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_dij 4

@d` M

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_dij 0

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_dij 2

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4:124 ym`

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/71006709/Ekonomi-Publik





_dij :

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uj`didm sdmd`jl `j`du bdldf zpd}d fjhajldugdh gj`madgdh pz`lme rjrjhrz uj`didm

sdmd`jl rjmgdr(



_dij 3

@d` MMM

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_dij 9

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0

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barang

http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persaingan_%28ekonomi%29&action=edit&redlink=1


http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_raya

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_raya



http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barang



_dij >

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_dij

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Rd`jl 2( _kbzgum Gzfzldrmc @@F rdnzh 0??=

_kbzg Rkrdl

Dsidu 05(=2>

Dsrz 44(00>(>99

_jfmzf 90(2?2(4>:

Gjkujhj 2>(?5?(>=4

Idu Kml+DBK+NUB =0(>40(5:4

Bmjujl Kml+MBK+FBC 0(?53(4:?

Czjl Kml+MCK+FCK 05(?>5(34>

_jrdfd~ _lzu 5>9(230

_jrdfd~ 4(:00(9??

_jrdbj~ 202

Idhb Rkrdl 0:4(:5?(3?3

_kbzg Rkrdl

Dsidu 0?>

Dsrz 43(934(323

_jfmzf 92(95>(204

Gjkujhj 0=(090(302

Idu Kml+DBK+NUB 44?(>42(>3:

Bmjujl Kml+MBK+FBC 4(099(>50

Czjl Kml+MCK+FCK 4>(595(92:

_jrdfd~ _lzu 995(940

_jrdfd~ 0(>54(>?9



_dij

44


_dbd rdnzh 0??3 rkrdl pkbzgum uj`jud 0:4(?:0(:>?, bdh fjhidldfm pjhzzhdh pdbd

0??9 fjhadbm 022(5=:(>90( Bm rdnzh 0??> fjhidldfm pjhmhigdrdh fjhadbm 0:4(:5?(3?3

bdh pdbd 0??= azid fjhidldfm pjhmhigdrdh rkrdl pkbzgum 0:2(>9:(:40( Rjlmndr `dnyd

rkrdl pkbzgum rjjhbdn ujldfd pjmkbj 0??3&0??= rjadbm pdbd rdnzh 0??9 bdh rjrmhiim

rjadbm pdbd rdnzh 0??=(

J( Fjhmf`dhi Jcjg Jgkhkfm

Udrz ― udrzh}d gkfkbmrdu }dhi fjfmlmgm jukhdhum ilk`dl dbdldn pjukdldhfmh}dg( Ndid fmh}dg fjzpdgdh cdgrd jgkhkfm ujgdlmizu pklmrmg }dhi udlmhi

