Download - KONSEP DASAR TRANSFER PRICING

KONSEP DASAR TRANSFER PRICING

KONSEP DASAR TRANSFER PRICINGHUBUNGAN ISTIMEWA, THE ARMS LENGTH PRINCIPLE, COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS, TRANSFER PRICING METHOD, AND EXTERNAL DATABASE

1Referensi :Transfer Pricing : Suatu Tinjauan Akuntansi, Manajemen dan PajakS-153/PJ.04/2010, tanggal 31 Maret 2010 Perihal : Panduan Pemeriksaan Kewajaran Transaksi AfiliasiTransfer Pricing ?Harga yang diperhitungkan untuk keperluan pengendalian manajemen atas transfer barang dan / atau jasa atar pusat responsibilitas profit atau cost ( Tsurumi, 1984 )What is Transfer PricingDetermining transfer pricing in the absence of market forces makes it possible for MNE to report incorrect amount of taxable income.This has led to the rise of transfer pricing regulations which prevent MNE for setting any arbitrary price between related parties.

4Kapan Transfer Pricing mulai ?Pasal 18 ayat (4) (a) UU Pajak PenghasilanHubungan antara Wajib Pajak yang mempunyai penyertaan 25% atau lebih pada pihak yang lain, atau hubungan antara Wajib Pajak yang mempunyai penyertaan 25% atau lebih pada dua pihak atau lebih, demikian pula hubungan antara dua pihak atau lebih yang disebut terakhir.Kepemilikan atau penyertaan modal.

HUBUNGAN ISTIMEWA6Pasal 18 ayat (4) (a) UU Pajak PenghasilanBAA Menguasai BCABC = Wajib Pajak atau seseorangC Menguasai A dan B

7HUBUNGAN ISTIMEWAPasal 18 ayat (4) (b) UU Pajak PenghasilanHubungan antara dua atau lebih Wajib Pajak yang berada di bawah pemilikan atau penguasaan yang sama baik langsung maupun tidak langsung.Hubungan istimewa di antara Wajib Pajak dapat juga terjadi karena penguasaan melalui manajemen atau penggunaan teknologi walaupun tidak terdapat hubungan kepemilikan.

Hubungan istimewa dianggap ada apabila satu atau lebih perusahaan berada di bawah penguasaan yang sama. Demikian juga hubungan di antara beberapa perusahaan yang berada dalam penguasaan yang sama tersebut.

8Pasal 18 ayat (4) (b) UU Pajak PenghasilanContoh Hubungan Istimewa Karena PenguasaanACBMr. X/ Management A20%60%A, B dan C merupakan pihak-pihak yang saling mempunyai hubungan istimewa, meskipun kepemilikan saham A pada B hanya 20%.IndonesiaLuar NegeriMr. X/ Management A

9Paragraph 1 of Article 9 of the UN Model Tax Convention provides specific definition of related parties, that is :Article 9 (1) Tax Treatyan enterprise of a Contracting State participates directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of the other Contracting State, orthe same persons participate directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of a Contracting State and an enterprise of the other Contracting State,10HUBUNGAN ISTIMEWAArt. 9 OECD Model mengatur hubungan istimewa dalam konteks Transfer Pricing sebagai berikut :Perusahaan A di Negara A berpatisipasi (participate) baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dalam manajemen, pengendalian atau kepemilikan modal dari perusahaan B di Negara B;Pihak yang sama (bisa berbentuk orang pribadi maupun perusahaan) berpartisipasi (participate) baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dalam manajemen, pengendalian atau kepemilikan saham dari perusahaan A di Negara A dan perusahaan B di Negara B.11Pengertian Pengendalianpengendalian manajemen baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, dan pengendalian atas perusahaan melalui kepemilikan saham menurut David Grecian dalam kongres International Fiscal Assosiation menyatakan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan pengendalian antara lain adalah :Mempunyai kewenangan untuk membuat keputusan yang terkait dengan kebijakan keuangan dan operasi dari suatu perusahaan;Mempunyai pengaruh untuk menentukan besarnya harga yang ditetapkan

Sedangkan yang dimaksud dengan berpartisipasi dalam suatu manajemen adalah ikut terlibat dalam pembuatan keputusan atas kegiatan operasi suatu perusahaan. Adapun yang dimaksud dengan manajemen adalah bisa level direktur maupun level manajer.12HUBUNGAN ISTIMEWAPasal 18 ayat (4) (c) UU Pajak Penghasilanterdapat hubungan keluarga baik sedarah maupun semenda dalam garis keturunan lurus dan/atau ke samping satu derajat.

