan bangsauntuk memajukan peradaban serta kesejahteraan umat manusiardquo
bull UU No18 Tahun 2002 tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK pada pasal 22 Pemerintahmenjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa dan negara sertakeseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsilingkungan hidup
bull UU No 7 tahun 1996 tentang Pangan pasal 13 yang mengantisipasiproduk pangan yang dihasilkan melalui rekayasa genetika
bull Peraturan Pemerintah No 29 tahun 2000 tentang PerlindunganVarietas Tanaman yang memberikan batasan-batasan perlindungan
bull Keputusan Bersama Menristek MenKes dan Mentan Tahun 2004 tentang Pembentukan Komisi Bioetika Nasional
bull UU No 13 tahun 2010 tentang Hortikultura
Dasar hukumbull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian
Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK (RPP PeneltianBerisiko Tinggi) Pasal 22ndash 1)Pemerintah menjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa
dan negara serta keseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup
ndash 2)Untuk melaksanakan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksuddalam ayat (1) pemerintah mengatur perizinan bagipelaksanaan kegiatan penelitian pengembangan danpenerapan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berisikotinggi dan berbahaya dengan memperhatikan standarnasional dan ketentuan yang berlaku secara internasional
ndash 3)Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (2) diaturlebih lanjut dalam Peraturan Pemerintah
Dasar hukum
bull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK -
bull PP No 412006 Perizinan Melakukan Litbang bagiPerguruan TinggiAsing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan BadanUsaha Asing dan Orang Asing
bull Pasal 20ndash 1)Perguruan Tinggi Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan
Usaha Asing dan Orang Asing tidak membawa sampel danatauspesimen bahan litbang keluar wilayah NKRI
bull Pasal 21 ndash 1)Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan litbang i Perguruan Tinggi
Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan Usaha Asing dan OrangAsing tetap menghormati adat istiadat dan norma-normakebudayaan yang berlaku di tempat kegiatan litbang
Tugas Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 2 PP No 412006 )
ndash memajukan telaah masalah yang terkait dengan prinsip-prinsip bioetika
ndash memberi pertimbangan kepada Pemerintah mengenai aspek bioetika dalam penelitian pengembangan dan penerapan Iptek yang berbasis pada ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan
ndash menyebarluaskan pemahaman umum mengenai bioetika
Fungsi Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 3 PP No 412006 )
bull 1Penelaahan prinsip-prinsip bioetika dalam memajukaniptek serta mengkaji dampaknya pada masyarakat
bull 2Peninjauan etika terhadap arah perkembangan iptek khususnya ilmu-ilmu hayati
bull 3Pemberian pertimbangan kepada pemerintahbull 4Pengembangan pedoman nasional bioetikabull 5Pelayanan informasi dari dan kepada pemerintah
masyarakat luasbull 6Penguatan jaringan antar kelompok yang berkepentingan
dengan aspek etikabull 7Penyelenggaraan kerjasama di forum internasionalbull 8Penyelenggaraan fungsi-fungsi lain di bidang bioetika
yang berkaitan dengan tugas komisi
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Tantangan bidang Bioteknologi
bull Peninjauan etika dalam hal perlakuan manusia terhadaplingkungan hidupnya terhadap sesama makhluk hidup daridunia flora fauna dan jasad renik mengarahkan perlunyapembahasan menyeluruh dalam kerangka lsquobioetikarsquo
bull Diperlukan rambu-rambu berperilaku (etika) bagi parapengelola ilmu pengetahuan ilmuwan dan ahli tekonologiyang bergerak di bidang biologi molekuler dan teknologirekayasa genetika 1048782
bull Bioetika akan dapat berfungsi ndash 1pemanduanndash 2pengawalan danndash 3pemantauan dan pengawasan
Pengertian Bioetikbull 1Biologi dengan pengetahuan mengenai sistem nilai
manusia yang akan menjadi jembatan antara ilmupengetahuan dan kemanusiaan membantumenyelamatkan kemanusian dan mempertahankandan memperbaiki dunia beradab (Van Potter 1970s)
bull 2Bioetikaialah kajian mengenai pengaruh moral dansosial dari teknik-teknik yang dihasilkan oleh kemajuanilmu-ilmu hayati (Honderich Oxford 1995)
bull 3Bioetika bukanlah suatu disiplin Bioetika telahmenjadi tempat bertemunya sejumlah disiplin diskursus dan organisasi yang terlibat dan peduli padapersoalan etika hukum dan sosial yang ditimbulkanoleh kemajuan dalam kedokteran ilmu pengetahuan dan bioteknologi (Onara OrsquoNeill 2002)
Pengertian bioetika
bull 4Bioetika mengacu pada kajian sistematis plural daninterdisiplin dan penyelesaian masalah etika yang timbuldari ilmu hayati dan sosial sebagaimana yang diterapkanpada manusia danhubungannya dengan biosfera termasukmasalah yang terkait dengan ketersediaan danketerjangkauan perkembangan keilmuan dan keteknologiandan penerapannya (Preliminary Draft Declaration on Universal Norms on Bioethics UNESCO 2005)
bull Etika adalah bagian cabang dari filsafat terapan yang mencari rsquoperangkat perilaku apa yang benar apa yang salah yang baik dan yang jelek di dalam suatu keadaan tertentu dan Bioetika ialah semacam ilmu pengetahuan yang menawarkan pemecahan masalah bagi konflik moral yang timbul dalam tindakan ilmu hayati dan praktek kedokteran
Jadi
bull Bioetika terkait dengan kegiatan yang mencarijawab dan menawarkan pemecahan masalah darikonflik moral
bull Konflik moral yang dimaksud meliputi konflikyang timbul dari kemajuan pesat ilmu-ilmupengetahuan hayati dan kedokteran yang diikutioleh penerapan teknologi yang terkait dengannya
bull Dalam pada itu bioetika dapat pula dilihat sebagaicabang ilmu pengetahuan tersendiri yang berkenaan dengan konflik tersebut
Ciri-ciri bioetika
bull 1Interdisiplinerilitas -melibatkan ilmu pertanian hayati biomedis hukum ilmu sosial teologi dll
bull 2Internasionalisasi ndashproblem-problem etis yang ditimbulkan dalam perkembangan ilmu-ilmu hayati bersifat internasional
bull 3Plularisme -banyak golongan dan pandangan diikutsertakan
Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia yangterkait ldquobioetikardquodalam sistem PBBKNRT
Dasar hukum
bull Perubahan Keempat UUD 45 Pasal 31 ayat (5) yang menyatakanbahwaldquoPemerintah memajukan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologidengan menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai agamadan persatuan bangsauntuk memajukan peradaban serta kesejahteraan umat manusiardquo
bull UU No18 Tahun 2002 tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK pada pasal 22 Pemerintahmenjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa dan negara sertakeseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsilingkungan hidup
bull UU No 7 tahun 1996 tentang Pangan pasal 13 yang mengantisipasiproduk pangan yang dihasilkan melalui rekayasa genetika
bull Peraturan Pemerintah No 29 tahun 2000 tentang PerlindunganVarietas Tanaman yang memberikan batasan-batasan perlindungan
bull Keputusan Bersama Menristek MenKes dan Mentan Tahun 2004 tentang Pembentukan Komisi Bioetika Nasional
bull UU No 13 tahun 2010 tentang Hortikultura
Dasar hukumbull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian
Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK (RPP PeneltianBerisiko Tinggi) Pasal 22ndash 1)Pemerintah menjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa
dan negara serta keseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup
ndash 2)Untuk melaksanakan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksuddalam ayat (1) pemerintah mengatur perizinan bagipelaksanaan kegiatan penelitian pengembangan danpenerapan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berisikotinggi dan berbahaya dengan memperhatikan standarnasional dan ketentuan yang berlaku secara internasional
ndash 3)Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (2) diaturlebih lanjut dalam Peraturan Pemerintah
Dasar hukum
bull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK -
bull PP No 412006 Perizinan Melakukan Litbang bagiPerguruan TinggiAsing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan BadanUsaha Asing dan Orang Asing
bull Pasal 20ndash 1)Perguruan Tinggi Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan
Usaha Asing dan Orang Asing tidak membawa sampel danatauspesimen bahan litbang keluar wilayah NKRI
bull Pasal 21 ndash 1)Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan litbang i Perguruan Tinggi
Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan Usaha Asing dan OrangAsing tetap menghormati adat istiadat dan norma-normakebudayaan yang berlaku di tempat kegiatan litbang
Tugas Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 2 PP No 412006 )
ndash memajukan telaah masalah yang terkait dengan prinsip-prinsip bioetika
ndash memberi pertimbangan kepada Pemerintah mengenai aspek bioetika dalam penelitian pengembangan dan penerapan Iptek yang berbasis pada ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan
ndash menyebarluaskan pemahaman umum mengenai bioetika
Fungsi Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 3 PP No 412006 )
bull 1Penelaahan prinsip-prinsip bioetika dalam memajukaniptek serta mengkaji dampaknya pada masyarakat
bull 2Peninjauan etika terhadap arah perkembangan iptek khususnya ilmu-ilmu hayati
bull 3Pemberian pertimbangan kepada pemerintahbull 4Pengembangan pedoman nasional bioetikabull 5Pelayanan informasi dari dan kepada pemerintah
masyarakat luasbull 6Penguatan jaringan antar kelompok yang berkepentingan
dengan aspek etikabull 7Penyelenggaraan kerjasama di forum internasionalbull 8Penyelenggaraan fungsi-fungsi lain di bidang bioetika
yang berkaitan dengan tugas komisi
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Pengertian Bioetikbull 1Biologi dengan pengetahuan mengenai sistem nilai
manusia yang akan menjadi jembatan antara ilmupengetahuan dan kemanusiaan membantumenyelamatkan kemanusian dan mempertahankandan memperbaiki dunia beradab (Van Potter 1970s)
bull 2Bioetikaialah kajian mengenai pengaruh moral dansosial dari teknik-teknik yang dihasilkan oleh kemajuanilmu-ilmu hayati (Honderich Oxford 1995)
bull 3Bioetika bukanlah suatu disiplin Bioetika telahmenjadi tempat bertemunya sejumlah disiplin diskursus dan organisasi yang terlibat dan peduli padapersoalan etika hukum dan sosial yang ditimbulkanoleh kemajuan dalam kedokteran ilmu pengetahuan dan bioteknologi (Onara OrsquoNeill 2002)
Pengertian bioetika
bull 4Bioetika mengacu pada kajian sistematis plural daninterdisiplin dan penyelesaian masalah etika yang timbuldari ilmu hayati dan sosial sebagaimana yang diterapkanpada manusia danhubungannya dengan biosfera termasukmasalah yang terkait dengan ketersediaan danketerjangkauan perkembangan keilmuan dan keteknologiandan penerapannya (Preliminary Draft Declaration on Universal Norms on Bioethics UNESCO 2005)
bull Etika adalah bagian cabang dari filsafat terapan yang mencari rsquoperangkat perilaku apa yang benar apa yang salah yang baik dan yang jelek di dalam suatu keadaan tertentu dan Bioetika ialah semacam ilmu pengetahuan yang menawarkan pemecahan masalah bagi konflik moral yang timbul dalam tindakan ilmu hayati dan praktek kedokteran
Jadi
bull Bioetika terkait dengan kegiatan yang mencarijawab dan menawarkan pemecahan masalah darikonflik moral
bull Konflik moral yang dimaksud meliputi konflikyang timbul dari kemajuan pesat ilmu-ilmupengetahuan hayati dan kedokteran yang diikutioleh penerapan teknologi yang terkait dengannya
bull Dalam pada itu bioetika dapat pula dilihat sebagaicabang ilmu pengetahuan tersendiri yang berkenaan dengan konflik tersebut
Ciri-ciri bioetika
bull 1Interdisiplinerilitas -melibatkan ilmu pertanian hayati biomedis hukum ilmu sosial teologi dll
bull 2Internasionalisasi ndashproblem-problem etis yang ditimbulkan dalam perkembangan ilmu-ilmu hayati bersifat internasional
bull 3Plularisme -banyak golongan dan pandangan diikutsertakan
Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia yangterkait ldquobioetikardquodalam sistem PBBKNRT
Dasar hukum
bull Perubahan Keempat UUD 45 Pasal 31 ayat (5) yang menyatakanbahwaldquoPemerintah memajukan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologidengan menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai agamadan persatuan bangsauntuk memajukan peradaban serta kesejahteraan umat manusiardquo
bull UU No18 Tahun 2002 tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK pada pasal 22 Pemerintahmenjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa dan negara sertakeseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsilingkungan hidup
bull UU No 7 tahun 1996 tentang Pangan pasal 13 yang mengantisipasiproduk pangan yang dihasilkan melalui rekayasa genetika
bull Peraturan Pemerintah No 29 tahun 2000 tentang PerlindunganVarietas Tanaman yang memberikan batasan-batasan perlindungan
bull Keputusan Bersama Menristek MenKes dan Mentan Tahun 2004 tentang Pembentukan Komisi Bioetika Nasional
bull UU No 13 tahun 2010 tentang Hortikultura
Dasar hukumbull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian
Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK (RPP PeneltianBerisiko Tinggi) Pasal 22ndash 1)Pemerintah menjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa
dan negara serta keseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup
ndash 2)Untuk melaksanakan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksuddalam ayat (1) pemerintah mengatur perizinan bagipelaksanaan kegiatan penelitian pengembangan danpenerapan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berisikotinggi dan berbahaya dengan memperhatikan standarnasional dan ketentuan yang berlaku secara internasional
ndash 3)Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (2) diaturlebih lanjut dalam Peraturan Pemerintah
Dasar hukum
bull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK -
bull PP No 412006 Perizinan Melakukan Litbang bagiPerguruan TinggiAsing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan BadanUsaha Asing dan Orang Asing
bull Pasal 20ndash 1)Perguruan Tinggi Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan
Usaha Asing dan Orang Asing tidak membawa sampel danatauspesimen bahan litbang keluar wilayah NKRI
bull Pasal 21 ndash 1)Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan litbang i Perguruan Tinggi
Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan Usaha Asing dan OrangAsing tetap menghormati adat istiadat dan norma-normakebudayaan yang berlaku di tempat kegiatan litbang
Tugas Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 2 PP No 412006 )
