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Page 1: Kajian Pemberantasan Korupsi di Finlandia

Pemberantasan Korupsidi Finlandia

Satria Hangga Nugraha

Page 2: Kajian Pemberantasan Korupsi di Finlandia

Quick facts

Finlandia

Populasi 5.486.125

jiwa

GDP $230.685

Milyar

Per Kapita $42,159

Page 3: Kajian Pemberantasan Korupsi di Finlandia

What makes Finland and other Scandinavian Countries “cleaner” than most countries?

• Law enforcement• Involving public participation and transparency

mechanisms such as disclosure of information• “Integrity system” function relatively well • Strong commitment to anti-corruption by political leaders• Freedom of the press is positively correlated with control

of corruption• Government openness and effectiveness, civic activism

and social trust• Strong transparency and accountability mechanism• General administrative culture of Finlandand social factors• Correlation between the general standard of living on one

hand, and the level of corruption on the other (either public official and society)

Source: transparency.org

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Penegakan Hukum

No. Unsur Keterangan

1. Undang-Undang Korupsi tidak diatur di UU khusus. Namun terdapat di Undang-Undang Prosedur Administrasi (Administrative Procedure Act) dan Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (Penal Code).

2. Badan Penegak Hukum

Tidak ada lembaga pemberantasan korupsi yang khusus, namun beberapa instansi yang menangani korupsi dan membantu peningkatan pelayanan publik yaitu:1. National Bureau of Investigation2. National Audit Office3. Ombudsman4. Criminal Investigation of Corruption5. National Council for Crime Prevention6. Financial Supervision Authority

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Akuntabilitas

Audit Internal pengendalian administratif didesentralisasikan ke berbagai institusi pemerintah, kedudukannya semi-otonomi dan fungsinya sebagai lembaga penelaah mekanisme pengendalian internal

Audit Eksternal The National Audit Office of Finland (NAOF), seperti BPK di Indonesia yang mandiri, memiliki tugas untuk melaksanakan audit eksternal dengan melakukan audit keuangan, audit kepatuhan, audit kinerja, audit yang kebijakan fiskal dan audit lainnya menggabungkan metode yang berbeda.

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Integrity SistemIntegritas yang tinggi

membuat pegawai pemerintah di Finlandia menjunjung tinggi reputasi. Hancurnya reputasi akibat perbuatan tercela biasanya berakhir dengan keluarnya pegawai tersebut dari pekerjaan sebagai pegawai pemerintah. Rasa malu juga tumbuh di kalangan pegawai pemerintah. Kasus mundurnya Anneli Jaatteenmaki adalah contohnya.

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Transparansi

“The broad openness of public administration has always been a fundamental principle in Finland. Decisions must be

public, and they are open for criticism by other public officials, by the public and the media. In Finland, everyone

has the constitutional right.”

Source: Corruption and the Prevention of Corruption – Ministry of Justice Finland

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General administrative culture of Finland

• The structure of the Finnish administrative system is relatively “low” (i.e., with few levels of bureaucracy), with a considerable degree of autonomy on the local, municipal level. Already at an early stage during Swedish rule, the civil service secured a relatively strong position in society, and public officials were widely regarded with respect.

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the general standard

of living and the level of corruption

(public official)

O“a public official’s

bread may be thin, but at least it is

long”

- Old Finnish Proverb-

Public Official’s salaries may not have

been high but were nonetheless

adequate. But there is good job security for

public officials to counterbalance the

not-so-high earnings.Source: Corruption and the Prevention of Corruption – Ministry of Justice Finland

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the general standard

of living of FinnishRanked second for gender

equality index, eleventh on the UNDP’s Human

Development Index 2008, high standard of living,

small gap on The level of wages in both the public and the private sectors,

few people live in poverty, Finland’s welfare

society are a free comprehensive school

education, higher education, and basic

health care for everyone. The state takes care of the unemployed and other disadvantaged

groups.

Source: Corruption and the Prevention of Corruption – Ministry of Justice Finland

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Social FactorsThe educational system in

Finland has been identified as one of the most effective in

the world. Such factors suggest that the members of

the Finnish public tend to have a relatively good capacity to

understand, exercise and protect their rights. Thus,

most members of the public at least in theory should be able

to identify incidents of corruption when they

encounter these, understand that these are not acceptable,

and be able to bring the matter to court or otherwise have the matter reviewed.

Finland’s society can be described briefly as

democratic and egalitarian.

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Civic Activism

Part of the democratic tradition concerns the importance of local government. Traditionally, many

decisions affecting the day-to-day life of citizens, including regarding taxes, roads, utilities and social

services, have been made locally. This has given people a clear incentive to become involved in local government, or at least to keep a watchful eye on

local decision makers.

Source: Corruption and the Prevention of Corruption – Ministry of Justice Finland

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Freedom of Press

In general, the media has a key role in the

prevention of corruption. They can raise questions and start discussions on transparency and

justness, dealing with different solutions.

The role of the media is perhaps particularly

strong in Finland, where newspaper readership and the

use of the internet are among the highest in

the world.

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Social Trust

Dengan pemerintahan yang bersih dan budaya masyarakat (pemimpin) yang taat aturan memunculkan social trust pada kepemerintahan Finlandia

Source: world bank blog

Why don’t Finns worry about locking their bikes on a busy Helsinki Street? Why do Finnish skateboarders who advocate anarchy politely abide by

traffic laws? Why indeed is Finland so uncorrupt?

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Namun.. Adakah kasus korupsi di

Finlandia?ADA

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Case of Ex Mayor of the City of

Espoo, Marketta Kokkonen

Marketta Kokkonen, and Olavi Louko, the director of Espoo’s Technical and Environment Services,

received bribery charges linked to major

construction companies in 2010. State demanded

Louko to pay back €7.500 while each public presentation of a

construction decision is in value of several millions

of euros. Louko has responsibility of the

construction and environmental protection.

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Case of Ex major of Vantaa, Jukka

PeltomäkiJukka Peltomäki is accused in 2013 of

€500,000 benefit from Forma Futura in 2006-

2011. Forma Futura has planned buildings for

VVO, NCC, YIT and Citycon.

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Case of Ilkka Kanerva

Ilkka Kanerva, National Coalition Party was

convicted in April 2012 for accepting bribes. He withdrew from Turku council in May 2012.

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Case of Sport Corruption (RoPS)

In 2011 several football players were charged for

bribery. Singaporean match-fixer Wilson Raj

Perumal was accused for agreed matches in 2008–

2011. Total 11 players were charged.

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Tax avoidance case on tax haven

countryBased on data of the Finnish tax agency,

government has collected unpaid tax more than €10

million until 2013. In Sept/Oct 2013,

Liechtenstein bank accounts include funds of Casimir Ehrnrooth (UPM (HS 21.9.2013) family major owners in e.g.

construction YIT, Jaakko Pöyry, Guggenheim

Helsinki Plan, exploding rocks), Bertel Paulig

(coffee, spices) and a construction company

owners in Turku.

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