Yang dimaksud dengan "hubungan keluarga sedarah dalam garis keturunan lurus satu derajat" adalah ayah, ibu, dan anak, sedangkan "hubungan keluarga sedarah dalam garis keturunan ke samping satu derajat" adalah saudara. Yang dimaksud dengan "keluarga semenda dalam garis keturunan lurus satu derajat" adalah mertua dan anak tiri, sedangkan "hubungan keluarga semenda dalam garis keturunan ke samping satu derajat" adalah ipar.

13IndonesiaOECDDefinition of Related PartiesControlled by ownership25% or moreAn enterprise of a Contracting State participates directly in the management, control or capital of enterprise of the other Contracting State The same persons participate directly or indirectly in the management, control, or capital of an enterprise of a Contracting State and an enterprise of the other Contracting StateControlled by substantial facts

direct or indirect control over another taxpayer; presence of control through management or technology utilisationA family relationship either through bloodline or through marriage within one degree of direct or indirect lineageTransactions subject to the arms length principle (ALP)Transaction between two enterprises that are considered to be related partiesTransaction between two enterprises that are considered to be related partiesIs the ALP applied for domestic transactions YESN/AComparison among Indonesia & OECD14Arms Length PrinciplePasal 18 ayat (3) UU PPh:Direktur Jenderal Pajak berwenang untuk menentukan kembali besarnya penghasilan dan pengurangan serta menentukan utang sebagai modal untuk menghitung besarnya Penghasilan Kena Pajak bagi Wajib Pajak yang mempunyai hubungan istimewa dengan Wajib Pajak lainnya sesuai dengan kewajaran dan kelaziman usaha yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh hubungan istimewa.ARMS LENGTH PRINCIPLE15ARMS LENGTH PRINCIPLEPenjelasan Pasal 18 ayat (3) UU PPh:Maksud diadakannya ketentuan ini adalah untuk mencegah terjadinya penghindaran pajak yang dapat terjadi karena adanya hubungan istimewa. Apabila terdapat hubungan istimewa, kemungkinan dapat terjadi penghasilan dilaporkan kurang dari semestinya ataupun pembebanan biaya melebihi dari yang seharusnya. Dalam hal demikian, Direktur Jenderal Pajak berwenang untuk menentukan kembali besarnya penghasilan dan/atau biaya sesuai dengan keadaan seandainya di antara para Wajib Pajak tersebut tidak terdapat hubungan istimewa. Dalam menentukan kembali jumlah penghasilan dan/atau biaya tersebut digunakan metode perbandingan harga antara pihak yang independen (comparable uncontrolled price method), metode harga penjualan kembali (resale price method), metode biaya-plus (cost-plus method), atau metode lainnya seperti metode pembagian laba (profit split method) dan metode laba bersih transaksional (transactional net margin method). 16ARMS LENGTH PRINCIPLEPenjelasan Pasal 18 ayat (3) UU PPh:Demikian pula kemungkinan terdapat penyertaan modal secara terselubung, dengan menyatakan penyertaan modal tersebut sebagai utang maka Direktur Jenderal Pajak berwenang untuk menentukan utang tersebut sebagai modal perusahaan. Penentuan tersebut dapat dilakukan, misalnya melalui indikasi mengenai perbandingan antara modal dan utang yang lazim terjadi di antara para pihak yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh hubungan istimewa atau berdasar data atau indikasi lainnya. Dengan demikian, bunga yang dibayarkan sehubungan dengan utang yang dianggap sebagai penyertaan modal itu tidak diperbolehkan untuk dikurangkan, sedangkan bagi pemegang saham yang menerima atau memperoleh bunga tersebut dianggap sebagai dividen yang dikenai pajak.

