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FILSAFAT HUKUM
SEJARAH, ALIRAN DANPEMAKNAAN ·
Abdul Ghofur Anshori
GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY PRESS
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KATA PENGANTAR
Hak Penerbitan © 2006 GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY. PRESS
p.a. !" #$% &'ak(&)&r% Y!*+akarta ,,2-#E)ai' / *)&pre((&*).a1.i
H!)epa*e/ 3ttp /44555 .*)&p.&*) .a1. i
Oil arang mengutip d an memperbanyak t anpa i zin tertu/is dari
penerbit, sebagian atau sel uruhnya d alam bentuk apa pun, baik
cetak, ptiotopr int, mi crofilm d an sebagai nya.
Bismillaliirrahma nil' rahiim
Puji syuur P!nulis "#nj#$#n !h#dir#$ AII#h S%T #r!n# #$#s
r#h&#$ d#n #r uni#'Ny# P!nu lis d#"#$ b!rh#si l &!nyusun buu
d!n (#n judul )ils#f#$ Huu& * S!j#r#h* Alir#n* d#n P!&#n##n + Sh# ,
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GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY PRESS
An**!ta IKAPI
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b#n(un#n huu& di n!(!ri ini + A&in+
Yo(y##r$#* D!s!&b!r 5667
Prof+ Dr+ Abdul Ghofur Anshori* S+H+* M+H +
DAFTARISI
3ATA PENGA NTAR ++ V
.A. I PENDAHU8UA N ++
A+ P!n(!r$i#n )ils#f#$ * P!&bid#n(#n )ils#f#$ d#n 8!$#
)ils#f#$ Huu&
.+ P!n(!r$i#n )ils#f#$ Huu&* M#nf## $ M!&"!l#j#ri
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9+ Il&u'il&u y#n( .!ro bj! Huu& + :
.A.II PANDANGAN TE NTANG HU3UM PADA
;AMAN 38ASI3 + 11
A+ Huu& ;#&# n Yun#ni 3uno ++ 11
.+ Huu& ;#&# n Ro&#-i ++ <5
=+ Huu& "#d# Ab#d P!r$!n(#h#n + <9
.A. III PANDANGAN TENTANG HU3UM PADA
;AMAN M>DERN + <?
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.+ ;#&#n Aufl#run( + 5<
=+ P!n(!r$i#n Huu& Ab#d 1I1 + 59#. P#nd#n(#n Il&i#h #$#s Huu& ++ 59
5+ P #nd#n(#n His$oris #$#s Huu& + 5@
D+ P!n(!r$i#n Huu& Ab#d 11 ++ 5
.A. IV PANDANGA N TENTANG HU3U M E RA P>ST'
M>DERNISME + 57
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#$#u Il&u Huu& :@
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5+ P! r!&b#n(# n Huu& 3od r#$ ?6
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D + 3!b!b#s#n Mor#l <5:
E+ 3o'Esis$!nsi <99
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8/19/2019 Filsafat Hukum Sejarah, Aliran dan Pemaknaan.docx
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!&b !ri "!$un ju ' pr ecriptive law ' &is#lny# huu& y#n ( di #$ur
ol !h "#r# o$o ri$#s y#n( &!n(#$ur #"# y#n ( bol !h d# n #" # y#n (
$id # bol!h di!rj ##n* Huu& inil#h y#n( &!ru"##n b #h#n "! n
! li$i# n fils#f # $ huu&* s/d #n (#n huurn y#n( d!sri"$if & !nj#d i
obj ! "!n!li$ i#nil&u "!n(!$#hu#n A sdi * <??: 5'
9+
D #l#& on$ ! s u&u& !s#l!h#n b#n y# di#i$#n d!n(#n
* !$##$#n !"#d# !$!n$u#n huu&+ N#&un ! s#l!h#n y#n( b !r$
u&"u !"#d# !s #d#r#n huu& ##n b#ny# b !ruru s#n d!n (#n $in (
#h l#u &#nusi# * d#n h#ny# s!!#r# "#rsi#l s#j # b! ruru s#n d
!n(#n h#l 'h#l b#$ ini #h M#dj id * <??5 57+ D!n(#n #$ # l#in * o r i!
n$#s i huu& l!bih b!r #$ & !n (#r#h "#d # di&!nsi !so$! ri s * d!n (#n
!rnun(in#n & !n (, #b#i#n di& !n si ! so $! ri s + Di4!r(!nsi #n$ #r#
!du# ori!n$#si !# (#& # , #n y#n( l#hiri !so$!ri s d#n b#$ini ! so
$!ri s &!&un!ul #n !#b #n ( il&u y#n( b!rb!d# * y#i$u sy#ri#h
huu& d#n thariqah (ta sawuj) .
B. PENGERTlAN FILSAFAT HUKUM, MANFAAT MEMPE•
LAJARI FILSAF AT HUKUM, D AN KEDUDUKAN FILSA•
FAT HUKUM DALAM KONSTELA SI ILMU
1. Pengertin Fil!"t H#$#%
S!! #r# s!d !rh# n # d#"#$ di#$# #n b#h -# fils #f#$ hu u&#d#l#h !#b#n( fils#f#$ * y#i$u fils#f#$ $in(#h l#u #$#u !$i# * y#n(
&!rn"!l#, j#ri h#i#$ huu& + D!n(#n #$# l#in * fil s#f#$ huu&
#d#l#h il&u y#n( &!&"!l #j#ri huu& s! / #r# filosofi s+ J #di o bj!
fils#f#$ huu& #d#l#h huu&* d#n obj! $!rs!bu$ di#ji s! !# r# &! nd #
l#& s#&"# i !"#d# in$i #$#u d# s#rny# * y#n( dis!bu$ h#i#$+
P!r$#ny##n $!n$#n( 2#"# h# i#$ huu& i$u 2 s!# li( us &!ru,
"# #n "!r$#ny##n fil s#f#$ huu& ju(#+ P! r$# ny # #n $!rs!bu$
&un(in s#j# d#"#$ dij# -#b ol!h il& u huu&* $!$#"i j#- #b# n y#n (
dib!ri #n $!&y#$# s! rb # $id# &!&u#s#n + M !nuru$ A"!ldoorn
<?: h#l $!r,
s!bu$ $id# l#in #r!n# huu& h#ny# & !&b!ri#n j#-#b #n y#n (
s!"ih#+
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Il& u huu & h#ny# &!lih# $ (!j#l#'(!j #l# huu& s!b#(#i&#n#
d#"#$ di#&# $i ol!h "#n/# ind!r# &#nusi# &!n(!n#i "!rbu#$#n'"!rbu#$ ,
#n &#nusi# d#n ! bi# s##n' !b i#s##n &#sy#r##$+ S!&!n$#r# i$u *
"!r, $i&b#n(#n nil#i di b#li (! j# l# '(!j #l# huu& $!rs!bu$ lu"u$ d#ri
"!n(, #&#$#n il&u huu&+ Nor&# #id#h huu& $id# $!r&#su duni#
!ny#$##n (sein), $!$#"i b!r#d# "#d# duni# l#in (solen d#n mo geni ,s!hin((# nor&# h uu& bu#n duni# "!ny! lidi #n il&u huu&+
M!n(in(#$ obj! fil s#f#$ huu& #d#l#h huu&* &## &#s#l
#h #$#u "!r$#ny##n y# n( dib#h# s ol!h fils#f#$ huu& i$u"un #n$#r#
l#in b!ris#r "#d# #"#'# "# y#n( diur #i#n di#$# s* s! "! r$i hubun(#n
huu& d#n !u#s##n* h ubun (#n huu& odr#$ d#n huu& "osi$if*
#"# s!b#b or#n( &!n##$i huu&* #" # $uju#n huu&* s# &"# i
!"#d# &# s#l#h, &#s#l#h fils#f#$ huu& y#n ( r #&#i dibi/#r##n s##$
ini ol!h s!b#(i#n or#n( dis!bu$ &#s# l#h fil s#f#$ huu& on$!&"or !r *
s u#$u is$il#h y#n( ur#n( $!"#$* &! n( in(#$ s!j# dulu &#s#l#h $!r
s!bu$ ju( # $!l#h di"!r, bin/#n(#n s! "!r$ i &# s#l#h h# #s#si
&#nusi# d#n !$i# "rof !si huu&+ T!n$u s# j# $id# s!&u# &#s#l#h
#$#u "!r$#ny##n i$u ##n di ,
j#-#b d#l# & "!r uli#h#n fils#f#$ huu&+ S!b# (#i&#n# $!l#h disin(,
(un( di& u#* fils#f# $ hu u& &!&"riori$#s#n "!&b#h#s#nny#
"#d# "!r$#ny##n'"!r$#ny##n y#n( di"#nd#n( "oo '"oo s#j#+
A"!ldoo& <?: &i s#lny# &!ny!bu$ #n $i(#
"!r$#ny##n "!n$in( y#n( dib#h# s ol!h fils#f#$ huu&* y#i$u < #"##h
"!n(!r$ i#n huu& y#n( b!r l#u u&u& 5 #"##h d#s#r !u#$#n
&!n(i#$ d#ri huu& d#n 9 # "# #h y#n( di&#sud d!n(#n
huu& odr#$+ 8ili R#syidi <??6 &! ny!bu$# n "!r$ #ny##n y#n(
&!nj#di &#s#l#h fils# , f#$ huu&* #n$#r# l#in < hubun(#n
huu& d#n !u#s##n 5 hubun(#n huu& d! n(#n nil#i'nil#i
sosi#l bud#y# 9 #"# s!b #b n!(#r# b!rh# &!n (huu& s!
s!or#n( @ #"# s! b#b or#n( &!n##$i huu& &#s# l#h "!r$
#n((un(j#-#b#n 7 &#s#l#h h# &ili C &#s#l#h on $r# d#n
: &#s#l#h "!r#n#n huu& s!b#(#i s# r#n # "!&b#ru#n &#sy#r#
#$+
Ji# i$# b#ndin(#n #n$#r# #"# y#n( di!&u##n ol!h A"!l,
doo& d#n 8i li R #s yidi $!r s!bu$* $#&"# b#h-# &#s#l#h'&#s#l#h
y#n( di#n((#" "!n$in( d#l#& "!&b#h#s#n fils#f#$ huu& $!rus
b!r$#&b#h+ H#l ini s!sun((uhny# $id# $!rl!"#s d#ri s!&#in
b#ny#ny# "#r# #hli
huu& y#n( &!n!uni fils#f#$ huu&+ P#d# j#&#n du lu *
fils#f#$ huu& h#ny#l#h "rodu s#&"in(#n di #n$#r# s!i# n b#
n y# obj! "!ny! lidi #n "#r# filsuf+ P#d# &#s# s!#r#n(* fils#f#$
huu& sud#h &!nj#di "rodu u$#&# y#n( dib#h#s s! ndiri ol!h "#r# #hl
i hu u&+
S!b#(#i /#$#$#n $#&b#h#n * d#l#& b#ny# $uli s#n fils#f# $ hu
u& s!rin( diid!n$i#n d!n(#n jur isprud ence y#n( di#j #r#n $!ru
$#&# d i f#ul$#s'f#ul$# s huu& di A& !ri# S!ri#$+ Is$ il#h
jurisprudence b#h#s# In((ri s #$# u jurispruden ! b#h#s# J!r&#n
sud#h di(un##n d#l#& "od ex #uri s "ivilis di 0#&#n Ro&#-i+ Is$ il#h
ini di"o"ul!r#n $!ru$#&# ol!h "!n (#nu$ #lir#n "osi$i4is&! huu&+
3#$ # juri s"rud!n /! h#rus dib!d# #n d!n (#n #$#
yuri"rud!nsi s! b#(# i&#n# di !n#l d#I#& sis$!& huu& Indon!si# d#n
Ero"# 3on$i, n!n$#l "#d# u&u&ny# * di&#n# is$il#h yuri s"rud!n si
l!b ih &!nunju "#d # "u$us#n h#i& y#n( diiu$ i h#i&'h#i& l#in +
Huijb!rs <?:: &!ny#$##n * +
++++ d i ln((ri s jur isprudence b!r#r $ i #j#r#n #$#u il&u
huu&+ M## n#&" #l#h b#h-# "!n(#nu $'" !n(#nu$ " o si$ i4 is& !
yuridis $id# &#u bi /#r# &!n (!n #i su#$u fils# f# $ huu&+ > l! h
&!r!# #$# juri s, "rud! nsi si/K di#n ((#" l!bih $!" #$ * y# n i su# $u
!"#nd#i#n d#n !/#, #"#n y#n ( $in( (#l d#l#& b#$#s il& u hu u&+
A(#r $id# &!&bin(un(#n s! b# iny# is$ il#h
juris"rud!n/! $id# di$!rj!&#h#n ! d#l#& .#hs# Indon ! si# s!"!r$ i
y# n( dil#u#n Huijb!rs di #$# s &!nj#di yuris"rud !n si* $! $#"i
$!$#" di"!r $#h# n#n d#l#& !j##n #sliny#+
M!nuru$ Ri/h#rd A Posn!r <? ?@ y#n ( di&#sud d!n(#n
juri s"rud!n /! #d#l#h
+++ most $undamental. ge neral, and t heoritica l p lain
o$ anal%s es o $ the so cial pheno meno n called law. & or t he most
par t it d eals with prol ems and u se p ersp ecti ves, remo te
$rom da il% conc erns o$ l egal pract ion crs pro l em that cannot
e solved % re$er ence t o or % reasoning $r om conventional
legal materia ls
perspective that cannot e r edu ced t o legal d octrines or to
legal reasoning. an% o$ pro l ems o$jurisprud ence cross
doctrina l,
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tempora l and nationa l oundaries .
B2 y#n( "#lin( &!nd#s#r* u&u&* d#n &!ru"##n #n#,
lisi s $!ori$is d#ri su#$u f!no&!n# sosi# l y#n( dis!bu$ d!n(#n
huu& + P#d# s!b#(i#n b!s#r b#(i#nny# s!su#i d!n(#n &# s#l#h
d#n &!n((un##n b!rb#(#i &#/#& "#nd#n(#n s!"!r$i r!&o$!
d#ri &#s# l#h !s!h#ri#n y#n( s!rin( dih#d#"i "#r# "r#$isihuurn * &#s#l#h y#n( $id# d#"#$ di"!/#h#n d!n(#n ruju#n
# $#u j#-#b #n' j#- #b# n d#ri su&b!r huu& bi#s# * y#i$u "#n,
d#n(#n y#n( $id# d#"#$ dir!dusi d#l#& do$ rin huu& +
.#ny# d#ri &#s# l#h'&#s#l#h jur is"rud!n/! y#n( b!rsif#$
lin$# s do$rin* $!&"or#l d#n national ounderies .
8#lu fils#f#$ di#r$i#nny# d!n(#n
B 2 the name we g ive the anal%sis o $'$undamental questions
, thus the traditio nal d e$inition o$jur sprudence as the p hilosop h%
o$ l aw. or as the application o$ philo soph% o $ law , i s pr ima
$a cie appropriat e.
+++ n# rn # $!rs!bu$ i$# b!ri#n un$u &! n(#n#l
isi s "!r $#n y##n'"! r$#ny##n &!nd#s#r * j#d i "!n(!r $i# n $r#di
sion#l d#ri juris"rud!n/! #d#l#h fils#f#$ huu&* #$#u
"!n !r#"#n d#ri fil s#f#$ huu&* y#i$u prima $aci e appropriate .
J#di Posn!r s!ndiri $id# &!&b!d##n "!n (!r $i#n d#ri du#
is$il# h i$ u* s!# li"un b#n y# ju(# "#r# #hli hu u & y#n(
&!n/ob# &!n/#ri di s$in(si d#ri !du#ny#+ H#ny# s#j# s!b#(#i&#n#
di#$ ##n ol!h 8ili R#syi di <?:: s!#li"un #d# "!rb!d##n #n$#r#
!du#ny# * $!$#" su#r un$u &!n/#ri b#$#s 'b#$#sny# y#n( $!(#s +
&. Mn" t Me%el (r i Fil! "t H#$ #%
.#(i s!b#(i#n b!s#r &# h#sis-#* "!r $#ny##n y#n( s!r in( dilon,
$#r#n #d#l#h #"##h &#nf##$ny# &!&"!l# j#ri fi ls#f#$ huu& i$u
A"##h $id# /uu" &#h#sis-# dib!#li d! n(#n il& u huu & s#j#
S!"!r$i $! l# h disin(( un( d i & u # * fils#f#$ $!r&#s u d#l#&
h# l
C
ini fils#f#$ huu& & !&ilii $i(# sif#$ y#n( & !&b!d##nny#
d!n(#n il&u'il&u l#in+ P!r$#&#* fils#f#$ &!&ilii #r #$!ris$i y#n(
b!r sif #$ &!n y!luruh+ D !n (#n /#r# b !r"iir y#n( holi s$i $!rs!bu$ *
&#h#sis-# #$#u si#"# s#j# y#n ( & !&"!l #j #ri fi ls# f# $ huu& di#j#
un$u b!r-#, -#s#n lu #s d#n $! rbu # + M!r !# di# j # un$u &! n
(h#r(# i "!&iir#n* "!nd#" #$ d#n "!nd iri#n or#n( l#in + i$u l# hs!b#bny # d#l# & fi ls#f#$ huu& "un di# j#r #n b!rb #(#i # lir #n "
! & i ir#n $!n$#n ( huu&+ D!n(#n d!&ii#n # "# bi l# &#h#si s- #
$!r s! bu $ $!l#h lulu s s! b #(#i s #rj #n# huu& u&"#&#ny# * d ih #r
#"#n i# $id# # #n b!rsi #" #ro (#n d#n #"riori * b#h -# di si"lin il&u
y#n( di& ili in y# l!bih $in((i dib#n, din (#n d!n (#n d isi"lin il& u
y#n( l#inny# +
= iri y#n ( l#i n * fils#f#$ huu& ju(# &!&il ii sif#$ y #n (
&!n, d# s#r+ Ar$iny# d #l#& & !n(#n#lisi s su#$u &#s#l#h * i$#
di#j# un$u b!r"ii r ri$is d#n r#di #l+ M !r !# y#n ( & !& "!l#j#ri
fils#f#$ huu& di#j # un$u & !& #h#&i huu& $id# d#l #& #r$ i hu
u& "o si$if s! &#$# + >r #n ( y#n ( &!&"/l #j#ri huu& d#l#& #r $i "osi$ if s!&# $# $id# ##n &#&"u &!&#nf##$# n d#n &!n (!&b# n(#n
huu& s!/#r# b#i #"# , bil # i# &!nj#di h#i& * &is#lny# di h #-
#$ ir #n i# # #n &!nj#di 2/or on ( und#n('und #n ( 2 b!l ## +
= iri b!riu$ny# y# n( $id # #l #h "! n$i n( ny# #d# l#h s i f# $
fils#f#$ y#n ( s "! u l# $ if + Sif# $ ini $id# bol /h di# r$i#n s! /#r# n !(#
$i f s! b#( #i si f#$ gamling . S!b#(#i&#n# din y#$ # #n o l!h Suri#su
&# n $r i <?: b #h-# s! &u# il&u y#n ( b!r !rnb #n ( s## $ ini b!
r&ul# d#ri si f# $ s"!, ul#$if $!rs !bu$+ Sif#$ ini &!n (#j # &! r! # y#
n( & !&"!l#j#ri fils#f#$ huu& un$u b!r"i ir ino4#$i f* s! l# lu &
!n/#ri s!su#$u y#n( b#ru+ M!&#n ( s#l# h s# $u /iri or#n ( y#n ( b
!r " i ir r#d i#l #d#l#h s!n#n( !"#d# h#l'h#l b#ru * T !n $u s#j# $ind
# #n s " ! u l# $i f y#n( dirn #su d di sini #d#l# h $ind##n y#n( $!r#r#h
* y#n ( d #"#$ d i"!r$#n((un(j #-#b#n s!/#r# il&i#h+ D !n(#n
b!r"iir s "! u l#$i f d #l#& #r$i "osi$if i$ul#h huu& d#"#$
di!&b#n(#n ! #r#h y# n ( di/i$# '/i$##n b!r s#&#+
= iri l#in l#(i #d#l#h sif #$ fil s#f#$ y# n ( r !fl!$if ri$is+
M!l#lui sif#$ ini * fils#f#$ huu& b!r(un# un$u &!&bi&bin( i$#
&!n(#n#lisis &#s#l#h'&#s#l#h huu& s!/#r# r #s ion #l d#n !&udi#n
&!rn"!r$#ny#, #n j#-#b#n i$u s!/#r# $!rus &!n!rus + J#-#b#n
$!rs!bu$ s!h#rusny# $id# s!!d# r di#n(#$ d#ri (!j#l# '(!j#l# y#n(
$#&"#* $!$#"i sud#h
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s#&"#i !"#d# nil#i'nil#i y#n( #d# dib#li (!j#l#'(!j#l# i$u + An#lisis
nil#i inil#h y#n( &!&b#n$u i$# un$u &!n!n$u#n si#" s!/#r# bij#,
s#n# d#l#& &!n(h#d#"i su#$u &#s#l#h+
S!b#(#i b#(i#n d#ri fils#f#$ $in(#h l#u* &#$# uli#h fils#f#$
huu& ju(# &!&u#$ &#$!ri $!n$#n( !$i# "rof!si huu&+ D!n(#n
&!&"!l#j#ri !$i# "rof!si $!rs!bu$* dih#r#"#n "#r# /#lon s#rj#n#huu& d#"#$ &!nj#di "!n(!&b#n #&#n#$ luhur "rof!siny#+ S!j# dini
&!r!# di#j# un$u &!&#h#&i nil#i'nil#i luhur "rof!si $!rs!bu$ d#n
&!rnu"u $!rus id!#l is&! &!r!#+ S!#li"un dis#d#ri b#h-# d#l#&
!ny#$##nny# &un(in s#j# nil#i'nil#i i$u $!l#h *&!n(# l#& i
"!ni"is#n, "!ru"is#n+
S!"!r$i y#n( diun(#"#n ol!h R#dh#rishn#n d#l#& buuny#
*he +istor% o$ hilosoph%, &#nf##$ &!&" !l#j #ri fils#f#$ $!n $u s#j#
$!r&#su &!&"!l#j#ri fils#f#$ huu& bu#n h#ny# s!!d#r &!n/!r,
&in#n s! &#n (#$ &#s# !$i# i$# hidu"* &!l#in#n &!&bi&bin( i$#
un$u &#ju+ )un(si fils#f#$ h!nd#ny# &!n(ilh#&#n !y#in#n
!"#d# i$# un$u &!no"#n( duni# b#ru* &!n/!$# &#nusi#'&#nusi#
y#n( $!r(o lon( ! d#l#& b!rb#(#i b#n(s#* r#s d#n #(#&# i$u &!n(#bdi
! "#d# /i$#'/i$ # &uli # !&#nusi##n + )ils#f#$ $id# #d# #r$iny# s#&#
s!#li #"#b il# $id# uni4!rs#l* b#i d#l#& ru#n( lin(u"ny# &#u"un
d#l#& s!&#n(#$ny# Po!r-#r$#n# * <?::+
). Il%#*i+%# ng Ber-(e$ H#$#%
S!$!l#h &!&#h#&i fils#f#$ huu& d!n(#n b!rb#(#i sif#$ny#*
"!rlu ju (# di!$#hu i !$!r#i $#n #n$#r# fils#f#$ huu& ini d!n(# n il&u,
+il&u l#in y#n( ju(# b!robj! huu&+ Su#$u "!&bid#n(#n y#n( #(#
l!n(#" $!n$#n( ilrnu'il&u y#n( obj!ny# huu& dib!ri#n ol!h
Pu&#di Purb#/#r## d#n So!rjono So!#n$o <?:? +
Is$il#h 2disi"lin huu&2 s!ndiri s!b!n#&y# di#lihb#h#s##n
ol!h Pu&#di Purb#/#r## d#n So!rjono So!#n$o d#ri #$# legal
theor%, s!b#(#i&#n di&#sud#n ol!h %+ )ri!d&#nn+ H#l ini $#&"#
d#l#& $!rj!&#h#n #ry# )ri!d&#nn ol!h Pu&#di Purb#/#r##n d#n
=hid ir Ali <?:7 y#n( dib!ri #$# s#& bu$#n ol! h So!rjono So!#n$o
+ P!n!r j!&#h#n legal theor% d!n(#n 2disi"lin huu&2 disini
&un(in
?
##n &!&bin(un(#n* &!n(in(#$ un$u is$il#h y#n( s#&# ol!h "!n !r,
j!&#h l#in Mo h#& &#d Arif in* <??6 di(un## n is$ il#h 2$!ori
huu&2 +
Disi"lin huu& ol!h Purb#/#r##* So!#n$o* d#n =hidir Ali
di#r$i#n s#&# d!n(#n $!ori huu& d#l#& #r$i lu#s y#n( &!n/#u"
"oli $i huu&* fils#f#$ hu u& d#n $!ori hu u& d#l #& #r$i s!&"i$+
T!ori huu& d#l#& #r$i s!&"i$ inil#h y#n( dis!bu$ d!n(#n il&u
huu&+
Il&u huu& dib!d##n &!nj#di il&u $!n$#n( nor&# (norm-
wissenscha$ii, il&u $!n$#n( "!n(!r$i#n huu& (egri$$enwissenscha$ii
d#n il&u $!n$#n( !ny#$##n huu& (tatsach enwissenscha$t). Il&u
$!n$#n( nor&# #n$#r# l#in &!&b#h#s $!n$#n( "!ru&us#n nor&#
huu&* #"# y#n( di&#sud nor&# huu& #bs$r# d#n onri$ i$u* isi
d#n sif#$ nor&# huu&* !ss!nsi#li# nor&# huu&* $u(#s d#n !(un##n
nor&# huu&* "!& y#$ ##n d#n $#nd# "!& y#$##n nor&# huu&*
"!n yi&" #n( #n $!rh#d#" nor& # hu u& d#n !b!rl#u#n nor&# huu&+
S!l#nju$ ny# il&u $!n $#n( "!n(!r$i#n huu& #n$ #r# l#in &!&b#h#s
$!n$#n( #"# y#n( di&#sud d!n(#n &#sy#r##$ huu&* suby!
huu&* obj! huu&* h# d#n !-#jib#n* "!ri s$i- # hu u& d#n
hubun(#n huu&+ 3!du# j!nis il&u ini dis!bu$ d!n(#n il&u $!n$#n(
do(&#$i huu&+ =iri do(&#$i huu& $!rs!bu$ #d#l#h $!ori$is r#sio,
n#l d!n(#n &!n((un##n lo(i# d!du$if +
Il&u $!n$#n( !ny#$##ri huu& #n$#r# l#in Sosiolo(i Huu&*
An$ro"olo(i Huu&* Psiolo(i Huu&* P!rb#ndin(#n Huu& d#n
S!j#r#h Huu&+ Sosiolo(i Huu& &!&"!l#j#ri s!/#r# !&"iris d#n
#n#li$is hubun(#n $i&b#l b#li #n$#r# huu& s!b#(#i (!j#l# d!n(#n
(!j#l#'(!j#l# sosi#l l#inny#+ An$ro"olo(i Huu& &!&"!l#j#ri "ol# ,
"ol# s!n(!$# d#n "!n y!l!s# i#n ny# b#i "#d # &#s y#r# #$ s!d!rh#n#
&#u"un &#sy#r##$ y#n( s!d#n( &!n(#l#&i "ros!s &od!&is#si+
Psiolo(i Huu& &!&"!l#j#ri huu& s!b#(#i su#$u "!r-ujud#n "!r,
!&b#n(#n ji-# &#nusi# + P!rb#ndin(#n Huu& #d#l#h /#b#n( il&u
huu& y#n( &!&"!rb#ndin(#n sis$!&'sis$!& huu& y#n( b!rl#u
di d#l#& s!su#$u #$#u b!b!r#"# &#sy#r##$+ S!j#r#h Huu& &! &,
"!l#j# ri $!n$#n( "!r!&b#n (#n d#n #s#l'usul d#ri sis $!& hu u& d#l#&
su#$u &#sy#r##$ $!r$!n$u+ Purb#/#r## d#n So!#n$o* <?:?+ .!rb!d#
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#0
d!n(#n il&u $!n$#n( nor&# d#n il&u $!n $#n( "!n(!r$i#n hu u& *
/iri il&u $!n$#n( !ny#$##n il&u ini #d#l#h $!ori$ is !&"iris d!n(#n
&!n(, (un##n lo(i# indu$if+
Poli$i Huu& &!n/#u" !(i#$#n'!(i#$#n &!&ili h n il# i'n
il#i d#n &/n!r#"#n nil#i'nil#i + )ils#f#$ Huu& #d# l#h "!r!n un(# n
d#n "!ru&us# n nil#'n il#i * !/u#li i$u fi ls#f#$ huu& ju(# &!n/# u"
"!ny!, r#si#n nil#i'nil#i * &is#lny# "!ny!r#si#n #n$#r# !$!r $ib#n d#n
!$!n, $r#&#n* #n$#r# !b!nd##n &#$!ri# lis&! d#n !#hl##n id!#
lis&!* #n$#r# !l#n((!n(#n nil#i'n il# i l#&# ons!r4#$is&! d# n
"!&b#h#, ru#n Purb#/#r## d#n So!#n $o * <?:?+ D#"#$ "u l# di
$#&b# h# n b#h-# "o li$i huu& s!l#lu b!rbi/#r# $!n$#n( huu&
y#n( di/i$#, /i $##n (J us "onstituendu nu d#n b!ru"#
&!nj#di#nny# s!b#(#i hu u& "os i$i f (Jus "onstitutuni% "#d# su#$u
&#s# &!nd# $#n( +
D#ri "!&bid#n(#n y#n( diur# i#n di #$#s* $#&"# b#h-#
fils#f# $ huu& $id# di&#su#n s!b#(#i /#b# n( d#ri fils#f# $ huu&
$!$#"i s!b#(#i b#(i# n d#ri $!ori huu& (lega l theor%) #$# u disi"li&
huu& + T!ori huu& d!n(#n d!&ii#n $id# s#&# d!n(#n fils#f# $
huu&* #r!n# y#n( s# $u &!n/# u" y#n( l#inny#+ S# $ji "$o R#
h#rjo <?:7 &!ny#$##n b#h-# $!ori h uu& bol!h dis! b u$ s! b#(#i
!l#n,
ju$#n d#ri us#h# &!& "! l#j#ri huu& "osi$if* s!$id# '$id#ny# d#l#&
uru$#n y#n( d!&ii#n i$ul# h i$# &!n(ons$r usi#n ! h#di r#n
$!ori huu& s!/#r# j! l#s+
T!ori huu& &!&#n( b!rb i/#r# $!n$#n( b#n y# h# l y#n( d#"#$
&#su ! d#l#& I#"#n (#n "oli$i huu&* fi ls#f#$ huu&* il&u h u u
& #$#u o&bin#si d#r i !$i(# bid#n( i$u + 3#r!n# i$u l#h $!ori hu u&
d#"# $ s#j# "#d# su#$u !$i# &!&bi/#r##n s!s u#$ u y# n( b!rsif#$uni4!rs#l * $!$#"i $id# $!r$u$u" !& un(in#n i# b!rb i/# r# &!n(!n#i
h# l'h# l y#n( s#n(#$ h#s &! n uru $ $!&"#$ d#n -#$ u $!r$!n$u + Ur#i# n
$!n$ #n ( fils#f# $ huu& d#n $!ori huu & di #$#s ir#ny# ## n
b!r(un# d# l#& r#n(# &!nj!l#s#n !l# &!n(! n#i #"# d#n di&#n#
l!$# fils#f# $ h uu& d# n $!ori huu& Indon!si#+
BAB 11
PANDANGAN TENTANG HUKUM PADA
/AMAN KLASIK
P!n( !r$i #n $!n$ #n( huu& $id# s!l#lu s#&#+ H#l ini b!r#i
$#n d!n (#n "!ru b#h#n "#nd#n(#n hidu" d#ri 0# &#n ! 0#&#n+ S!j#
#-# l 0# &#n &od!& #b #d !'< b#n y# or#n ( s!/#r# s "o n$#n
&!ny#&# , #n huu& d!n(#n huu& n!(#r# * huu & #d# l#h und
#n ('und #n(+ A #n $!$#"i "!n (!r$i #n huu& s!/#r# $r#dision#l
$id#l #h d!&i i#n+ D#l #& "#nd#n (#n $r#di sion#l huu& l! bih di"
#nd#n( s! b#(#i s!su#$u y#n ( b!rsif#$ idiil #$#u !$is Huijb!rs* <??