`jgdmrdh( Uj`didm cderk pkbzgum, fmh}dg fjzpdgdh gkfkbmrdu urrjimu(

Gjhdmgdh ndid fmh}dg dgdh fjfmez ekur pzun mhcldrmkh dgm`drh}d dbdh}d

mfpkrjb mhcldrmkh bdm ndid fmh}dg mhrjhdumkhdl( Mfplmgdumh}d, `md}d rkrdl

pkbzgum gmdh rjbkhigdg( Gkfpkumum ajhmu mhbzurm }dhi bmpjgmdgdh udhidr

rjpzgzl dbdldn mhbzurm pdbdr jhji}, fmudlh}d rjgurml, ujfjh, pd`mg pldurmg, bdh

mhbzrm fdhzcdgrz ldmhh}d( Ujfjhrdd ujgrk adud, }dghm rdhupkrdum.bddr, ldzr

bdh zbdd- fd}kmrdu fdumn fjhidhbdlgdh @@F( Rmbdg bdpdr bm`d}dhigdh amgd

gjhdmgdh ndid fmh}dg nmhiid fjlj`mnm ZU" 4?? pj `djl dgdh fjfpjejpdr

rjdhigdrh}d ndid fjhedpdm :?*( Bjhidh bjfmgmdh, bd}d `jlm fdu}ddgdr dgdh

rjrjgdh( Bdh `jmfplmgdum pdbd pjhmhigdrdh azfldn kdhi fmugmh(

C( Gjlzndh ― Gjlzndh Fjhijhdm Gj`madgdh gjhdmgdh Ndid @@F(

Gj`madgdh pjfjmhrdn }dmrz gjhdmgdh ndid @@F bmrdhiidpm `jdidf kljn

fdu}ddgdr( Fjjgd `jpjhbdpdr `j`jbd rjhrzh}d, fjlmndr bdm uzbzr pdhbdhi

}dhi `j`jbd ― `jbd pzld( Ujpjrm bdm nduml k`ujsdumrjndbdp `j`jdpd gdldhidh

fdu}ddgdr dhrdd ldmh15

Gdldhidh m`z zfdn rdhiid

_dd m`z zfdn rdhiid pdbd zfzfh}d `jpjhbdpdr `dnyd gj`madgdh

rjuj`zr ezgzp fjf`jdrgdh gdjhd fjjgd ndzu bmrzhrzr zhrzg pdhbdm ―

5 nrrp1++yyy(bkeurke(ekf+bkeu+94??39?=+Jgkhkfm&_z`lmg, bmdguju pdbd rdhiidl = Adhzdm 0?40 pdbd pzgzl

?914> ym`

_jrdbj~ 5?(3:0

Idhb Rkrdl 0:2(>9:(:40







_dij

40

pdhbdm fjhidrz zdhi `jldhad( Bm fdhd, bjhidh dbdh}d gjhdmgdh ndid

@@F fdgd ujidl ujuzdrzh}d ujfdgmh fdndl( Ndid @@F hdmg, ujlzzn

gj`zrzndh zfdn rdhiid }dhi bmgkhuzfumh}d pzh dgdh hdmg ujbdhigdh

pjhindumldhh}d rjrdp( Mhmldn }dhi fjhadbmgdh gj`madgdh rjuj`zr bmdud

ezgzp fjf`jdrgdh, gnzuzuh}d zhrzg gjlzdid fjhjhidn gj `dydn(

Gdldhidh pjgjad drdz Gd}dydh

Zhrzg gdldhidh pjgjad drdz gd}dydh mhm `jpjhbdpdr bdh fjfmlmgm

gjlzndh }dhi jldrmc udfd bjhidh gdldhidh m`z zfdn rdhiid, ndh}d udad

fjjgd lj`mn ejhbjzhi fjhijlzngdh `md}d rdhupkrdum( Fjjgd

fjhijlzngdh `md}d rdhupkrdum dgdh `jrdf`dn bjhidh dbdh}d gjhdmgdh

ndid @@F dpdldim zhrzg gd}dydh drdz pjgjad }dhi `jbkfmumlm adzn bdm

rjfpdrh}d `jgjad( Fjjgd pjlz fjhijlzdgdh bdhd lj`mn drdz fjh}mumngdh

idamh}d ndh}d zhrzg `md}d rdhupkrdum ujbdhigdh `d}ddh drdz idam }dhi

bmrjmfd ejhbjzhi rjrdp drdz rmbdg mgzr hdmg ujnmhiid bjhidh bjfmgmdh

fjjgd rjpdgud fjhizdhim `md}d zhrzg gkhuzfum gj`zrzndh ujndm ―

ndm.lj`mn `jnjfdr-(

Gdldhidh pjhizudnd gjeml drdz pjbdidhi

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bmdud dgdh bdpdr fjhidhedf gjldhiuzhidh zudnd fjjgd( Hdmgh}d ndid