ndash memajukan telaah masalah yang terkait dengan prinsip-prinsip bioetika
ndash memberi pertimbangan kepada Pemerintah mengenai aspek bioetika dalam penelitian pengembangan dan penerapan Iptek yang berbasis pada ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan
ndash menyebarluaskan pemahaman umum mengenai bioetika
Fungsi Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 3 PP No 412006 )
bull 1Penelaahan prinsip-prinsip bioetika dalam memajukaniptek serta mengkaji dampaknya pada masyarakat
bull 2Peninjauan etika terhadap arah perkembangan iptek khususnya ilmu-ilmu hayati
bull 3Pemberian pertimbangan kepada pemerintahbull 4Pengembangan pedoman nasional bioetikabull 5Pelayanan informasi dari dan kepada pemerintah
masyarakat luasbull 6Penguatan jaringan antar kelompok yang berkepentingan
dengan aspek etikabull 7Penyelenggaraan kerjasama di forum internasionalbull 8Penyelenggaraan fungsi-fungsi lain di bidang bioetika
yang berkaitan dengan tugas komisi
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Pengertian bioetika
bull 4Bioetika mengacu pada kajian sistematis plural daninterdisiplin dan penyelesaian masalah etika yang timbuldari ilmu hayati dan sosial sebagaimana yang diterapkanpada manusia danhubungannya dengan biosfera termasukmasalah yang terkait dengan ketersediaan danketerjangkauan perkembangan keilmuan dan keteknologiandan penerapannya (Preliminary Draft Declaration on Universal Norms on Bioethics UNESCO 2005)
bull Etika adalah bagian cabang dari filsafat terapan yang mencari rsquoperangkat perilaku apa yang benar apa yang salah yang baik dan yang jelek di dalam suatu keadaan tertentu dan Bioetika ialah semacam ilmu pengetahuan yang menawarkan pemecahan masalah bagi konflik moral yang timbul dalam tindakan ilmu hayati dan praktek kedokteran
Jadi
bull Bioetika terkait dengan kegiatan yang mencarijawab dan menawarkan pemecahan masalah darikonflik moral
bull Konflik moral yang dimaksud meliputi konflikyang timbul dari kemajuan pesat ilmu-ilmupengetahuan hayati dan kedokteran yang diikutioleh penerapan teknologi yang terkait dengannya
bull Dalam pada itu bioetika dapat pula dilihat sebagaicabang ilmu pengetahuan tersendiri yang berkenaan dengan konflik tersebut
Ciri-ciri bioetika
bull 1Interdisiplinerilitas -melibatkan ilmu pertanian hayati biomedis hukum ilmu sosial teologi dll
bull 2Internasionalisasi ndashproblem-problem etis yang ditimbulkan dalam perkembangan ilmu-ilmu hayati bersifat internasional
bull 3Plularisme -banyak golongan dan pandangan diikutsertakan
Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia yangterkait ldquobioetikardquodalam sistem PBBKNRT
Dasar hukum
bull Perubahan Keempat UUD 45 Pasal 31 ayat (5) yang menyatakanbahwaldquoPemerintah memajukan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologidengan menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai agamadan persatuan bangsauntuk memajukan peradaban serta kesejahteraan umat manusiardquo
bull UU No18 Tahun 2002 tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK pada pasal 22 Pemerintahmenjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa dan negara sertakeseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsilingkungan hidup
bull UU No 7 tahun 1996 tentang Pangan pasal 13 yang mengantisipasiproduk pangan yang dihasilkan melalui rekayasa genetika
bull Peraturan Pemerintah No 29 tahun 2000 tentang PerlindunganVarietas Tanaman yang memberikan batasan-batasan perlindungan
bull Keputusan Bersama Menristek MenKes dan Mentan Tahun 2004 tentang Pembentukan Komisi Bioetika Nasional
bull UU No 13 tahun 2010 tentang Hortikultura
Dasar hukumbull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian
Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK (RPP PeneltianBerisiko Tinggi) Pasal 22ndash 1)Pemerintah menjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa
dan negara serta keseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup
ndash 2)Untuk melaksanakan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksuddalam ayat (1) pemerintah mengatur perizinan bagipelaksanaan kegiatan penelitian pengembangan danpenerapan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berisikotinggi dan berbahaya dengan memperhatikan standarnasional dan ketentuan yang berlaku secara internasional
ndash 3)Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (2) diaturlebih lanjut dalam Peraturan Pemerintah
Dasar hukum
bull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK -
bull PP No 412006 Perizinan Melakukan Litbang bagiPerguruan TinggiAsing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan BadanUsaha Asing dan Orang Asing
bull Pasal 20ndash 1)Perguruan Tinggi Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan
Usaha Asing dan Orang Asing tidak membawa sampel danatauspesimen bahan litbang keluar wilayah NKRI
bull Pasal 21 ndash 1)Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan litbang i Perguruan Tinggi
Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan Usaha Asing dan OrangAsing tetap menghormati adat istiadat dan norma-normakebudayaan yang berlaku di tempat kegiatan litbang
Tugas Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 2 PP No 412006 )
ndash memajukan telaah masalah yang terkait dengan prinsip-prinsip bioetika
ndash memberi pertimbangan kepada Pemerintah mengenai aspek bioetika dalam penelitian pengembangan dan penerapan Iptek yang berbasis pada ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan
ndash menyebarluaskan pemahaman umum mengenai bioetika
Fungsi Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 3 PP No 412006 )
bull 1Penelaahan prinsip-prinsip bioetika dalam memajukaniptek serta mengkaji dampaknya pada masyarakat
bull 2Peninjauan etika terhadap arah perkembangan iptek khususnya ilmu-ilmu hayati
bull 3Pemberian pertimbangan kepada pemerintahbull 4Pengembangan pedoman nasional bioetikabull 5Pelayanan informasi dari dan kepada pemerintah
masyarakat luasbull 6Penguatan jaringan antar kelompok yang berkepentingan
dengan aspek etikabull 7Penyelenggaraan kerjasama di forum internasionalbull 8Penyelenggaraan fungsi-fungsi lain di bidang bioetika
yang berkaitan dengan tugas komisi
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Jadi
bull Bioetika terkait dengan kegiatan yang mencarijawab dan menawarkan pemecahan masalah darikonflik moral
bull Konflik moral yang dimaksud meliputi konflikyang timbul dari kemajuan pesat ilmu-ilmupengetahuan hayati dan kedokteran yang diikutioleh penerapan teknologi yang terkait dengannya
bull Dalam pada itu bioetika dapat pula dilihat sebagaicabang ilmu pengetahuan tersendiri yang berkenaan dengan konflik tersebut
Ciri-ciri bioetika
bull 1Interdisiplinerilitas -melibatkan ilmu pertanian hayati biomedis hukum ilmu sosial teologi dll
bull 2Internasionalisasi ndashproblem-problem etis yang ditimbulkan dalam perkembangan ilmu-ilmu hayati bersifat internasional
bull 3Plularisme -banyak golongan dan pandangan diikutsertakan
Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia yangterkait ldquobioetikardquodalam sistem PBBKNRT
Dasar hukum
bull Perubahan Keempat UUD 45 Pasal 31 ayat (5) yang menyatakanbahwaldquoPemerintah memajukan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologidengan menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai agamadan persatuan bangsauntuk memajukan peradaban serta kesejahteraan umat manusiardquo