5< + P#d#0#
&#
n l#si #b
#d 7 SM'#b#d M huu& di#n ((#"s!b#(#i /!r&in #$u r#n # l#& s! &! s$#+ P#d# #b#d "/r$ !n (#h#n #b #d
M ' < M huu& y#n( di$ uju #d# l#h "!r#$ur #n '"!r#$ur#n y#n (
&!& #n/# r#n !$!n$u# n'! $!n$u# n A ll# h+
A. HUKUM /AMAN 0UNANI KUNO
P#d # &ul #n y# $#n((#"#n or#n('or #n ( yun#n i $!rh#d# "
"!n(!r, $i#n huu& &# sih "ri&i$ if+ P#d # 0#&# n i$u huu & di "#n d#
n( s! b#(# i !h #ru s#n #l#&i#h (n omos) b#i s! &!s$ # #l#& & #u"
un &#nu si# * /o n$oh l#i'l #i b!ru# s#* bud # #d# l#h bu d# *d#n s! b#(#iny#+ N#&un "#d# "!rj #l#n#nny#* $!"# $ny# s!j# # b# d @
SM #d# b!b!r#"# filo sof y#n( &!n (#r$i#n huu& s!/#r# b!r b! d# +
Pl #$o @5 C'9@C SM y#n( &!nuli s buu olit eia d#n om oi
&!&b!ri #n $#- #r #n "!n( !r , $i#n huu&* h#i #$ huu& d#n di4
!r(!ns iny# + .uu oliteia &!lu , i s#n &od!l n!(#r# y#n( #dil+
D#l#& buu $!rs !bu$ Pl#$o &!n(, un (#"#n (#(#s#nny# $!n $#n(
!ny#$##n b#h- # d#l #& n!(#r#
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<5
$!rd#"#$ !lo&"o'!lo&"o d#n y#n( di&#sud d!n(#n !#dil#n
#d#l#h ji# $i#"'$i#" !lo&"o b!rbu#$ d!n(#n #"# y#n( s!su#i d!n(#n
$!&"#$ d#n $u(#sny#+ S!d#n(#n d#l#& buu omoi, Pl#$o &!nj!l#s,
#n $!n$#n( "!$unju dib!n$uny# $#$# huu&+ M!nuru$ Pl#$o*
"!r# $ur#n'"!r#$ur#n y#n( b!rl #u di$ul is d#l#& i$#b "!rund#n(#n*
#r!n# ji# $id# "!ny!l!-!n(#n d#ri huu& y#n( #dil suli$ dihin,d#r#n+
)ilosof l#in s!"!r$i Aris$o$!l!s 9@:'955 SM y#n( &!nulis
buu oliti/a ju( # &!& b!r i#n $#-#r#n b#ru "#d # "!n(!r$i#nny#
$!n$#n( huu&+ M!nuru$ Aris$o$!l!s* &#nusi# &!ru"##n 2&#hlu
"o lis2 (!oon politicon), di&#n# &#nusi# h#rus iu$ d#l#& !(i#$#n
"oli$ i d#n $##$ "#d# huu& "olis + 3!&udi#n Aris $o$!l!s &!&b#(i
huu& &!nj#di 5 du#+ P!r$#&# #d#l#h huu& #l#& odr#$* y#i$u
y#n( &!n/!r&in#n #$ur#n #l#&* s!l#lu b!rl#u d#n $id# "!&#h
b!rub#h+ Y#n( !du# #d#l#h huu& "osi$ if* y#i$u huu& y#n( dibu#$
ol!h &#nusi#+ 8!bih j#uh Aris$o$!l!s &!nj!l#s#n d#l#& buuny#
$!rs!bu$ b#h-# "!&b!n$u#n huu& h#rus s!l#lu dibi&bin( r#s#
!#dil#n* y#i$u r#s# y#n( b#i d#n "#n$#s b#(i or#n( y#n( hidu"
b!rs#&#+ Slo(#n y#n( &!nj!l#s#n $!n$ #n( h#i #$ !#di l#n &!nuru$
Aris$o$!l!s #d#l#h 2!"#d# y#n( s#&# "!n$in( dib!ri#n y#n( s#&#*
!"#d# y#n( $id# s#&# "!n$in( dib!ri#n y#n( $id# s#+
B. HUKUM /AMAN ROMA 1l
P#d# "!r&ul##n 3!r#j##n Ro&#-i #b#d : SM* "!r#$ur#n
Ro&#-i h#ny# un$u o$# Ro&# C9 SM* !&udi#n &!lu#s d#n
&!nj#di uni4!rs#l+ P!r#$ur#n y#n( $!l#h &!lu#s d#n uni4!rs#l $!rs!bu$
dis!bu$ ju(# d!n(#n 2ius (!n$iu&2* y#i$u su#$u huu& y#n( di$!ri&#
s!&u# b#n(s# s!b#(#i d#s#r su#$u !hidu"#n b!rs#&# y#n( b!r#d#b+
S!l#in "!r#$ur#n y#n( #d# yurisdisi #-#lny# h#ny# un$u o$#
Ro&#* "!r#$ur#n $!rs!bu$ ju(# b!rsif #$ #suis$is+ P!r#$ur#n $!rs!bu$
h#ny# b!rl#u un$u un$u #sus'#sus $!r$!n$u s#j#* di&#n# "!r#$ur#n
$!rs!bu$ h#ny# dij#di#n "!do&#n b#(i "#r# h#i& d#l#& &!&u$us
su#$u "!r#r#+ S!$!l#h &!nj#di ius gentium, "!r# $ur#n $!rs!bu$
<9
b!rfun(s i s!b#(# i "!do&#n "#r# (ub !&u r -il#y#h y#n( b!r"!r#n
ju(# s!b#(#i h#i& + P!r!&b#n(#n $!rs!bu$ s!su#i ju(# d!n(#n
"!nd#"#$ s#rj #n# huu & Ro&#-i s##$ i$u s!"!r $i =i/!ro * G#lius*
Ul"#nus* d#n l#in'l#in+
P#d# 0#&#n ini* "#h#& y#n( b!r!&b#n( #d#l# h b#h-# fils#f#$
huu& b!rsif#$ idiil y#n( &!n!r#n(#n d#n &!nd#s#ri sis$!& huu& bu#nl#h huu& y#n ( di$!n$u#n huu& positi$lleges, &!l#in#n
huu& y#n( di/i$#'/i$##n d#n y#n( di/!r&in#n d#l#& leges $!rs! bu$
huu& s!b#(#i ius) . Jus b!lu& $!n$u di$!&u#n d#l#& "!r#$ur#n*
$!$#"i $!r-ujud d#l#& huu& #l#&i#h y#n( &!n(#$ur #l#& d#n
&#nusi#+ >l!h #u& S$o#* huu& #l#& y#n( &!l!bihi huu& "osi$i f
#d#l#h "!&y#$##n !h!nd# il#hi Huijb!rs* <?? 5+ M!nuru$ )+
S/hul$0 b#(i b#n(s# Ro&#-i "!rund#n('und#n(#n $id# b!(i$u "!n,
$in( * di/!r&in#n d#ri "!&y#$##n 01as 2ol/ des 3echts ist nichts das
2ol/ des 4eset!es0 b#n(s# huu& i$u bu#nl#h b#n(s# und#n(,
und#n( A"!ldoo&* <?:7 <+
Huu& Ro&#-i di!&b#n(#n ol!h 3!#is#r#n Ro&#-i
Ti&ur .y0#n$iu&* l#lu di-#risi !"#d# (!n!r#si'(!n!r#si s!l#nju$,
ny# d#l#& b!n$u 3od!s Huu&+ T#hun 5:'9@ s!luruh "!rund#n(,
#n !#is#r#n Ro&#-i diu&"ul#n d#l#& s#$u 3od!s #$#s "!rin$#h
3#is#r Yus$ini#nus* y#n( i# s!bu$ s!b#(#i "odex Juris 3umaui"odex
#ustinianus"orpus Juris "ivilis. 3!&udi#n di!&b#n(#n "#d # #b#d
"!r $!n(#h#n* d#n di"r#$!#n !&b#li "#d#! #is# r#n J!r&#n +
T!r#hir* huu& ro&#-i $!rs!bu$ &!nj#di $ul#n( "un((un( huu&
"!rd#$# &od !& d#l#& "ode "ivil N#" ol! on <:6@+
c. HUKUM PADA ABAD PERTENGAHAN
S!rin( #li i$# &!&b#/# du# s!j#r#h b!s#r #n$#r Isl#& d#n
.#r#$ s!##n'##n $# "!&#h s#lin( b!r$!&u #n$#r# !du#ny# #$#u
s!"!r$i du# s!j#r#h y#n( h#rus dib!d##n #n$#r# !du#ny#+ P#d#h#l
$id#l#h b!(i$u* !$i# i$# &#u &!&b#/# #$#u &!nyi&# s!j#r#h*
s#ins d#n il&u "!n(!$#hu#n y#n( ini $!l#h b!r!&b#n( "!s#$ di !r#
&ill!niu& s!#r#n( ini+ S!/#r# filosofis bis# dilih#$ !$i# duni# Isl#&
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d#l#& !!&#s#n+ .#ny# or#n('or#n( Ero"# .#r#$ "#d# u&u&ny#*
s!i$#r ur#n( l!bih #b#d "!r$!n(#h#n* n!(#r#'n!(#r# .#r#$ &!n(,
#l#&i !(!l#"#n d#n !&undur#n* s!$!l#h b!r#"# s##$ &!n(#l#&i
!&#ju#n di bid#n( fils#f#$'hususny# di n!(#r# Yun#ni'di#-#l #b#d
M#s!hi+ Al#& "iir &!r!# /!nd!run( &!n(#r#h "#d# "rof#nis$i+
S!hin((# .#r#$ h#&s &!n(#ui !&undur#nny#+3ronolo(i S!j#r#h !&#ju#n di .#r#$ bis# di$!lusuri s!j#
3!h#lif#h#n U&#y#h &#su ! S"#nyol And#lusi# $#hun C<<
dib#-#h "i&"in#n Abdurr#hrn#n #d'D#hil C M + P#d# &#s#
"!&!rin$#h#nny# Abdurr#h&#n #d'D#hil &!& b#n(un &#sj id* s!o,
l#h d#n "!r"us$###n di =ordo4#+ S!&!nj# i$u l#hirl#h s#rj#n#'s#rj#,
n# Isl#& y#n( &!&bid#n(i &#s#l#h'&#s#l#h $!r$!n$u s!"!r$i Abb#s
ibn )#&#s y#n( #hli d#l#& Il&u 3i&i#* Ibn Abb#s d#l#& bid#n(
)#r&#olo(i * Ibr#hi& ibn Y#hy# #l'N#FF#sh d#l#& bid#n( #s$rono&i
di&#n# i# d#"#$ &!n(hi$un( (!rh#n# d#n "!n!&u $!ro"on( bin$#n(
un$u "!r$#&# #li* Ibnu Jub#ir V#l!n/i#* <<@'<55: #hli d#l#&
S!j#r#h d#n G!o(r#fi* Ibn .#$u$h#h T#n(i!r* <96@'<9CC* Ibn #l,3h#$ib <9<C'<9C@* d#n Ibn 3h#ldun+
D#l#& bid#n( fils#f#$ ju(# l#hir b!b!r#"# $ooh s!"!r$i Ibnu
.#jj#h l#hir di S#r#(os#* -#f#$ $#hun <<9: M y#n( hidu" di S"#nyol
&!ny#in(i #l ')#r#bi d#n Ibn Sin# y#n( hidu" di .#(hd#d ibu o$#
3!h#lif#h#n Abb#siy#h+ l# &!nulis buu *adir al5utawahhid
y#n( &!rnb#h#s &#s#l#h !$os d#n !s#$olo(is+ )ilosof l#in Abu .#r
ibn Tuf#il l#hir di Gr#n#d#* -#f#$ $h <<: M &!nulis buu +a% in
6aq!han, Ibn Rusyd <<57'<<?: y#n( &!ru"##n "!-#ris "!&i ir#n
Aris$o$!l!s &!nulis buu Bida%alt al5 Mujtahid. P#d# "!r!&b#n(#n
s!l#nju$ny# Ibnu Rusyd &!l#hir#n #lir#n fils#f#$ b#ru $!rs!ndiri di
Ero"# * A 4or!is&!+
Ab#d P!r$!n(#h#n ini dido&in#si ol!h #(#&#* #(#&# 3ris$i#ni
di .#r#$ d#n #(#&# Isl#& di Ti&ur+ J#&#n ini &!&b!ri#n "!&iir#n,
"!&i ir#n b#ru &!si"un $id# &!n (hi l#n (#n s#& # s!#li !bud#,
y##n Yun#ni d#n Ro&#-i+ 3#ry#'#ry# Aris$o$!l!s di"!l#j#ri ol!h
"#r# #hli "i ir Isl#& y#n ( !&udi# n di$! rus#n ol!h #hli "ii r di
.#r#$+
)ilsuf Ar#b Isl#& y#n( di!n#l "!r$#&# #d#l#h #l'3indi*
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C?7':C9M+ l# d!n(#n $!(#s &!n(#$##n b#h-# #n$#r# fils#f#$
d#n #(#&# $# #d# "!r$!n$#n(#n+ )ils#f#$ i# #r$i#n s!b#(#i "!&,
b#h#s#n $!n$ #n( y#n( b!n#r (al5ahs'an al5haqq). A(#&# d#l#&
"#d# i$u ju(# &!nj!l#s#n y#n( b!n#r+ M## !du#'du#ny#
&!&b#h#s y#n( b!n#r+ S!l#nju$ny# fils#f#$ d#l#& "!&b#h#s#n,ny# &!&##i ##l d#n #(#&#* d#n d#l#& "!nj!l#s#n $!n$#n(
y#n( b!n#r ju(# &!&##i #r(u&!n'#r(u&!n r#sion#l+ D!n(#n
fils#f#$ 2#l'H#FF #l'A--#l2ny#* #l'3indi* b!rus#h# &!&u&i#n
!!s##n Tuh#n d#ri #r$i b#ny#+ S!l#in #l'3indi* filsuf l#in y#n(
b#n y# b!rbi/#r# &!n(!n#i "!&u&i# n $#uhid #d#l#h #l')#r#bi
:C6'?6 M+ P!r/i#n "!&iir#n filsuf'filsuf "#d# f#s! #-#l
"!r!&b#n(#n fils#f#$ di#n$#r#ny# #d#l#h :'; Al#& qadim
d#l#& #r$i $# b!r&ul# d#l#& 0#&#n* 5 P!&b#n(i$#n j#s&#ni
$# #d#* 9 Tuh#n $id# &!n(!$#hui "!rin/i#n y#n( $!rj#di di
#l#&+ Ini #d#l#h $i(# d#ri du# "uluh ri$i#n y#n( di#ju#n #l,
Gh#0#li :' 6:'<<<< M $!rh#d#" "/&iir#n "#r# filsufIsl#&+
3ons!" #l#& qadim &!&b#-# !"#d# !ufur#n d#l#&
"!nd#"#$ #l'Gh#0#li #r!n# qadim d#l#& fils#f#$ b!r#r$i s!su#$u
y#n( -ujudny# $id# &!&"uny#i "!r&ul##n d#l#& 0#&#n y#i$u
$id# "!&#h $id# #d# di 0#&#n l#&"#u* d#n ini b!r#r$i $id#
di/i"$##n+ Y#n( $id# di/i"$##n #d#l#h Tuh#n* &## sy#h#d#$
d#l#& $!olo(i Isl#& #d#l#h la qadim a, ilallah, $id# #d# y#n(
F#di& s!l#in All#h+ 3#l#u #l#& qadim, &## #l#& #d#l#h "ul#
Tuh#n d#n $!rd#"#$l#h du# Tuh#n* ini &!&b#-# !"#d# "#h#&
s%iri/ #$#u "oli$h!is&!+ Tid# di/i"$##n bis# "ul# b!r#r$i $id#
"!rlu #d#ny# P!n/ i"$# y#i$u Tuh#n* d#n ini &!&b#-# "ul#
!"#d# #$h!is&!+ M!n(!n#i "!&b#n(i$#n j#s&#ni * #l'LurB#n
&!n((#&b#r#n #d#ny# "!&b#n(i$#n j#s&#ni i$u + U&"#&#ny#
#y#$ C:'C? d#ri LS+ Y#sin 07iapa %ang menghidup/an tulang-
tulang %ang telah rapuh ini8 9ata/anlah: 6ang menghidup/an
adalah 6ang encipta/ann%a pertama /ali. 2 3!&udi#n $!n$#n(
&#s#l#h !$i(#* Tuh#n $id# &!n(!$#hui "!rin/i#n y#n( #d# di
#l#& ju(# did#s#r#n #$#s !#d##n f#ls#f#$ i$u* b!rl#-#n#n
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d!n(#n #l'LurB#n #y#$ ? d#ri sur#$ al5;n'am: *iada daun %ang
ja tu }i %ang tida/ di/etahui5%a. Al'Gh#0#li &!n(!lu#r#n "!n,
d#"#$ b#h-# j#l#n s!b!n#&y# un$u &!n/#"#i h#i#$ bu#nl#h
fils#f#$ $!$#"i $#s#-uf+D#l#& bid#n( huu& &un/ul #lir#n ancilla theologiae, y#i$u
"#h #& y#n ( &!n!$#"#n b#h -# huu & y#n ( di$! $#"#n h#rus di,
/o/o#n d!n(#n #$ur#n y#n( $!l#h #d#* y#i$u !$!n$u#n'!$!n$u#n
#(#&#+ T!ori'$!ori &!n(!n#i huu& "#d# Ab#d P!r$!n(#h#n ini di!,
&u##n ol!h A(us$inus 9@'@96* Tho&#s AFuin#s <55'<5C*
d#n "#r# s#rj#n# Isl#&* #n$#r# l#in AI'S#fii :56+ M!nuru $ A(us$inus*
huu& #b#di #d# "#d# .udi Tuh#n+ Tuh#n &!&"uny#i id!'id! Ab#di
y#n( &!ru"##n /on$oh b#(i s!(#l# s!su#$u y#n( #d# d#l#& duni#
ny#$#+ >l!h #r!n# i$u* huu& ini ju(# dis!bu$ s!b#(#i huu& #l#&*
y#n( &!&"uny#i "rinsi"* 2J#n(#n b!rbu#$ !"#d# or#n( l#in* #"# y#n(
!n(#u $id# in(in b!rbu#$ !"#d#&u+2 D#l#& "rinsi" ini n#&"#
#d#ny# r#s# !#dil#n +
Ar$i huu& &!nuru$ Tho&#s AFuin#s #d#l#h #d#ny# huu&
y#n( d#$#n( d#ri -#hyu * d#n huu& y#n( dibu#$ ol!h &#nusi#+
Huu& y#n( did#"#$ d#ri -#hyu din#&##n huu& Il#hi "osi$if+
Huu& -#hyu #d# "#d # nor&# 'nor&# &or#l #(#&#* s!d#n(#n
huu& y# n( d#$#n( d#ri ##l budi &#nus i# #d# $i(# &#/ #&* y#i$u
huu& #l#&* huu& b#n(s#'b#n(s#* d#n huu& "osi$if &#nusi#-i+
Huu& #l#& b!rsif#$ u&u&* d#n #r!n# i$u $id# j!l#s+ M# # "!rlu
disusun huu& y#n( l!bih j!l#s y#n( &!ru"##n und#n('und#n(
n!(#r# y#n( &!n(#$ur !hidu"#n &#nusi# d#l#& &#sy#r##$+ I'Iuu&
ini dis!bu$ huu& "osi$if+ A"#bil# huu& "osi$if ini b!r$!n$#n(#n
d!n(#n huu& #l#&* &## huu& #l#&l#h y#n( b!rl#u+
3!#dil#n ju(# &!ru"##n su#$u h#$ y#n( u$#&# d#l#& $!ori
huu& Tho&#s AFuin#s+ M!si"un Tho&#s AFuin#s &!&b!d##n
#n$#r# !#dil#n dis$ribu$if* !#dil#n $u#r'rn!nu#r* d#n !#dil#n l!(#l*
$!$#"i !#dil#n l!(#l &!ndudui "!r#n#n y#n( s#n(#$ "!n$in(+ H#l ini
dis!b#b#n #r!n# !#dil#n l!(#l &!nun$u$ #(#r or#n( $undu "#d#
und#n('und#n(* s!b#b &!n$##$i huu& &!ru"##n si#" y#n( b#i+
J!l#sl#h b#h-# !du# $ooh 3ris$i#ni ini &!nd#s#r#n $!ori huu&ny#
<C
"#d # Hu u& Tuh#n+
P!&iir Isl#& &!nd#s#r#n $!ori huurnny# "#d# #(#&# Isl#&*
y#i$u "#d# -#hyu Il#hi y#n( dis#&"#i#n !"#d# N#bi + D#ri #hli "ii r
Isl#& AI'Sy#fii'I#h #$ur#n'#$ur#n huu & diol#h s!/#r# sis$!&#$is+
Su&b!r huu& Isl#& #d#l#h AI'Lur#n* !&udi#n H#dis y#n( &!ru,
"# #n #j#r#n'#j#r#n d#l #& hidu" N#b i Muh#&&#d s#- + P!r#$ur#n,
"!r#$u r#n y#n( dis! $uju i ol! h u&#$ ju(# &!nj#di huu&* huu&
&uf##$* y#n( dis!bu$ ju(# ij&# + Su&b!r huu& y#n( l#inny# #d#l#h
Fiy#s * y#i$u #n#lo(i #$#u "!rs#&##n+ Huu& Isl#& ini &!li"u$i s!(#l#
bid #n( !h idu"#n &#nusi#+ I'Iuu& Isl#& hidu" d#l#& ji-# or#n(,
or#n ( Isl#&* d#n b!rd#s#r#n "#d # #(#&#+ I'luu& Isl#& &!ru"##n
hidu" id!#l b#(i "!n(#nu$ny# + >l!h #r!n# Huu& Isl#& b!rd#s#r#n
"#d # Al Lur#n &## Huu& Isl#& #d# l#h huu& y#n ( &!&"uny#i
hubun(#n d!n(#n All#h* l#n(sun( s!b#(#i -#hyu+ A$ur#n huu&
h#rus dibu#$ b!rd#s#r#n -#hyu Muh#&&#d 3h#lid M#sud* <??7
<5'<9+
D!n(#n #$# l#in "#d# #b#d "!r$!n(#h#n ini #d# du# "#nd#n(#n
y#n( b!rb!d# + M!nuru$ Sy#fiBi &!n(#"# huu& h#rus di/o/o#n
d!n(#n !$!n$u#n #(#&# #r!n# huu& b!rhubun(#n d!n(#n -#hyu
s!/#r# l#n(sun(* s!hin((# huu& di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i b#(i#n d#ri
-#hyu+ .!rb!d# d!n(#n Sy#fi Bi* &!nuru$ A(us$inus d#n Tho&#s
AFuin#s huu& b!rhubun(#n d!n(#n -#hyu s!/#r# $id# l#n(sun(*
y#i$u huu& y#n( dibu#$ &#nusi#* disusun di b#-#h ins"ir#si #(#&#
d#n -#hyu Huijb!rs* <?? 5C+
P!n(!r$i#n huu& y#n( b!rb!d# ini &!&b#-# ons!u!nsi
d#l#& "#nd#n(#nny# $!rh#d#" huu& #l#&+ P#r# $ooh 3ris$i#ni
/!nd!run( un$u &!&"!r$#h#n#n huu& #l#& s!b#(#i nor&#
huu&* ##n $!$#"i bu#n dis!b#b#n ol!h #l#& y#n( d#"#$ &!n/i"$#
huu& &!l#in#n #r!n# #l#& &!ru"##n /i"$##n Tuh#n+ M!nuru$
Tho&#s AFuin#s #$ur#n #l#& $id# l#in d#ri "#r$isi"#si #$ur#n #b#di
(lex aeterna) y#n( #d# "#d# Tuh#n s!ndiri+ +
D#l#& Isl#&* #(#&# &!ru"##n "!n(#u#n &#nusi# un$u
b!rsi#" "#sr #h !" #d# s!su#$ u y#n ( l!b ih $in((i * l!b ih #(u n( d#n
l!bih u#$ d#ri &!r!#* y#n( b!rsif#$ $r#ns!d!n$#l+ T!l#h &!nj#di
fi$r#h &#nusi# un$u &!&uj# d#n si#" "#sr#h !"#d# s!su#$u y#n(
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#-
di# #(un('#(un(#n un$u dij#di#n s!b#(#i Tuh#nny# + 6<!h #r!n#
Tuh#n $!l#h &!n!$#"#n huu&'huu&ny# b#( i &#nusi# * &## $i#d#
l#in s!b#(#i ons!u!nsi d#ri !"#sr#h#n $!rs! bu$ &#nusi# h#rus $##$
"#d# huu&'huurn $!rs! bu$+ Isl#& &!&#nd# n( $id# #d# "!rb!d##n
#n$#r# huu& #l#& d!n(#n huu& Tuh#n (s %ariat ) , < #r!n# sy#ri#$
y#n( di$!$#"#n All#h d#l#& Al'Lur#n s!su#i d!n(#n huu& #l#& i$u
s!ndiri* y#n( d#l#& Isl#& dis!bu$ $itrah . N#& un "!&#n# #n fi$r#h
d#l#& Isl#& j#uh l!bih $in((i d#ri"#d# "!&#n##n huu& #l#&
s!b#(#i&#n# di"#h#&i d#l#& on$ !s il&u huu&+ Ji# huu& #l#&
(lex naturae) di"#h#&i s!b#(#i !#r# s!(#l# y#n( #d# b!rj#l#n s!su#i
d!n(#n #$ur#n s!&!s$# #l#& s!"!r$i &#nusi# d#l#& b!r$ind# &!n('
!/!nd!run(#n'!/!nd!run(#n d#l#& j#s&#niny# Huijb!r s*
<??* &## $itrah b!r#r$ i "!&b!b#s#n &#nusi# d#ri !$!rj#j#h#n
$!rh#d#" !&#u#n j#s&#niny# y#n( s!rb# $id# $!rb #$#s "#d# !&#u#n
ruh#ni y#n( &!nd!#$ "#d# Tuh#n +
P#d# #b#d ini "#r# #hli !&udi#n &!&b!d##n #d# Ii&# j!ni s
huu&* y#i$u
#+ Huu& #b#di (lex a etema): r!n!#n# All#h $!n$#n( #$ur#n
s!&! s$# #l#&+ Huu& #b#di i$u &!ru"##n su#$u "!n (!r$i#n
$!olo(is $!n$#n( #s#l &ul# s!(#l# huu&* y#n ( ur#n( b!r"
!, n(#ruh #$#s "!n(!r$i#n huu& l#inny#+
b+ Huu& il#hi "osi$i f (l ex divino positiva) : huu& All#h y#n(
$!r#ndun( d#l#& -#hyu #(# &#* $!ru$ #&# &!n(!n#i "rinsi",
"rins i" !#dil#n+
!+ Huu& #l#& (lex naturais) : huu& All#h s!b#(#i&#n# n#&"#
d#l#& #$ur#n s!&!s$# #l#& &!l#lui ##l budi &#nusi#+
d+ Huu& b#n(s#'b#n(s# (ius ge ntium ): huu& y#n( di$!ri&#ol!h s!&u# #$#u !b#ny##n b#n(s#+ Huu& i$u y#n( b!r#s#l
d#ri huu& ro&#-i * l#&b#$ I#un hil#n( s!b#b dir!s!"si
d#l#& huu& "osi$if+
!+ Huu& "osi$if (lex humana positiva): huu& s!b#(#i&#n#
di$!n$u#n ol!h y#n( b!ru#s# $#$# huu& n!(#r#+ Huu& ini
"#d# 0#&#n &od !& di$#n((#"i s!b#(#i huu& y#n( s!j#$i+
BAB III
PANDANGAN TENTANG HUKUM PADA
/AMAN MODERN
3!&#ju#n y#n( $!rj#di di duni# Isl#&* $!&y#$# &!&ilii d#y#
$#ri $!rs!ndiri b#(i &!r!# or#n('or#n( .#r#$+ M## "#d# &#s#
s!"!r$i inil#h b#ny# or#n('or#n( .#r#$ y#n( d#$#n( ! duni# Isl#&
un$u &!&"!l#j#r i fils#f#$ d#n il&u "!n(!$#hu#n+ 3!&udi #n h#l ini
&!nj#di j!&b#$#n infor&#si #n$#r# .#r#$ d#n Isl#&+ D#ri "!&iir#n,
"!&iir# n il&i#h* r#sion#l d#n filosofis * #$#u b#h#n s#ins Isl#& &ul#i
di$r#nsf!r ! d#r#$#n Ero"#+ 3on$# #n$#r# duni# .#r#$ d#n Isl#& "#d #
li&# Ab#d b!riu$ny# $!&y#$# &#&"u &!n(#n$#r#n Ero"# "#d#
&#s# !b#n(i$#nny# !&b#li (renaisan ce) "#d# bid#n( il&u "!n(!$#,hu#n d#n fils#f#$+ S!l#nju$ny# b!r!&b#n( "#d# !r# b#ru y#i$u !r#,
&od!&+
A. /AMAN RENAISSAN2E
.!r!b#li#n d!n(#n #"# y#n( di#l#&i ol!h "#r# "!l#j#r .#r#$
d!n(#n #"# y#n( &!r!# d#"#$#n d#ri Isl#&* di&#n# (!r!j# &!&ilii
!u#s##n &u$l# di Ero"# $!or#si* &!ni&bul#n !r# b#ru
renaissance' !l#hir#n !&b#li+ Er# ini &!ru"##n &#nif!s$#si d#ri
"ro$!s "#r# #hli y#n( b!l#j#r d#ri Isl#& $!rh#d#" !u#s##n (!r!j#y#n( &u$ l# $!rs! bu$+ P#d# 0#&#n ini hidu" &#n usi# &!n(#l#&i
b#ny# "!rub#h#n + .il# "#d # #b#d "!r$ !n(#h#n "!rh #$i#n or#n(
di#r#h#n !"#d# duni# d#n #hir#$* &## "#d# 0#&#n &od!&
"!rh#$i#nny# h#ny# "#d#!hidu"#n duni# s#j#+ H#l ini di l#$#r,
b!l# #n(i ol!h !#d##n Ero"# y#n( s##$ i$u "!&#h#&#n $!n$#n(
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#hir#$ dib#j# ol!h G!r!j#+ M#s# !u#s##n G!r!j# y#n( bi#s#
dis!bu$ s!b#(#i &#s# !(!l#"#n Ero"# $!l#h &!l#hir#n s!n$i&!n #n$i
G!r!j#+ M!r!# &!nuduh G!r!j# $!l#h b!rsi#" s!l#&# s!ribu $#hun
l#y#ny# "olisi y#n( &!&!ris# !y#in#n s!$i#" or#n(+
8#n$#s* l#hirl#h $!ori y#n( &!n!&"#$#n &#nusi# s!b#(#i
s!(#l#'(#l#ny# &!n((#n$i#n Tuh#n+ .!rd#s#r#n $!ori ini* &#nusi#,
l#h y#n( &!nj#di $olo uur !b#i#n d#n !buru#n+ Er# b#ru ini
$!l#h &!l#hir#n $!ori y#n( &!n (!! #& s!(#l# s!su#$u y#n( &!&b#$#si
, !b!b#s#n indi4idu &#nusi# + Aib#$ny#* #(#&# b!rub#h "!r#n d#n
&!nj#di s!b#$#s &#s#l#h indi4idu y#n( h#ny# di&#nf##$#n #l# s!s!,
or#n( &!&!rlu#n s#nd#r# n un$u &!n(usir !(!lis#h#n b#$in d#n
!s!ndiri#n+ A(#&# s!!#r# "!rl#h#n $!r(!s!r d#ri !hidu"#n &#sy#,
r##$ di Ero"# Huijb!rs* <?:+ .ur!h#rd$ d#l#& Huijb!rs* <?:
5? &!ny!bu$ !r# ini s!b#(#i 2"!n!rnu#n !&b#li duni# d#n &#nusi#2+
>!n(#n d!&ii#n * ;#&#n Mod!& #$#u Ab#d Mod!& di .#r#$ #d#l#h
0#&#n* !$i# &#nusi# &!n!&u#n diriny# s!b#(#i !u#$#n y#n(
d#"#$ &!ny!l!s#i#n s!(#l# "!rso#l#n'"!rso#l#n hidu"ny#+ M#nusi#
h#ny# di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i &#hlu y#n( b!b#s y#n( ind!"!nd!n d#ri
Al#& d#n Tuh#n+ M#nusi# di .#r#$ s!n(#j# &!&b!b#s#n d#ri T#$#n,
#n Il#hi#h (*heo orphisnie=, un$u s!l#nju$ny# &!&b#n(un T#$#n#n
An$ro"o&or"his&! su#$u $#$#n#n y#n( s!&#$#'&#$# b!r"us#$ "#d#
&#nusi#+ M#nusi# &!nj#di $u#n #$#s n#sibny# s!ndiri+
3ondisi di &#s# i$u y#n( di"!nuhi d!n(#n !(!$ir#n #b#d "!r,
$!n(#h#n* $!l#h &!&bu#$ (!r##n +umani sme ini d!n(#n !!"#$ b!r,
!&b#n( lu#s di Ero"#+ M!nuru$ Hu&#nis&!* &#nusi# b!rsif#$ un((ul
s!b#(#i "rib#di di#n$#r# s!(#l# &#hlu l#inny#* hususny# d#l#&
"!r#n &#nusi# s!b#(#i "!n!i"$ # !bud#y##n+ Tooh'$ooh Hu&#nis,
&! i$u #d#l#h P!$r#!# <969'<9C@* D!sid!rius Er#s&us <@7?'<9C*
d#n Tho&#s Mor! <@C:'<9+ MP!ru b#h#n "#nd#n(#n ini b!r"!n(#,
ruh ju(# "#d# #(#&# 3ris$!n* y#n( &!-ujud d#l#& #(#&# b#ru y#i$u
#(#rn# Pro$!s$#n <5<C+ A(#&# ini l#hir s!b#(#i h#sil d#ri r!for&#si
#(#&# 3ris$!n ol!h M##r$!n 8u$h!r <@:9'<@7 Joh#nn!s =#l4in
<6?'<7@+ D#l#& bid#n( !il&u-#n &un!ul ju(# b!b!r#"# il&u,
-#n s!"!r$i =o"!&i!us <@C9'<@9* 3!"<!r <C<'<796* G#lil!i
<7@'<7@5* N!-$on <7@5'<C5C d#l#& bid#n( fisi#+
5<
.il# "!n(!r$i#n huu& 0#&#n l#si l!bih b!rsif#$ l#si* &##
"!n(!r$i#n huu& "#d# 0#&#n &od !& l!bih b!rsi f#$ !&"ir is+ M!nuru$
Huijb!rs <?? 5? h#l ini b!r#r$i b#h-# < T!#n#n $id# l#(i "#d#
huu& s!b#(#i $#$#n#n y#n( id!#l huu& #l#&* &!l#in#n "#d#
huu& y#n( dib!n$u &#nusi# s!ndiri* b#i ol!h r#j# &#u"un r#y#$
y#i$u huu& "osi$ if #$#u $#$# huu& n!(#r#* di&#n# huu& $!rj#lin
d!n(#n "oli $i n!(#r# 5 T#$# huu& n! (#r # diol#h ol!h "#r# s#rj#n#
huu& s!!#r# I!bih il&i#h 9 D#l#& &!&b!n$u $#$# huu& &#in
b#ny# di"iir#n $!n$#n( f#$#'f#$# !&"iris * y#i$u !bud#y##n
b#n(s# d#n si$u#si sosio'!ono&is &#sy#r##$ y#n( b!rs#n(u$#n+
P!r/i#n P!&iir#n $!n $#n( huu & "#d# 0#&#n ini #d#l#h
I+ Huu& &!ru"##n b#(i#n d#ri !bij##n &#nusi#
5+ T!r$ib huu& di-ujud#n d#l#& b!n$u n!(#r#* di&#n# di
d#l#&ny# &!&u#$ "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n y#n( h#rus
di$##$i ol!h -#r(# n!(#r# d#n &!&u#$ "!r#$ur#n huu& d#l#&
hubun(#nny# d!n(#n n!(#r# l#in+
9+ P!n!i"$# huu& #d#l#h r#j#+
)ilsuf'filsuf y#n( &! &un/ul#n "!&iir#n $!rs!bu$ #d#l#h
M#//hi#4!lli <@7?'<5C* J!#n .odin <96'<?7* Hu(o Gro$ius
<:9'<7@* d#n Tho&#s Hobb!s <::'<7C?+ D!n(#n s!&#n(#$ ini
"ul# Ero"# !&udi#n &!n/#ri duni# b#ru y#n( di$#nd#i d!n(#n
"!n !&u #n s!bu#h -il#y#h "#d# $#hun <@?5 y#n( !&udi#n
din#&#iA&!ri# +
B. /AMAN AUFKLARUNG
;#&#n Aufl#run( y#n( l #hir ur#n( l!bih "#d # #b#d !'<C
&!ru"##ri #-#l !&!n#n(#n su"!r&#si r#sion#lis&!* !&"iris&!* d#n
"osi $i4is&! d#ri do(&#$is A(#&#+ 3!ny#$##n ini d#"#$ di"#h#&i
#r!n# #b#d &od!& .#r#$ di$#nd#i d!n(#n #d#ny# u"#y# "!&is#h#n
#n$#r# il&u "!n(!$#hu#n d#n fils#f#$ d#ri "!n(#ruh A(#&# s!u,
l!ris&!+ P!r"#du#n#n$#r# r#sion#lis&!* !&"iris&! d#n "osi$i4is&!