@@F fjhidgm`drgdh rzzr ujrd hdmgh}d `dndh `dgz ujrd `dndh pjhbzgzhi

bdldf pkbzgum,, ndl rjuj`zr fjhemprdgdh uzdrz gkhbmum }dhi uj`d uzlmr(

Zhrzg gjldhiuzhidh zudnd, fjjgd bmrzhrzr zhrzg fjfpjkljn gjzhrzhidh bm

fdhd ndid azdl lj`mn rmhiim bdmpdbd `md}d pkbzgum( Dgdh rjrdpm bdldf ndl

mhm fjjgd fjdud gjuzlmrdh zhrzg fjhedpdmh}d, zhrzg fjhijf`dlmgdh fkbdl

pzh bmdud uzbdn zhrzhi bdh bmppdgdm zhrzg fjldgzgdh gjldhiuzhidh

zudndh}d gjf`dlm( Fjjgd fjhijlzngdh amgd pkbzgh}d bmazdl bjhidh

fjh}juzdmgdh `md}d pkbzgum bmrdf`dn pjujhrduj gjzhrzhidh }dhi

bmnddpgdh fdgd fjjgd `jduzfum `dnyd pkbzg fjjgd dgdh uzlmr zhrzg

ldgz, gdjhd pdbd }dhi udfd fdu}ddgdr fjhidldfm ndl ujzpd }dmrz

fjldgzgdh pjhizdhidh gkhuzfum dgm`dr fjhzzhh}d bd}d `jlm( Amgd fjjgd

fjhazdl pkbzgh}d bjhidh ndid rjrdp, }dmrz uj`jlzf ndid @@F



_dij

45

hdmg.pdbdndl `md}d pkbzgum ujgddhi fjhmhigdr- fdgd fjjgd `mud rmbdg

fjfpjkljn gjzhrzhidh `dngdh `mud udad izlzhi rmgd( Gj`dh}dgdh pdd

pjhizudnd drdz pjbdidhi fjhidf`ml adldh rjhidnh}d, }dmrz fjhizdhim

pjujhrduj gjzhrzhidh }dhi bmrjrdpgdh ujrd pjhizdhidh pkum pkbzg }dhi

bmazdl drdz pjhizdhidh gzdlmrdu pkbzg }dhi bmazdl(

I( _jhbdpdr ― _jhbdpdr fdu}ddgdr rjhrdhi gj`madgdh ndid @@F(

Fdu}ddgdr fjfpzh}dm pjhbdpdr }dhi `jjbd ― `jbd rjidhrzhi fjlmndrh}d

bdm uzbzr pdhbdhi umdpd( Bdm uzf`j }dhi bmbdpdrgdh, pjhzlmu fjhjfzgdh

dbdh}d bzd pjhbdpdr }dhi `jrkldg`jldgdhi, }dmrz pjhbdpdr fjjgd }dhi ujrzaz

bdh }dhi fjhkldg bdldf fjh}mgdpm dbdh}d gj`madgdh rjuj`zr(

_jhbdpdr }dhi ujrzaz bjhidh hdmgh}d ndid @@F

Fdu}ddgdr }dhi ujrzaz bjhidh bmhdmgdhh}d ndid `jpjhbdpdr `dnyd

ndid @@F }dhi `juzùmbm rmhiim gj`dh}dgdh lj`mn bmhmgdrm kljn kdhi ―

kdhi gd}d drdz kdhi ― kdhi }dhi fjfmlmgm gjezgzpdh bdldf cmhdhumdl,

ujbdhigdh fdu}ddgdr fjhjhidn gj `dydn rmbdg `jimrz fjdudgdh