bull UU No18 Tahun 2002 tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK pada pasal 22 Pemerintahmenjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa dan negara sertakeseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsilingkungan hidup
bull UU No 7 tahun 1996 tentang Pangan pasal 13 yang mengantisipasiproduk pangan yang dihasilkan melalui rekayasa genetika
bull Peraturan Pemerintah No 29 tahun 2000 tentang PerlindunganVarietas Tanaman yang memberikan batasan-batasan perlindungan
bull Keputusan Bersama Menristek MenKes dan Mentan Tahun 2004 tentang Pembentukan Komisi Bioetika Nasional
bull UU No 13 tahun 2010 tentang Hortikultura
Dasar hukumbull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian
Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK (RPP PeneltianBerisiko Tinggi) Pasal 22ndash 1)Pemerintah menjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa
dan negara serta keseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup
ndash 2)Untuk melaksanakan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksuddalam ayat (1) pemerintah mengatur perizinan bagipelaksanaan kegiatan penelitian pengembangan danpenerapan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berisikotinggi dan berbahaya dengan memperhatikan standarnasional dan ketentuan yang berlaku secara internasional
ndash 3)Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (2) diaturlebih lanjut dalam Peraturan Pemerintah
Dasar hukum
bull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK -
bull PP No 412006 Perizinan Melakukan Litbang bagiPerguruan TinggiAsing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan BadanUsaha Asing dan Orang Asing
bull Pasal 20ndash 1)Perguruan Tinggi Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan
Usaha Asing dan Orang Asing tidak membawa sampel danatauspesimen bahan litbang keluar wilayah NKRI
bull Pasal 21 ndash 1)Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan litbang i Perguruan Tinggi
Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan Usaha Asing dan OrangAsing tetap menghormati adat istiadat dan norma-normakebudayaan yang berlaku di tempat kegiatan litbang
Tugas Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 2 PP No 412006 )
ndash memajukan telaah masalah yang terkait dengan prinsip-prinsip bioetika
ndash memberi pertimbangan kepada Pemerintah mengenai aspek bioetika dalam penelitian pengembangan dan penerapan Iptek yang berbasis pada ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan
ndash menyebarluaskan pemahaman umum mengenai bioetika
Fungsi Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 3 PP No 412006 )
bull 1Penelaahan prinsip-prinsip bioetika dalam memajukaniptek serta mengkaji dampaknya pada masyarakat
bull 2Peninjauan etika terhadap arah perkembangan iptek khususnya ilmu-ilmu hayati
bull 3Pemberian pertimbangan kepada pemerintahbull 4Pengembangan pedoman nasional bioetikabull 5Pelayanan informasi dari dan kepada pemerintah
masyarakat luasbull 6Penguatan jaringan antar kelompok yang berkepentingan
dengan aspek etikabull 7Penyelenggaraan kerjasama di forum internasionalbull 8Penyelenggaraan fungsi-fungsi lain di bidang bioetika
yang berkaitan dengan tugas komisi
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Ciri-ciri bioetika
bull 1Interdisiplinerilitas -melibatkan ilmu pertanian hayati biomedis hukum ilmu sosial teologi dll
bull 2Internasionalisasi ndashproblem-problem etis yang ditimbulkan dalam perkembangan ilmu-ilmu hayati bersifat internasional
bull 3Plularisme -banyak golongan dan pandangan diikutsertakan
Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia yangterkait ldquobioetikardquodalam sistem PBBKNRT
Dasar hukum
bull Perubahan Keempat UUD 45 Pasal 31 ayat (5) yang menyatakanbahwaldquoPemerintah memajukan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologidengan menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai agamadan persatuan bangsauntuk memajukan peradaban serta kesejahteraan umat manusiardquo
bull UU No18 Tahun 2002 tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK pada pasal 22 Pemerintahmenjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa dan negara sertakeseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsilingkungan hidup
bull UU No 7 tahun 1996 tentang Pangan pasal 13 yang mengantisipasiproduk pangan yang dihasilkan melalui rekayasa genetika
bull Peraturan Pemerintah No 29 tahun 2000 tentang PerlindunganVarietas Tanaman yang memberikan batasan-batasan perlindungan
bull Keputusan Bersama Menristek MenKes dan Mentan Tahun 2004 tentang Pembentukan Komisi Bioetika Nasional
bull UU No 13 tahun 2010 tentang Hortikultura
Dasar hukumbull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian
Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK (RPP PeneltianBerisiko Tinggi) Pasal 22ndash 1)Pemerintah menjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa
dan negara serta keseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup
ndash 2)Untuk melaksanakan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksuddalam ayat (1) pemerintah mengatur perizinan bagipelaksanaan kegiatan penelitian pengembangan danpenerapan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berisikotinggi dan berbahaya dengan memperhatikan standarnasional dan ketentuan yang berlaku secara internasional
ndash 3)Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (2) diaturlebih lanjut dalam Peraturan Pemerintah
Dasar hukum
bull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK -
bull PP No 412006 Perizinan Melakukan Litbang bagiPerguruan TinggiAsing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan BadanUsaha Asing dan Orang Asing
bull Pasal 20ndash 1)Perguruan Tinggi Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan
Usaha Asing dan Orang Asing tidak membawa sampel danatauspesimen bahan litbang keluar wilayah NKRI
bull Pasal 21 ndash 1)Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan litbang i Perguruan Tinggi
Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan Usaha Asing dan OrangAsing tetap menghormati adat istiadat dan norma-normakebudayaan yang berlaku di tempat kegiatan litbang
Tugas Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 2 PP No 412006 )
ndash memajukan telaah masalah yang terkait dengan prinsip-prinsip bioetika
ndash memberi pertimbangan kepada Pemerintah mengenai aspek bioetika dalam penelitian pengembangan dan penerapan Iptek yang berbasis pada ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan
ndash menyebarluaskan pemahaman umum mengenai bioetika
Fungsi Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 3 PP No 412006 )
bull 1Penelaahan prinsip-prinsip bioetika dalam memajukaniptek serta mengkaji dampaknya pada masyarakat
bull 2Peninjauan etika terhadap arah perkembangan iptek khususnya ilmu-ilmu hayati
bull 3Pemberian pertimbangan kepada pemerintahbull 4Pengembangan pedoman nasional bioetikabull 5Pelayanan informasi dari dan kepada pemerintah
masyarakat luasbull 6Penguatan jaringan antar kelompok yang berkepentingan
dengan aspek etikabull 7Penyelenggaraan kerjasama di forum internasionalbull 8Penyelenggaraan fungsi-fungsi lain di bidang bioetika
yang berkaitan dengan tugas komisi
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia yangterkait ldquobioetikardquodalam sistem PBBKNRT