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d#l#& s#$u "#!$ !"is$i&olo(i &!l#hir#n #" # y#n( T+H Hu#l!y
dis!bu$ d!n(#n M!$od! II&i#h (7cienti$i c ethod).Mun/ulny# #lir#n'#lir#n $!rs!bu$ s#n(# $ b!r"!n(#ruh "#d# "!r,
#d#b#n .#r#$ s!l#nju$ny#+ D!n(#n &!$od ! il&i #h i$u* !b!n#r#n
s!su#$u h#ny# &!r!# "!rhi$un(#n d# ri s ud u$ fisio lo(is 'l#hiri#h
y#n( s#n(#$ b!rsif#$ "rof#ni !duni#-i#n #$#u !b !nd ##n+ A$#u
d!n(#n is$il#h l#in * !b!n#r#n il& u "!n(!$#hu#n h#ny# diuur
d#ri sudu$ oh!r!nsi d#n or!s"od!nsi+ D!n(#n -#$# n y# $!rs!bu$
sud#h d#"#$ di"#s$i#n b#h-#* s!(#l# "!n(!$#hu#n y#n ( b!r#d#
dilu#r j#n(#u#n indr# d#n r#sio s!r$# "!n(uji#n il&i#h di$ol#ny# *
$!r&#su di d#l#&, ny# "!n(!$#hu#n y#n( b!rsu&b!r "#d # r!li(i+
P!rin$isny# #d#l#h R!n! D!s/#r$/s <?7'<76 y#n( &!ndu,
du#n &#nusi# s!b#(#i subj! d#l#& us#h#ny# &!nj#-#b $#n$#n(#n
!b!r#d##n &#nusi# s!b#(#i &#hlu &iro os&i+ M#nusi# dij#di,
#n $i$i $ol# s!luruh "#nd#n(#n hidu"ny# + D!n(#n f#ls#f#hny# y#n(
#&#$ $!r!n#l 0cogito ergo 7l##l0 #r!n# b!r"iir &## #u #d#*
D!s/#r$!s l#h y#n( &!&b#-# "!&iir#n r#sion#lis&!+ >l!h #r!n# i$u
0#&#n ini dis!bu$ ju(# 0#&#n r# sion#lis&! * 0#&#n "!n/!r#h#n* 0#&#n
$!r#n( budi+ S!$!l#h D!s/#r$!s* fils#f#$ 0#&#n ini &!njurus ! du#
#r#h
<+ R#sion#lis&!* &!n(un((ul#n id!'id ! ## I &u&i+ Toohny#
#d#l#h %olff <7C?'<C@ * Mon$!sFi !u <7:?'<C* Vol$#ir!
<7?@'<CC:* Rouss!#u <C<5'<CC:* d#n I&&#nu!l 3#n$
<C5@'<:6@ +
5+ E&"iris&!* y#n( &!n!#n#n "!rluny# b#sis !& "&s b#(i
s!&u# "!n(!r$i#n+ Toohny# #n$#r# l#in John 8o/! <795,<C6@ d#n D#4id Hu&! <C<<'<CC7+
S!b!n#&y# !&"iris&!* y#n( b!r!&b#n( di In((ris s!j# #b#d
!'<C ini &!ru"##n su# $u /#r# b!r"ii r y#n( r#sion#l is ju(#* n#&un
d#l#& !&"ris&! l!bih &!n(u$#&##n "!n((un##n &!$od! !&"iris
y#i$u #"# y#n( $id# d#"#$ di#l#&i $id# d#"#$ di#ui !b!n#r#nny# +
P!r/i#n "!&iir#n "#d# 0#&#n ini #d#l#h "!r$#&#* huu&
di&!n(!r$i s!b#(#i b#(i#n su#$u sis$!& "iir#n y#n( l!n(#" y#n(
59
b!r sif#$ r#sion#l * an sich. 3!du #* $!l#h &un/ul id! d#s#r
ons!"si &!n (!n#i n!(#r# y# n ( id!#l+ P#d# 0#&#n ini n!(#r# y#n(
id!#l #d#l#h n!(#r# huu&+ .!b!r#"# "!& ii r#n b!r #i$#n d!n( #n
id! $!rs!bu$ di#n$#r#ny# John 8o/! y#n ( &!ny #$ ##n $!n $#n(
"!&b!l ##n h# -#r(# n!(#r # $!rh #d#" "!&!r in$#h#n y#n( b!r u #s#
Mon$!sFiu &!, ny#$##n $!n$#n( "!&is#h#n !u #s# #n n/(#r#d#l #& $i(# b#(i#n* y#i$u !s!u$if * l!(isl#$if d#n yudi#$if $ri#s
"oli$ i/# J+J + Rouss!#u &!ny#$##n $!n$#n( !un((ul#n &#nusi#
s/b#(#i subj! huu& + Rouss!#u &!ny#$##n ji# huu& &!nj#di
b#(i#n d#ri su#$ u !hi, du"#n b!rs#&# y#n( d!&or#$is* &## r#j#
s!b#(#i "!n/i"$# huu& "!rl u di (#n$i d!n(#n r#y#$ s!b #(#i
"!n/i"$# huu& d#n sub j! huu&+ I&&#nu!l 3#n$ &!ny#$##n
b#h-# "!&b!n $u#n huu& &!ru"##n inisi#$if &#nusi# (un#
&!n(!&b#n(#n !hidu"#n b!r, s#&# y#n( b!r&or#l Huijb!rs *
<?? 95 +
P#d# #hir #b#d VIII * /i$#'/i$# n!(#r# huu& &!n(ris$#l b!r,
diriny# n!(#r# A&!ri# S!ri#$ <CC7 d#n $!rj#diny# R!4olusi
+P!r# n/ is <C:?+ R!4olusi P!r#n/is diji-#i ol!h s!&boy#n
lierte , eg alite, $raternit e, y#n( &!nun$u$ su#$u $#$# huu& b#ru
#$#s d#s#r !d#ul#$# n r#y#$+ T#$# huu& b#ru $!rs ! bu$ !&udi#n
dib!n$u ol!h "#r# s#rj #n# P!r#n/i s #$#s "!r in$#h 3#i s#r N#"ol!on +
T#$# huu& b#ru $!rs/bu$ &!n/#"#i !b !rh#sil#nny# s!$ !l #h
diru&us#nny# "od e " ivil < :6@+ = od! = i4il $!rs! bu$ "#d# !r#
b!riu$ny# &!ru"##n su&b!r od! s n!(#r#'n!(#r# &od!&* #n$#r #
l#in .!l#nd#+
=+ PENGERTIAN HUKUM ABAD 3I3
1. Pn4ngn lI%i5 t! H#$#%
P#d# 0#&#n ini E&"irisrn! y#n( &!n!#n#n "!r luny# b#sis
!rn"iris b#(i s!&u# "!n(!r$i#n b!r!rnb#n( &!nj#di Posi$i4is&! y#n(
&!n((un##n &!$od! "!n(ol#h#n il&i#h+ D#s#r d#ri #lir#n ini di(#(#s
ol!h Au(us$ =o rn$! <C:?' I :C* s!or#n( filsuf P!r#n/is* y#n(
&!ny#, $# #n b#h-# s!j# r#h !bu d#y# #n &#n usi # dib#(i d#l#rn
$i(# $#h#"
$#h#" "!r$#&# #d#l#h $#h#" $!olo(is y#i$u $#h#" di&#n# or#n( &!n/#ri
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!b!n#r#n d#l#& #(#&#* $#h#" !du# #d#l#h $#h#" &!$#fisis y#i$u
$#h#" di&#n# or#n( &!n/#ri !b!n#r#n &!l#l#ui fils#f#$+ T#h#" !$i(#
#d#l#h $#h#" "osi$if y#i$u $#h#" di&#n# !b!n#r#n di/#ri &!l#ui il&u,
il&u "!n(!$#hu#n+ M!nuru$ =o&$! y#n( $!r#hir inil#h y#n( &!ru"#,
#n icon d#ri 0#&#n &od!& =o&$!* <:C@ 5+
.#(i fils#f#$ huu&* huu& di #b#d "!r$!n(#h#n #&#$ di"!,
n(#ruhi ol!h "!r$ irnb#n(#n'"!r$i&b#n(#n $!olo(is+ S!d#n(#n r!n$#n(
-#$u d#ri r!n#iss#n/! hin((# ir#'ir# " !r$!n(#h#n #b#d !'<?
$!r&#su d#l#& $#h#" &!$#fisis+ Aj#r#n huu& #l#& l#si &#u"un
fils#f#$'fils#f#$ huu& r!4olusion!r y#n( diduun( ol!h S#4i(ny*
H!(!l d#n M#r di-#rn#i ol!h unsur'unsur &!$#fisis $!r$!n$u+ T!ori,
$!ori ini &/n/ob# &!nj!l#s# n si f#$ huu& d!n(#n &!nunju !"#d#
id!'id! $!r$!n$u #$#u "rinsi"'"rinsi" $!r$in((i + P#d # "!r$!n(#h#n #b#d
!'<? s!bu#h (!r##n &ul#i &!n!n$#n( $!nd!nsi'$/nd!nsi &!$#fisi#
y#n( #d# "#d# #b#d'#b#d s!b!lu&ny#+ G!r##n ini &un(in dij!l#s,
#n s!b#(#i "osi$i4is&!* y#i$u s!bu#h si#" ilrni#h* &/nol# s"!u,
l#si's"!ul#si #"riori d#n &/&b#$#si diriny# "#d # d#$# "!n(#l#r n#n
Musl!huddin* O ??< 5C'5:+ "!nj!l#s# n b!ri u$ny# $/ n$#n( "osi $i4i s,
&! huu& ini ##n dij!l#s#n d#l#& .#b VI T!ori I'Iuu&* sub b#b
Posi$i4is&! Huu&+
&. P#nd#n(#n Hi!t-ri! t! H#$#%
Ab#d 1I1 di$#nd#i "!rub#h#n b/s#r di s!(#l# bid#n(* $!ru$#&#
#ib#$ "!r!&b#n (#n il&u "/n(!$#hu# n d#n $!nolo(i+ P!rub#h#n
y#n( di&ul#i d!n(#n "!r!&b#n(#n il&u "!n(!$#hu #n* "!n!&u#n
#l#$'#l#$ $!nolo(i* hin((# r!4olusi indus$ri* d#n $!rj#diny# "!rub#h#n,
"!r ub#h# n sos i#l b!s !r$ # &#s #l# h'r n#s #l# h sos i#l y#n ( &u/ ul !rnu,
di#n &!&b!ri ru#n( !"#d# "#r# s#rj#n# un$u b!r"iir $!n$#n( (!j#l#
"!r !&b# n(#n i$u s!nd iri+ P#d # #b# d'#b# d s!b !lu &ny #* or# n( &!r#s#
!hidu"#n &#nusi# s!b#(#i s!su#$u y#n( ons$#n y#n( h#&"ir $id#
b!r b!d # d!n (#n !h idu"# n &#s # l#lu + P#d # #b# d ini "!r #s# #n i$u
hil#n(* or#n( $!l#h s#d#r $!n$#n( s!(i his$oris !hidu"#nny#* $!n$#n(
!&un(in#n $!rj#diny# "!rub#h#n'"!rub#h#n y#n( &!&b!ri#n nil#i
b#r u d# l#& !hidu"#nny#+
5
P#d# #b#d ini* "!n(!r$i#n $!n$#n( huu& &!ru"##n "#nd#n(#n
b#r u #$# s hidu"* y#i $u hid u" s!b #(# i "!r !&b# n(# n &#nusi#d#n !bu,
d#y##n+ .!b!r#"# "!&iir#n $ooh y#n( &!n/!r&in#n h#O ini #d#l#h
H!(!l <CC6'O:9<* ) + Von S#4i(ny <CC?'<:7O* d#n 3#rI M#r
<:O :' I ::9+ H!(!l &!n!&"#$# n huu& d#l# & !s!luruh#n "!r-u,
jud #n roh y#n ( obj !$ if d#l #& /h idu "#n &#n usi #+ )+ Von S#4i(ny&!n!n$u#n huu& s!b#(#i unsur !bud#y##n su#$u b#n(s# y#n(
b!r ub#h d#l #& Iin $#s #n s!j#r#h+ T!r#hi r* 3#rl M#r &!&#nd#n(
huu& s!b#(#i /!r&in si$u#si !ono&is &#sy#r##$ So!$isno* <?:7@9'7< +
D. PENGERTIAN H UKUM ABAD 33
M/si"un $/rd#"#$ "!rs#&##n $!n$#n( "!&b!n$u# n sis$ !&
huu& y#n( b!rl#u * n#&un "#d # #b#d 11 ini #d# "!r b!d##n $!n$#n(
"!n (!r $i #n hu u& y#n ( h# ii+ Ad# du# #ru s b!s #r "#n d#n(# n $!n $#n( "!n (!r $i #n hu u& y#n ( h#i i 3+ ./r$!ns* <?:<
I+ Huu& s!b#iny# di"#nd#n( d#l#& hubun(#nny# d!n(#n "!,
&!rin$#h n!(#r# * y#i$u s!b#(#i nor&# huurn y#n( de $acto b!r,
l#u + Tol# uurny# #d#l#h !"!n$in(#n u&u& dilih#$ s!b#(#i
b#( i#n !b ud#y# #n d#n s/j #r# h su# $u b#n (s# + P#n d#n (#n ini
b!r su&b! r d#ri #li r#n sos iol o(i huu& d#n r/#li s&! huu&+
5+ Huu& s!h#rusny# di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i b#(i#n !hidu"#n !$is
&#nusi# di duni#+ >l!h #/n# i$u disini di#ui #d#ny# hubun(#n
#n$#r# huu& "osi$if d!n(#n "rib#di &#nusi#* y#n( b!r"!(#n( "#d # nor &#' nor &# !#dil #n+ Pri nsi " ini di# &bi l d#ri M fils#f#$
n!osol#s$i* n!o#n$is&/* n!oh!(!li#nis&! d#n fiIs#f#$
!sis$!nsi*
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BABI6
PANDANGAN TENTANG HUKUM
ERA POST*MODERNISME
A+ LATAR BELAKANG
>!n(#n on$!s ini* "!rlu ju(# di$!(#s#n #n$# r hubun(#n .#r#$
y#n( &od!& d#n "!r#n A(#&# r!s&i y#n( b!rl#u di s#n#* y#ni
ris$!n+ Ad# s!b#(i#n or#n( b!r#n((#"#n b#h-# s!luruh or#n( .#r#$
&!n(#nu$ A(#&# 3ris$!n* d!n(#n "!r!/u#li#n &inori$#s "!n(#nu$
Y#hudi+ An((#"#n s/&#/#+& ini s!ol#h'ol#h .#r#$ &#sih s!"!r$i .#r#$
"#d# #b#d "!r$!n(#h#n* !$i# $!rj#di "! r#n( s#lib y#n( "!r#d#b#nny#s##$ i$u #d#l#h dis!bu$ #b#d !i&#n#n + Ad# ju(# s!b#(i#n y#n( l#in
b!r#n((#"#n s!b#l iny#* y#i$u b#h-# s!luruh or#n( .#r# $ b!rsif#$
&#$!ri#li #$#u #(nos$i s!r$# s!"$i d#n $id# &!n(#nu$ s#$u A(#&#
#"#"un+ P#nd#n(#n s!&#/#& ini bis# dis!bu$ !liru* #r!n# y#n(
$!rj#di $id#l#h d!&ii#n+ P#d# Ab#d !'<C* b#h#n s!b!lu&ny#* y#i$u
!$i# renaissance, $!l#h $!rj#di u"#y# &!&b#-# duni# .#r#$ !#r#h
s!ul#ris&! d#n "!ni"is#n "!r#n A(#&# d#l#& !hidu"#n s!h#ri'h#ri
&#nusi#+ Ahi&y# b!r#ib#$ "#d# s!ju&l#h or#n( .#r#$ y#n( s!/#r#
"r#$is $id# l#(i &!n(#nu $ A(#&# 3ris $!n #$#u Y#hudi+ >r#n(
s!&#/#& =o&$!* y#n( "iir#n'"iir#nny# b!(i$u #n$i &!$#fisis &!n,
j#di j#l #n &ulus &!nuju !#r#h s!ul #ris&! >uni# .#r#$ + >i$#&b#hd!n(#n #j#r#n fils#f#$ sosi#l sosi#lis&!* M#r M#ris&! y#n(
&!n!(#s#n b#h-# A(#&# #d#l#h /#ndu &#sy#r##$* y#n( #r!n#ny#
i# h#rus di$in((#l#n+ Pun/# "!nol##n $!rh#d#" A(#&# 3ris$!n di
.#r#$ disu#r##n ol!h Ni!$0s/h! d!n(#n s$#$!&!nny# y#n( b#ny# di
!n#l or#n( *he 4od is dead.
3!&un/ul#n (#(#s#n'(#(#s#n s!&#/#& i$u &un(in di#ib#$'
#n #d#ny# !$id#n<#&"u#n sis$!& !i&#n#n y#n( b!rl#u dis#n#
un$u &!n(#o&od#si#n "!r!&b#n(#n &#sy#r##$ &od!rn d!n(#n
il&u "!n(!$#hu#ny#+ 3!&#ju#n &#sy#r##$ y#n( sud#h b!rh#sil d#n
b!(i$u "!r/#y# "#d# i"$!* #h i&y# b!r !&b#n( l!"#s d#ri on$rol
A(#&#+ I"$! y#n( l#nd#s#n "oony# b!rsif#$ s!ul!r b#(i s!b#(i#n
b!s#r or#n( di .#r#$ #hi &y# &!n((#n$ i#n "osisi A(#&#+ S!(#l#!bu$uh#n A(#&# s!ol#h bis# $!r"!nuhi d!n(#n i"$!+N#&un d#l#&
urun( -#$u y#n( "#nj#n( i"$! $!rny#$# &!n(hi#n#$i !"!r/#y##n
&#nusi#* !&#ju#n i"$! jus$ ru id!n$i d!n(#n b!n/#n#+ 3ondisi
inil#h y#n( $#&"#ny# &!&bu#$ &#sy#r##$ .#r#$ &!n(#l#&i #"#
y#n( dis!bu$ =# Nur >r+ Nurholis M#djid y#n( diu$i"ny# d#ri
.#i(!n$* 3risis E"is$i&olo(is * y#ni &#sy#r##$ .#r#$ $id# l#(i
&!n(!$#hui $!n$#n( &#n# d#n $uju#n hidu" (eaning and urpose oJ Li$e).