bmgdjhdgdh fjjgd gzdhi fdfpz( Uj`dim ekhrkn fk`ml ― fk`ml fjydn

rjgdbdhi azid mgzr fjdudgdh uzùmbm @@F, ujbdhigdh fdu}ddgdr }dhi

gzdhi fdfpz rjrdp fjdudgdh gjuzudndh, adhidhgdh zhrzg fjhimum `jhumh

`juzùmbm, gjhbdddh drdz fkrkpzh rmbdg dbd ujnmhiid ydldz dbd azfldnh}d

rmbdg j`dhbmhi bjhidh gjhbdddh kdhi ― kdhi }dhi “`jgdhrzhi rj`dl‖(

Adbm fdu}ddgdr }dhi ujrzaz bjhidh gjhdmgdh @@F `jduzfum `dnyd bdhd

zhrzg uzùmbm @@F gzdhi jcjgrmc bdh jcmumjh, lj`mn `dmg bmdlkgdumgdh zhrzg

bdhd @LR , bdhd pjhbmbmgdh, drdzpzh bdhd gjujndrdh zhrzg fdu}ddgdr }dhi

gzdhi `jzhrzhi, uj`didm gkfpjhudum dgm`dr bmhdmggdhh}d ndid @@F ddid

fjjgd ujbmgmr bdpdr rj`dhrz(

_jhbdpdr }dhi fjhkldg gjhdmgdh ndid @@F

Gj`madgdh fjhdmggdh ndid @@@F fjfdhi uzdrz gjpzrzudh }dhi uzlmr

bdh bmljfdrmu zhrzg pjfjmhrdn, bm fdhd amgd bmhdmggdh fdgd uj`dimdh `jud

`dngdh ujfzd gj`zrzndh nmbzp azid dgdh mgzr hdmg, rdpm amgd rmbdg bmhdmggdh

D_@H dgdh rjdhedf( Bm umhm fdu}ddgdr fjhjhrdhi gj`madgdh rjuj`zr,

bjfkhurdum bm adldh dgdh ujfdgmh `dh}dg rjadbm `dmg fdu}ddgdr zfzf



_dij

42

fdzpzh pdd fdndumuyd( Fjjgd fjhidrdgdh `dnyd bjhidh fjhdmggdh

ndid @@F drdz fjhizdhim uz`umbm mrz dbdldn uzdrz ldhigdn }dhi

fjf`jdrgdh, bm fdhd bjhidh pjhindumldh }dhi ndh}d ezgzp zhrzg

gj`zrzndh ujndm ― ndm, rm`d ― rm`d fjjgd bmrzhrzr zhrzg fj`dim ― `dimgdh

drdz fjhidlkgdumgdh uzf`j pjhindumldh fjjgd bjhidh ejfdr bdh ujgudfd,

bdpdr bmpjgmdgdh `dnyd pjhindumldh fjjgd rmbdg dgdh fjhezgzpm zhrzg

mrz( _jhbdpdr mhm bmgjfzgdgdh kljn fdu}ddgdr fjhjhidn gj `dydn }dhi

rmbdg fjhjmfd @LR( Hdfzh bjfmgmdh, ndid @@F rjrdp hdmg ydldzpzh

dbdh}d pkrju bdm `j`didm gdldhidh gdjhd mrz fjzpdgdh uzdrz gj`madgdh

ujrd gjpzrzudh }dhi rjldn bmdf`ml pjfjmhrdn bdh fdz rmbdg fdz uj`didm

ydid Hjidd ndzu fjhimgzrm gjrjrdpdh pjfjmhrdn ydldzpzh rmbdg ujpjhzn

ndrm.rjpdgud-(



_dij

4:

@d` MS

_jhzrzp

D( Gjumfpzldh

@@F.`dndh `dgd fmh}dg- dbdldn ajhmu `dndh `dgd. czjl- }dhi

bmndumlgdh bdm pjhimldhidh.jcmhmhi- fmh}dg fjhrdn.ezbj kml-(

Ndid @@F bm Mhbkhjumd dbdldn ndid }dhi bmdrz kljn pjfjmhrdn

bdh `jldgz udfd bm ujlzzn ymld}dn Mhbkhjumd(

Ndid fmh}dg bzhmd }dhi fjlkhadg rmhiim ujpjrm }dhi uzbdn pjhdn

rjadbm pdbd `j`jdpd ydgrz }dhi ldlz, dgdh fjhmhigdrgdh `md}d

gnzuzuh}d zhrzg mfpk fmh}dg fjhrdn bdh mfpk @@F( Gdjhd ndid

azdl @@F bm pdud bkfjurmg ndzu fjhimgzrm ndid }dhi bmrjrdpgdh

pjfjmhrdn, fdgd uj`didm dgm`drh}d “uzùmbm @@F‖ dgdh fjhmhigdr

Zhrzg bdrd }dhi bmdf`ml ujldfd pjmkbj 0??3&0??=, rkrdl pkbzgum

rjjhbdn rjadbm pdbd rdnzh 0??9 bdh rjrmhiim rjadbm pdbd rdnzh 0??=(

Fdu}ddgdr fjfmlmgm pdhbdhidh }dhi `j`jbd bdldf fjh}mgdpm

gj`madgdh mhm, dbd }dhi fjhbzgzhi.pk- bdh dbd azid }dhi

fjhkldg.gkhrd-(

@( Uddh

Jcmumjhum gkhuzfum @@F bm Mhbkhjumd pjlz bmpj`dmgm fjldlzm

pj`dmgdh pjhiizhddh @@F bm ujgrk rdhupkrdum, mhbzur},

pjf`dhigmr rjhdid lmurmg, fdzpzh zfdn rdhiid(

Gjhdmgdh ndid @@F bmdudgdh lj`mn `dh}dg fjf`jdrgdh

fdu}ddgdr ujldfd rmbdg bmmgzrm bjhidh pjhmhigdrdh pjhindumldh(

Uzùmbm @@F rjldn `jgjf`dhi fjldfpdzm gjfdfpzdh bdm

pjhbdpdrdh jgupk fmh}dg( Gdjhd mrz, ujedd `jrdndp uzùmbm @@F

pjlz bmgzdhim bdh bmdlkgdumgdh zhrzg bdhd pjhbmbmgdh, bdhd

gjujndrdh, bdhd zhrzg gjujadnrjddh fdu}ddgdr drdzpzh bdhd ― bdhd

zhrzg fjf`md}dm cdumlmrdu pz`lmg ldmhh}d(



_dij

43

Ldfpmdh ― Ldfpmdh

FJHRJPM JHJPIM BDH UZF@JP BD]D FMHJPDL PJ_Z@LMG

MHBKHJUMD

_JPDRZPDH FJHRJPM JHJPIM BDH UZF@JP BD]D FlHJPDL

HKFKP ?4 RDNZH 0??= RJHRDHI NDPID AZDL JEJPDH @DNDH

@DGDP FMH]DG AJHlU FMH]DG RDHDN .GJPKUJHJ-, @JHUMH

_PJFMZF, BDH FMH]DG UKLDP .IDU KML- ZHRZG GJ_JPLZDH

PZFDN RDHIID, ZUDND GJEML, ZUDND _JPMGDHDH,RPDHU_KPRDUM, BDH _JLD]DHDH ZFZF(

_JPDRZPDH FJHRJPM JHJPIM BDH UZF@JP BD]D FMHJPDL

RJHRDHI NDPID AZDL JEJPDH @DNDH @DGDP FMH]DG AJHMU

FMH]DG RDHDN .GJPKUJHJ-, @JHUMH _PJFMZF, BDH FMH]DG

UKLDP .IDU KML- ZHRZG GJ_JPLZDH PZFDN RDHIID, ZUDND

GJEML, ZUDND _JPM]DHDH, RPDHU_KPRDUM, BDH _JLD]DHDH

ZFZF(

_dudl 4 .4- Ndid azdl jejdh `dndh `dgd fmh}dg ajhmu Fmh}dg Rdhdn .Gjkujhj-

zhrzg Pzfdn Rdhiid bdh Zudnd Gjeml bm rmrmg ujdn, rjfduzg _dadg _jrdf`dndh

Hmldm .__H- zhrzg ujrmdp lmrj bmrjrdpgdh Pp 0(:??,?? .bzd m`z lmfd drzu zpmdn-(

_jdrzdh Fjhrjm mhm fzldm `jldgz pdbd rdhiidl 4: Adhzdm 0??=(



_dij

49