Dasar hukum
bull Perubahan Keempat UUD 45 Pasal 31 ayat (5) yang menyatakanbahwaldquoPemerintah memajukan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologidengan menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai agamadan persatuan bangsauntuk memajukan peradaban serta kesejahteraan umat manusiardquo
bull UU No18 Tahun 2002 tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK pada pasal 22 Pemerintahmenjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa dan negara sertakeseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsilingkungan hidup
bull UU No 7 tahun 1996 tentang Pangan pasal 13 yang mengantisipasiproduk pangan yang dihasilkan melalui rekayasa genetika
bull Peraturan Pemerintah No 29 tahun 2000 tentang PerlindunganVarietas Tanaman yang memberikan batasan-batasan perlindungan
bull Keputusan Bersama Menristek MenKes dan Mentan Tahun 2004 tentang Pembentukan Komisi Bioetika Nasional
bull UU No 13 tahun 2010 tentang Hortikultura
Dasar hukumbull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian
Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK (RPP PeneltianBerisiko Tinggi) Pasal 22ndash 1)Pemerintah menjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa
dan negara serta keseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup
ndash 2)Untuk melaksanakan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksuddalam ayat (1) pemerintah mengatur perizinan bagipelaksanaan kegiatan penelitian pengembangan danpenerapan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berisikotinggi dan berbahaya dengan memperhatikan standarnasional dan ketentuan yang berlaku secara internasional
ndash 3)Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (2) diaturlebih lanjut dalam Peraturan Pemerintah
Dasar hukum
bull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK -
bull PP No 412006 Perizinan Melakukan Litbang bagiPerguruan TinggiAsing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan BadanUsaha Asing dan Orang Asing
bull Pasal 20ndash 1)Perguruan Tinggi Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan
Usaha Asing dan Orang Asing tidak membawa sampel danatauspesimen bahan litbang keluar wilayah NKRI
bull Pasal 21 ndash 1)Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan litbang i Perguruan Tinggi
Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan Usaha Asing dan OrangAsing tetap menghormati adat istiadat dan norma-normakebudayaan yang berlaku di tempat kegiatan litbang
Tugas Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 2 PP No 412006 )
ndash memajukan telaah masalah yang terkait dengan prinsip-prinsip bioetika
ndash memberi pertimbangan kepada Pemerintah mengenai aspek bioetika dalam penelitian pengembangan dan penerapan Iptek yang berbasis pada ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan
ndash menyebarluaskan pemahaman umum mengenai bioetika
Fungsi Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 3 PP No 412006 )
bull 1Penelaahan prinsip-prinsip bioetika dalam memajukaniptek serta mengkaji dampaknya pada masyarakat
bull 2Peninjauan etika terhadap arah perkembangan iptek khususnya ilmu-ilmu hayati
bull 3Pemberian pertimbangan kepada pemerintahbull 4Pengembangan pedoman nasional bioetikabull 5Pelayanan informasi dari dan kepada pemerintah
masyarakat luasbull 6Penguatan jaringan antar kelompok yang berkepentingan
dengan aspek etikabull 7Penyelenggaraan kerjasama di forum internasionalbull 8Penyelenggaraan fungsi-fungsi lain di bidang bioetika
yang berkaitan dengan tugas komisi
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Dasar hukum
bull Perubahan Keempat UUD 45 Pasal 31 ayat (5) yang menyatakanbahwaldquoPemerintah memajukan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologidengan menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai agamadan persatuan bangsauntuk memajukan peradaban serta kesejahteraan umat manusiardquo
bull UU No18 Tahun 2002 tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK pada pasal 22 Pemerintahmenjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa dan negara sertakeseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsilingkungan hidup
bull UU No 7 tahun 1996 tentang Pangan pasal 13 yang mengantisipasiproduk pangan yang dihasilkan melalui rekayasa genetika
bull Peraturan Pemerintah No 29 tahun 2000 tentang PerlindunganVarietas Tanaman yang memberikan batasan-batasan perlindungan
bull Keputusan Bersama Menristek MenKes dan Mentan Tahun 2004 tentang Pembentukan Komisi Bioetika Nasional
bull UU No 13 tahun 2010 tentang Hortikultura
Dasar hukumbull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian
Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK (RPP PeneltianBerisiko Tinggi) Pasal 22ndash 1)Pemerintah menjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa
dan negara serta keseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup
ndash 2)Untuk melaksanakan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksuddalam ayat (1) pemerintah mengatur perizinan bagipelaksanaan kegiatan penelitian pengembangan danpenerapan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berisikotinggi dan berbahaya dengan memperhatikan standarnasional dan ketentuan yang berlaku secara internasional
ndash 3)Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (2) diaturlebih lanjut dalam Peraturan Pemerintah
Dasar hukum
bull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK -
bull PP No 412006 Perizinan Melakukan Litbang bagiPerguruan TinggiAsing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan BadanUsaha Asing dan Orang Asing
bull Pasal 20ndash 1)Perguruan Tinggi Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan
Usaha Asing dan Orang Asing tidak membawa sampel danatauspesimen bahan litbang keluar wilayah NKRI
bull Pasal 21 ndash 1)Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan litbang i Perguruan Tinggi
Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan Usaha Asing dan OrangAsing tetap menghormati adat istiadat dan norma-normakebudayaan yang berlaku di tempat kegiatan litbang
Tugas Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 2 PP No 412006 )
ndash memajukan telaah masalah yang terkait dengan prinsip-prinsip bioetika
ndash memberi pertimbangan kepada Pemerintah mengenai aspek bioetika dalam penelitian pengembangan dan penerapan Iptek yang berbasis pada ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan
ndash menyebarluaskan pemahaman umum mengenai bioetika
Fungsi Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 3 PP No 412006 )
bull 1Penelaahan prinsip-prinsip bioetika dalam memajukaniptek serta mengkaji dampaknya pada masyarakat
bull 2Peninjauan etika terhadap arah perkembangan iptek khususnya ilmu-ilmu hayati
bull 3Pemberian pertimbangan kepada pemerintahbull 4Pengembangan pedoman nasional bioetikabull 5Pelayanan informasi dari dan kepada pemerintah
masyarakat luasbull 6Penguatan jaringan antar kelompok yang berkepentingan
dengan aspek etikabull 7Penyelenggaraan kerjasama di forum internasionalbull 8Penyelenggaraan fungsi-fungsi lain di bidang bioetika
yang berkaitan dengan tugas komisi
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Dasar hukumbull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian
Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK (RPP PeneltianBerisiko Tinggi) Pasal 22ndash 1)Pemerintah menjamin kepentingan masyarakat bangsa