M#nusi# &od!& &!lih#$ s!(#l# s!su#$u h#ny# d#ri "in((ir#n
!sis$!nsiny# s#j# * $id# "#d# "us#$ s"iri$u#li$#s diriny#* s!hin((#
&!n(#ib#$#n i# lu"# si#"# diriny# + M!&#n( d!n(#n #"# y#n(dil#u#nny# s!#r#n('&!&b!ri "!rh#$i#n "#d# diriny# y#n( s!/#r#
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$#hu#n b#(i diriny# s!ndiri* s!"!r$i "#d# "!riod! i$# ini + 3i$#'#$#ny#,
"uny# #n$ ro"olo( i il&i#h* #n$ ro"olo (i filosofis * d#n #n$ ro"olo( is $!o,
lo(is y#n( $# s#lin( &!n(!n#l s#$u s#&# l#in+ T#"i i$# $id# &!rni,
lii (#&b#r#n y#n( j!l#s d#n onsis$!n $!n$#n( !b!r#d##n &#nus i#(Human being. S!&#in b!r$u&buh d#n b#ny#ny# il&u'il&u husus
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Pros!s &od!&is#si y#n( dij#l#n#n .#r#$ y#n( diiu$i n!(#r#,
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$u#l+ S!b#(#i #ib#$ny#* &#nusi# &od! & &!nd!ri$ # !$!r#sin(#n #li!,
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s!bu$ d!n(#n &#s# "#s/# &od!&is&! "os$'&od!rnis&!+ M#s# ini
s!"!r$i y#n( di#$##n Jur(!n H#b!r&!s s!or#n( Sosiolo( d#n )ilosof
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ri#lis$i d#n h!donis$i* $!$#"i ju(# $/l #h &!n(#ib#$#n $!rj#diny#
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$r#di, sion#lis&! #d#l#h s!bu#h (!r##n y#n( in(in &!n(!&b#li#n
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/ob# b!rsi#" l!bih ri$is $!rh#d#" id!'id! &od!&is#si s!b!lu&ny#*
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&!n/#ri #l$!&#$if non'.#r#$ + 3!lo&"o y#n( dis!bu$ $!r#hir &is#l,
ny# H#s#n Alb#n# <?@?* Abul AB#l #l'M#ududi <?C?* S#yyid
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$#b!r$uh#n#n M#ris&!+
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s!&#/#& i$u "#lin( $id# &!ru"##n $#-#r#n #l$!rn#$if s!bu#h nil#i,
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y#n( $!$#"* !bij#s#n##n y#n( #b#di ( sophi a perenneis% s!r$# "!n!,
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ris$#l#n d#l#& &#d 0#b'&#d0#b l#si+ Huu& &!ny#n(u$ !sufis,
$i#n* Isl#& Tr#dision#l &!&&"!r$#h #n#n Isl#&i$#s s!ni Isl#&*
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d!n(#r* d#n d#l#& do&#in "oli$i * P!rs"!$i f $r#dision#l s!<#lu b!r,
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. FILSAFAT PERENNIAL SEBAGAI JEMBAT AN
P!&bi/#r##n &!n(!n#i Tuh#n d#l#& !r#n(# s"iri$u#li$#s
uni4!rs#l d#n r!li(iusi$#s $r#nshis$oris &!ru"##n $o"i "!&bi/#r##n
u$#&# d#l#& fils#f#$ "!r!nni#l+ )ils#f#$ "!r!nni#l #$#u philosophia
perenn is did!finisi#n ol!h )ri$ hjof S/huon d#l#& Echo es
o$ erennial >isdom <??5 s!b#(#i the univ ersal 4nosis whichalwa%s has existed and alwa%s will exist. Aldous Hul!y d#l#& *he
errenial hilosoph% <?:@ fils#f#$ "!r!nni#l did!finisi#n s!b#(#i
< &!$#, fisi# y#n( &!n(#ui #d#ny# r!#li$#s ill#hi y#n( subs$#nsi#l
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the 7acred <?:?* di#l#n(#n &usli& P!rsi# $!l#h di !n#l is$il#h J
avidan 9hirad #$#u al5+i/tnah al59halidah y#n ( di$!&u #n d# ri
#ry# M# s, #-ih ?95'<696+ Di d#l#& #ry#ny# i$u* Ibn M#s# -ih
&!&bi/#r#, #n s!j!nis -#-#s#n fils#f#$ "!r!nni#l d!n(#n &!n(ul#s
(#( # s#n d#n "!&iir#n or#n('or#n( d#n fil suf y#n( di#n((#" su/ i
y#n( b!r #s#l d#ri P!rsi# 3uno* Indi# d#n Ro&#-i+ J#uh s!b !lu& Mi
s#-ih* "!&!lu Hindu V!nd#$# $!l#h &!n(h#y#$i do$rin
fund#&!n$#l fils#f#$ "!r!n, ni#l d#l#& is$il#h S#n#$#n# Dh#r&#
2#(#&# #b #di 2 + Do$rin s!& #/#& i$u ju(# di$!&u#n d#l#& $r#disi
Yun#ni 3l# si * $!ru$#&# d#l#& for&ul#si fils#f#$ Pl#$o+
S!d#n(#n d#l#& duni# 3ris$!n b#ny# di$!&u#n "#d# $ulis#n
&is$ius J!r&#n d#n $!olo( 3ris$!n M!i$!r E/h#r$+ D#l#& duni#
Isl#& y#n( s!&#/#& d!n(#n fils#f#$ "!r!nni#l b#n y# di$!&u#n
d#l#& #ry# '#ry# #u& su fi+
In$i "#nd#n(#n fils#f#$ "!r!nni#l #d#l#h b#h-# d#l#& s!$i#"
#(#&# d#n $r#disi ! so$!ri $!rd#"#$ su#$u "!n(!$#hu#n d#n "!s#n
!#(#&##n y#n( s#&# * y#n( &un/ul &!l#lui b!r#(#& n#&# * b!r#(#&
b!n$ u y#n( dibun (us ol!h sis $!&'sis$ !& for&#l ins$i$us i !#(#&##n+
3!s#&##n i$u diis$il#h#n d!n(#n tran sc endent unit % o$ religions
!, s#$u#n $r#ns!nd!n #(#&#'#(#&# Suidi* <??C + M##* "#d#
$in(#$ th e "?lillon vision, #$# Hus$on S&i$h #$#u "#/l# $in(#$
transcen- dent #$# #u& "!r!nni#lis s!&u# #(#&# &!&"uny#i
!s#$u#n* #l#u $id# &#l#h !s#&##n (#(# s#n /l#s#r+
D!n(#n d!&ii#n /#r# b!r"iir fils#f#$ $!l#h s#&"#i "#/l# "un,
/# il&u y#n( d#l#& Isl#& s!rin( dis!bu$ Il&u 8#duni+ S!hin((# $#&,
"# b#h-# r#n# h $#s #-uf s!#l i"un $!l#h &#su /l#l#& fils#f#$
"!r!nni#l ini+
N#&un ji# i$# $!l##h l!bih j#uh* $#s#-uf d#n fils#f#$ "!r !nni#l
#$#u "#r# sufi /l#n filsuf "!r!nni#lis &!&ilii d#s #r "ij##n y#n(
b!rb!d# + P!r!nni#lis b!r#n(#$ d#ri fils#f#$ &!$#fisi# "#d# ons!"si
!#rif#n $r#dision#l+ S!d#n(#n $# s#-uf "#r# sufi b!r#n(#$ /l#ri
sy#ri#$* y#n( &!l#lui j#l#n thariqat un$u &!n/#"#i h#i#$+ M!nuru$
"#r# sufi s!s!or#n( $id# ##n d#" #$ &!l#u#n "!n(!&b#r##n s"iri,
$u#l* ji# $i/l# /li&ul#i d#ri sy#ri#$+ 8o(i# filsuf #/l#l#h s!"!r$i lin(,
#r#n d!n(#n s#$u $i$i di$!n(#h lin(#r#n d!n(#n (#ris r#di#l
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&!nd#"#$ s#$u sin#r d#n !&udi#n sin#r i$u b!r"!nd#r di4!r(!n
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-#&i #d#l #h !#rif#n $r#dision#l y#n( #d# "#d# &# sin('&#sin(
#(#&#+ Tu(#s filosof disini #d#l#h &!n!lusuri sin#r'sin#r $!rs! bu$
un$u &!n/#"#i s#$u sin#r u$#&# y#ni sin#r Tuh#n +
Sufi &!n((un##n / as%$ in$uis i un$u &!n/#"#i R!#li$#s
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!u$i+ 9as%$ ##n l#hir d#n &un/ul d#ri s##$ !rj# r#sio dil#u#n
d!n(#n &!&b!b#s#n r#sio d#r i &!#n is&! b!nd#-i .ur/h# rd$ *
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fisi y#n( di(!r# #n &!ny!n$uh "#r$i! l ud#r# d!n(#n !/!"#$#n$!r$!n$u Mulh#n* 566@+ 3#syf #d#l#h su#$u b!n$u !rj# in$!l!
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BAB6
ASPEK ONTOLOGI, NILAI ETlKA
DAN LOGlKA DALAM HUKUM
A. PENGERTIAN HUKUM
H#i#$ huu& d#"#$ dij!l#s#n d!n(#n /#r# &!&b!r i#n su#$u
d!finisi $!n$#n( huu&+ S#&"#i s##$ ini &!nuru$ A"!ldoo& s!b#(# i,
&#n# diu$i"ny# d#ri I&&#nu!l 3#n$ * "#r# #hli huu& &#sih &!n/#ri
$!n$#n( #"# d!finisi huu& (och suchen die juristen eine 1e$inition
!u ihrem Begri$Je von 3echt). D!finisi $!n$#n( huu& y#n( di!&u#,
#n "#r# #hli huu& s#n(#$ b!r#(#&* b!r(#n$un( d#ri sudu$ &#n#
&!r!# &!lih#$ny#+ Ahli huu& .!l#nd# J + 4#n 3#n <?:9 &!nd!fi ,nisi#n huu& s!b#(#i !s!luruh#n !$!n$u#n'!$!n$u#n !hidu"#n
y#n( b!rsif#$ &!&#s#* y#n( &!lindun(i !"!n$in(#n'!"!n$in(#n
or#n( d#l#& &#sy#r##$+ P!nd#"#$ $!rs!bu$ &iri" d!n(#n d!finisi d#ri
Rudolf 4#n Jh!rin( y#n( &!ny#$ ##n b#h-# huu& #d#l#h !s!<uruh,
#n nor&#'nor&# y#n( &!&#s# y#n( b!rl#u d#l#& su#$u n!(#r#+
H#ns 3!ls!n &!ny#$##n huu& $!rdiri d#ri nor&#'nor&# b#(#i&#n#
or#n( h#rus b!r"!ril#u+ P!nd#"#$ ini diduun( ol!h #hli huu& Indo,
n!si# %irjono Projodioro <??5 y#n( &!ny#$##n b#h-# huu&
#d#l#h r#n(#i#n "!r#$ur#n &!n(!n#i $in(#h l#u or#n('or#n(
s!b#(#i #n((o$# su#$u &#sy#r##$* s!d#n(#n s#$u's#$uny# $uju#n d#ri
huu& i#l#h &!nj#&in !s!l#&#$#n * !b#h#(i##n d#n $#$# $!r$ib&#sy#r##$ i$u+ S!<#nju$ny# >+ No$oh#&idjojo <?C b!r"!nd#"#$
b#h-# huu& #d#l#h !s!luruh#n "!r#$ur#n y#n( $!r$ulis d#n $id#
$!r$ulis y#n( bi#s#ny# b!rsif#$ &!&#s# un$u !l#u#n &#nusi#
d#l#& &#sy#r##$ n!(#r# s!r$# #n$#r n!(#r#* y#n( b!rori!n$#si "#d#
du# #s#s y#i$u !#dil#n d#n d#y# (un#* d!&i $#$# $!r$ib d#n d#&#i
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d#<#& &#sy#r##$+
D!finisi'd!finisi $!rs!bu$ &!n((#&b#r#n b!$#"# lu#s s!sun(,
(uhny# huu& i$u+ 3!lu#s#n bid#n( huu& i$u diluis#n ol!h
Pu&#di Purb#!#r## d#n So!rjono So!#n$o <?:7 d!n(#n &!ny!bu$
s!&bil#n #r$i huu&+ M!nuru$ &!r!# huu& d#"#$ di#r$i#n s!b#(#i
< il&u "!n(!$#hu#n* y#i$u "!n(!$#hu#n y#n( $!rsusun s!!#r# sis$!,&#$is #$#s d#s#r !u#$#n "!&iir#n 5 disi"lin* y#i$u su#$u sis$!&
#j#r#n !ny#$##n #$#u (!j#l#'(!j#l# y#n( dih#d#"i 9 nor&# * y#i$u
"!do&#n #$#u "#$o#n si# " $ind # #$#u "!r il#u#n y#n ( "#n $#s #$#u
dih#r#"#n @ $#$# huu&* y#i$u s$ru$ur d#n "ros!s "!r#n(#$ nor,
&#'nor&# huu& y#n( b!rl#u "#d# su#$u -#$u d#n $!&" #$ $!r$!n$u
s!r$# b!rb!n$u $!r$ulis "!$u(#s* y#i$u "rib#di '"rib#di y#n(
&!ru, "##n #l#n(#n y#n( b!rhubu n(#n d!n( #n "!n !(##n hu u&
(#aw- en$orcement o$$icer) 7 !"u$us#n "!n(u#s# * y#i$u h#sil
"ros!s disr!si C "ros!s "!&!rin$#h#n * y#i$u "ros!s hubun(#n
$i&b#l b#li #n$#r# unsur'unsur "oo d#ri sis$!& !n!(#r##n :
si#" $ind#, $#ndu #$#u "!ri!l#u#n 2$!r#$ur2* y#i$u "!ri!l#u#ny#n( diul#n(, ul#n( d!n(#n !#r# y#n( s#&# y#n( b!r$uju#n un$u
&!n!#"#i !, d#&#i#n d#n ? j#lin#n nil#i'nil#i* y#i$u j#lin#n
d#ri ons/"si, ons!"si #bs$r# $!n$#n( #"# y#n( di#n((#" b# i d#n
buru+ D!n(#n d!&ii#n #"#bil# i$# in(in &!nd!finisi#n huu&
s!!#r# &!&u#s, #n* i$# h#rus d#"#$ &!ru&us#n su#$u #li&#$
y#n( &!li"u$i "#lin(
$id# s!&bil#n #r$i huu& i$u+ Su#$u "!!rj##n y#n( $id# &ud#hK
%#l#u"un huu& d#"#$ did!finisi#n &!nuru$ s!i#n b#ny#
"!n(!r$i# n * $!$#"i s!!#r# u&u& huu& di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i nor&#
* y#i$u nor&# y#n( &!n(#ndun( nil#i'nil#i $!r$!n$u+ Ji# i$#
b#$#si huu& d#l#& "!n(!r$i#n s!b#(#i nor&#* $id# l#lu b!r#r$ihuu& id!n$i d!n(#n nor&#+ Nor&# #d#l#h "!do&#n &#nusi#
d#l#& b!r,
$in(#h l#u+ D!n(#n d!&ii#n* nor&# huu& h#ny#l#h s#l#h s#$u
s#j# d#ri s!i#n b#ny# "!do&#n $in(#h l#u i$u+
Di lu#r nor&# huu& $!rd#"#$ nor&#'nor&# l#in+ Purb#!#r##
d#n So!#n$o <?:? &!ny!bu$#n #d# !&"#$ nor&#* y#i$u I !"!r,
!#y##n 5 !susil##n 9 so"#n s#n$un d#n @ huu&+ Ti(# nor&#
y#n( dis!bu$#n di&u# d#l#& !ny#$##nny# b!lu& d#"#$ &!rnb!ri,
#n "!rlindun(#n y#n( &!&u#s#n s!hin((# di"!rlu#n nor&# y#n(
9C
!!&"#$* y#i$u nor&# huu&+ M!nuru$ Sudino M!r$ousu&o <??<
"!n y!b# bny# #d#l#h < &#s ih b#n y# !"!n$in(#n'!"!n$ in(# n l#in
&#nusi# y#n( &!&!rlu#n "!rlindun(#n* $!$#"i b!lu& &!nd#"#$ "!r,
lindun(#n d#ri !$i(# nor&# sosi#l $!rs!bu$ 5 !"!n$in(#n'!"!n,
$in(#n &#nusi# y#n( $!l#h &!nd#"#$ "!rlindun(#n d#ri !$i(# nor&#
sosi#l $!rs!bu$ b!lu& !uu" $!rlindun(i * #r!n# d#l#& h#$ $!rj#di "!l#n((#r#n * r!#si #$#u s#nsin y# dir#s# #n b!l u& !u u" &!&u#s,
#n+ S!b#(#i !on$oh * nor&# !"!r!#y##n $id# &!&b!ri#n s#nsi
y#n( d#"#$ dir#s##n s!!#r# l#n(sun( diduni# ini+ D!&ii#n "ul# ji#
nor&# !susil##n dil#n((#r* h#ny# ##n &!ni&bul#n r#s# &#lu #$#u
" !ny!s#l#n b#(i "!l#uny# * $!$#"i d!n(#n $id# di$#n(#" d#n di#dili
, ny# "!l#u $!rs!bu$* &#sy#r##$ &un(in ##n &!r#s# $id# #&#n+
P!rlindun(#n y#n( dib!ri#n ol!h nor&# huu& di#$##n l!bih
&!&u#s#n dib#ndin(#n d!n(#n nor&#'nor&# y#n( l#in* $id# l#in
#r/n# "!l#s#n##n nor&# huu& di#$##n l!bih &!&u#s#n dib#n,
d in(#n d!n(#n nor&#'nor&# y#n( l#in* $id# l#in #r!n# "!l#s#n##n
nor&# huu& i$u d#"#$ di"#s##n+ A"#bil# $id# dil#s#n##n* "#d# "rinsi"ny# ##n di!n##n s#ns i ol!h "!n(u#s# + Di sini $!rlih#$
b!$#"# !r#$ hubun(#n #n$#r# huu& d#n !u#s##n i$u+
3!u#s##n y#n( di&ilii i$u"un $!rb#$#s sif#$ny# s!hin((#
nor&# huu& y#n( in(in di$!(##nny# "un &!&ilii d#y# j#n(#u
y#n( $!rb#$#s+ 3/nd#$i d!&ii#n* bu#n $id# &un(in $!rd#"#$ nor,
&#'nor&# huu& y#n( b!rl#u uni4!rs#l d#n #b#di $id# dib#$#si
ol!h ru#n( d#n -#$u * y#n( ol!h s!b#(i#n #hli huu& dis!bu$ d!n(#n
huu& odr#$ #$#u huu& #l#&+ D#ri sini $i&bul hubun(#n y#n( !r#$
#n$#r# huu& odr#$ d!n(#n huu& "osi$if+
D#ri s!i#n b#ny# d!finisi y#n( #d#* &!nuru$ P#ul S!hol$!n
#d# b!b!r#"# !iri'!iri huu&* s!b#(#i&#n# diu$i" ol!h A. Gun#-#nS!$i#rdj# <??6 C? '?6 y#i$u
<+ Huu& #d#l#h #$ur#n "!rbu#$#n &#nusi#+ D!n(#n d!&ii#n
&!nuru$ #hli huu&* $#$#n#n huu& #d#l#h huu& "osi$if y#n(
dibu#$ ol!h "!&!rin$#h d#n "!&!rin$#h #d#l#h su&b!r huu&
5+ Huu& bu#n h#ny# d#l#& !"u$us#n* &!l#in#n d#l#&
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r!#lis#siny# + M!nuru$ Prof+ P#d&o %#hyono* S+H+* huu&
y#n( b!rl#u d#l#& su#$u n!(#r# &!n/!r&in#n "!r"#du#n
si#" d#n "!nd#"#$ "i&"in#n "!&!rin$#h d#n &#sy#r##$
&!n(!n#i huu& $!rs!bu$+
9+ Huu& ini &!-#jib#n + A"#bil# huu& "osi$if $!l#h di$!$#"#n&## s! $i#" -#r(# n!(#r# -#jib un$u &!n##$i huu& s!su#i
d!n(#n und#n('und#n(+
@+ Ins$i$usion#li huu&+ Huu& "osi $if &!ru"##n huu& ins$i$u,
sion#l d#n &!lindun(i &#sy#r##$+
+ D#s#r huu&+ S!$i#" huu& &!&"uny#i d#s#r* y#i$u &!-#jib,
#n d#n &!n(h#rus#n+ P!l#s#n##nny# d!n(#n id!olo(i
b#n(s# +
B. HUKUM DAN UNDANG*UNDANG NEGARA
Ad# b#ny# "!n(!r$i#n $!n $#n( huu&* n#&un ji # i$# d!fini,
si#n huu& d#l#& $#$# hidu" &#sy#r##$ &od!rn $!n$u ##n l!bih
&ud#h &!nd!finisi#nny#+ T!n$u s#j# "!n(!r$i# n huu& 0#&#n
&od!rn d!n(#n 0#&#n "ri&i$if ##n b!rb!d#* &!si"un s!/#r# h#ii
"!n(!r$i #nny# #d#l#h s#&#+ Ji# fils#f#$ b!rus#h# &!n/#ri &#n # y#n(
h#ii d#ri su#$u f!no&!n#* &## sud#h s!h#rusny# disini i$# &#&"u
&!n/#ri &#n# y#n( h#ii d#ri huu& i$u s!ndiri * &!l!-#$i ru#n(
d#n -#$u * &od!rn &#u"un "ri rni$ if
P#r# #n$ro"olo( &!n!#n#n h#l ini + 8!o"old Pos"isil &is#l,ny#* &!n(#$##n b#h-# $id# #d# #l#s#n un$u &!n(#$##n b#h-#
su#$u &#sy#r##$ y#n( $id# &!rnilii "!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur#n y#n( #bs,
$r# di#n((#" s!b#(#i &#sy#r##$ $#n"# huu& + M!nuru$ Pros"isil
"!n(#-#s#n sosi#l &!ru"##n unsu r in$i d#ri huu&+ =iri &!nd#s#r
d#ri f!no&!n# y#n( $!r&#su d#l#& B#$!(or i ons!"$u#l ini #d#l#h
b#h- # (!j#l # i$u h#rusl#h &!ru"# #n "!n(#-#s#n sosi#l y#n( &!l!&,
b#(# Ihro&i * <?:@ ?5'??+
9?
.il# i$# &!n(h#d#"i b!n$u'b!n$u huu& y#n( #$u#l "#d#
0#&#n &od!& ini * i$# s#&"#i "#d# !y#in#n b#h-# huu& y#n(
&!&"uny#i #r$i yuridis y#n( sun((uh'sun((uh #d#l#h huu& y#n (
di$!n$u#n ol!h "!&!rin$#h su#$u n!(#r#* y#i$u und #n('und#n( H uij
, b!rs * <?? @6+ H#l ini j!l#s d#l#& !ny#$##n b#h-# "!r #$ur
#n , "!r# $ur#n y#n( b!rl #u d#l#& l!&b#(# non 'n!(#r# *&!&bu$uh#n "!n!(uh#n d#ri n!(#r# su"#y# b!r l# u sun((uh'
sun((uh s!/#r# yuri, dis + S!b#(#i&#n# h#lny# huu& #d#$ h#ny#
di"#nd#n( s!b #(#i hu u & y#n( s#h * bil# $!rd#"#$ "!n( #u# n ol! h
n!(#r# !"#d # -# r(# n!(#r# y#n( ##n &!n((un##n huu& #d#$ny#
$!rs!bu$+
=+ KEBERLAKUAN HUKUM
P!rb!d##n #n$#r# "!r#$ur#n yuridis d#n $id# yuridis di(#&b#r ,
#n s!/#r# $!"#$ ol!h H+8+A H#r$ <?C?+ H#r$ &!ny #$ ##n b#h-#su# $u n!(#r# $id# bol!h dis#rn##n d!n(n n!(#r# "o lisi d#n
#id#h, #id #h huu& su#$u n!(#r# $id# bol!h dis#&##n d !n(#n
s!"!r$ i "!rin$#h s!or#n( "!r#&"o y#n ( d#"#$ &!&#s# or#n( l#in
un$u &!ny !r#h#n h#r$# y#n( di&ilii #(#r dis!r#h#n !" #d #
"!r#&"o $!rs!bu$* ji# $id# ##n di!n##n s#n si (gunman
situation). M!n u, ru$ H#r$ s!j#uh di"#nd#n( d#ri lu# r "!n(!r $i#n Au
s$in $!n $#n ( hu u& $!"#$* s!b#b &!&#n( b!n #r b#h- # "!r in$# h'
"!ri n$#h y#n( dis! bu$ huu& di!lu#r#n ol!h s!s!or#n( y#n(
b!ru#s # d#n bi#s#ny# di$##$i * n#&un s!sun((uhny# #d# #s"! l#in
y#n( $id# di" !rh#$i #n ol!h Au s$in * y#i$u #s"! in$!rn+ As"!
in$!rn un$u &!n$# #$ i su#$u #$ur#n
+ h#ny# d#"#$ di&ilii ol!h or#n('or#n( y#n( hidu" " #d# -il#y#h
di&#n# "!r#$ ur#n $!rs! bu$ b!rl#u+ S!b#l iny# #s"! in$!rn $id# ##n
dir#s##n ol!h or#n('or#n( y#n( hidu" dilu #r -i l#y# h
di&#n# "!r# $ur#n $!rs !bu$ dib!rl#u#n+ >r#n('or#n( y#n( hidu" d#l
#& su#$u -ily#h $!r$!n$u &!n!ri&# huu& y#n( di$!$#" #n s!