MHMLDN(EKF, Adgdrd ― Ndid azdl jejdh @@F rjrjhrz ujpjrm `jhumh

pjfmzf, ukld bdh fmh}dg rdhdn rjrdp }dhi fzldm `jldgz fzldm pzgzl

??1?? Ujldud .4:+0-(

Bjfmgmdh bmgzrmp bdm gjrjdhidh jufm Gjfjhrjmdh JUBF, Ujhmh .42+0-(

Ndid azdlh}d rjrdp fjhidez pdbd _FJUBF Hk 4 Rdnzh 0??= rdhiidl 40

Adhzdm 0??=( Zhrzg ndid `jhumh pjfmzf Pp2(:?? pj lmrj, ukld Pp2(:?? pj

lmrj bdh fmh}dg rdhdn Pp0(:?? pj lmrj(

@jbdudgdh nduml fkhmrkmhi bdh jsdlzdum pjgjf`dihdh ndid fmh}dg

fjrhdn bdh ndid pkbzg @@F bm pdud bzhmd bdldf udrz rdnzh rjdgnm fdumn

bdldf gmuddh duzfum fdgk D_@H 0?44 uj`jud ZU">? pj `djl( Pdrd&drd

fmh}dg fjhrdn Mhbkhjumd .ME_- fdjr 0?4? udfpdm Cj`zdm 0?44 Uj`jud

ZU">5,03 _j `djl(

Bjhidh bjfmgmdh pjfjmhrdn fjhjrdpgdh ndid azdl jejdh @@F ajhmu

fmh}dg rdhdn .gjkujh-, pjfmzf bdh ukld zhrzg zfdn rdhiid, zudnd gjeml bdh

zudnd pjmgdhdh, rdupkrdum bdh pjld}dhdh zfzf rmbdg fjhidldfm pjz`dndh(

Ndid azdlh}d rjrdp fjhidez pdbd _FJUBF Hk 4 Rdnzh 0??= rdhiidl 40

Adhzdm 0??=( Zhrzg ndid `jhumh pjfmzf Pp2(:?? pj lmrj, ukld Pp2(:?? pj

lmrj bdh fmh}dg rdhdn Pp0(:?? pj lmrj(



_dij

4>

LDF_MPDH M GJ_ZRZUDH BMPJGRZP AJHBJPDL FMH]DG BDH IDU

@ZFM

HKF?P 5==2†G+40+BAF†U+0?4? RDHIIDL 1 4> Cj`zdm 0?4?

@juddh Ndid Mhbjgu _dud @dndh @dgd Fmh}dg .@@F- zhrzg ajhmu @jhumh

_jfmzf, ajhmu Fmh}dg Ukld bdh ajhmu Fmh}dg Rdhdn zhrzg `zldh Adhzdm bdh

Cj`zdm bmrjrdpgdh bjhidh mhemdh uj`didmfdhd rjedhrzf bdldf Ldfpmdh M

Gjpzrzudh mhm(



_dij

4=

Bdcrd _zurdgd

Ndhdh Hziknk, Dpdgdn _jukdldh _dbd Uz`umbm @@F; Rmhadzdh rjndbdp

fdudldn uz`umbm @@F, Gjrjidhrzhidh pdbd fmh}dg `zfm, Fdhdajfjh

Jhjim Hdumkhdl, bdh _jf`dhizhdh Mhcdurzgrz Jhjim, n( 0

Fdhigkjukj`krk, Izmrhk( 4===( Jgkhkfm _z`lmg (]ki}dgdrd1 @_CJ ]ki}dgdrd

Fdhgmy, H Ijik}( 0??3( _mhemplju kc Jekhkfmeu1 _jhidhrd Jgkhkfm Fmgk(

Adgdrd1 Udljf`d Jfpdr

Pden`mhm, Bmbmg A( 0??3( Jgkhkfm _klmrmg bdh Rjkm _mlmndh _z`lmg ( Adgdrd1Indlmd Mhbkhjumd

_jdrzdh bdh _jzhbdhi ― Zhbdhidh

_JPDRZPDH FJHRJPM JHJPIM BDH UZF@JP BD]D FlHJPDL

HKFKP ?4 RDNZH 0??=

GJ_ZRZUDH BMPJGRZP AJHBJPDL FMH]DG BDH IDU @ZFM HKF?P

5==2†G+40+BAF†U+0?4? RDHIIDL 1 4> Cj`zdm 0?4?

Mhrjhjr

nrrp1++yyy(bkeurke(ekf+bkeu+94??39?=+Jgkhkfm&_z`lmg , bmdguju pdbd rdhiidl >

Adhzdm 0?40 pzgzl 4:124 ym`

nrrp1++yyy(mhmldn(ekf

nrrp1++yyy(bkeurke(ekf+bkeu+94??39?=+Jgkhkfm&_z`lmg , bmdguju pdbd rdhiidl =

Adhzdm 0?40 pdbd pzgzl ?914> ym`



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