17ARMS LENGTH PRINCIPLEPasal 2 PER-43/PJ/2010Ayat (1) dan (2) menyatakan bahwa transaksi yang dilakukan Wajib Pajak dengan pihak-pihak yang mempunyai hubungan istimewa yang dapat mengakibatkan pelaporan jumlah penghasilan dan pengurangan untuk menghitung besarnya Penghasilan Kena Pajak bagi Wajib Pajak tidak sesuai dengan Prinsip Kewajaran dan Kelaziman Usaha (Arms Length Principle) meliputi antara lain :penjualan, pengalihan, pembelian atau perolehan barang berwujud maupun tidak berwujud;sewa, royalti, atau imbalan lain yang timbul akibat penyediaan atau pemanfaatan harta berwujud maupun tidak berwujud;Penghasilan atau pengeluaran sehubungan dengan penyerahan atau pemanfaatan jasa;Penyerahan atau perolehan harta dalam bentuk instrumen keuangan, dan penghasilan atau pengeluaran yang timbul akibat penyerahan atau perolehan harta dalam bentuk instrumen keuangan dimaksud.

18ARMS LENGTH PRINCIPLEPasal 3 PER-43/PJ/2010Ayat (1) menyatakan bahwa Wajib Pajak yang melakukan transaksi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 2 dengan pihak-pihak yang mempunyai Hubungan Istimewa wajib menerapkan Prinsip Kewajaran dan Kelaziman Usaha (Arms Length Principle).

Transaction within related parties based on Lamp. 3A SPT Badan :Penjualan/pembelian barang berwujud (bahan baku, barang jadi barang dagangan;Penjualan/pembelian barang modal, termasuk aktiva tetap;Penyerahan/pemanfaatan barang tidak berwujud;Peminjaman uang;Penyerahan jasa;Penyerahan/perolehan instrumen keuangan seperti saham dan obligasiDan lain-lain

19ARMS LENGTH PRINCIPLEPasal 1 butir 6 PER-43/PJ/2010 menjelaskan:Prinsip Kewajaran dan kelaziman Usaha (arms length principle/ALP) merupakan prinsip yang mengatur bahwa apabila kondisi dalam transaksi yang dilakukan antara pihak-pihak yang mempunyai Hubungan istimewa sama atau sebanding dengan kondisi dalam dalam transaksi yang dilakukan antara pihak-pihak yang tidak mempunyai Hubungan Istimewa yang menjadi pembanding, maka harga atau laba dalam transaksi yang dilakukan antara pihak-pihak yang mempunyai Hubungan Istimewa harus sama dengan atau berada dalam rentang harga atau laba dalam transaksi yang dilakukan antara pihak-pihak yang tidak mempunyai Hubungan Istimewa yang menjadi pembanding. 20ARMS LENGTH PRINCIPLEFaktor PenentuPembandingPertanyaanPrinsip KewajaranTransaksi IndependenApakah transaksi independen sebanding akan dinilai dengan harga yang sama ?Kelaziman UsahaPandangan ekonomis dari sektor usaha dimana Wajib Pajak melakukan transaksi afiliasiApakah kondisi dan PLI transaksi afiliasi, secara ekonomis merupakan kondisi yang berlaku dan sesuai dengan PLI sektor usaha Wajib Pajak ?21COMPARABILITY ANALYSISSignificance of the comparability analysis and meaning of comparable

generally based on a comparison of the conditions in a controlled transaction with the conditions in transactions between independent enterprises;in order for such comparisons to be useful, the economically relevant characteristics of the situations being compared must be sufficiently comparable;to be comparable means that none of the differences (if any) between the situations being compared could materially affect the condition being examined in the methodology (e.g. price or margin), or that reasonably accurate adjustments can be made to eliminate the effect of any such differences. in order to establish the degree of actual comparability and then make appropriate adjustments to establish arms length conditions (or a range thereof), it is necessary to compare attributes (five factors of comparability) of the transactions or enterprises that would affect conditions in arms length transactions.

22End of sesion TP -1COMPARABILITY ANALYSISFive factors determining comparabilityThe examination of the five comparability factors is by nature two-fold, i.e. it includes an examination of the factors affecting taxpayers controlled transactions and an examination of the factors affecting uncontrolled transactions.Both the nature of the controlled transaction and the transfer pricing method adopted should be taken into account when evaluating the relative importance of any missing piece of information on possible comparables, which can vary on a case-by-case basis.

The five factors comparability are:1. Characteristics of property or services2. Functional analysis3. Contractual terms4. Economic circumstances5. Business strategies

24COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS1. Characteristics of property or servicesTransfer of tangible property; the characteristics that may be important to consider are : the physical features of the property, its quality and reliability, and the availability and volume of supply.The provision of services; the characteristics that may be important to consider are : the nature and extent of the services.Intangibles property; the characteristics that may be important to consider are : the form of transaction (e.g. licensing or sale), the type of property (e.g. patent, trademark, or know-how, the duration and degree of protection, and the anticipated benefits from the use of the property.

25COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS2. Functional analysisCompensation usually will reflect the functions that each enterprise performs (taking into account assets used and risks assumed). Therefore, in determining whether controlled and uncontrolled transactions or entities are comparable, a functional analysis is necessary.

Functional analysis seeks to identify and compare the economically significant activities and responsibilities undertaken, assets used and risks assumed by the parties to the transactions.

Function : design, manufacturing, assembling, R & D, servicing, purchasing, distribution, marketing, advertising, transportation, financing and management.

Assets used : plant and equipment, the use of valuable intangibles, financial assets, ect. the nature of the assets used, such as the age, the market value, location, property right protections available.

Risks assumed : market risk, such as input cost and output price fluctuations; risks of loss associated with the investment in and use property, plant and equipment; risks of the success or failure of investment in R & D; financial risks such as those caused by currency exchange rate and interest rate variablility; credit risks.ect.

26COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS3. Contractual termsThe contractual terms of a transaction generally define explicitly or implicitly how the responsibilities, risks and benefits are to be divided between the parties.

An analysis of contractual terms should be a part of the functional analysis.

The terms of a transaction may also be found in correspondence / communications between the parties other than a written contract.

Where no written terms exist, the contractual relationships of the parties must be deduced from their conduct and the economic principles that generally govern relationships between independent enterprises.

27COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS4. Economic circumstancesArms length prices may vary across different markets even for transactions involving the same property or services; therefore, to achieve comparability requires that markets in which the independent and associated enterprises operate do not have differences that have material effect on price or that appropriate adjustments can be made.The factors to be considered : geographic location; the size of the markets; the extent of competition in the markets and the relative competitive positions of the buyers and sellers; the availability (risk thereof) of substitute goods and services; the levels of supply and demand in the market as a whole and in particular regions, if relevant; consumer purchasing power; the nature and extent of government regulation of the market; costs of production including the costs of land, labor, and capital; transport costs; the level of market (e.g. retail or wholesale); the date and time of transactions.

28COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS5. Business strategiesBusiness strategies would take into account may aspects of an enterprise such as innovation and new product development, degree of diversification, risk aversion, assessment of political changes, input or existing and planned labor laws, duration of arrangement, and other factors bearing upon the daily conduct of business.

Market penetration schemes : taxpayer seeking to penetrate a market or to increase its market share might temporarily charge a price for its product that is lower than the price charged for otherwise comparable products in the same market

29COMPARABILITY ANALYSISPerforming a comparability analysisThe comparability analysis always aims at finding the most reliable comparables;In order for process to be transparent, it is considered a good practice for a taxpayers that uses comparables to support its transfer pricing, or a tax administrations that uses comparables to support a transfer pricing adjustment;To provide appropriate supporting information for the other interested party to be able to assess the reliability of the comparables used.

30COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS







37COMPARABILITY ANALYSISTypical process of comparability analysis

StepAction1Determination of years to be covered2Broad-based analysis of the taxpayers circumstances3Understanding the controlled transaction(s) under examinations based in particular on functional analysis, in order to choose the tested party, the most appropriate transfer pricing method to the circumstances of the case, the financial indicator that will be tested, and to identify the significant comparability factors that should be taken into account. 4Review of existing internal comparables, if any5Determination of available sources of information on external comparables where such external comparables are needed taking into account their relative reliability6Selection of the most appropriate TPM and depending on the method, determination of the relevant financial indicator.7Identification of potential comparables8Determination of and making comparability adjustment where appropriate9Interpretation and use of data collected, determination of the arms length remuneration38TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)Methods of calculation of arms length price

Traditional MethodsComparable Uncontrolled Price (CUT) methodResale Price (RP) methodCost Plus (CP) methodTransactional profit MethodsProfit Split (PS) methods (Contributions PS, Residual PS, Comparable PS)Transactional Net Margin methods39TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)

40TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)

41TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)Comparable Uncontrolled Price

42TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)1. Comparable Uncontrolled PriceWhen using CUP, the comparable transaction and tested transaction sales/purchase of inventory assets should be the same or similar in terms of property, construction, functions ect and substantially the same in terms of conditions.