b#(# i hu u& &!r!# d#n &!r !# &!r#s# $!ri #$ "#d#ny# s!b#b
di$ !n$u#n ol!h "!&!rin$#h s!ndiri+
D#ri "!nj!l#s#n di#$#s d#"#$ i$# si&"ul#n b#h-# huu& y#n(
s!sun((uhny# #d#l#h huu& y#n( l!( #l #$#u s#h + .il # "!r#$ur#n
'
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@6
"!r#$ur# n di$!n$u#n ol!h su#$u ins$#nsi y#n( b!r- !n#n(* d#l #& h#l
ini "!&!ri n$#h y#n( s#h* d#n di$!n$u#n &!nuru$ ri$!ri# y#n( b!rl#u
&## "!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur#n $!rs!bu$ b!rsif#$ s#h #$#u l!(#l d#n &!&,
"uny# i !u#$#n yuridis (validit%). >l!h #r!n# i$u h#l ini b!rb!d#
d!n(#n !bi#s##n y#n( $id# b!rl#u s!/#r# yuridis* #r!n# $id#
&!&!nuhi #s"! l!(#li$#s+M!nuru$ Sudino M!r$ousu&o* #(#r su#$u "!r#$ur#n "!run,
d#n('und#n(#n d#"#$ b!rl#u !f!$if d#l#& &#sy#r##$ h#rus &!&i,
lii !u#$#n b!rl#u+ Ad# $i(# &#/#& !u#$#n b!rl#u* y#i$u !u#$,
#n b!rl#u filosofis* sosiolo(is d#n yuridis+ Und#n('und#n( &!&ilii
!u#$#n yuridis #"#bil# "!rsy#r#$#n for&#l $!rb! n$uny# und#n(,
und#n( $!l#h $!r"!nuhi+ S!d#n(#n und#n('und#n( &!&ilii !u#$#n
b!rl#u s!/#r# sosiolo( is #"#bi l# und#n('u nd#n ( $!rs!bu $ b!rl#u
!f!$if s!b#(#i s!bu#h #$ur#n'#$ur#n d#l#& !hidu"#n &#sy#r##$
s!r$# d#"#$ dil#s#n##n+ 3!u#$#n b!rl#uny# huu& s!/#r# sosiolo,
(is di d#l#& &#sy#r## $ #d# du# &#/#& M!r$ousu& o* <??7 :C
I+ M!nuru$ $!ori !u#$#n (#lachtstheorie) huu& b!rl#u s!/#r#
sosiolo(is j i# di"#s##n b!rl#uny# ol!h "!n(u#s# +
5+ M!nuru $ $!ori "!n(#u# n ianer/ennungstheoriei huu& b!rl#u
s!/#r# sosiolo(is ji# di$!ri&# d#n di#ui &#sy#r##$+
Huu& &!&ili !u#$#n b!rl#u filosofis #"#bil# #!d#h huu&
$!rs!bu$ s!su#i d!n(#n /i$#'/i$# huu& (rechtsidee) su#$u b#n(s#+
A(#r b!rfun(si* &## #!d#h huu& h#rus &!&!nuhi !$i(# unsur
$!rs!bu$ s!#li(us+
.#(#i&#n# i$# d#"#$ &!n(!$#hui b#h-# su#$u "!r#$ur#n b!r,
si f#$ l!(#l M!nuru$ H#r$ #d# du# /#r# un$u &!nj#-#bny#
+. Me%e4$n D# Jeni! Ki45 H#$#%
3#id#h huu& $!rb#(i &!nj#di du# b#(i#n* #id#h "ri&!r d#n
#id#h s!und!r+ 3#id#h "ri&!r* y#i$u #id#h y#n( &!n!n$u#n !l#,
u#n or#n(+ 3#id#h "ri&!r dis!bu$ "!$unju "!n(!n#l (rules o$ recog-
nition), s!b#b #id#h ini &!ny#$##n &#n##h huu& y#n( s#h+
@<
3#id#h s!und!r* y#i$u #id#h y#n( &!n!n$u#n sy#r+#$ b#(i b!rl#u,
ny# #id#h "ri&!r+ 3#id#h ini ju(# y#n( &!ru"##n sy#r#$ b#(i
"!rub#h#n #id#h "ri& !r (rules o$ change), d#n b#(i di"!/#h#nny#
onfli (rules o$adjudication +
V#n >!r Vli!s &!&b#h#s##nny# s!b#(#i #s#s for&#l d#n #s#s
&#$!ri#l+ As#s for&#l* $!r#i$ d!n(#n "ros!dur "!& bu#$#n "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n+ Di&ul# i d#ri $#h# " "!rsi#"#n "!& bu# $#n "!r,
#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n d#n &o$i4#si dibu#$ny# su#$u "!r#$ur#n
"!rund#n('und#n(#n + As#s for&#l &!li"u$i
# + As#s $uju#n y#n( j!l#s* $!r# i$ d!n(#n s!j#uh &#n # "!r#$ur#n
"!rund#n('und#n(#n &!nd!s# un$u dib!n$u+
b+ As# s or(#nl!&b#(# y#n( $!"#$* $!r#i$ d!n(#n !-!n#n(#n
l!&b#(# "!&b!n$u "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n d!n(#n
&#$!ri &u#$#n y#n( di&u#$ did#l#&ny#+
/+ As#s "!rluny# "!n(#$ur#n* $!r#i$ d!n(#n "!rluny# su#$u &#,s#l#h $!r$!n$u di#$ur d#l#& su#$u "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n(,
und#n(#n+
d+ As#s d#"#$ dil#s#n##n* $!r#i$ d/n(#n "!n!(##n su#$u "!r,
#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n+ Ji# $id# d#"#$ di$!(##n &##
su#$u "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n ##n !hil#n(#n fun(si
d#n $uju#nny# s!r$# &!n((!ro(o$i !-ib#-##n "!&b!n$uny# +
!+ As#s ons!nsus * y#i$u !s!"##$#n #n$#r# r#y#$ d!n(#n "!&,
b!n$ u "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n * #r!n# "!r# $ur# n "!run,
d#n('und# n(#n $!rs! bu$ ##n dib!rl#u #n !"#d# r#y#$+S!hin((# "#d# s##$ diund#n(#n &#sy#r##$ si#"+
Y#n( !du# #d#l#h #s#s &#$!riil* y#i$u $!r#i$ d!n(#n subs$#nsi
su#$u "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n+ As#s &#$!riil &!li"u$i
#+ As#s $!r&inolo(i d#n sis$!&#$i# y#n( b!n#r* $!r#i$ d!n(#n
b#h#s# huu &"!run d#n('und#n(#n + Y#i$u bis# di&!n(!r $i ol!h
or#n( #-#&* b#i s$ruu$ur &#u"un sis$!&#$i#ny#+
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@5
b + As#s d#"#$ d i!n#li * y#i$u d#"#$ di!n#li j!nis d#n
b!n$uny#+ /+ As#s "!r l#u#n y#n ( s#&# d#l#& huu&+
d+ As#s !"#s$i#n hu u&+
!+ As#s "!l#s#n ##n hu u& s!su #i d!n(#n !#d##n indi 4idu +
2. 7tu$enau *heorie
T!ori ini d i!&b#n( #n ol!h b!b!r #"# "!&iir #n$#r #
l#in M!rl* H#ns 3!ls!n d#n H+8+A H# r$ + P#d# in$iny# $!ori ini d i&#
sud , #n un$u &!nyus un su#$u hi!r #r i nor&#'no r&# s!hin((#
b!rl#" i s, l#"is d#n b!rj!nj#n('j!nj #n(+ Su#$u "!r#$ur#n b#ru d#"#$
di#ui s!/#r # l!(#l* bil# $id# b!r$ !n$#n(#n d!n(#n "!r#$ur#n'"!r #$u r#n
y#n( b! rl #u "#d# su#$u j !nj#n( y#n( l!bih $in((i+ S!l uruh sis$!&
huu& &!&"u, ny#i s$ru$ur "ir#&id# l* &ul#i d#ri y#n( # b s$r#
id!o lo( i n !(#r# d#n UUD s#&"#i y#n( onri$ UU d#n "!r#$ur#n
"!l#s#n##n+ M!nuru$ H#ns N#-i#sy d# l#&2Th!ori ! 4on S$uf !n
b#u d!s R!/h$sordnun(2 #d# !&"#$ ! lo&"o "!nj !nj#n(#n
"!rund#n( 'und #n( #n
<+ Nor&# d# s#r (rundnor& + Nor &# d#s#r n!(#r# d#n huu&
y#n( &!ru "# #n l#nd#s#n #hir b#(i "!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ ur#n
l!bih l#nju$+
5 + A$ur#n'#$ur#n d#s#r n!(#r# #$#u ons$i$usi * y#n(
&!n!n$u#n nor&#'nor& # y#n( &!nj#&in b!rl#nsun(ny#
n!(#r# d#n "!n, j#( ##n h#'h# #n((o$# &#sy#r##$+ A$ur#nini b!rsif#$ u&u& d#n $id # &!n( #ndun( s#nsi * &## $id#
$!r&#su "!rund#n(, und#n(#n+
9 + Und#n('und #n( for&#l y#n( di d#l#&ny# $!l#h &#su
s#nsi, s#nsi d#n dib!rl #u#n d#l#& r#n(# &!n(#$ur
l!bih l#nju$ h# l'h#l y# n( di&u#$ d#l#& und#n('und#n( d#s#r+
@ + P!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur# n "!l#s#n# #n d#n "!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur#n
o$ono&+
@9
Di d#l#& sis$!& "!rund#n('und#n(#n di!n#l #d#ny# hi!r#ri
!-!rd##n #$#u uru$#n+ Ad# "!r#$ur#n y#n( l!bih $in((i d#n #d# "! r,
#$ur#n y#n( l!bih r!nd#h+ P!rund#n('und#n(#n su#$u n!(#r# &!ru"#,
#n su#$u sis$!& y#n( $id# &!n(h!nd#i #$ #u &!&b!n#r#n #$#
u &!&bi#r#n #d#ny# "!r$!n$#n(#n #$#u onfli di d# l#&ny# + Ji#
$!r , ny#$# #d# "!r$!n$#n(#n y#n( $!rj#di d#l#& su#$u sis$!& "!r#$ur #n "!rund#n('und#n(#n &## s#l#h s#$ u d#ri !d u#ny# h#rus
#d# y#n (
di&!n#n(#n d#n #d# y#n( di#l#h#n+ M !nuru$ && No + <6 $#hu
n
566@ $!n$#n( P!&b!n$u#n P!r#$ur#n P!rund#n('und#n(#n d#l #&
"#s# l C #y# $ < dis!bu$ #n j!nis d#n hi!r#r hi P!r#$ur#n P!rund#n( ,
und#n(#n #d#l#h s!b#(#i b!riu$
<+ UUD <?@
5+ Und#n('Und#n ( UUP!r#$ur#n P!&!rin$#h P!n((#n$ i
Und#n('Und#n( P!r"u
9+ P!r#$ur#n P!&!rin$#h PP
@ + P!r#$ur#n Pr!sid!n
+ P!r#$ur#n D#!r#h P!rd#
.#(i "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n y#n( b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n
"!r#$u r#n y#n( l!bi h $in((i * &## d#"#$ dil#u #n Judi cial 3eview uji
y#n( di#ju#n &!l#lui (u(#$#n d#n !b!r#$#n !"#d# M#h,
&#h 3ons$i$usi d#n M#h#&#h A(un(+ S!"!r$i dis!bu$#n d#l#&
P#s#l 5@= UUD <?@ b#h-# M#h#&#h 3ons$u$usi b!r-!n#n(&!n(#dili $in(#$ "!r$#&# d#n $!r#hir y#n( "u$us#nny# b!rsif#$ fin#l
un$u &!n(uji Und#n('Und#n( $!rh#d#" Und #n('Und#n( D#s#r+
S!d#n(#n M#h#&#h A(un( s!b#(#i&#n# $!r/#n$u& d#l#& P#s#l
5@A #y#$ < r!d#si b!r-!n#n( &!n(uji "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n(,
und#n(#n di b#-#h Und#n('Und#n( $!rh#d#" Und#n('Und#n(+
Ad# b!b!r#"# #s#s y#n( &!nd#s#ri "!n(#$ur#n !dudu#n
&#sin('&#sin( "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n* M!nuru$ Sudino
M!r$ousu&o* s!$id#ny# #d# 9 #s#s #d#(iu& d# l#& $#$# uru$#n
"!r#$u r#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n As# s lex sup eriori iderogat legi
in$e- riori, As#s lex specialis derogate legi generali, d#n As#s lex
posteriori
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@@
derogat legi priori M!r$ousu&o* <??7 :':C+
As#s lex superiori derogat legi inJeriori b!r#r $i "!r# $ur#n y#n(
l!bih $in((i ##n &!lu&"uh#n "!r#$ur#n y#n( l!bih r!nd#h+ J#di ji#
#d# su#$u "!r#$ur#n y#n( l!bih r!nd#h b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n "!r#$ur#n
y#n( l!bih $in((i* &## y#n( di(un##n #d#l#h "!r#$ur#n y#n( l!bih
$in((i $!rs!bu$+ As#s lex specialis derogate legi generali b!r#r $i "#d# "!r# $ur#n y#n( s!d!r#j#$ * "!r#$ur#n y#n( l!bih husus &!lu&"uh#n
"!r#$ ur#n y#n( u&u&+ J#di d#l#& $in(# $#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n
y#n( s!d!r#j#$ y#n( &!n(#$ur &/n(!n#i &#$!ri y#n( s#&# * ji# #d#
"!r$!n$#n(#n di#n$#r# !du#ny# &## y#n( di(u n## n #d#l #h "!r,
#$ur#n y#n( l!bih husus+ As#s lex posteriori d erogat legi priori b!r,
#r$i "#d# "!r#$ur#n y#n( s!d!r#j#$* "!r#$ur#n y#n( "#lin( b#ru &!lu&,
"uh#n "!r#$ur#n y#n( l#&#+ J#di "!r# $ur#n y#n( $!l#h di(#n$ i d!n(#n
"!r#$ ur#n y#n( b#ru* s!/#r# o$o&#$is d!n(#n #s#s ini "!r# $ur# n y#n(
l#&# $id# b!rl#u l#(i+
Di s#&"in( i$u #d# #s#s l#in y#n( "!rlu di"!rh#$i#n d#l#&
"rins i" $#$# uru$#n "!r#$ur#n "!ru nd#n('und#n(#n s!"!r$i di!&u#,#n ol!h .#(ir M#n#n * y#i$u
<+ D#l#& $#$# uru$#n "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(# n #d# !$!n$u#n
u&u& b#h-# s!$i#" "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n h#rus &!,
&ilii d#s#r huu& "#d# "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n y#n(
l!bih $in((i $in(#$#nny# "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n y#n(
l!bih r!nd#h $id# bol!h b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n "!r#$ur#n "!r,
und#n('und#n(#n y#n( l!bih $in((i * di&#n# "!r#$ur#n "!run,
d#n('und#n(#n y#n( l!bih r!nd#h d#"#$ di$un$u$ un$u dib#$#l,
#n* b#h#n b#$#l d!&i huu&+
5 + Isi #$#u &#$!ri "!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n $in(#$#n l!bih
r!nd#h $id# bol!h &!nyi&"#n(i #$#u b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n
"!r#$ ur#n "!rund#n('und #n(#n y#n( l!bih $in((i* y#n( dibu#$
$#n"# -!-!n#n( (onevoegheid) #$#u &!l#&"#ui -!-!n#n(
tdetournement de pouvoir), d#n un$u &!nj#(# d#n &!nj#&in
"rins i" $!rs!bu$ #(# r $id# disi&"#n(i #$#u dil#n((#r* &##
$!rd#"#$ &!#nis&! "!n(uji#n s!/#r# yudisi#l #$#s s!$i#"
@
"!r#$ur#n "!rund#n('u nd#n (#n #$#u !bij##n &#u"un $ind##n
"!&!rin$#h l#inny#* $!rh#d#" "!r# $ur#n "!rund#n('und#n(#n
y#n( l!bih $in((i $in(#$#nny# #$#u $in(#$ y#n( $!r$in((i y#i$u
Und#n('Und#n( D#s#r+
D. HUKUM SEBAGAI NORMA
Y#n( di&#sud huu& b!rsif#$ nor&#$if y#i$u #"#bil# "!&!,
rin$#h y#n( s#h &!n(!lu#r#n "!r#$ur#n &!nuru$ "!rund#n('und#n(#n
y#n( b!rl#u* "!r#$ur#n $!rs!bu$ di$#n((#"i s!b#(#i nor&# y#n(
b!rl#u s!/# r# yuridis* y#i$u "!r#$ur# n $!rs!bu$ $!r#s# &!-#jib#n
s!d!&ii#n ru"# s!hin((# or#n( y#n( $id# &!&#$uhi "!r#$ur#n d#"#$
di$un$u$ huu&#n &!l#lui "!n(#dil#n+
M!&#h#&i huu& s!b#(#i nor&# b!r#r$i ju(# &!&#h#&i
huu& s!b#(#i s!su#$u y#n( s!h#rusny# (das 7olen). M!&#h#&i
huu& s!b#(#i das 7olen b!r#r$i ju( # &!n(ins y#fi b#h -# huu&
&!ru"##n b#(i#n d#ri !hidu"#n i$# y#n( b!rfun(si s!b#(#i "!do,
&#n y#n( h#rus diiu$i d!n(#n &#sud su"#y# !hidu"#n i$# di#$ur
s!d!rnii#n ru"# s!hin((# h#'h# d#n !-#jib#n'!-#jib#n or#n(
dib#(i s!b#(#i&#n# &!s$iny#+ .il# huu& di#ui s!b#(#i nor&# *
&## huu& h#rus di$##$i+ Huurn di$##$i bu#n #r!n# $!rd#"#$ su#$u
!u#s##n di b!l##n(ny# * &!l#in#n #r!n# &!-#jib#n i$u $!r,
&#su h#i#$ huu& i$u s!ndiri + Ini ju(# b!r&#n# b#h-# ji# su#$u
"!r#$ur#n $id# di$##$ i #$#u b#ny# dil#n((#r * bu#n b!r#r$i !u#$#n
"!r#$ur#n $!rs!bu$ s!b#(# i nor& # hil#n( + S!l#in i$u b#ny#ny# "!l#n(,
(#r#n'"!l#n((#r#n $!rh#d#" "!r#$ur#n y#n( #d#* bu#n b!r#r$i ju(#
&!&b#-# i$# "#d# !si&"ul#n un$u &!ni#d##n su#$u "!r#$ur#n*
#r!n# s!#li l#(i huurn &!n(#$ ur #"# y#n( s!h#rusn y# (das
7olell) bu#n "ro"osisi $!n$#n( s!su#$u y#n( $!rj#di (das 7ein).
>l!h #r!n# i$u "!&y#$##n ini h#rus dib#li d!n(#n "!&y# $##n
#d#ny# nor&#huu&!us 7olenatllran $!n$#n( #"# y#n( s!h#rusny#
s#j# &#sih $!rj#di b#ny# "!l#n((#r#n * #"#l#(i ji# $id# #d#+
H#ns 3!ls!n <::<'<?C9 &!nd!finisi#n yuris"rud!nsi s!b#(#i
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"!n(!$#hu#n ##n nor&#'nor&# + D!n(#n is$il#h nonn#'nonn# i# &!,
&#h#&i s!bu#h "!r$i&b#n(#n hi"o$!sis y#n( &!ny#$##n b#h-#
&!l#u#n #$#u $id# &!l#u#n su#$u $ind##n $!r$!n$u ##n diiu$i
ol!h su#$u $ind##n &!&#s# d#ri n!(#r#+ .#r#n(si#"# s!!#r# $id#
s#h &!n(#&bil su#$u b!nd# b!r(!r# &ili or#n( l#in* su#$u nor&#
b!r#r$ i b#h-# d#l#& si$u#s i $!r$!n$u n!(#r# ##n &!l#u#n "!&#,s##n un$u b!r"!ril#u $!r$!n$u+ Huu& &!ru"##n su#$u sis$!& y#n(
dib#(i ! d#l#& nor&#'nor&# "!&#s##n s!&# !#& i$u !s!nsiny#
&!ru"##n s!bu#h $#$#n#n &!&#s# y#n( d#$#n( d#ri lu#r .od!n,
h!i&!r* <?7C <66+
)un(si "!n(und#n(#n l!(isl#si #d#l#h un$u &!n!n$u#n isi
nor&#+ Nor&# u&u& d#n &!ny!di##n or(#n'or(#n d#n "ros!dur,
"ros!dur "!n(#dil#n d#n "!n(#dil#n'"!n(#dil#n #d&inis$r#$if b#(i
"!l#s#n##n nor&#'nor&# ini+ Al#$ d#l#& "ros!s &!n(onr!$#n
nor&#'nor&# #d#l#h !u#$#n yudisi#l* y#n( dil#s#n##n ol!h "!n(,
#dil#n'"!n(#dil#n d#n "!r#dil#n'"!r#dil#n #d&inis$r#$if+ >$ori$#s !,
"u$us#n "!n(#dil#n &!n!n$u#n #"##h d#n d#l#& !#r# #"# su#$unor&# u&u& h#rus di#"li#si#n ! d#l#& #sus onr!$+
Huu& &!nuru$ 3!ls!n &!ru"##n s!bu#h $!ni husus or(#,
nis#si sosi#l+ =iri h#s huu& bu#n s!b#(#i su#$u $uju#n #hir $!$#"i
s!b#(#i #l#$ husus* s!b#(#i s!bu#h #l#$ "!rn#s##n y#n( d!n(#n
d!&ii#n $id# #d# nil#i "oli$i #$#u !$i &!n!&"!l* s!bu#h #l#$ y#n(
nil#iny# $i&bul l!bih d#ri s!!d#r $uju#n y#n( &!l!bihi huu& i$u
.od!nh!i&!r* <?7C <6<+ J#di !&un(in#n huu& #l#& s!!#r#
#$!(oris di$ol# ol!h 3!ls!n+
E. HUKUM DAN KEADILAN
+. K-n!e Ke4iln
.!rbi!#r# &!n(!n#i !#dil#n* ir#ny# "!rlu &!ninj#u b!rb#(#i
$!ori "#r# #hli+ S#l#h s#$uny# #d#l#h Pl#$o+ Musl!huddin di d#l#&
buuny# hilosoph% o$ #slamic Law and ?rientalists, &!ny!bu$#n
"#nd#n(#n Pl#$o s!b#(#i b!riu$
$8
#n his view, justice consists in a harmonious r elation, etween
the various parts o$ the social organism . Ever% citi !en must do hi s
dut% in his appointed place and do the thing $or which hi s natur e
i s est suited Musl!huddin* <?:7 @5+
D#l#& &!n(#r$i#n !#dil#n* Pl#$o s#n(#$ di"!n(#ruh i ol!h
!i$#'!i$# ol!$i4is$i y#n( & !&#nd#n( !#dil#n s!b#(#i hubun(#nh#r&onis d!n(#n b!rb#(#i or(#nis&! sosi#l+ S!$i#" -#r(# n!(#r#
h#rus &!l#u#n $u(#sny# s!su#i d!n(#n "osisi d#n sif#$ #l#&i#hn y#+
P!nd#"#$ Pl#$o $!rs!bu$ &!ru"##n "!&y#$##n !l# s* &##
!#dil#n Pl#$onis b!r#r$i b#h-# "#r# #n((o$# s!$i#" &#sy#r##$ h#ru s
&!ny!l!s#i#n "!!rj##n &#sin('rn#sin( d#n $id# bol!h &!n!#&"uri
urus#n #n((o$# !l#s l#in+ P!&bu#$ "!r#$ur#n h#rus &!n!&"#$#n
d!n(#n j!l#s "osisi s!$i#" !lo&"o &#sy#r## $ di &#n# d#n si$u#si
b#(#i&#n# y#n( !o!o un$u s!s!or#n(+ P!nd#"#$ $!rs!bu$ b!r#n(#$
d#ri #su&si d#s#r b#h-# &#nusi# bu#nl#h su#$u ji-# y#n( $!risolir
d#n b!b#s &!l#u#n #"# s#j# y#n( di!h!nd#iny# * $!$#"i &#nu si#
#d#l#h ji-# y#n( $!ri#$ d!n(#n "!r#$ur#n d#n $#$#n#n uni4!rs#l y#n(
h#rus &!nundu#n !in(in#n "rib#diny# !"#d# or(#ni ol!$if+
D#ri sini $!r!s#n "!&#h#&#n b#h-# * !#dil#n d#l#& on s!"
Pl#$o s#n(#$ $!r#i$ d!n(#n "!r#n d#n fun(si indi4idu d#l#& &# sy#r#,
#$+ <d!#lis&! !#dil#n ##n $!r!#"#i bil# d#l#& !hidu"#n s!&u#
unsur &#sy#r##$ b!ru"# indi4idu d#"#$ &!n!&"#$#n diriny# "#d#
"ro"orsi &#sin('rn#sin( d#n b!r$#n((un( j#-#b "!nuh $ !rh#d#" $u(#s
y#n( di!&b#n* s!l#nju$ny# $id# d#"#$ &!n!#&"uri urus#n d#n $u(#s
!lo&"o l#in+ 3!s#n l#inny# #d#l#h Pl#$o &!&b!n$u &#nusi# d#l#&
o$#'o$# !lo&"o r#sis * "!r#n su#$u !lo&"o $id# d#"#$
&!ny!b!r#n( ! !lo&"o l#in+ 3!#dil#n h#ny# ##n $!r-ujud &#n#,
#l# &#nusi# &!ny#d#ri s$#$us sosi#l d#n $u(#sny# s!b#(#i d!l!(#si
!lo&"ony# s!ndiri+8#in h#lny# d!n(#n Aris$o$!l!s* &!nuru$ny# !#dil#n b!risi
su#$u unsur !s#&##n* b#h-# s!&u# b!nd#'b!nd# y#n( #d# di #l#&
ini dib#(i s!!#r# r#$# y#n( "!l#s#n##nny# dion$rol ol!h huu&+
D#l#& "#nd#n(#n Aris $o$!l!s !#dil#n dib#(i &!nj#di du# b!n$u+
ertama, !#dil#n dis$ribu$if* #d#l#h !#dil#n y#n( di$!n$u#n ol!h
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"!& bu# $ un d#n('und#n(* dis$ribusiny# &!&u#$ j#s#* h#* d#n !b#i,
#n b#(i #n((o$#'#n((o$# &#sy#r##$ &!nuru$ "rinsi" !s#&##n "ro,
"ors ion#K+ 9edua, !#dil#n or!$if* y#i$u !#dil#n y#n( &!nj#&in*
&!n(#-#si d#n &!&!lih#r# dis$ribus i ini &!l#-#n s!r#n(#n's!r#n(#n
il!(#K+ )un(si or!$if !#dil#n "#d# "rinsi"ny# di#$ur ol!h h#i& d#n
&!ns$#bil#n !&b#li status quo d!n(#n /#r# &!n(!&b#li#n &ili
orb#n y#n( b!rs#n(u$#n #$#u d!n(#n /#r# &!n((#n$i ru(i #$#s &i li
, ny# y#n( hil#n( Mus l!huddin* <??< 97+
Aris$o$! l!s d#l#& &!n(#r$i#n !#dil#n s#n(#$ di"!n(#ruhi ol!h
unsur !"!&ili#n b!nd# $!r$!n$u+ 3!#dil#n id!#l d#l# & "#nd#n(#n
Aris$o$!l!s #d#l#h !$i# s!&u# unsur &#sy#r##$ &!nd#"#$ b#(i#n
y#n( s#&# d#ri s!&u# b!nd# y#n( #d# di #l#&+ M#nusi# o l!h Aris$o,
$!l!s di"#nd#n( s!j#j#r d#n &!&"uny#i h# y#n( s#&# #$#s !"!rnili,
#n su#$u b#r #n ( &#$!ri+
P#nd#n(#n Aris$o$! l!s $!rs!bu$ di s#$u sisi di$ol# ol!h s!or#n(
filsuf 3on$!&"or!r %illi#& 3+ )r#n!n#* "#nd#n(#n
$! n$#n ( !#dil#n s!b#(#i "!&b# (i#n s#& # r#$# #d#l#h s isi y#n(
di$o, l#* s!d#n(#n "#nd#n(#n y#n( di$!ri&# )r#n!n# #d#l#h
!#dil#n &!ru"##n dis$ribusi b#r#n(* ##n $!$#"i dis$ribusi y#n(
#dil bu#n h#ny# dis$ribusi s#&# r#$#* ##n $!$#"i b!rb!d# d#l#&
!#d##n $!r$!n$u
ju(# &!r u"##n !#di l#n* P!nd#"#$ )r#n!n# s! l!n(#"ny# s!b#(#i
,
&#n# diu$i" )!inb!r(
Li/e most ot her write rs, &ran/ ena eg ins )' accepting
;ris- totle 's $ormal pr inc iple o $j ustice , t hat relevantl% similar cases
shou ld e treated similarl%, u t &ra n/e na devot es more attent iontha n ;ris- t otle d id t o the select ion o$ a material principle o$
distri ution. +e ag rees with ;risto tle t hat the essence o$ distri
utive o$ injustice is ar itra r% d iscriminat ion etween relevan tl%
s imilar cases, ut disagree over which characteristics are
relevantl% similar and which discrim ina tions are aritrar%, aligning
himsel$ with ;ristot le old ad versaries, the eq ualita rian democrats
)!inb!r( !d+* <?C 5<@ +
S!d#n( #n H!rb!r$ S"!n/!r &!n(#r$i#n !#di l#n #d#l#h !b!
' b#s#n + S! $i #" or#n( b!b #s & !l#u #n #"# y #n( i# in(in #n #s#l
$id# &!n ((#n ((u or# n( l#in Mu sl!huddin* <?? < 97+ P#
nd#n(#n in i
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s#n(#$ on$r#s bil# d ih #d#" #n d!n(#n "#nd#n(#n Pl#$o +
3!b!b#s#n in d i4id u# lis #d#l#h s!su#$u y# n( s#n(#$ dihind#ri ol!h
Pl#$o* s!&!n, $#r# H!rb!r$ S"!n/!r s!b#liny#* !#dil#n jus$ru
b!r#n (# $ d#ri !b!, b#s#n indi 4idu + S!d#n(#n !s#&##nny#
$!rl!$# "#d# "!n(!r$i#n $id# d#"#$ &!n((#n((u !"!n$in(# n or#n(
l#in+ Ar$iny#* !b!b#s#n in d i4idu y#n( di$#-#r#n ol!h S"!n/!r
$!$#" "#d# #su&si b#h-# &#nusi# hidu" b!rd#&"in(#n d!n(#n&#nusi# l#in* s!hin((# s!$i#" $ind##n h#rus &!n(#/u "#d# du#
"!r$i &b# n(# n* y#i$ u "!r $i& b#n (#n !" !n$ in( #n "rib #di d#n
!"!n$in(#n or#n( l#in s!b#(#i b!n$u "!r, h#$i#n ol!$if+
3!ls!n #d#l#h $ooh y#n( b!rus#h# &!r!dusi s!ju&l#h $!ori
!#dil#n &!nj#di du# "ol# d#s#r* R#sion#l d#n M!$#fisi+ Ti"! r#sio,
n#l s!b#(#i $i"! y#n( b!rus#h# &!nj#-#b "!r$#ny##n $!n$#n( !#dil#n
d!n(#n /# r# &!nd!finisi#nny# d#l#& su#$u "o l# il&i#h #$# u Fu#si,
il&i#h+ D#l#& &!&!/#h#n "!rso#l#n !#dil#n $i"! r#sion#l b!rl#n,
d#s#n "#d# ##KB Pol# ini di-#i li ol!h Aris$o$!l!s + S!d#n(#n $i"!
M!$#fisi &!ru"##n r!#lis#si s!su#$u y#n( di#r#h#n ! duni# l#in di
b# li "!n (#l #&#n &#nusi#+ Pol# inO di-#i li ol!h P l#$o+ D# l#& "#
n, d#n(#n D!-!y !#dil#n $id# d#"#$ did!finisi#n* i# &!ru"##n
id!#lis&! y#n( $id# r#sion#l Musl!huddin* <??< 9C+
M!nuru$ John R#-ls !b!b#s#n d#n !s#&##n &!ru"##n
un sur y#n( &!nj#di b#(i#n in$i $!ori !#dil#n+ R#-ls &!n!(#s# n
b#h -# !b!b#s#n d#n !s #&# #& s!h#r usn y# $id # di orb #n #n d!&i
&#nf## $ sosi#l #$#u !ono&i* b!$#"#"un b!s#rny# & #nf##$ y#n( d#"#$
di"!rol!h d#ri s udu$ i$u+ R#-ls "! r/#y# b#h- # su# $u "!rl#u#n y#n(
s#&# b#(i s!&u# #n((o$# &#sy#r##$ y#n( $!r#o&od#si d# l#&!#di l#n for&#l #$#u ju(# dis!bu$ !#dil#n r!(ul#$if* s!sun((uhny#
&!n(#ndun( "!n(#u#n ##n !b!b#s#n d#n !s#&##n b#(i s!& u#
or#n( R#-ls* <?C< ?+
T!ori !#dil#n R#-ls y#n( dis!bu$ "rinsi" '"rinsi" "!r $#rn#
!#dil#n i$u * b!li o l# d#ri su# $u on s!" !#d i l#n y#n( l! b ih u&
u & y#n( diru&us#nny# s!b#(#i b!riu$
;ll socia l values '' liert% and opportunit%, income and weal
th, and the ases o$ se l$5respect5rare to e distriuted equall% unless
and
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unequal distriution o$ an%, or all , o$ these values is to ever%one 's
advantag e R#-ls * <?C< 75+
Ad# du# h#l y#n( "!n$in( d#"#$ di/#$#$ s!hubun(#n d!n(#n
ons!" 2 !#dil#n u&u& $!rs!bu$+ P!r$#&# * !b!b#s#n di$!&"#$#n
s!j#j#r d!n(#n nil#i'nil#i l#inny#* d#n d!n(#n i$u ju(# ons!" u&u&
!#dil#n $id# &!&b!ri $!&"#$ is$i&!-# $!rh#d#" !b!b#s#n+ H#l ini b!rb!d# d!n(#n ons!" !#d il#n R#-l s y#n ( b!r## r "#d# "rinsi" h#
d#n bu#n "#d# "rinsi" &#nf##$+ 3!du# * !#dil#n $id# s!l#lu b!r#r$i
s!&u# or#n( h#rus s!l#lu &!nd#"#$#n s!su#$u d#l#& ju&l#h y#n(
s#&# !#dil#n $id# s!l#lu b!r#r$i s!&u# or#n( h#rus di"!rl#u#n
s!/#r# s#&# $#n"# &!&"!rh#$i#n "!rb!d##n'"!rb!d##n "!n$in( y#n(
s!/#r# obj! $if #d# "#d # s!$i#" indi4idu !$id #s#&# #n d# l#& dis$ri,
busi nil# i'nil #i sosi#l s!l#lu d#"#$ dib!n#r#n #s# l#n !bi j## n i$u
di$!&"uh d!&i &!nj#&in d#n &!rnb#-# &#nf##$ b#(i s!&u# or#n(+
R#-ls &!& b!ri#n $!&"#$ d#n &!n(h#r(#i h# s!$i#" or#n( un$u
&!ni&#$i su#$u hidu" y#n( l#y# s!b#(#i &#nusi# * $!r&#su &!r!#
y#n( "#lin( $id# b!run$un(+.!rl#nd#s#n d#ri "rinsi" u&u& $!rs!bu$ di #$#s * R#-ls &!ru,
&us#n !du# "rinsi" !#dil#n s!b#(#i b!riu$
&ir st, each per son is to have an eq ual ri ght to the
mo st ext ensive asic liert% comp atile with similar liert% $or
others 7 econd, social and economic inequlit ies ar e t o e rang e so
that the% ar e oth (a) r easonale e xp ected to e to ever% one's
advantag e, and () attached to positions and o$$ices o pe n to all R#-ls
* <?C< 76
M!nuru$ R#-ls* !u#$#n d#l#& !#dil#n d#l#& #r$i &airness
jus $ru $!rl !$# "#d# $un$u $#n b#h-# !$i d#s#&##n dib!n#r#n s!j#uh
ju(# &!& b!r i#n !un$un(#n b#(i s!&u# "ih# d#n s!# li(u s &! &,
b!ri "rior i$#s "#d# !b!b #s#n + Ini &!ru"##n du# $un $u $#n d#s#r
y#n( di"!nuhi d#n d!n(#n d!&ii#n ju(# &!&b!d##n s!/#r# $!(#s
ons!" !#dil#n s!b#(#i &airness d#ri $!ori'$!ori y#n( diru&us#n
d#l#& n#"#s in$uisionis&! d#l#& /#r#-#l# $!olo(is+
Un$u $!rj#&inny# !f!$i4i$#s d#ri !du# "rinsi" !#dil#n i$u*
R#-ls &!n!(#s#n b#h-# !du#ny# h#rus di#$ur d#l#& su#$u $#$#n#n
y#n( dis!bu$ny# serial order. D!n(#n "!n(#$ur#n s!"!r$i i$u* R#-ls
<
&!n!(#s#n b#h-# h#'h# s!r$# !b!b#s#n'!b!b#s#n d#s#r $id#
d#"#$ di$u#r d!n(#n !un$un(#n sosi#l d#n !ono&is+ Ini b!r#r$i
"rin si" !#dil#n y#n ( !du # h#ny# bis# &!nd#" #$ $!&"#$ d#n di$!r#",
#n #"#bil# "rinsi" !#dil#n y#n( "!r$#&# $!l#h di"!nuhi+ A r$iny#
"!n!r#"#n d#n "!l#s#n##n "rin si" !#dil#n y#n( !du# $id# bol!h
b!r$ !n$#n(# n d!n (#n "rins i" !#d il#n y#n ( "!r$#&#+ D!n (#n d!&ii#n
h#'h# d#n !b!b#s#n'!b!b#s#n d#s#r d#l#& ons!" !#dil#n
&!&ilii "rirori$#s u$#&# #$#s !un$un(#n sosi#l d#n !ono&is+
So!#n$o &!ny!bu$ du# u$ub /i$r# !#dil#n y#n( h#rus &!l!,
#$ d#l#& s!$i#" $ind##n y#n( h!nd# di#$##n s!b#(#i $ind##n
#dil+ ertama , amin em Laedere, y#ni 2j#n(#n &!ru(i#n or#n(
l#in2* s!/#r# lu#s #0#s ini b!r#r$i A"# y#n( #nd# $id# in(in #l#&i*
j#n (#n l#h &!n y!b#b#n or#n( l#in &!n (#l#&iny#2+ 9edua , 7uum
"uique *riuere, y#ni 2b!r$ind#l#h s!b#ndin(2+ S!/#r# lu#s #0#s ini
b!r#r$i 2A" # y#n( bol!h #nd# d#"# $* bi#r#nl#h or#n( l#in b!rus#h#
&!nd#"#$#nny#2 So!#n$o* <?:: 5:+ A0#s "!r$#&# &!ru"##n
s!ndi equalit% y#n( di$uju#n !"#d# u&u& s!b#(#i #0#s "!r(#ul#n
hidu" + S!d#n(#n #0#s !du# &!ru"##n #0#s equit% y#n( di#r#h#n
"#d # "!ny#&# #n #"# y#n( $id# b!rb!d # d#n &!&b!d##n #"# y#n(
&!&#n( $id# s#&#+
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sy#r##$#n $!l#h &!ru&us#n $!ori !#dil#n $id# d#l#& is$il#h'is$il#h
y#n( &u$l#* $!$#"i b!r#i$#n d!n(#n "!r#d#b#n+ Ni!$0s/h! &!&#h#&i
!#dil#n s!b#(#i !b!n#r#n d#ri or#n( y#n( u#$+ S!&!n$#r# Hobb!s
&!n(!&u##n ons!" y#n( l#in $!n$#n( !#dil#n+ 3!#dil#n #d#l#h
#"#bil# "!rj#nji#n dil#s#n##n s!b#(#i&#n# &!s$iny# Musl!huddin *
<??< <C6+ 8#in l#(i "!nd#"# $ D!-!y Musl!h uddin* <??< C:* b#(i,
ny# !#dil#n $id# d#"#$ di(#&b#r#n d#l#& "!n(!r$i#n y#n( $!rb#$#s+3!#dil#n #d#l#h !b#i#n y#n( $id# b!rub#h'ub#h * b#h#n "!rs#in(,
#n #d#l#h -#j#r d#n #dil d#l#& #"i$#lis&! o&"!$i$if'indi4idu#lis$i +
Ahirny# )r!id&#nn Musl!huddin* <??< C? &! n(o&!n$#ri* b#h-#
!(#(#l#n s$#nd#r !#dil#n s! l#&# ini #d#l#h #ib#$ !s#l#h#n s$#nd#r
d#s#r "!&b!n$u !#dil#n i$u+ S$#nd#r !#dil#n y#n( &u$l# #d#l#h
!#dil#n d!n(#n d#s#r #(#&#+
Prinsi" !#dil#n b#rn d#"#$ di#$##n b!rsif#$ uni4!rs#l ji#
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&## "rinsi"'"rinsi" $!rs!bu$ h#rus d#"#$ diu&u&#n d#n di&!n(!r$i
s!$i#" or#n(+ M#s#l#h !#dil#n &un!ul !$i# indi4idu'indi4idu y#n(
b!rl#in#n &!n(#l#&i on$li #$#s !"!n$in(#n &!r!# * &## "rinsi",
"rinsi" !#d il#n h#rus &#& "u $#&"i l s!b#(#i "!&b!r i !"u$us# n d#n
"!n!n$u #h ir b#(i "!rs!l isih #n &#s #l# h !#d il#n + Prinsi" !#dil#n
y#n( d#"#$ di$!ri&# s!luruh &#sy#r##$ ##n &!nj#di "rinsi" !#dil#n
y#n( bu#n s!!d#r l#hir d#ri #$# 2s!$uju2 * $!$#"i b!n#r'b!n#r &!ru,
"##n j! l&##n !s!"# #$#n y#n ( &!n(i# $ d#n &!n (#ndun ( isy#r#$
o&i$&!n &!nj#(# !l!s$#ri#n "rinsi" !#dil#n $!rs!bu$+ D!n(#nd!&ii#n s!s!or#n( !&udi#n &!&"!r$i&b#n(#n 2bi#y# "siolo(is2
y#n( h#rus di$#n((un( d#l#& &!&!nuhi o&"!ns#si !s!"##$#n
"!n(i #$ (!r# sosi#l d#n indi4 idu#l $!rs! bu$+
3ons!" !#dil#n* b#h#n ons!" !"#s$i#n d#n !b!n#r#n ##n
s!l#lu b!r!4olusi* ol!h #r!n# i$u !#dil#n h#rus &#&"u &!l#u#n
in$!r#si sirul#r d!n(#n "!r!&b#n(#n il&u'il&u l#in* #n$#r# l#in
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$!rj#di "#d# d#$#r#n o"!r#sion#l* s!d#n(#n sif#$ny# s!l#lu s$#$is d#n
"oli$i s+ D#r i ons!" "!rub#h#n d#n d!n(#n b!r" !(#n( "#d# ons!"