dan negara serta keseimbangan tata kehidupan manusia dengan kelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup
ndash 2)Untuk melaksanakan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksuddalam ayat (1) pemerintah mengatur perizinan bagipelaksanaan kegiatan penelitian pengembangan danpenerapan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berisikotinggi dan berbahaya dengan memperhatikan standarnasional dan ketentuan yang berlaku secara internasional
ndash 3)Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (2) diaturlebih lanjut dalam Peraturan Pemerintah
Dasar hukum
bull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK -
bull PP No 412006 Perizinan Melakukan Litbang bagiPerguruan TinggiAsing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan BadanUsaha Asing dan Orang Asing
bull Pasal 20ndash 1)Perguruan Tinggi Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan
Usaha Asing dan Orang Asing tidak membawa sampel danatauspesimen bahan litbang keluar wilayah NKRI
bull Pasal 21 ndash 1)Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan litbang i Perguruan Tinggi
Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan Usaha Asing dan OrangAsing tetap menghormati adat istiadat dan norma-normakebudayaan yang berlaku di tempat kegiatan litbang
Tugas Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 2 PP No 412006 )
ndash memajukan telaah masalah yang terkait dengan prinsip-prinsip bioetika
ndash memberi pertimbangan kepada Pemerintah mengenai aspek bioetika dalam penelitian pengembangan dan penerapan Iptek yang berbasis pada ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan
ndash menyebarluaskan pemahaman umum mengenai bioetika
Fungsi Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 3 PP No 412006 )
bull 1Penelaahan prinsip-prinsip bioetika dalam memajukaniptek serta mengkaji dampaknya pada masyarakat
bull 2Peninjauan etika terhadap arah perkembangan iptek khususnya ilmu-ilmu hayati
bull 3Pemberian pertimbangan kepada pemerintahbull 4Pengembangan pedoman nasional bioetikabull 5Pelayanan informasi dari dan kepada pemerintah
masyarakat luasbull 6Penguatan jaringan antar kelompok yang berkepentingan
dengan aspek etikabull 7Penyelenggaraan kerjasama di forum internasionalbull 8Penyelenggaraan fungsi-fungsi lain di bidang bioetika
yang berkaitan dengan tugas komisi
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Dasar hukum
bull UU No 182002 Tentang Sistem Nasional Penelitian Pengembangan dan Penerapan IPTEK -
bull PP No 412006 Perizinan Melakukan Litbang bagiPerguruan TinggiAsing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan BadanUsaha Asing dan Orang Asing
bull Pasal 20ndash 1)Perguruan Tinggi Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan
Usaha Asing dan Orang Asing tidak membawa sampel danatauspesimen bahan litbang keluar wilayah NKRI
bull Pasal 21 ndash 1)Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan litbang i Perguruan Tinggi
Asing Lembaga Litbang Asing dan Badan Usaha Asing dan OrangAsing tetap menghormati adat istiadat dan norma-normakebudayaan yang berlaku di tempat kegiatan litbang
Tugas Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 2 PP No 412006 )
ndash memajukan telaah masalah yang terkait dengan prinsip-prinsip bioetika
ndash memberi pertimbangan kepada Pemerintah mengenai aspek bioetika dalam penelitian pengembangan dan penerapan Iptek yang berbasis pada ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan
ndash menyebarluaskan pemahaman umum mengenai bioetika
Fungsi Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 3 PP No 412006 )
bull 1Penelaahan prinsip-prinsip bioetika dalam memajukaniptek serta mengkaji dampaknya pada masyarakat
bull 2Peninjauan etika terhadap arah perkembangan iptek khususnya ilmu-ilmu hayati
bull 3Pemberian pertimbangan kepada pemerintahbull 4Pengembangan pedoman nasional bioetikabull 5Pelayanan informasi dari dan kepada pemerintah
masyarakat luasbull 6Penguatan jaringan antar kelompok yang berkepentingan
dengan aspek etikabull 7Penyelenggaraan kerjasama di forum internasionalbull 8Penyelenggaraan fungsi-fungsi lain di bidang bioetika
yang berkaitan dengan tugas komisi
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Tugas Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 2 PP No 412006 )
ndash memajukan telaah masalah yang terkait dengan prinsip-prinsip bioetika
ndash memberi pertimbangan kepada Pemerintah mengenai aspek bioetika dalam penelitian pengembangan dan penerapan Iptek yang berbasis pada ilmu pengetahuan hayati dan
ndash menyebarluaskan pemahaman umum mengenai bioetika
Fungsi Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 3 PP No 412006 )
bull 1Penelaahan prinsip-prinsip bioetika dalam memajukaniptek serta mengkaji dampaknya pada masyarakat
bull 2Peninjauan etika terhadap arah perkembangan iptek khususnya ilmu-ilmu hayati
bull 3Pemberian pertimbangan kepada pemerintahbull 4Pengembangan pedoman nasional bioetikabull 5Pelayanan informasi dari dan kepada pemerintah
masyarakat luasbull 6Penguatan jaringan antar kelompok yang berkepentingan
dengan aspek etikabull 7Penyelenggaraan kerjasama di forum internasionalbull 8Penyelenggaraan fungsi-fungsi lain di bidang bioetika
yang berkaitan dengan tugas komisi
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Fungsi Komisi Bioetika Nasional (Pasal 3 PP No 412006 )
bull 1Penelaahan prinsip-prinsip bioetika dalam memajukaniptek serta mengkaji dampaknya pada masyarakat
bull 2Peninjauan etika terhadap arah perkembangan iptek khususnya ilmu-ilmu hayati
bull 3Pemberian pertimbangan kepada pemerintahbull 4Pengembangan pedoman nasional bioetikabull 5Pelayanan informasi dari dan kepada pemerintah
masyarakat luasbull 6Penguatan jaringan antar kelompok yang berkepentingan
dengan aspek etikabull 7Penyelenggaraan kerjasama di forum internasionalbull 8Penyelenggaraan fungsi-fungsi lain di bidang bioetika
yang berkaitan dengan tugas komisi
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Kegiatan Riset
bull Riset di bidang bioteknologi dilakukan oleh banyakUniversitasLembaga Penelitian Universitas Brawijaya PAU Biotek IPB ITB dan UGM FKUI FMIPA UI Jur Biologi LBM Eijkman Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI PuslitBiologi LIPI Balitbang DepTan BPPT dll
bull Jenis riset berbasis biologi molekuler dan rekayasagenetika eksperimen transgenik di bidang pertanian
bull Tantangan luar yang boleh jadi akan masuk kloning eksperimen stem cells (=sel punca) xerotransplantasi dll
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
BIOETIKA TANAMAN
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Penelitian tanaman
bull Semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan penelitiandi di bidang tanaman juga semakin berkembang
bull Setiap penelian tanaman hakekatnya harus ditujukanuntuk kemaslahatan manusia (dan ekonomis dipertimbangkan manfaat dan mudharatnya)
bull Penelitian tanaman yang bertujuan untukkemaslahatan manusia harusndash menggunakan bahan yang baik
ndash dipersiapkan dengan benar
ndash mengikuti prosedur yang benar dan
ndash menghasilkan produk yang baik
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Penelitian tanaman