Result of reviewing comparable transactionsThe same type of productThe same market levelSubstantially the same in volume; the same terms of contractThe same business strategiesThe same role and functions of P; no intangible usedThe same market conditions; no government regulations.

Computing ALP applying CUP is appropriateIn the case there is a difference between the comparable and tested transactions, and the difference is not properly adjusted for in the price, CUP should not be applied.43TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)Resale Price

3. Cost Plus

44TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)2. Resale PriceA comparable transaction is a transaction where a third-party purchases/sells the same or similar inventory assets in terms of property, construction, functions etc, as the inventory assets traded in the tested transaction, from/to other third-parties.

Result of reviewing comparable transactionsDeem to have similar inventoryThe same market levelSubstantially the same in volume; the same terms of contractThe same business strategiesThe same role and functions of P; no intangible usedThe same market conditions; no government regulations.

Computing ALP applying RP is appropriateIn the case there is a difference between the comparable and tested transactions, in terms of the functions of the seller, and the difference is not properly adjusted for in the gross margin, the RP should be applied.

45TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)3. Cost PlusA comparable transaction is a transaction where a third-party manufactures/purchases the same or similar inventory assets in terms of property, construction, functions etc, as the inventory assets traded in the tested transaction, and resells them to other third-parties.

Result of reviewing comparable transactionsDeem to have similar inventoryThe same market levelSubstantially the same in volume; the same terms of contractThe same business strategiesThe same role and functions of P; no intangible usedThe same market conditions; no government regulations.

Computing ALP applying CP is appropriateIn the case there is a difference between the comparable and tested transactions, in terms of the sellers functions, and the difference is not properly adjusted for in the mark-up, the CP should be applied.

46TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)4. PS (Contribution PS Method)

47TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)5. TNMM

48TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)TNMM

Result of reviewing comparable transactions(no mention on the similarity inventory)No GP data available (or the cost of sales)No comparable transactions for CUP/CP method due to original technologies.Cannot make adjustments needed for difference affecting GP, no comparable transactions for the RP method.Comparable transactions available based on the operating margin.Prices tend be affected by differences in products, margin of gross profit on sales tends to be affected by differences in accounting principle. On the other hand, the operating margin is considered to be less susceptible to the effect of such differences. Computing ALP applying TNMM is appropriate

49TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)TNMM

Result of reviewing comparable transactionsLicenses original technologies; no comparable transactions for CUP/CP,Manufacturing and sales transactions; impossible to apply the RPImpossible to apply traditional methodComparable transactions available based on the operating margin.

Prices tend be affected by differences in products, margin of gross profit on sales tends to be affected by differences in accounting principle. On the other hand, the operating margin is considered to be less susceptible to the effect of such differences. Computing ALP applying TNMM is appropriate

50TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)TPM Comparison

51See this picture below :

ABA and B is comparable ?..............................(give your comment)52See this picture below :

CDC and D is comparable ?..............................(give your comment)53See this picture below :

EFE and F is comparable ?..............................(give your comment)54Memotret proses bisnis wajib Pajak

CharacteristicsFAR analysisContractual termsEconomic circumstancesBusiness strategiesApakah picture WP mewakili potret bisnis wajib pajak ???

Comparable picture A B C D

Comparable pictures

Picture WP comparable picture A, B, C ,D

Identifikasi & kuantifikasi beda kondisi57General market conditionsCompetitionGeographical structureHigh capital investmentHigh safety standardTerm od salesInterest rateAR turnover / AP turnoverdll

Identifikasi & kuantifikasi beda kondisiSee this picture below :

IJI and J are comparable but have a differences?can you make an adjustment ?59Database of Benchmark StudyNoCommercial DatabaseType of Database1DataIndo IntiswakarsaDIS-IBISWorldContains information business industrial report in Indonesia2BVDOSIRISContains information on approximately 45,000 listed and 17,000 major unlisted/delisted companies around the worldORBISContains comprehensive information on approximately 63 million companies around the worldORIANAContains comprehensive information on approximately 7.9 million listed and unlisted companies across the Asia-Pacific region.AMANDEUSContains comprehensive information on approximately 14.8 million listed and unlisted companies across Europe.3BLOOMBERG, COMPUSTAT, LEXIS NECIS, REUTERS, BBW, ONE-SOURCE, 10Q WIZARDS, GOOGLE FINANCE, YAHOO FINANCE, BPS, BEI, ect.60EXAMPLE of a COMPARABLE SEARCH

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