2h#2 !&udi#n di!&b#n(#n dif!r!nsi#si j!nis !#dil#n+ T#n$#n(#n
u$#&# d#l#& "!&b!n$u#n "rinsi" !#dil#n di 0#&#n s!#r#n( ini
#d#l#h b#(#i&#n# &!n!#ri ! !l#h di #n$#r# b!n$ur#n lib!r#lis&! d#n
sosi#lis&!* $!ru$#&# y#n( &!ny#n(u$ "!r!&b#n(#n !ono&i*
s!hin((# !#dil#n &!nj#di !r#$ #i$#nny# d!n(#n !ono&i+ Ar$iny#
9
ons!" "rinsi" !#dil#n &!nj#di s#n(#$ &#j!&u #r!n# bis# b!r,
b!n $u ons!" $!ol o(is * ons !" !$is * ons!" huu&* ons!" "oli$i*
ons!" sosiolo(is* d#n ons!" !ono&i+
&. H#$#% 4n Ke4iln
Tuju#n #hir huu& #d#l#h !#di l#n + >l!h #r!n# i$u* s!(#l#
us#h# y#n( $!r#i$ d!n(#n huu& &u$l# h#rus di#r#h#n un$u
&!n!&u#n s!bu#h sis$!& huu& y#n( "#lin( /o!o d#n s!su#i
d!n(#n "rinsi" !#dil#n+ Huu& h#rus $!rj#lin !r#$ d!n(#n !#dil#n*
huu& #d#l#h und#n('und#n( y#n( #dil* bil# su#$u huu& onri$*
y#ni und#n('und#n( b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n "rinsi"'"rinsi" !#dil#n*
&## huu& i$u $id# b!rsif#$ nor&#$if l#( i d#n $id# d#"#$ di#$##n
s!b#(#i huu& l#(i+ Und#n('und#n( h#ny# &!nj#di huu& bil#
&!&!nuhi "rinsi"'"rinsi" !#dil#n+ D!n(#n #$# l#in* #dil &!ru"##n
unsur ons$i$u$if s!(#l# "!n(!r$i#n $!n$#n( huu& Huijb!rs* <??
C6+Sif#$ #dil di#n((#" s!b#(#i b#(i#n ons$i$u$if huu& #d#l#h
#r!n# huu& di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i b#(i#n $u(#s !$is &#nusi# di duni#
ini* #r$iny# &#nusi# -#jib &!&b!n$u hidu" b!rs#&# y#n( b#i
d!n(#n &!n(#$u&y# s!/#r# #dil+ D!n(#n #$# l#in !s#d#r#n &#nusi#
y#n( $i&bul d#ri h#$i nur#ni $!n$#n( $u(#s su!i "!n(!&b#n &isi
!#dil#n s!/#r# s"on$#n #d#l#h "!ny!b#b &!n(#"# !#dil#n &!nj#di
unsur ons$i$u$if huurn+ Huijb!rs &!n#&b#h# n #l#s #n "!nunj#n(
&!n(#"# !#dil#n &!nj#di unsur ons$i$u$ifhuu&
A. P!&!rin$#h n!(#r# &#n#"un s!l#lu &!&b!l# $ind##n d!n(#n
&!&"!rlih#$#n !#dil#n y#n( ny#$# di d#l#&ny#
.+ Und#n('und#n( y#n( $id# s!su#i d!n(#n "rinsi"'"rinsi" !,
#dil#n s!rin(#li di#n((#" s!b#(#i und#n('und#n( y#n( $!l#h
us#n( d#n $id# b!rl#u l#(i +
=+ D!n(#n b! r$ind# $id# #dil* su#$u "!& !rin$#h#n s!b!n#&y#
b!r $ind# di lu#r -!-!n#n(n y# y#n ( $id# s #h s!!#r # huu&+
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3ons!u!nsi "#nd#n(#n on$in!n$#l sis$!& $!n$#n( nil#i !#dil,
#n huu& #d#l#h und#n('und#n( y#n( #dil * #dil &!ru"##n unsur
ons$i$u$if d#ri s!(#l# "!n(!r$i#n huu&* h#ny# "!r#$ur#n y#n( #dil
y#n( dis!bu$ huu&
#+ huu& &!l!bihi n!(#r# + N!(#r# "!&!rin$#h $id# bol!h
&!&b!n$u huu& y#n( $id# #dil+ 8!bih "!r/#y# "#d# "rinsi", "rinsi" &or#l y#n( di&u#$ d#l#& und#n('und#n( d#ri "#d#
!bij#s#n##n &#nusi# d#l#& b!n$u "u$us#n'"u$us#n h#i&+
b+ si#" !b#ny##n or#n( $!rh#d#" huu& &!n/!r&in#n "!,
n(!r$i#n huu& ini* y#i$u huu& s!b#(#i &or#l hidu" nor&#
id!#l+
/+ "rinsi"'"rinsi" "!&b!n$u#n huu& "rinsi"'"rinsi" !#dil#n
b!rsif#$ !$is* &## huu& s!b#(#i !s!luruh#n &!-#jib#n
s!/#r# b#$ini#h+
Un(#"#n $!rs!bu$ s!j#l#n d!n(#n o&!n$#r 3h#n <?C:C*Prof!ssor #nd H!#d D!"#r$&!n$ of Poli$i/#l S/i!n/! Uni4!si$y of
Sind
!"ery state has und erta/en to eradicate the scourges o$
ignorance disease, squalor, hung er and t%pe o$ injustice
among its citi!ens so that ever%od% ma% pursue a happ% li$e in a
wa% .
D#ri un(#"#n $!rs! bu$ $!r(#&b#r s!bu#h "!n(!r$i#n* b#h-#
$uju#n #hir huu& b!ru"# !#dil#n h#rus di/#"#i &!l#lui s!bu#h
ins$i$usi l!(#l d#n ind!"!nd!n d#l#& s!bu#h n!(#r#+ H#l $!rs! bu$
&!nunju#n "!n$in(ny# &!-ujud#n !#dil#n b#(i s!$i#" -#r(#n!(#r# &#nusi# s!b#(#i ori!n$#si huu&+ T!ru$#&#s!$!l#h "!r#n(
duni# !du#* s!rin(#li #ib#$ "!n(#l#&#n "#hi$ y#n( di$in((#l#n
#u& N#0i y#ri( &!ny#l#h(un##n !u#s##nny# un$u &!&b!n$u
und#n('und#n( y#n( &!l#n((#r nor&#'nor&# !#dil#n* &#in b#ny#
or#n( y#n( s#&"#i "#d# !y#in#n b#h-# huu& h#rus b!r#i$#n
d!n(#n "rinsi"'"rinsi" !#dil#n *un$u d#"#$ di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i
huu&+ .il# $id#* &## huu& h#ny# "#n$#s dis!bu$ s!b#(#i
$ind##n !!r#s#n b!l## Huijb!rs* <?? C<+
D#l#& bid#n( huu&* !#dil#n &!nj#di $u(#s huu& #$#u
&!ru"##n !(un##n huu&+ 3!#dil#n y#n( &!nj#di $u(#s huu&
&!ru"##n h#sil "!ny!r#si#n #$#u !s!r#si#n #n$#r# !"#s$i#n huu&
d!n(#n !s!b#ndin(#n huu&+ S!/#r# id!#l !"#s$i#n huu& &!ru,
"##n "!n/!r&in#n #0#s $id# &!ru(i#n or#n( l#in* s!d#n(#n !s!'I b#ndin(#n huu& &!ru"##n "!n/!r&in#n #0#s b!r$ind# s!b#ndin(+
>l!h #r!n# !s!r#si#n #n$#r# !"#s$i#n huu& d!n(#n !s!b#ndin(#n
huu& &!ru"##n in$i "!n!(##n huu&* &## "!n!(##n huu&
s!sun((uhny# di"!n(#ruhi ol!h
#+ Huu& i$u s!ndiri
b+ 3!"rib#di#n "!n!(# huu&
/+ )#sili$#s !s#d#r#n d#n !"#$uh#n huu& &#sy#r##$
d+ T#r#f !s#d#r#n d#n !"#$uh#n huu& &#sy#r##$
!+ 3!bud#y##n y#n( di#nu$ &#sy#r##$ So!#n$o* <?::
5?+
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!#dil#n b!lu& $!n$u $!r/#"#i d!n(#n "!n!(##n huu&* "#d#h#l
$uju#n #hi&y# #d#l#h !#dil#n + P!&y#$##n di #$#s &!ru"##n isy#r#$
b#h-# !#dil#n y#n( hidu" di &#sy#r##$ $id# &un(in s!r#(#&+
H#l ini dis!b#b#n !#dil#n &!ru"##n "ros!s y#n( b!r(!r# di #n$#r#
du# u$ub /i$r# !#dil#n+ aminem Laedere s!&#$# bu#nl#h !#dil#n*
d!&ii#n "ul# 7uum "uique *riuere y#n( b!rdiri s!ndiri $id# d#"#$
di#$##n !#dil#n+ 3!#dil#n b!r(!r# di #$#r# du# u$ub $!rs!bu$+
P#d# su#$u !$i# !#dil#n l!bih d!#$ "#d# s#$u u$ub* d#n "#d# s##$
y#n( l#in* !#dil#n l!bih /ondon( "#d# u$ub l#inny#+
3!#dil#n y#n( &!nd!#$i u$ub aminem Laedere #d#l#h "#d#
s##$ &#nusi# b!rh#d#"#n d!n(#n bid#n('bid#n( !hidu"#n y#n( b!r,
sif#$ n!$r#l+ A#n $!$#"i ji# y#n( di"!rso#l#n #d#l#h bid#n( !hidu",
#n s"iri$u#l #$#u s!nsi$if* &## y#n( dis!bu$ #dil b!r#d# l!bih d!#$
d!n(#n u$ub 7uum "uique *riuere. P!n(!r$i#n $!rs!bu$ &!n(' I
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huu& &!l#-#n us#h#'us#h# sub4!rsif+
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$#$#n#n y#n( &!r!# r#s# s#&# s!#li $id# s!su#i d#n $id# &#su ##K+ P!&!rin$#h y#n( &!&" !r$ #h#n#n #$ur#n s!&#/#& i$u ##n
$!rj!r#$ d#l#& !suli$#n'!sul i$#n s!rius d#l#& "!l#s#n##nny# + Ar$i,
ny# * s!bu#h $#$#n#n y#n( $id# b!r# #r "#d # !#dil#n s#&# #r$i
ny# d!n(#n b!rs#nd#r "#d# l#nd#s#n y#n( $id# #&#n d#n
b!rb#h#y# + S!b#(#i&#n# diun(#"#n John Di/inson 23i $# $id#
h#ny# &!&, bu$uh#n s!bu#h sis$!& "!r#$ur#n u&u& y#n( b!r/#&"ur
b#ur* $!$#"i #$ur# n y#n( b!rd#s#r#n "#d# "rinsi" !#di l#n2
Musl!huddin* <??<
9:+
F. KEADILAN MENU RUT FILSAFAT HUKUM ISLAM
+. R#ng Ling$# H#$#% I!l%
M!&bi/#r##n huu& Isl#& b!r#r$i b!rbi/#r# Isl#& i$u s!nd iri*
s!b#b &!&is#h#n #n$#r# huu& Isl#& d!n(#n Isl#& #d# l#h s!s u#$
u y#n( &us$#hil* s!l#in huu& Isl#& i$u b!rsu&b!r d#ri #(#&#
Isl#&* huu& Isl#& ju(# $id# d#"# $ di"is#h#n d#ri i&#n d#n
!susil##n
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#hl#+ S!b#b !$i(# o&"on!n in$i #j#r#n Isl#& y#ni i&#n*
huu&* d#n #hl# #d#l#h s#$u r#n(#i#n !s#$u#n y#n( &!&b!n$u
#(#&# Isl#& i$u s!ndiri Ali* <??7 <:+
S!$!l#h &!n(ris$#l &!nj#di Isl#& d#n di$urun#n ! &u#
bu&i* &## Isl#& &!nj#di rahmatan #i$ 'dlamin y#n( &!n/#u"
s!luruh #s"! !hidu"#n+ As"! !hidu"#n i$u s!ndiri $!rdiri #$#s $i(# b#(i#n "oo ("ardinal 7uject atter) y#i$u Tuh#n (*heolog%),
&#nusi# (;nthropholog%) * d#n #l#& ("osmolog%). 3u&"ul#n #j#r#n,
#j#r#n "oo Isl#& $!rs!bu$ $!r#n(u& ' b#i $!rsur#$ &#u"un $!rsir#$,
d#l#& #l'Lur#n d#n H#dis y#n( &!&b!n$u s!bu#h #j#r#n $!n$#n(
Isl#& y#n( l#0i& dis!bu$ 'aqidah. Ahi&y# #id#h ju(# $!rb#(i
&!nj#di $i(# b#(i#n* #id#h $!n$#n( Tuh#n* #id#h $!n$#n( &#nusi#*
d#n #id#h $!n$#n( #l#&+ S!l#&# ini "!&#h#&#n $!n$#n( #id#h
dib#$#si "#d# b#(i#n tauliid &!ny#n(u$ Tuh#n* M#l#i#$* R#sul*
3i$#b* T#dir* d#n h#ri i#&#$* "#d#h#l #id#h &!ny#n(u $ $o$#li$#s
&#s#l#h $!n $#n( !'Tuh#n#n * !'#l#&#n* d#n !&#nusi##n+
Aid#h $!n $#n( Tuh#n #d#l#h !s"r!si $!ori$i y#n( b!r-ujud!y#in#n ($aith) #$#u "!&iir#n $!n$#n( Tuh#n* s!d#n(#n
#id#h $!n$#n( &#nusi# y#ni !s"r!si $!ori$i y#n( b!r-ujud !y#,
in#n #$#u "!&iir#n $!n $#n( &#nusi#* d#n #id#h
$!n$#n( #l#& #d#l#h !s"r!si $!ori$i y#n( b!r-ujud !y#in#n ($aith)
#$#u "!&iir#n (thought) $!n$#n( #l#& * s!l#in #l#& &#nusi# s!ndiri
S#biF* <??7 5+ I#$#n #id#h $!rs! bu$ "!rIu di#$u#lis#si#n
d#l#& $ind##n ny#$# y#n( bi#s# dis!bu$ &u#&#l#h+ Mu#&#l#h
bu#nl#h h#l y#n( h#ny# b!r$# li#n #n$#r# &#nusi# d!n(#n &#nusi#*
$!$#"i s!luruh, ny# dij#n(#u* y#ni &u#&#l#h $!rh#d#" Tuh#n*
&u#&#l#h $!rh#d#" &#nusi#* d#n &u#&#l#h $!rh#d#" #l#&+
Mu#&#l#h $!rh#d#" Tuh#n* y#ni !s"r!si sosiolo(i y#n(
b!r-ujud "!l#y#n#n $!rh#d#" !h!nd# Tuh#n di #l#& ini* y#n(
s#s#r#nny# #d#l#h &#nusi# ju(#* &u#&#l#h $!rh#d#" &#nusi# #d#l#h
!s"r!si sosiolo(i y#n( b!r-ujud "!l#y#n#n $!rh#d#" s!s#&# &#nu,
si#* s!d#n(#n &u#&#l#h $!rh#d#" #l#& #d#l#h !s"r!si sosiolo(i
y#n( b!r-ujud "!l#y#n#n $!rh#d#" #l#&* d#n s#s#r#nny# #d#l#h
&#nusi# ju(#+ D!n(#n #$# l#in #l'Lur#n &!&b#-# #j#r#n y#n(
&!&u#$ #s"!'#s"! j#s# $!rh#d#" Tuh#n* #l#& d#n &#nusi#+ D!n(#n
?
d!&ii#n #"# y#n( di&u#$ d#l#& #l'Lur#n #i$#nny# d!n(#n hubun(,
#n hubun(#n !s!i&b#n(#n $!&y#$# j#uh l!bih lu#s d#ri #n((#"#n
s!l#&# ini* b#h-# hubun(#n !s!i&b#n(#n h#ny#l#h "!l#y#n#n
s!s#&# &#nusi# un$u &#nusi# l#inny# S#biF* <??7 5:+
D#ri "ros!s #$u#lis#si #j#r#n Isl#& !&udi#n &!l#hir#n nil#i*
nil#i ini y#n( u&u& di#$##n ib#d#h* &## ib#d#h'"un !&udi#n$!rb#(i ! d#l#& $i(# #$!(ori+ Ib#d#h !"#d# Tuh#n* ib#d#h &!l#lui
&#nusi#* d#n ib#d#h l!-#$ #l#& + Ib#d#h !"#d# Tuh#n #d#l#h nil#i
"!n(#bdi#n y#n( s!/# r# l#n(sun ( dij# l#n#n b!rd#s#r #n $un $un#n
#id#h sy#ri#$* s!d#n( ib#d#h &!l#lui &#nusi# #d#l#h nil#i y#n(
$!r#ndun( d#l#& "!l#y#n#n !"#d# s!s#&# &#nusi#+
P!l#y#n#n y#n( $!l#h b!rb!n$u nil#i ib#d#h* &!nj#di nil#i y#n(
b!rhubun(#n l#n(sun( #n$#r# &#nusi# d!n(#n Tuh#n* d#n n#n$iny#
!&b#li ju(# !"#d# &#nusi#+ S!d#n(#n ib#d#h l!-#$ #l#& #d#l#h
nil#i y#n( $!r#ndun( d#l#& "!l#y#n#n $!rh#d#" #l#& lin(un(#n
hidu"* nil#i ini ju(# &!nj#di nil#i y#n( b!r(un# b#(i &#nusi# d#l#&
hubun(#nny# d!n(#n Tuh#n* d#n n#n$iny# !&b#li !"#d# &#nusi#
ju( # b#i d#l#& on$!s !hidu"#n duni# &#u"un !hidu"#n s!sud#h
!hidu"#n duni# #hir#$+
Aid#h* &u#&#l#h* d#n ib#d#h #d#l#h (!r#ji-# r#(# &#nusi#+
S!b#(#i &usli&* !s!luruh#n (!r# ji-# r#(# $!rs!bu$ di#$ur d!n(#n
su#$u "!r#n(#$ y#n( dis!bu$ huu& Isl#&+ M!y#ini Isl#& b!r#r$i
$!ri#$ d!n(#n huu& Isl#& i$u s!ndiri* s!d#n(#n huu& Isl#& h#ny#
##n b!r-ujud &#n##l# huu& $!rs!bu$ di$!r#"#n (tanjid!) ol!h
"!rn!lu'"!&!luny# d!n(#n doron(#n b#$in y#n( u#$ As,
Shiddi!Fy* <??9 <9+
T#$#n#n !s!i&b#n(#n $!rs!bu$ b!rsif#$ su"r#n#$ur#l d#n #&#$
&!nduun( !&un(in#n'!&un(in#n y#n( #d# d#l#& !hidu"#n
s!h#ri'h#ri* d!n(#n sif#$ (#nd#ny# uni4!rs#l d#n #b#di+ l# $!$#" s#&#
un$u s!(#l# 0#&#n d#n un$u s!&u# or#n(+ J#son* s!b#(#i&#n# di
u$i" Musl!huddin <??<* @: &!n(un(#"#n
Huu& Isl#& &!n!&u#n su&b!r u$#&#ny# "#d# !h!nd#
All#h s!b#(#i&#n# di-#hyu#n !"#d# N#bi Muh#&&#d+ l# &!n/i",
$##n s!bu#h &#sy#r##$ &u&in* -#l#u"un &!r!# &un(in $!rdiri
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#$#s b!rb#(#i suu d#n b!r#d# di -il#y#h y#n( #&#$ j#uh $!r"is#h+
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/ohesi$ u$#&# + N!(#r# i$u s!ndir i b!r#d# di b#-#h (suordinate) #l,
Lur#n* y#n( &!&b!ri#n ru#n( (!r# s!&"i$ b#(i "!n(und#n(#n
$#&b#h#n* $id# un$u diri$i &#u"un "! rb!d##n "!nd#"# $+ Duni# ini
h#ny# di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i ru#n( d!"#n b#(i or#n( l#in d#n s!su#$u
y#n( l!bih b#i b#(i or#n( y#n( b!ri&#n+ Al 'Lur#n ju( # &!n!n$u#n
#$ur#n'#$ur#n b#(i $in(#h l#u &!n(h#d#"i or#n('or#n( l#in &#u"un
&#sy#r##$ un$u &!nj#&in s!bu#h $r#disi y#n( #&#n + Tid# &un(in
&!&is#h#n $!ori '$!ori "oli $i d#n !#dil#n d#ri #j#r# n'#j#r#n N#bi
y#n( &!n!(#s#n #$ur#n'#$ur#n $in(#h l#u * b#i &!n(!n#i !hidu",
#n b!r#(#&# * !lu#r(# * sosi#l d#n "oli$i+ Ini &!ni&bul#n huu&
$!n$#n( /-#jib#n/-#jib#n d#ri"#d# h#'h#* !-#jib#n &or#l
&!n(i#$ indi4idu* d#ri &#n# $id# o$ori$#s bu&i y#n( bis# &!rnb! ,
b#s$u(#s#nny #* d#n or#n( y#n( $id# &!n$##$i ##n &!ru(i#n
!hidu"#n &#s# &!nd#r#n(2 +
S!l#&# ini s!"!r$iny# or#n( s!"##$ b#h-# huu& h#ny#
&!n(#$ur urus#n &#nusi# d!n(#n &#nusi# y#n( l#in d#n huu& b#ru
#d# s!$!l#h #d#ny# &#nusi# * y#n( b!r#r$i "ul# huu& h#ny# #d# d#l#&
&#sy#r##$ &#nusi# d#n s!ol#h'ol#h huu& di lu#r &#sy#r##$
&#nusi# $id# "!rn#h #d# + A#n $!$#"i #l#u i$# &!&"uny#i "!nd#"#$
b#h-# huu& i$u &!&"uny#i fun(si &!n(uru s $#$# $!r$ib &#sy#r##$*
&## $!n$u i$# h#rus "ul# &!n(#ui b#h-# s!$i#" &#sy#r##$ y#n( di
d#l#&ny# $!rj#di $#$# $!r$ib #d#l#h di#$ur ol!h huu&+ .!r#r$i huu&
#d# d#l#& &#sy#r##$ y#n( di d#l#&ny# $/rd#"#$ $#$# $!r$ib+ A"#bil#
i$# &!&b!ri#n #r$i !"#d# #$# &#sy#r##$ s! b#(#i su#$ u !#d##n
b!ru&"ul b!rs#rn#'s#rn# d#l#& su#$u $/&"#$ y#n( $!r$!n$u d#n
&!nj#l#n#n fun(siny# &#sin('&#sin(* &## !#d##n b!r&#sy#r##$
i$u bu#n s#j# $!rj#di "#d # &#sy#r##$ &#nusi #* $!$#"i ju (# "#d#
s!luruh &#sy#r##$ y#n( &#ujud ini+ Ad# &#sy#r##$ b!nd# &#$i *
&#sy#r##$ $u&buh'$u&buh#n* &#sy#r##$ bin#$#n(* d#n &#sy#r##$
y#n( l!bih lu#s y#i$u &#sy#r##$ $#$# sury#+
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Huu& ;rchimede s d#l#& il&u fisi# &!nunju#n #d#ny# huu&
&#sy#r##$ b!nd# &#$i* y#n( &!n(#$ur $#$# $!r$ib b!nd# /#ir*
6#
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b!rl#in#n &!nunju #n #d#n y# huu& $u&buh'$u&buh#n * y#n(
&!n(#$ur $#$# $!r$ib flor#+ Ad#n y# un$# di "#d#n( "#sir d#n #d#ny#
!rb#u $!rs! b#r di s!luruh dun i# #d#l#h $#nd# #d#ny# huu& y#n(
&!n(#$ur $#$# $!r$ib f#un#+ Ti&bulny# &#$#h#ri s!$i#" "#(i dis!b!l#h
$i&ur d#n $!rb!n#& di s!b!l#h b#r #$* &!nunju#n #d#ny# huu&d#l#& "!r"u$#r#n d#n "!r!d#r#n bu&i * y# n( &!n(#$ur $#$# $!r$ib $#$#
sury# Abdo!rr#o!f * <??: 9+
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&#sy#r##$ &#nusi#+ Huu& &!nuru$ #l'Lur#n j#uh l!bih lu#s d#ri
"#d# huu& y#n( di#r$ i#n ol!h s!b#(i#n b!s#r #hli huu& s!l#&# ini +
>r#n( .#r#$ &!&b!ri#n is$il#h "#d# huu& y#n( &!n(#$ur s! luruh
(!r# d#n $#$# $!r$ib b!nd# &#$i d#n hidu" s!b#(#i atural Law
N#shr * <?:< <5* d#n d#l#& Isl#& dis/bu$ 7unnatullah. Sunn#$ull#h
#d#l#h !$!n$u#n' !$!n$u#n #$#u huu&'huurn All#h y#n( b!rl#u
un$u #l#& s!&!s$# y#n( &!nj#di s!b#b !s!r#si#n hubun(#n #n$#r
b!n d# y#n( #d# di d#l#&n y# $!r&#s u &#nusi# Ali * <??7 56+ A#n$!$#"i #d# "!rb!d##n #n$#r# huu& y#n( #d# d#l#& &#sy#r##$
&#nusi# d/n(#n huu& di lu#r &#sy#r##$ &#nusi#+ P/rb!d##n i$u
di$i&bul#n ol!h b!rb!d#ny# obj! y#n( di#$ur ol!h huu& i$u
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"uny#i #l#$ un$u $!rb !n$uny# "!n(#l #&# n "siis + %#l#u "un bin#,
$#n( n#&"# &!&ilii #l#$ un$u &!&b!n$u "!n(#l#&#n "siis*
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"!n( #l#&#n d#n b!l#j# r un$u &!&bu #$ s#r#n(ny#* $u&buh'$u&buh#n
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y#n( maujtid did#s#r#n "#d# #su&si b#h -# ! s! i& b#n (#n y#n(
#d# di s!luruh #l#& #d#l#h $#$ # $!r$ib huu& All # h S % T
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!l#j#ri sunn#$ull#h $# b!d# "!n $in (ny# d!n( #n &!&"!l#j #ri huu&
* #r!n# sunn#$ull#h s!ndiri #d#l#h huu&+ A#n $!$#"i* &#nu si#
b#( #i& #n#"un $!$#" dib#$#si ol!h sif#$ insdni%%ahtv%e s!hin((# b#ny#
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$uju#n $!rs!bu$ d#"#$ $!r/#"#i * $!n$ul#h &#nusi# h#rus "#$uh d#n
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huu& i$u+ 8#n$#s $i&bul "!r$#ny##n * b#(#i& #n# #(# r or#n( Isl #&&#u "#$uh $!rh#d#"
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&#nusi#+
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s!l#nju$ny# #d#l#h b#(#i&#n# &!n(#$ur ji-# s! s!or#n( #(#r &#u&!&#$uhi huu&+ P!rso#l#n ini $!n$u $id# d#" #$ dibi/#r##n ol!h
huu& i$u s!ndiri* s!b#b huu& $id# &!n(#$ur "!rbu#$#n or#n(
s!/#r# b#$in ji-# d#n fiir#n* huu& h#ny# &!n(#$ur "!rbu #$#n
s!/#r# l#hir s#j#+ A#n $!$#"i #l'Lur#n &!n(#$ur "!r!&b#n(#n ji-#
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H. JURISTIC LOGICS 7PENGGUNAAN LOGIKA DI DALAM
HUKUM ATAU ILMU HUKUM8
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b#$#n "!n((un##n silo(is&! y#n( di d#l#&ny# #d# "ro"osisi s!b#(#i
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&!ny!bu$#n #s" ! lo(i# y#n( $!rd#"#$ #$#u di(un##n di d#l#&
huu& #$#u "!n(!$#hu#n il&i#h huu&+ P!n!r#"#n &!$od!'&!$od!