bull Diperlukan aturan untuk menentukan bahan penelitianyang baik menentukan prosedur yang benar sertamenangani produk penelitian dengan benar sehinggaproses maupun hasil penelitian tidak mengganggukemaslahatan manusia
bull Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada yang bermanfaat sajatanpa segi merugikan sebaliknya tidak ada yang hanyamerugikan saja tanpa segi menguntungkan
bull Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah sebanyak mungkinmemunculkan segi menguntungkan dan sesedikitmungkin aspek merugikan
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Bahan tanaman
bull Penggunaan bahan yang baik meliputi
ndash Nilai bahan itu sendiri
ndash cara mendapatkan bahan tersebut
ndash Faktor dalam bahan tanaman (gen) maupun faktor luar (lingkungan) dari tanaman harus dipertimbangkan
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Prosedur
bull Prosedur yang benar meliputi
ndash prosedur untuk mendapatkan bahan
ndash prosedur penanganan bahan
ndash prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian
ndash prosedur pelepasan produk penelitian harusdilaksanakan dengan benar
bull Penelitian di bidang tanaman meliputi penelitiandasar dan terapan mulai dari pemuliaantanaman budidaya sampai pasca panen
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Seeds seedlings and plant material are the basis for cultivation Good quality is vital here
bull Most propagating material however is conventionally grown Seeds treated with conventional products may be used only if users are unable to obtain non-treated seeds on the market
bull However organic growers are not allowed to use detergents or germination promoters In arable farming where seed production does not differ much from crop production organic growers use their own non-treated seeds as basic stock for self-fertilisingcrops such as cereals peas and beans
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Persyaratan bahan penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull According to EU Regulation 209291 on organic production after 31 December 2000 all propagating materials used in organic farming must be of organic origin This deadline applies particularly to propagation
bull Guidelines for the organic propagation of seeds vary within Europe In Switzerland seed stock can only be traded under the name of Demeter (biodynamic mark) after having run a two-year cycle on an organic farm The Netherlands follows Council Regulation (EEC) No 209291 which allows the use of the EKO mark for selected seeds that under current conditions have been multiplied for one cycle on an organic farm
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic agriculture has deliberately evolved in another direction
bull Organic farmers want a production level that is economically sound and viable from a sustainable farm management view
bull The demand on natural resources in and around the farm should not exceed capacity
bull Farm management is aimed at supporting the self-regulating ability of the soil the plants and the animals on the farm
bull The use of synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides is not allowed
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Persyaratan prosedur penelitiantanaman yang baik
bull Organic farmers do not want to raise production with additional applications of nitrogen and are more sensitive to natural variability in farm conditions
bull That is why organic farmers need varieties that adapt well to specific soil and fertilizer situations on each farm and that grow well at low fertility levels
bull More than conventional farmers organic farmers greatly value varieties that contribute substantially to weed reduction that have a high resistance to disease and pests and a high product quality for example in taste
bull According to the ecological principles of organic agriculture a crop must be able to complete its life cycle in natural circumstances
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull Untuk Genetically Modified Organism Cartagena protocolbull The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11 2003 Now 100 countries have signed up
bull In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity taking also into account risks to human health
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull For Greenpeace the protocol is an important step in the protection of biodiversity
bull It explicitly recognizes a much needed precautionary approach to the environmental release of GE organisms
bull The precautionary principle is at the heart of this agreement This means that countries have the right to ban or restrict the import and use of GE (genetically engineered) organisms when there is a lack of scientific knowledge or consensus regarding their safety
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Persyaratan prosedur pelepasantanaman yang baik
bull The protocol requires that countries are informed and agree in advance to imports of GE crops B
bull Before countries are allowed to export any genetically engineered organisms destined for intentional introduction into the environment they must first obtain the importing countrys explicit consent
bull The need of such a strong Biosafety Protocol is illustrated by the genetic contamination of maize in Mexico This was the first case of genetic pollution in a centre of origin and diversity of a major food crop
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
KOMISI ETIK PENELITIANUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
Disiapkan Kuswanto
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Organisasi dan keanggotaan
bull Komisi etik penelitian adalah bagian integral dan organisasi LPPM UB
bull Secara administratif Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab kepada Ketua LPPM sedangkan secara ilmiah adalah independen
bull Jumlah anggota komisi etik penelitian UB berjumlah 10 (sepuluh ) orang yang ditetapkan melalui surat keputusan ketua LPPM
bull Komposisi keanggotaan memperhatikan aspek keanekaragaman disiplin ilmu keahlian dan pengalaman penelitian
bull Struktur organisasi komisi etik penelitian terdiri atas Pelindung Penasehat Ketua Wakil Ketua Sekretanis dan Anggota
bull Masa tugas komisi etik penelitian selama 3 (tiga) tahun dan dapat dipilih kembali
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 1 Komisi etik penelitian bertanggung jawab untuk memberikan pertimbangan dan keterangan kelaikan etik bagi peneliti
bull 2 Pegangan pelaksanaan tugas komisi etik penelitian adalah (a) berupaya sedapat mungkin untuk melindungi keselamatan subyek peneliti dan institusi (b) memacu kesadaran peneliti akan arti etik penelitian (c) tidak menghalangi dan menghambat upaya penelitian
bull 3 Mekanisme penilaian dilakukan secara efektif dan efisienbull 4 Seminar usulan diadakan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
klarifikasi tentang beberapa hal yang dianggap tidak jelas
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
TATA KERJA KOMISI ETIK PENELITIAN
bull 5 Anggota komisi etik penelitian diberi kesempatan untuk menanyakan hal-hal yang menyangkut etik pada waktu seminar
bull 6 Pada waktu penyajian dan diskusi dengan peneliti anggota komisi etik penelitian mengisi borang checklist
bull 7 Setelah seminar dilanjutkan diskusi internal komisi etik penelitian tanpa dihadiri oleh peneliti untuk menetapkan hasil