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ilrnu #l#&+ Di d#l#& s/j#r#h "/r!&b#n(#n ilrnu * &!$od! "!n/li$i#n di
d#l#& il&u'il &u #l #& #d#l#h &!$ od! y#n( l!bih d#hulu &un/ul * y#n(
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il&u huu& &!&il ii obj! &#nusi# y#n( #r#$!ris$iny# b!rb!d#
d#n $id# d#"#$ s!&#$#'&#$# dis#&##n d!n(#n obj!'obj! fisi+
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&!n$#si huu& (un# &!n/#"#i s!bu#h !b!n#r#n s!b#(#i s!bu#h
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BAB6I
A8l RAN'A8l RAN HUKUM
A. HUKUM ALAM
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huu& #l#& d!n(#n huu& odr#$+ M!nuru$ Huijb!rs is$il#h y#n(
b!n#r un$u &!ny#$##n huu& y#n( di&#sud #d# l#h 2huu&
odr#$2 d#n bu#n 2huu& #l# &2 + Huijb!rs &!n((un##n is$il#h
$!rs!bu$ b!r, d#s#r#n "!n(!r$i#n is$il#h l#$in l ex natural is bhs +
In((ris natural l aw) y#n( di$!rj!&#h#n d#l#& .#h#s# Indon!si#
&!nj#di 2hu u& odr#$2 d#n bu#n lex naturae bhs+In((ris law o$
nature) y#n( di$!rj!&#h#n d#l#& .#h#s# Indon!si# &!nj#di 2
huu& #l#&2 + S!/#r# "#nj#n( l!b#r Huijb!rs &!n!r#n(#n s!b#(#i
b!ri u$
. Lex natura e &!ru"##n /#r# s!(# l# y#n( #d# b!rj #l #n s!su#i d!n(#n #$ur#n s!&!s$# #l#&+ M!nuru$ "#r# sofis Yun#ni #b#d
SM d#n Tho&#s Hobb!s* =h + D#r-in* H S"!n/!r* d+* hu u & #
l#& i$u &!n(u#s#i !hidu"#n &#nusi# ju(# s!"!r$i &# hlu hidu "
l#inn y# y#n( &!n(iu$i !/!nd!run(#n'!/!nd!run(#n j#s &#n iny#*
/o n$o h sif#$ !$#&##n* !r#us#n* s#lin( &!&#n(s#* d# n l# in
s!b#(# iny #+ S!b#liny#* lex natura lis &!n#nd##n b#h-# $!rd#"# $
$un$u $#n fund#, &!n$#l d#l#& hidu" &#n usi# y#n( &!nj#di ny# $# d
#l#& -u j udny# s!b#(#i &#lu y#n( b!r##l budi+ D!n(#n
&!n(i u$i l ex naturalis
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&#nusi# $id# &!n(iu$i n#luriny# y#n( ir#sion#l* &!l#in#n "!r$i&,
b#n(#n ##l budi d#n r#s# &or#l+ N#&un d#l#& l ex naturalis ju(#
di#ui b#h-# huu& y#n( di#nu$ bu#nl#h !(i#$#n r#sion#l &!lulu+
Huu& i$u &!ru"##n b#(i#n #$ur#n #l#& s!&!s$# #l#& n#$ur# y#n(
s!b!n#rny# &!ru"##n su#$u !s!luruh#n os&is y#n( "!nuh r#h#si#
y#n( $id# d#"#$ dij#n(#u ol!h ##l budi &#nusi#+
D#l#& .#h#s# Indon!si#* is$il#h 2huu& #l#&2 l!bih &!n#n,
d##n lex naturae d#l#& #r$i y#n ( u&u&* y#i$u s!b#(#i d#y# y#n(
&!ny!b#b#n b#h-# s!(#l# y#n( #d# di duni# ini b!rj#l#n &!nuru$
#$ur#n y#n( $!l#h di$!$#"#n+ 3#r!n#ny# un$u &!n(un(#"#n #r$i
lex naturalis s!b#iny# di"##i is$il#h l#in y#i$u huu& odr#$+
Huu& odr#$ l!bih u#$ d#ri "#d# huu& "osi$if* s!b#b
&!ny#n(u$ &#n# !hidu"#n &#nus i# s!ndiri+ 3#r!n#ny# huu& i$u
&!nd#hului huu& y#n( diru&us#n d#l#& und#n('und#n( d#n b!r,
fun(si s!b#(#i #0#s b#(i huu& y#n( diru&us# n d#l#& und#n(,
und#n( $!rs!bu$+ D!n(#n #$ # l#in huu& #d#l#h #$ur#n* b#sis b#(i
#$ur#n i$u di$!n$u#n d#l#rn #$ur#n #l#&i#h y#n( $!r-ujud d# l#&
odr#$ &#nusi#+
+. H#$#% K-4rt 4l% Se(r5
# + ;#&#n l#si
Toohny# #d#l#h Aris$o$!l!s + M!nuru$ Aris$o$!l!s &#nusi#
s!b#(#i &#hlu "oli$i (C??@ pol tic oni h#rus &!nyu&b#n( b#(i
N!(# r# y#n ( &!ru"# #n !-#jib#n #l#&i# h b#(i l#i 'I#i y#n(
&!&"uny#i h#'h# yuridis s!b#(#i -#r(# "olis+
b+ Ab#d "!r$!n(#h#n
Toohny# #d#l#h Tho&#s AFuin#s+ M!nuru$ AFuin#s huu&
odr#$ s!b#(#i "rinsi"'"rinsi" s!(#l# huu& "osi$if* b!rhubun(#n
l#n(sun( d!n(#n &#nusi# d#n duni# s!b#(#i /i"$##n Tuh#n+ Prinsi",
"rin si" $!rs!b u$ dib#( i &!nj #di du#* y#i$u
<+ Prinsi" huu& odr#$ "ri&!r* y#i$u "rinsi" huu& y#n( $!l#h
:?
diru&us#n ol!h "#r# "!&iir S$o# 0#&#n l#si+ Prinsi"
huu& odr#$ "ri &!r y#i$u honeste vivere hidu" $!rhonn#$*
neminem laedere $id# &!ru(i#n or#n( l#in* unicuique suutn
triuere &!&b!ri#n or#n( l#in s!su#i h#ny#+
5+ Prinsi" huu& odr#$ s!und!r* y#i$u nor&#'nor& # &or#l
s!"!r$i j#n(#n &!&bunuh* &!n/uri d#n l#in s!b#(#iny#+
D#l#& h#l ini Tho&#s AFuin#s &!n((#bun(# n lex naturalis
d!n(#n lex aeterna huu& #b#di y#n( #d# "#d# Tuh#n* d#l#& d!fi,
nisiny# lex naturalis aliud est quam participatio legis aeternae
in rationali creatura huu& odr#$ i$u $id# l#in #d#l#h "#r$isi"#si
huu& #b#di d#l#& /i"$##n y#n( b!r##l budi Huijb!rs* <?? :9+
/+ ;#rn#n r#sion#lis&!
P#d# 0#&#n ini l#0i& di$!ri&# b#h-# huu& odr#$ s!b#(#i
"!rn y#$# #n ##l budi "r# $is &#nusi#+ P#r# "!&ii r 0#rn#n ini /!nd!,
run( &!nyusun su#$u d#f$#r huu& odr#$ y#n( di#n((#" $!$#"
b!rl#u d#n #b#di + P#d # 0#&#n ini Hu(o Gro$ ius &!ny# $##n "rinsi"
huu& a priori. y#i$u huu& odr#$ y#n( b!rl#u "osi$if+ M!nuru$
Gro$ius* #d# du# &#/#& "rinsi"'"rinsi" d#l#& ons!"ny# $!rs!bu$*
y#i$u
I+ Prinsi "'"rins i" d#s# r* &! li"u$i "rinsi" u"uny#'#u"uny#*
"rinsi" !s!$i##n "#d# j#n ji* "rinsi" (#n$i ru(i* "ri nsi " "!rluny#
huu&#n+
5+ Prinsi"'" rinsi" y#n( &!l !#$ "#d # subj! huu& * &! li"u$i h#
#$#s !b!b#s#n* h# un$u b!ru#s# #$#s or#n( l#in* h# un$u b!r u#s# s!b#(# i &#j i#n * h# un$u b !ru#s# #$#s &ili+
d+ A-#l #b#d 11
P#d# #-#l #b#d ini b!b!r#"# "!&iir b!rus#h# l#(i un$u
&!nyusun su#$u d#f$#r huu& odr#$* di#n$#r#ny# M!ssn!r+ M!nuru$
M!ssn!r huu& odr#$ s#&# d!n(#n "rinsi"'"rinsi" d#s#r b#(i !hi'
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du"#n sosi#l d#n indi4idu#l+ D!finisi huu& odr#$ d#ri M!ssn!r
b!rbunyi 1as aturrecht ist die ?rdnung del' in del' menschilchen
atur mit ihren Eig enverantwortlich/eiten egrundeten ei!elmen -
schlichen und gesellscha$tlichen Eigen!ustandig/eiten huu& odr#$
#d#l#h #$ur#n h#'h# o&"!$!nsi h#s b#i "rib#di &#u"un
&#sy#r##$ y#n( b!r##r d#l#& odr#$ &#nusi# y#n( b!r$#n((un(,
j#- #b s!ndiri + M!nuru$ M!ssn! r $!rd#"# $ $i(# &#/#& huu& odr#$ *
y#i$u
<+ Huu& odr#$ " ri&!r y#n ( &u$l#* y#i$u &!&b!ri#n !"#d#
$i#" or#n( s!su#i h#ny#+ D#ri "rinsi" ini di$urun#n "rinsi",
"rins i" u&u& s!"!r$ i j#n(#n &!&bunu h * d#n s!$!rusny#+
5 + H# fund#&!n$#l* y#i$u !b!b#s#n b#$in* !b!b#s#n #(#&#* h#
#$#s n#&# b#i* h# #$#s privac%, h# #$#s "!&i#h#n* h#
un$u &!&b!n$u !lu#r(#* d#n s!b#(#iny# +
9 + Huu& odr#$ s!und!r* y#i$u h# y#n( di"!rol!h #r!n# b!r,
#i$#n d!n(#n si$u#si !bud#y##n* &is#lny# h# &ili d#n#0#s,
#0#s huu& #d#$ +
&. Per$e%ngn H#$#% K-4rt
P!&iir 0#&#n ini &!n!ri&# b#h-# $!rd#"#$ "rinsi"'"rinsi"
$!r$!n$u y#n( &!nj#di "!do&#n b#(i "!&b!n$u#n und#n('und#n(*
ol!h #r!n# i$u d!-#s# ini &un/ul s#$u #n((#"#n b #h-# huu& odr#$
s!"!r$i b#n(i$ !&b#l i s!b#(#i&#n# disu# r##n Ros/ o! Pound <?:5
5@* Ei!&# Ho&&!s <?7<* d#n %olf(#n( 3lu!n <?C? + N#&un
b!rb!d# d!n(#n "!&iir 0#&#n dulu* "!&ii r 0#&#n ini &!n(insy#fi
b#h-# hidu" &#nusi# b!rs if#$ din#&is+ Din#&isny# &#sy#r##$ $!r,/!r&in d#l#& "#nd#n(#n'"#nd#n(#nny# * &is#lny# &#s#l#h "!rbud#,
#n* 0#&#n dulu h#$ ini s!su#$u y#n( -#j# r d#n s!su#i d!n(#n &#r$#b#$
!&#nusi##n* n#&un i$# h#rus #ui b#h-# "#nd#n(#n $!rs!bu$ !liru*
=on$oh y#n( l#in &is#lny# &#s#l#h !s!$#r##n (!nd!r* d#n l#in
s!b#(#iny#+
D!&ii#nl#h d#"#$ di"#s$i#n b#h-# &#nusi# &!l#lui "iir#n,
ny# &!Iih#$ diriny# d#l#& su#$u si$u#si hsi$oris #$u#l $!r$!n$u* d#n
?<
b#h-# (#&b#r#n &#n usi # $!n $#n( diriny# $!rus b!rub#h d# l#& lin$#s,
#n s!j#r#h+ N#&un #d#ny# !s#d#r#n $!n$#n( "!rub#h#n "#nd#n(#n,
"#nd #n(# n $!r$!n$u &!&bu$ i#n ju(#* b#h -# &#nu si# &#&"u &!n(,
#$#si si$u#si his$orisny# d#n &#&"u &!n!r#"#n #$ur#n'#$ur#n hidu"
y#n( ur#n( l!bih $!$#"+ 3#r!n#ny# "#d# 0#&#n s!#r#n( ini di$!ri&#
#d#ny# "rinsi"'"rinsi" y#n( h#rus di(un##n d#l#& &!nyusun "!r,#$ur#n'"!r#$ur#n* $!$#"i "rinsi"'"rinsi" i$u u&u&ny# $id# di"#nd#n(
l#(i s!b#(#i "rinsi" y#n( #b#di Huijb!rs* <?? :+
S##$ ini huu& odr#$ y#n( $!r"!rin/i s!"!r$i 0#&#n l#si d#n
"!r$!n(#h #n $id# l#(i di#n((#" b!rs if#$ #b#di * #r!n# din#&isny#
!hidu"#n &#nusi#+ N#&un "rinsi" i$u $!$#" #d# * d!n(#n l!bih u&u&
s!"!r$i !#dil#n* !jujur#n* !so"#n#n d#n l#in'l#in+ Prinsi" i$u
&!&ilii !$!$#"#n* $!$#"i ju(# su#$u !lon((#r#n un$u b!rub#h
s!su#i "!r!&b#n(#n 0#&#n+
S!#r#n( ini b#n y# s#rj#n# $id# r!l# &!n! ri&# #d#ny# du#
&#/#& huu&* y#n( s#$u $!l#h &!nj#di und#n('und#n( d#n y#n( l#in
y#n( di"iir#n s!b#(#i huu& d#s#r y#n( I!bih u#$ d#ri"#d#und#n('und#n(+ >l!h #r!n# "#r# #hli huu& s!n#n$i#s# &!l!&b#(#,
#n ins$i$usion#lis#si #$#u for&#lis#si "rinsi"'"rinsi" huu& d!n(#n
&!&#su#nny# d#l#& und#n('und#n( d!n(#n &!n(#do"siny# d#l#&
!r#n(# r#sion#I+ D!n(#n ini "ul# s!b!n#& y# b!r#r$i b#n y# "!&iir
&!nol# "osi$i4is&! huu&* $!$#"i s!#li(us &!n(#ui b#h-# huu&
y#n( b!n#r #d#l#h huu& "osi$if+
N#&un d!&i i#n "#r# "osi$i4is &!&#nd#n( b#h-# "rinsi",
"rins i" huu& y#n ( $!rd#"#$ d#l#& huu & odr# $ s!b#(#i "rinsi"
r!(ul#$ifb!l##* y#i$u s!b#(#i "!do&#n b#(i $!rb!n$uny# huu&* d#n
bu#n s!b#(#i "rinsi" ons $i$u $if d#ri huu&+ Ar$ iny# "rinsi"'"rinsi"
$!rs!bu$ &!&#n( h#rus diind#h# n "#d # s##$ und #n('und #n( di,
b!n$u* n#&un bil# und#n('und#n( y#n( #d# s!#nd#i ny# b!r$!n$#n(#n
d!n(#n "rinsi"'"rinsi" huu& odr#$* &## und#n('und#n( $!rs!bu$
$!$#" s#h b!rl#u+ D!n(#n #$# l#in &!nuru$ "#r# "os$i4is /!nd!run(
&!n(#nu$ "rinsi" !"#s$i#n huu&* dib#ndin(#n d!n(#n s#rj#n#
$r#dision#l y#n( l!bih &!&"!rh#$i#n "rinsi" !#dil#n d#n !&#n,
f##$#n huu& b#(i &#sy#r##$+
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B. POSITI6ISME HUKUM
<+ Pengertin
Posi$i4is&! d#l#& "!n(!r$i#n &od!& #d#l#h su#$u sis$!& fil,
s#f#$ y#n( &!n(#ui h#ny# f#$#'f#$# "os i$if d#n f!no&!n#'f!no,
&!n# y#n( bis# diobs!r4#si+ D!n(#n hubun(#n obj!$if f#$#'f#$# inid#n huurn'huu& y#n( &!n!n$u#nny#* &!nin((#l#n s!&u# "!ny!,
lidi#n &!nj#di s!b#b's!b#b #$#u #s#l'#sul $!r$in((i Musl!huddin*
<??< 5C+ D!n(#n #$# l#in* "osi$i4is&! &!ru"##n s!bu#h si#"
il&i#h* &!nol# s"!ul#si's"!ul#si #"riori d#n b!rus#h# &!&b#n(un
diriny# "#d# d#$# "!n(#l#&#n+ T!ori ini di!&b#n(#n ol!h Au(us$
=o&$!* s!or#n( s#rj#n# P!r#n/is y#n( hidu" "#d# $#hun <C?: hin((#
<:C+
Di&ul#i d!n(#n "!r$!n(#h#n !du# #b #d !'<?* "osi$ i4is&!
&!nj#l#r ! d#l#& s!(#l# /#b#n( il&u "!n(!$#hu#n sosi#l* $!r&#su
il&u "!n(!$#hu#n huu&+ i# b!rus#h# un$u &!nd!"# "!r$i&b#n(#n,
"!r$i&b#n(#n nil#i'nil#i d#ri il&u Yuris"rud!nsi d#n &!&b#$#si $u(#sil&u'il&u ini "#d# #n#lis#* d#n &!ndob# $#$#n#n huu& "osi$if+ P#r#
"osi$i4is &!n(#j#r#n b#h-# huu& "osi $ifl#h y#n( &!ru"##n
huu& y#n( b!rl#u d#n huu& "osi $if disini #d#l#h nor&#'nor&#
yudisi#l y#n( dib#n(un ol!h o$ori$#s n!(#r#+ l# ju(# &!n!#n#n
"!&is#h#n !$#$ huu& "os i$i f d#ri !$i# d#n !bij#s#n##n sosi#l d#n
/!nd!run( &!n(id!n$ifi#si#n !#dil#n d!n(#n l!(#li$#s* y#i$u
!$##$#n !"#d# #$ur#n'#$ur#n y#n( di$!n$u#n ol!h n!(#r#+
Posi$i4is&! huu& #d# 5 b!n$u* y#i$u "osi$i4is&! yuridis d#n
"osi$ i4is&! sosiolo(is
#+ Posi$i4is&! yuridisD#l#& "!rs"!$if "osi$i4is&! yuridis* huu& di"#nd#n(
s!b#(#i su#$u (!j#l# $!rs!ndiri y#n( "!rlu diol#h s!/#r# il&i#h+
Tuju#n "os$i4is&! yuridis #d#l#h "!&b!n$u#n s $ru$ur's$ru$ur
r#sion#l sys$!&'sis$!& yuridis y#n( b!rl#u+ D#l#& "r#sisny#
ons!" ini &!nurun#n su#$u $!ori b#h-# "!&b!n$u#n huu&
b!rsif#$ "rof!ssion#l y#i$u huu& &!ru"##n /i"$##n "#r# #hli
huu&+
4
?9
Prinsi"'"rinsi" "osi$i4is&! yuridis #d#l#h
<+ Huu& #d#l#h s#&# d!n(#n und#n('und#n(*
ini did#s#r#n "!&iir#n b#h-# huu& &un/ul b!r,
#i$#n d!n(#n N!(#r#* s!hin((# huu& y#n( b!n#r #d#l#h
huu& y#n( b!rl#u d#l#& su# $u N!(#r#+
5+ Tid# #d# hubun(#n &u$l# B #n$#r# huu& d#n &or#l+Huu& #d#l#h /i"$##n "#r# #hli huu& b!l##+
9+ Huu& #d#l#h su#$u closed logical s%stem .
Un$u &!n#fsir#n huu& $id# "!rlu bi&bin(#n nor&#
sosi#l* "oli$i d#n &or#l &!l#in#n /uu" disi&"ul#n d#ri
und#n('und#n(+ Toohny# #d#l#h R+ 4on Jh!rin( d#n John
Aus$in (anal%tical jurisprudence).
b+ Posi$i4is&! sosiolo(is
D#l#& "!rs"!$if "osi$i4is&! sosiolo(is* huu& di"#n,
d#n( s!b#(#i b#(i#n d#ri !hidu"#n &#sy#r##$+ D!n(#n d!&i,
i#n huu& b!rsif#$ $!rbu# b#(i !hidu"#n &#sy#r##$+ 3!$!r,
bu##n $!rs!bu$ &!nuru$ "osi $i4is&! sosiolo(is h#rus dis!lidii
&!l#lui &!$od! il&i#h+ Toohny# #d#l#h Au(us$! =o&$! <C:?,
<:C y#n( &!n/i"$##n il&u "!n(!$#hu#n b#ru* sosiolo(i+
D#l#& $!ori huu& &od!&* "osi$i4is&! $!l#h &!nd#"#$#n
"!n(!r$i#n u&u&+ Posi$i4is&! huu& $!l#h &!&#nif!s$#si#n diriny#
! d#l#& yuris"rud!nsi #n#li$i * y#n( disini dis!bu$ Posi$i4is&! An#,
li$i+ Posi$i4is&! An#li$i b!r$i$i $ol# d#ri su#$u $#$#n#n huu& $!r,
$!n$u* di&#n# d#ri si$u dij#rin( ons!"'ons!"* "!n(!r$i#n'"!n(!r$i#n
d#n "!rb!d##n '"!rb!d##n fund#&!n$#l $!r$!n$u d!n(#n &!n((un##n
&!$od! y#n( s!"!nuhny# indu$if* !&udi#n &!&b#ndin(#nny#d!n(#n "!rb!d##n'"!rb!d##n* ons!"'ons!" d#n "!&iir#n'"!&iir,
#n fund#&!n$#l $!r$!n$u d#ri $#$#n#n huu& l#in un$u &!&#s$i#n
s!ju&l#h unsur y#n( s#&# .od!nh!i&!r* <?7C ?9+ D!n(#n /#r# ini*
Posi$i4is&! An#li$i b!r#r$i &!l!n(#"i il&u "!n(!$#hu#n huu&
d!n(#n #n#$o&i su#$u sis$!& huu&* "rinsi"ny# &!&is#h#n huu&
y#n( #d# (das sein) d!n(#n huu& y#n( s!h#rusny# (das solen)
)ri!d&#nn* <??6 5C+
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&! huu& #n#li$i #d#l#h John Aus$in <C?6'<:?* s!or#n( yuris
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#n un$u &!&bi&bin( &#hlu b!r##l ol!h &#hlu b!r##l y#n(
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huu& "osi$if* #r!n# &!&"!r$i&b#n(#n $#n"# &!&"!rh#$i#n b#i
#$#u buruny# huu&'huu& i$u+ S!&u# huu& "osi$if b!r#s#l d#ri
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&!nd!finisi#n "!n(u#s# s!b#(#i s!or#n( &#nusi# su"!riori y#n(
&!n!n$u#n* bu#n d#l#& !bi#s##n !$##$#n !"#d# s!or#n( y#n(
s!##n'##n su"!riori d#n y#n( &!n!ri&# !bi#s##n !$##$#n d#ri
su#$u &#sy#r##$ $!r$!n$u+ la &!nj!l#s#n b#h-# #$#s#n i$u &un(in
s!or#n( indi4idu* s!bu#h l!rnb#(# #$#u s!u&"ul#n indi4idu+ P!n(u#,
s# $id# d!n(#n s!ndiriny# dii#$ ol!h b#$#s#n huu& b#i di"#s##n
ol!h "rinsi"'"rinsi" #$#s#n #$#u ol!h huu&'huu&ny# s!ndiri+
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l!$# "#d# #r#$!r i&"!r#$ifny# + Huu& di"#h#&i s!b#(#i su#$u
"!rin$#h d#ri "!n(u#s#+ A#n $!$#"i &!&#n( $id# s!&u# "!rin$#h
ol!h Aus$in di#n((#" s!b#(#i huu&* &!nuru$ "#nd#n(#nny# h#ny#
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or#n( un$u b!r$ind# #$#u b!rs#b#r d#ri su#$u !l#s "#n$#s &!nd#"#$
#$ribu$ huu& .od!nh!i&!r* <?7C ?+ M!nuru$ Aus$in s!bu#h
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l#n(sun( d#ri s!bu#h b#d#n l!(isl# $if su#$u n!(#r#* s!&i s#l P#rl!&!n
di In((ris+ l# bis# s#j# !lu#r d#ri s!bu#h b#d#n r!s&i "!&!rin$#h
di&#n# o$ori$#s "!&bu#$#n huu& $!l#h did!l!(#si#n ol!h "!n(u#s#+
M!nuru$ Aus$in huu& bu#$#n h#i& #d#l#h huu& "osi$if d#l#&
"!n(!r$i#n y#n( s!b !n#&y# d#ri is$il#h ini* #r!n# #$ur#n'# $ur#n y#n(
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dij#&in s!/#r# j!l#s $#"i bi#s#ny# i# &!&b!riny# &!l#lui "!rs!$uju#n
s!/#r# di#&'di#& .od!nh!i&!r* <?7C ?7+
Ad#ny# b!rb#(#i j!nis huu& di$!r#n(#n ol!h $ooh "osi$i4is,
&! John Aus$in <?C6'<:?+ M!nuru$ di# huu& dib!d##n &!nj#di
du#
I+ Huu& All#h* &!ru"##n su#$u &or#l hidu" d#ri"#d# huu&
d#l#& #r$i s!j#$i+
5+ Huu& &#nusi#* y#ni s!(#l# "!r#$ur#n y#n( dibu# $ ol!h
&#nusi# s!ndiri+
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#+ Huu& y#n( sun((uh'sun((uh (properl% so called). Huu&
ini #d#l#h und#n('und#n( y#n( b!r#s#l d#ri su#$u !u#s##n
"oli$i * #$#u "!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur# n "rib#di'"r ib#di s-#s $# y#n(
&!nuru$ und#n('und#n( y#n( b!rl#u +
b+ Huu& y#n ( s!b !n#&y# bu#n huu& (improperl% so
called) . S!"!r$i "!r#$ur#n '"!r#$ur#n y#n( b!rl#u b#(i su#$u
lub ol#hr#(#* "#bri * d#n s!b#(#iny#+ P!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur#n
ini bu#n huu& d#l#& #r$i y#n( s!sun((uhny#* s!b#b $id#
b!r#i $#n d!n(#n "!&!rin$#h s!b#(#i "!&b !n$u huu&+
Ji# i$# &!n(#/u "#d# #"# y#n( di#$##n ol!h Aus$in &##
&!nuru$ Huijb!rs <?? @< #d# du# $urun#n "#nd#n(#n
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unsur n!(#r#+ %il#y#h huu& b!r$!"#$#n d!n(#n -il#y#h su#$u
n!(#r#+
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$id# &!&"uny#i #r$i huu& d#l#& #r$i y#n( "!nuh+ Huu&
d#l#& #r$i y#n( s!sun((uhny# #d#l#h huu& y#n( b!r#s#l d#ri
n!(#r# d#n y#n( diuuh#n ol!h n!(#r#* Huu&'huu& l#in
$!$#" d#"#$ dis!bu$ huu&* $!$#"i $id# &!&ilii #r$i yuridis
y#n( s!sun((uhny#+
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Aus$in &!ny#$##n d!&ii#n #r!n# b!r$ol# d#ri !ny#$##n
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&!n(#"# or#n( &!n##$i "!rin$#h'"!rin$#h $! rs !b u$* #d# or#n(
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d#n l#in s!b#(#i, ny# $id# &!nj#di "!rso#l#n+ Y#n( j!l#s ji # $id# &!n$##$i* &## ##n di!n##n s#nsi + M## un$u d#" #$ dis! b u$
huu& &!nuru$ Aus$in di"!rlu#n #d#ny# unsur 'unsur s!b#(#i b!riu $
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&#n <??6* &!n((#n$i id!#l !#dil#n y#n( s!/#r# $r#dision#l di"#n,
d#n( s!b#(#i "oo u$#&# s!(#l# huu&* d !n(#n "!r in$#h s!or#n(
"!n(u#s#+ D!fin isi Aus$ in d#l#& )ri!d&#n* <??6 $!n$#n( huu& b!rbunyi s!b#(#i b!riu$
Ever% posit ive is directl% or circuito usl%, % sou
vereighn individual or od%, to a mem er or mem ers o$
ind ependent political societ% its auth or i s s up reme.