bull 8 Rapat memutuskan salah satu di antara pilihan yaitu disetujui disetujui dengan perbaikan dan ditolak
bull 9 Hasil rapat komisi etik penelitian dilaporkan secana tertulis kepada pada ketua LPPM
bull 10 Sertifikat kelaikan etik dibuat dalam rangkap dua untuk peneliti dan arsip
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
AZAS KEJUJURAN
bull Peneliti mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya secara jujur apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap subyek penelitian serta resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Asas Tidak Merugikan
bull Peneliti harus mempunyai pedoman mengutamakan tindakan yang tidak merugikan subyek penelitian Semua resiko yang mungkin dapat terjadi baik secara fisik psikologik maupun sosial harus diupayakan sekecil mungkin Komite etik harus melarang penggunaan spesies langka untuk tujuan eksperimental
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Asas Manfaat
bull Semua tindakan peneliti harus dapatmemberikan manfaat yang sebesar-besamyauntuk membantu subyek penelitian ataubermanfaat bagi ilmu pengetahuan
bull Manfaat tersebut tidak boleh hanya dipandangdan sudut peneliti maupun institusi peneliti Untuk itu peneliti diwajibkan membuat kerangkapenelitian yang berlandaskan pengetahuan yang sahih berlaku secara umum dan dapatdipertanggungjawabkan
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Asas Respek terhadap Lingkungan
bull Penelitian yang dilakukan harus tetap berdasarkan respek terhadap lingkungan dipandang dan konteks sosial budaya dan kemasyarakatan sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip dasar dan kelaikan etik Penelitian ini juga tetap menekankan pada perlindungan terhadap lingkungan (hewan-hewan lainnya peneliti dan lingkungan disekitarnya)
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Hunsa Punnapayak PhD
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit
Faculty of Science Department of Botany
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok Thailand
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
What Is Ethics
bull Ethics is the careful study of values to help us decide what we ought to do
bull Ethics is critical thinking about right and wrong action
Ethics on Applying Biotechnology
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Complete vs Falsifiability accuracy in scientific theories Science is progressive
1 Human error acknowledgement in the same journal
2 Fraud cooking data select conceal Trimming data changing to meet
expectation fabrication making up data
3 Allocation of credit4 Plagiarism
Misleading deceptive
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
bull Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
bull Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
bull Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
bull Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
bull Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
bull Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
bull Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
bull Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
bull Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
bull Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
bull Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
bull Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
bull Overworking neglecting or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
bull Failing to keep good research records
bull Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
bull Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of authors submission
bull Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
bull Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
bull Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institutions Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
bull Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
bull Wasting animals in research
bull Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institutions biosafety rules
bull Rejecting a manuscript for publication without even reading it
bull Sabotaging someones work
bull Stealing supplies books or data
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
bull Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
bull Making unauthorized copies of data papers or computer programs
bull Owning over $10000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
bull Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Trimming
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Plagiarism
httpwritingcenterunceduresourceshandouts-demoscitationplagiarism
ldquoThe deliberate or reckless representation of anothers words thoughts or ideas as ones own without attribution in connection with submission of academic work whether graded or otherwise
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
How can I avoid plagiarizing
bull Using citations
bull Improve your note-taking and paraphrasing skills
bull Use The Tool ldquoPlagiarism checkerrdquo
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
The Plagiarism checker
httpwwwamitbhawanicomblogfree-plagiarism-detectors
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Case study science ethics
Case1 Hwang Woo Suk bull Dr Hwang Woo Suk published a paper
in the journal Science that claimed his team had successfully obtained stem cells from cloned human embryos But allegations from co-workers that he had falsified data followed and he later resigned from Seoul National University A university panel investigated Dr Hwangs results and announced that he had fabricated data
The New York Times
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Case 2 Tom and Dr Q
bull The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr Q He has only 5 mice left to test However he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results
bull Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data If this study were sponsored by a federal agency such as the NIH his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct which the government defines as fabrication falsification or plagiarism (or FFP)
httpwwwniehsnihgovresearchresourcesbioethicswhatis
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Ethics in forestry
bull Forests are one of the most precious renewable natural resources
bull Several biotic and non-biotic resources to make goods and services for the benefit of people
bull Richest composition of terrestrial ecosystems
bull Supporting diversity of life and extending the impacts of their ecosystem functions and biochemical circles of matter and energy
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Ethics in forestry
bull Forest and other industries (paper wood etc)
bull harm and risk
Road ways
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
bullencroachment and tourism
bullResearch (surveying and sampling)
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
Ethics in forestryNursing a tree of morality and caring the tree of
sustainability should be done in the one and same forest With the commitments of professions sciences and institutions engaged in and around forests in dialogue with the rest of society we can further the contribution of forests for the good life in this lonely planet
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