Huu& #d#l#h $i#" '$i#" und#n('und# n( "os i$i f y#n( di$!n$u#n
s!/#r# l#n(sun( #$#u $id# I#n(sun ( ol !h s!or#n( "rib#di #$#u s!!,
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#n((o$# su#$u &#sy#r##$ "oli$i y#n( b/rd#ul #$* di&#n# y#n( &!&,
b!n$ u huu& #d#l#h y#n( $/r$in((i+
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"#d# "#nd #n(# n b#h- # n!(#r# d#n huu & #d# l#h !ny# $##n b!l##+
Huu& di#n((#"ny# $id# l#in d#ri"#d# "!rin$#h'"!rin$#h y#n( di!,
lu#r#n ol!h y#n( b!ru#s# d#n y#n( bi#s#ny# di$##$i + H#l ini b!r#r$i
ji # "!r#$ur#n'"!r#$ur# n $!rs !bu$ s!/# r# d e $a cto di$##$i* "!r#$ur#n,
"!r# $ur#n $!rs!bu $ di#n((#" b!rl #u ju( # s!/#r # de jure. H#l ini
&!nuru$ Huijb!rs $id# d#"#$ dib!n#r#n* &!nuru$ Huijb!rs huu&
y#n( s!sun((uhny# #d#l#h huu& y#n( l!(#l+
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T!ori Aus$in y#n( b!rl#nd#s#n "#d# "!rin$#h "!n(u# s#,
"!n (u#s# d#l#& #r$i n!(#r# &od !& !&udi#n d i!&b#n (#n ol!h
Rudolf 4on Jh!rin( d#n G!or(! J!llin!+ 3#u& "o s i$i4i s& ! s! j #
d#r i Aus$in* #&#$ $!r"!n(#ruh ol!h $!ori huu& d!n(#n &!n (ub#h
"!n!, #n#n d#ri $!ori'$!ori !#dil#n &!nj#di $!ori'$!ori n!(#r# b!rd#ul#$
n#sion#l s!b#(#i (ud#n( d#n su&b!r !u#s##n huu& + H# ns 3 !ls!n
d#n "#r# "!n(iu$ny# y#n( s!/#r# ol!$ if di !n#l s!b# (#i 2 M #0
h#b %in#2 !&udi#n &!n(!&b#n(#n "osi$i4i s&! #n# li$is A us $in +
Kriti$ t! Te-ri A#!tin
P!n((olon(#n Aus$in y#n( &!n(#$!(ori#n s!& u# huu&
s!b#(#i "!rin$#h $!l#h diri$i ol!h b!rb#(#i "!nulis s!"!r$i .ry/!*
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nis$r#$if d#n huu&'huu& d!l#r#$ori $id# bis# di(olon(#n s!b #(#i
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d#l#& &!n(h#d#"i in$!r"r!$#si'in$!r"r!$#si y#n( b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n (#n
su#$u !#d##n #$#u "r!s!d!n+ P!&is#h#n huu& s!/#r# !$#$ d# ri /i$#,
/i$# !#dil#n ju(# dib#n$#h ol!h "!&iir'"!rniir l#in +
). Posi$i4is&! Prg%ti$
S!b#(#i l#-#n d#ri $!ori Aus$in #d#l#h (!r##n #u& R!#lis
A&!ri# y#n( dis!bu$ Posi$i4is&! Pr#(&#$is* y#n( &!&"!l#j#ri
huu& s!b#(#i #ry#'#ry# d#n fun(si'fun(siny# bu#n s/b#(#i y#n(
$!r$ulis di #$#s !r$#s+ H#l ini &!ru"##n su# $u "!nd!#$#n "r#(&#$ is
$!rh#d#" huu&* y#n( &!n(#r#h "#d# #hir s!(#l# s!su#$u * h#sil d#ri
#ib#$'#ib#$ny#+ S!b#(#i&#n# diny#$##n ol!h )ri!d&#nn * &!nj!l#n(
#hir #b#d !'<?* s!"$isis&! y#n( s!h#$ y#n( &!ny!r#n( "!ndir i#n
juri s"ru d!ns i #n#li $is &!n(#&bil du# b!n $u y#n( #&#$ b!rb!d# su#$u
id!#lis&! huu& b#ru y#n( s!b#(i#n b!rsif#$ &!$#fisi d#n s!b#(i#n
l#(i b!rsif#$ sosiolo(is* l!n$ur d#n b!r$!#d &!l#-#n #su&si "osi$i4is,
&! #n#li$is d#n &!n(#r#h un$u &!n!li$i r!#li$#s'r!#li$#s &#sy#r##$
&od!& d#l#& hubun(#n &!r!# d!n(#n huu& &od!& )ri!d&#nn*
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Posi$i4is&! Pr#(&#$i d#n An#li$i &!ru"##n ubu'ubu y#n(
$!r"is#h d#l#& ons!"'ons!" huu& &!r!#+ .#(i #u& "osi$i4is
An#li$is* huu& di"is#h#n d#ri !$i#* s!rn!n$#r# #u& Posi$i4is Pr#(,
&#$is &!l!#$#n &#n# "!n$in( !b#i#n !$i * $!$#"i !s!nsi d#ri
!b#i#n 's!b#(#irn#n# diny#$##n ol!h %iIIi#& J#&!s' #d#l#h b!n#r,
b!n#r &!&u#s#n !in(i n#n'!in(in#n+ Ros/o! Pound l#h ir <:C6
"!ndiri fiIs#f#$ sosi#l A&!ri# * b!n #r 'b!n#r $!r"!n(#ruh ol!h fils#f#$
Pr#(&#$is y#n( di!&u##n ol!h %illi#& l#&!s* #r!n# i# &!n(,
#n((#" $uju#n #hir huu& d#l#& r#n(# & !&u#s#n !in(in#n,
!in(in#n s!&#si&#l &un(in+
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f#$#'f#$# sosi#l y#n( b!r#r$i s!bu#h ons!"si huu& d#l#& "!rub#h,
#n $!rus &!n!ru s d#n ons!" &#sy#r##$ y#n ( b!rub#h l!bih /!"#$
dib#ndin(#n huu&* s!&!n$#r# Posi$i4is&! An#li$i &!&"!r$#h#n,
#n !s$#bil#n y#n( #u d#l#& huu& + 3#u& Posi$i4is Pr#(&#$is
&!&!n$in(#n huu& s!h#rusny#* s!d#n(#n $/ori Aus$in h#ny# &!,
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disi d#l#& diriny# s!ndiri+
=+ TEORI HUKUM MURNI
P!&b#h#s#n u$#&# H#ns 3!ls!n l#hir <::< d#l#& $!ori
huu& &urni #d#l#h un$u &!&b!b#s#n i')& huu& d#ri unsur
id!olo(is + 3/#dil#n &is#lny#* ol!h 3!ls!n di"#nd#n( s!b#(#i s!bu#h
ons!" id!olo(is+ l# &!lih#$ d#l#& !#dil#n s!bu#h id! y#n( $id#
r#sion#l d#n $!ori huu& &urni $id# bis# &!nj#-#b $!n$#n( "!r$#,ny##n $!n$#n( #"# y#n( &!&b!n$u !#dil#n #r!n# "!rny#$##n ini
s#&# s!#li $id# bis# dij#-#b s!/#r# il&i#h+ Ji# !#dil#n h#rus di,
id!n$i#n d!n(#n l!(#Ii$#s* d#l#& #r$i $!&"#$* /#dil#n b!r#r$i &!&!,
lih#r# s!bu#h $#$#n#n huu& "os i$if &!l#lui #"li#si !s#d#r#n
#$#sny#+
T!ori huu& &urni &!n!nuru$ 3!ls!n #d#l#h s!bu#h $!ori
huu& "osi$if + T!ori ini b!rus#h# &!nj#-#b "!r$#ny##n 2#"# huu&
??
i$u2 $!$#"i bu#n "!r$#ny##n 2#"# huu& i$u s!h#ru sny#2 + T!ori ini
&!n(ons!n$r#si#n diri "#d# huu& s!&#$#'&#$# d#n b!rus#h#
&!l!"#s#n il&u "!n(!$#hu#n huu& d#ri /#&"ur $#n (#n ilrnu "!n(!,
$#hu#n #sin( s!"!r$i "siolo(i d#n !$i#+ 3!ls!n & !&is #h #n "!n(!r,
$i#n huu& d#ri s!(#l# unsur y#n( b!r"!r#n d#l #& "!&b!n$u#n
huu& s!"!r$i unsur'unsur "siolo(i * sosiolo(i* s! j#r#h* "oli $i * d#n
b#h#n ju( # !$i#+ S!&u# un sur ini $!r&#su Bid ! huu& B #$#u B
isi huu&B + Isi huu& $id# "!rn#h l!"#s d#ri unsur "oli$i* "si is*
sosi#l, bud#y#* d#n l#in'l#in+ .u#n d!&i i#n h#lny# d!n(#n
"!n(!r$i#n huu&+ P!n(!r$i#n huu& &!ny#$##n huu& d#l#& #r$i
for&#lny#*
y#i$u s!b#(#i "/r#$ur#n y#n( b!rI#u s!/#r# yuridis + Inil#h huu&
d#l#& #r$i y#n( b!n#r * huu& y#n( &urni (das reine 3echt).
M!n(#"# !-#jib#n y#n( $!rI!$# d#l#& #id#h huu& #d#l#h
su#$u !-#jib#n yuridis M!nuru$ "/n(#nu$ "osi$i4is&!* h#l ini $!r,
s#n(u$ d!n(#n su#$u /h#rus#n !s$!& * y#i$u #r!n# #d# "#s##n,
#n/#&#n d#ri "ih# lu#r ji# $id# &!n##$i+ D#s#rny# #d#l#h b#h-#
#s#l &ul# s!(#l# huu& #d#l#h und#n('und#n( d#s#r n!(#r#+ >#l#&
r!l#si n!(#r# #d# "!n(u#s# d#n #d# r#y#$* #d# y#n( &!&b!ri "!rin$#h
d#n #d# y#n( h#rus &!n##$i "!rin$#h+
P#nd#n(#n !du# &!ny#$##n b#h-# h#l ini $!rs#n(u$ d!n(#n
su#$u !-#jib#n in$!rn * y#i$u #r!n# doron(#n d#ri b#$in un$u &!n!,
ri&#ny# s!b#(#i su#$u !-#jib#n y#n( h#rus di$##$i+ 3!-#jib#n yuri,
dis di#n((#" s!b#(#i su#$u doron(#n b#$in y#n( $id# d#"#$ di!l##n+
8#lu b#(#i&#n# huu& d#"#$ &!-#jib#n s!/#r# b#$in M!nuru$
H#ns 3!ls!n <::<'<?C9 #d#l#h #r!n# #d#ny# !-#jib#n yuridis*
s!b#b &!&#n( b!(inil#h "!n(!r$i#n i$# $!n$#n( huu& + su#$u "!r,
#$ur#n y#n( #'nor&#$if$id# &#su ##l * d#n $id# &!ru"##n huu&+M!&inj#& is$il#h I&&#nu!l 3#n$* 3 !ls!n &!ny#$##n b#h-# !-#,
jib#n huu& $!n n#s u d#l#& "!n(!r$i#n $r#ns!d!n$#l'lo(is * y#i$u
2&!-#jib#n2 h#rus di$!ri&# s!b#(i sy#r#$ y#n( $id# d#"#$ di!l##n
un$u &!n(!r$i huu& s!b#(#i huu&+ Ji# &!nuru$ 3#n$ #d# nor&#
d#s#r (grundnorm) b#(i &or#l y#n( b!rbunyi b!r l#u l#h s!su#i
d!n(#n su#r# h#$i&u* &## &!nuru$ H#ns 3!ls!n d#l#& huu& ju(#
$!rd#"#$ su#$u nor&# d#s#r y#n( h#rus di#n((#" s!b#(#i su&b!r !h#,
rus#n dibid#n( huu& + Nor&# d#s# r (grundnorm) $!rs!bu$ b!rbunyi
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or#n('or#n( h#rus &!ny!su#i#n diriy# d!n(#n #"# y#n( $!l#h
di$!n$u#n+
M!si"un 3!ls!n $!l#h b!rus#h# &!nj#-#b "!r$#ny##n $!n$#n(
&!n(#"# huu& &!-#j ib#n s!/#r# b#$in* + n#&un j#-#b#n 3!ls!n
b#n y# diri $i #r !n# ons!" nor &# d#s#r #bs $r# ny# $id # d#"#$
di"#h#&i+ 3ri$i ini &!&b#-# 3!ls!n &!n!ri&# $!ori stu$enau.
M!nuru$ 3!ls!n sy#r#$ s#$u's#$uny# b#(i su#$u "!r#$ur#n un$u d#"#$
dis!bu$ s!b#(#i huu& y#n( &!-#j ib#n #d#l#h b#h-# $ !rd#"#$ su#$u
&ini&u& !f!$i4i$#s y#i$u or#n( h#rus &!n##$iny#+ D!n(#n !si&,
"ul#n ini 3!ls!n sud #h b!r #l ih ! "osi $i4 is& ! huu&+
J#-#b#n y#n( l#in dib!ri#n ol!h ons!"si Isl#& $!n$#n( &#n#
sy#ri#$ s!b#(#i huu& y#n( &!-#jib#n+ S!or#n( &usli& h#rus
&!n(insy#fi b#h-# !hidu"#nny# $!l#h di#$ur ol!h sy#ri#$+ Sy#ri#$
$!rs!bu$l#h y#n( &!&b!ri &#n# s#r#l "#d# s!$i#" #s"! !hidu"#n*
&!n!i"$##n !s!i&b#n(#n "#d# &#sy#r##$* d#n &!ny!di##n &!di#
b#(i u&# $ &#nusi# #(# r d#" #$ &!n j#l #n #n !h idu "#n s#l !h s#r#$
d!n(#n nil#i* s!r$# un$u &!&!nuhi fun(si &#nusi# s!b#(#i &#hlu
Tuh#n y#n( di$!&"#$#n di &u# bu&i #(#r &!n(#bdi#n diri !"#d#
!h!nd#'Ny#+ M!nuru$ S#yyid Hoss!in N#sr 5669 ?6 &!l#lui
sy#ri#$ * s!or#n( &usli& &!&"uny#i "o$!nsi un$u d#"#$ &!l#&"ui
&#n# !so$!ri sy#ri#$ i$u s!ndiri d#n &!n!&"uh j#l#n (thariqat)
&!nuju !b!n#r#n (ha/i/at) y#n( $!r#ndun( di b#li sisi l#hir d#n
#j#r#n'#j#r#n huu& y#n( su!i+
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s!bu#h lin(#r#n * $i#"'$i#" $i$i d#l#& (#ris y#n( &!lin(#r $!rs!bu$
&!-#ili $!&"#$ b!r"ij# u&#$ &usli&+ Ti#"'$i#" r#dius y#n( &!n(,
hubun(#n s!$i#" $i$i sudu$ "#d# (#ris lin(#r#n ! $i$i di $!n(#h
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sudu$ (#ris y#n( &!&b!n$u lin(#r#n+ S!&u# b#(i#n lin(#r#n*
d!n(#n $i$i di $!n(#h* (#ris lin(#r#n d#n (#ris r#di#lny# d#"#$ diu&,
"#& ## n &!-# ili $o$# li$#s $r#disi Isl#&+ S!s !or #nn ( di"!r!n#n#n
un$u &!&ilih s#l#h s# $u I (#ris r#di#l s!b#(#i ru$! y#n( &!n(#n$#r,
#nny# ! $i$i y#n( b!r#d# di $!n(#h'$!n(#h lin(#r#n* n#&un
d!n(#n s#$u sy#r#$ y#ni &!l#lui (#ris "!rrnul##n d#ri lini y#n(
<6<
&!&b!n$u lin(#r#n+ S!d!&ii#n b!s#r &#n# sy#ri#$* s!hin((#
$#n"#ny# "!n(!&b#r##n s"iri$u#l $id# ##n &un(in d#"#$ di$!&"uh*
d#n d!n(#n d!rnii#n #(#&# i$u s!ndiri $id# ##n d#"#$ di"r#$i#n+
D#ri sini i$# &!n(!$#hu i b#h-# ons!" N#sr di#$#s $!l#h
&!nj!l#s#n ons!" $r#ns!d!n$#l'Io(is huu& y#n( di!&u##n
I&&#nu!l 3#n$+
Kriti$ t! te-ri Kel!en
Sin(#$ny# $!ori 3!ls!n &!rnb#$#si diriny# "#d# huu& s!b#,
(#i&#n# #d#ny# $#n"# &!&"!rh#$i#n !#dil#n #$#u !$id##dil#nny#+
A#n $!$#"i &!nuru$ S$#&&!r !&urni#n &u$l# b#(i $!ori huu&
#"#"un #d#l#h $id# &un(in+ 3!ls!n h#rus &!n(#ui &#n##l# $!ori
ini &!&#sui "!r$#ny##n $!n$#n( nor&#'nor&# fund#&!n$#l y#n(
b!r$! n$# n(# n+ P!r $#ny##n* y#n ( &!ru"## n nor&#'nor&# fund#&!n$#l
y#n( 4#lid* dirn#n# $!ori &urniny# $id# bis# &!n(hind#ri* #r!n#
$#n"# i$u &## !s!luruh#n b#n(un#n i$u ##n run$uh )ri!drn#nn*
<??6 5:+ D#ri sisi l#in* 8#u$!r"# !h$ s!o r#n( "!n(iu $ 3!ls!n $!l#h
&!rn"!r$#ny##n #"##h $!ori hi!r#ri nor&#'nor&# huu& $id#
&!ny#$##n s!!#r# l#n(sun( s!bu#h "!n(#u#n ##n "rinsi"'"rinsi"
huu& #l#&* -#l#u"un 3!ls !n &!ny!r#n( !r#s id!olo(i huu& #l#&
)ri!d&#nn* <??6 5:7+
3!!u#li $!ori huu& &urni &!ny#$##n b#h-# si$u#si'si$u#si
y#n( &!n(#b#i#n "ilih#n di#n$#r# du# id!olo(i #l$!rn#$if* s!&i s#l
in$!r"r!$#si'in$!r"r!$#si y#n( &!&"!rd!b#$#n und#n('und#n(* $!ori
ini &!nol# &!rnb!ri#n bi&bin(#n #"#"un ju(# b#(i "!&!!#h#n
#$#s'#$#s onfli s!&#!#& i$u+ Tid# d#"#$ dis#n(#l b#h-# huu&
d#l#& #sus'#sus s!&#!#& i$u $id# bis# diin$!r"r!$#si#n d!n(#n$#n"# &!nunju !"#d# /i$#'/i$# huu&+ S!l#nju$ny# huu& &!nuru$
Aus$in d#n 3!ls!n &!ru"##n s!bu#h $#$#n#n y#n( di(#r#nsi ol!h
#n!#&#n'#n!#&#n 'y#n( &!nuru$ )ri!d&#nn &!ru"##n !iri h#s
huu& ri&in#l' i# &!n(#b#i#n fun(si u$#&# huu& s!b#(#i #l#$
on$rol sosi#l* dilu#r "ros!s "!n(#dil#n #$#u "!nun$u$#n "!rd#$ #+
D!n(#n "!rnb!ri#n !u#s##n* $id# &!l#lui $#$#n#n y#n( di(#r#nsi
ol!h #n!#&#n'#n!#&#n* huu& &!&ilii on$ribusi d#l#& !hidu"#n
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#02
sosi#l+ l# &!&un(in#n indi4idu'indi4idu bis# &!&b!n$u hubun(,
#n'hubun(#n huu& &!r!# d!n(#n or#n('or#n( l#in &!l#lui on$r#*
-#si#$* "!r#-in#n d#n $ind##n huu& l#inny#+
D. HUKUM BERLANDASKAN 1AH0U
M!n#ri un$u di!#$#$ b#h-# Ros!o! Pound &!n#nd#i !j#di,
#n'!j#di#n "#d# #b#d !' I ? y#n( &!&b!ri s!bu#h r#n(#i#n b#ru
!"#d# huu& #l#rn d!n(#n h#sil b#h-# huu& #l#& diin$!r"r!,
$#si#n s!su#i d!n(#n "!rub#h#n sosi#l d#n !hil#n(#n #r#$!r
id!#lny# s!b#(#i huu& y#n( l!bih $in((i + l# &!n(#$##n
3#r!n# !&#/!$#n or(#nis#si sosi#l f!od#l* !n#i#n "!rd#,
(#n(#n d#n !r# "!n !&u#n* olonis#si d#n !s"loi$#si #$#s su&b!r,
su&b!r b!nu#'b! nu# b#r n* b!r s#r n## n d!n (#n rnun/u lny # n#$ion'
+ n#$ion &!n((#n$i#n $u&"u#n $!ri$ori#l y#n( di"!(#n( ol!h bud#*
ru!&bu$uh#n s!bu#h huu& n#sion#l y#n( dis#$u#n d#l#rn do&in#si
n#sion#l+ S$#r!y &/n(#ju#n odifi#si !"#d# H!nry VIII d#n
Durnoulin &!n(hi&b#u h#r&onis#si d#n unifi#si huu& #d#$
P!r#n/is d!n(#n /difi#si #hirny#+ P#r# $!olo( yuris Pro$!s$#n #b#d
!' <? &!n/&u#n s/bu#h b#sis fils#f#$ un$u &! &!nu hi !in(in#n,
!in(in#n -#$u i$u d#l#rn n!(#r# y#n( dinob#$#n s!b#(#i b!rs if# $
!$uh#n#n d#n d#l#& huu& #l#& y#n( di"is#h#n dari $!olo(i d#n
b!r l#nd#s#n s!&#$# '&#$# !"#d# ##l * &!r!fl !si #n !y# in# n $#
$!rb#$#s "#d# ##l d!n(#n d#$#n(ny# renaissance. J#di s!$i#" yuris
n#sion#l bi#s# &!n#fsir#n s!ndiri huu& #l#& b!r#$ !&#rn"u#n
##lny#* s!b#(#i&#n# setiap or#n( 3ris$/n bis# &!n#fsir#n finn#n
Tuh#n un$u diriny# s!ndiri s!"!r$i y#n( di$unju#n ol!h ##l d#n
!s#d#r#nny#+ Disisi l#in "#r# Yuris 3#$oli #l#n(#n 3on$r#'r!for,
&#si &!n!&u#n s!bu#h asis fils#f#$ un$u &!&!nuhi !in(in#n,!in(in#n y#n( s#&# d#l#rn s!bu#h ons!"si huurn #l#& s!b#(#i
su# $u sis$ !& b#$#s#n'b#$#s#n "!rbu#$#n &#nusi# y#n( &!n(!s"!si#n
sif#$ &#nusi#* y#i$u (#(# s#n rn#nusi# s!b#(#i &#hlu r#sion#l* d#n
huu& "osi$if s!b#(#i sis$!& id!#l y#n( &!n(!s"r!si#n huu&
s!bu#h n!(#r# y#n( tida/ &!ny#$u Pound* <?9 <9'<@+
#07
D#ri sini fils#f#$ huu& d!n(#n ##l s!b#(#i b#sisny#* #&bru
#r!n# huu& #l#& di$#fsir#n ol!h s!$i#" yuris &!nuru$ ##lny#
s!ndiri "#d#h# l b!rb!d# d#ri s#$u ! l#in or#n( d#n l#in $!&"#$
Musl!huddin* <??< @6+
I'Iu&! $!l#h &!&b!ri#n r!&b!s#n #n#lisis lo(is y#n( &!n(,
h#n/ur#n "r!$!nsi huu& #l#& $!rh#d#" 4#lidi$#s il&i#h+ T!ori
huu& #l#& di$#nd#s#n "#d# s/bu#h ons!"si ##l s!b#(#i "o$!nsi
y#n( &!l!#$ "#d# diri s!$i#" &#nusi# d#n &!n/i"$##n nor&#'nor&#
"!rbu#$#n y#n( #b#di d#n "#s$i+ Hu&! &!&"!rj !l# s b#h-# ##l
s!"!r$i di"#h#&i d#l#& sis$!& huu& #l#& &!n(#/#u#n $i(# h#l
b!rb!d#
#+ 3!b!n#r#n'!b!n#r#n y#n( $id# d#"#$ dihind#r#n d#n "!n,
$in(* y#n( #&#$ s!dii$ s!#li s!"!r$i #sio&#'#sio&# &!$!&#,
$i#+ Asio&# $!rs! bu$ $id# #d# d#l #& #-#s#n $in(#h l#u
&#nusi#+
b+ Hubun(#n #n$#r# f#$#' f#$# #$#u !j#di#n'!j#d i#n y#n( s!!#r#
for&#l dij! l#s#n &!l#lui Bs!b #b d#n #ib# $B #r!n# f#$# d#n
!j#di#n s!l#lu di#sosi#si#n d#l#& su#$u "ol# husus* s!b#(#i
b#h#n b#(i "!n(#l#&# n d#n obs!r4#si+ T!$#"i $id# #d# !"!rlu,
#n lo(is d#l#& #sosi#si s!&#/#& i$u* i# s!&#$#'rn#$# s!bu#h
b#h#n b#(i hubu n(#n !&"iri s!d#n(#n obs!r4#si #$#s
hubun(#n'hubun(#n ini &!ru"##n obj! il&u "!n(!$#hu#n
!&"iri+
!+ P!rbu#$#n &#nusi# y#n( Brn#su ##lB+ T!ori'$!ori huu& #l#&
&!n(#su&si#n b#h-# #d# "rinsi"'"rinsi" $in(#h l#u r#sion#l
y#n( #r!n#ny # &/ru"##n b#(i #n d#ri 4#lidi$#s uni4!rs#l d#n
"!n$ in( S#bin! * <?7@ ?+
An#lis# di#$#s &!nunju#n b#h-# ons!" ##l y#n( dij#di#n
$u&"u#n $!ori huu& #l#&* h#ny#l#h s!bu#h !#!#u#n d#ri $i(#
f#$or y#n( "!n(!r$i#nny# #&#$ b!rb!d# ini+ 3#r!n# i$u* Hu&!
&!nol# ##l+ M!nuru$ny# ##l h#ny#l#h s!&#$#'&#$# h#y#l#n* d#n
dibu#$'bu#$+ Un$u ini Musl!huddin &!ny#$##n
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)ils#f#$ huu& y#n( b!r$uju#n &!n/#"#i !#dil#n &u$l#
b!rl#nd#s#n "#d# huu& #l#&* $id# ##n b!r$ #h#n l#&# s!l#&# ##l*
y#n( s!l#lu b!rub#h* &!nj#di D!&iin# "ul# !#dil#n i$u
s!ndiri &!ru"##n #r#$!r /#ir d#n $id# bis# &!&b!ri#n s!bu#h
d!finisi y#n( $!"#$+ 3!du# f#$or ini &!ny!b#b#n !l!&#h#n fils#f#$
huu&* -#l#u"un i# $#l#h b!rju#n( !r#s un$u &!n/#"#i $uju#n y#n(
diin(in#nny#+ Ini &!&bu$i#n "!rb!d##n #n$#r# ##l d#n -#hyu+A#l (#(#O &!n/#"#i !#dil#n* $!$#"i -#hyu $!l#h &!nj#di su&b!r
#b#di b#(i !#dil#n d#n "#d# !ny#$##ny# s!b#(#i !#dil#n &u$l#+
3#r!n# h#ny# Tuh#nl#h y#n( &!n(!$#hui #"# y#n( &u$l# b#i d#n
#dil un$u &#nusi#+ 3#r!n# i$u Isl#& &!nd!#$i !#dil#n d!n(#n /#r#
y#n( dij!lB#s#n ol!h Tuh#n d#n &!nuru$ "!$unju y#n( di(#ris#n
ol!h -#hyu* #r!n# ons!" !#dil#n $id# "!&#h b!rub#h &#u"un
b!r4#ri#si $!$#"i $!$#" #b#di dib#-#h -#hyu Musl!huddin* <?? @< +
M!nuru$ As Sy#$ibi* Abu ;#hroh <??@* Abdul %#h#b 3h#l#f
<??@* Isl#& $!l#h &!nsy#ri#$#n b!rb#(#i huu& y#n( &!nj#&in
$!r-ujudny# h#l 'h#l y#n( dharuri "ri&!r y#n( &!Ii"u$i #(#&#*
ji- #* ##l * !hor&#$#n * d#n h#r$ # !# y##n d#n &!nj#&in "!&!Iih#,r##n $!rh#d#" !li&# h#l $!rs!bu$+
<+ M!&!lih#r# #(#&#
A(#&# #d#l#h s!u&"ul#n #id#h* ib#d#h* huu& d#n und#n(,
und#n( y#n( disy#ri#$#n ol!h All#h un$u &!n(#$ur hubun(#n
&#nusi# d!n(#nNy#* d#n hubun(#n #n$#r &#nusi# 3h#l#f*
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ts%ahadatain, shol#$* 0##$* "u#s# R#&#dh#n* d#n h#ji* !-#,
jib #n b!rd#-#h un$ u &!ny!ru &#n usi # !" #d# #(#& #* !-#,
jib #n b!rj ih#d un$ u &!&!r#n (i or#n('or#n( y#n ( &!n(h#l#n(i#(#&#* huu&#n $!rh#d#" or#n( y#n( &ur$#d d#ri #(#&#* d#n
huu&#n $!rh#d#" "!&bu#$ id 'ah &!n(#d#'#d# d#l#&
#(#&#+
5+ M!&!lih#r#ji-# ial5uha$ad!ah ala an5a$s%
Y#i$u &!&!lih#r# h# un$u hidu" $!rhor&#$ d#n &!&!lih#r#
ji- # #(# r $!rhind#r d#ri $ind## n "!n(#ni#y##n* b!ru"# "!&'
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bun uh#n* "!& o$o n(# n #n( (o$# b#d #n &#u "un $ind##n &!lu,
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d!n(#n j#l#n &!n/!(#h "!rbu#$#n qad!c$ &!nuduh b!r0in#*
d#n &!lindun(i !b!b#s#n b!r"iir* b!r"!nd#"#$* b!r#ry# d#n
b!r(!r# di$ !n(#h din#&i # sosi#l s!" #nj #n( $id # &!ru(i#n
or#n( l#in ;#hr#h* <??@ @?'6+9+ M!&!lih#r# ##l (al5uha$ad!ah ala al5 'aql)
Y#i$u &!nj#(# ##l # (#r $id# $!r!n# b#h#y# !rus# #n y#n(
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di&#sy#r##$* &!nj#di su&b!r !buru#n d#n "!ny#i$ b#(i
or#n( l#in+ Ar$i "!n$in( "!&!lih#r##n ##l
#+ S!$i#" indi4idu s!b#(#i b#(i#n d#ri s!bu#h $#$#n#n &#,
sy#r##$* &## ##l y#n( di&ilii ol!h s!$i#" #n((o$#
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hil#n(ny# rus#ny# ##l+
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Y#i$u &!&!lih# r# $#$#n#n nil#i d#l#& "ros!s "! r(#ul#n di#n$#r#
s!s#&# &#nusi# d#n &!n/!(#h $!rj#diny# !rus##n biolo(is
y#n( di#ib#$#n ol!h !$id#$!rj#(##n did#l#& "ros! s in$!r#si
s!s#&# &#nusi#+ >l!h #r!n# i$u Isl#& &!l#r#n( &!ni#h d#n
b!rhubun(#n !l#&i n d!n (#n &uh ri& ny# (incest) d#n &!l#r#n(
b!r0in # d!n (#n &!& b!r i# n s#nsi y#n ( s!b!r#$'b!r#$ny#
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<67
b!ru"# huu &#n hadd.
+ M!&!lih#r# h#r$# tal5uha$ad!ah ala al 5ali
Un$u &!n(h#si l#n d#n &!rn"!rol!h h#r$# !#y##n * Isl#&
&!nsy#r#$#n !- #j ib#n b!ru s#h# un$u &!rn"!rol!h r !0!i
* !b!b#s#n b!r&u#&# l#h* "!r$u#r#n * "!rd#(#n(#n d#n
!rj#, s#&# d#l#rn us#h# + S!d #n (#n un$u &!& !lih#r# h#r$#
* Is l#& &!nsy#ri#$#n "!n(h#r#&# n "!n/uri#n d!n (#nhuu&#n hadd b#(i s!$i#" or#n( y# n( &!l #u#nny# * d#n
&!n(h#r#&#n rib# #r!n# $!r&#su "! rb u# $#n #n i#y#
(d !alim) $!rh#d#" or#n( l#in d#l#& h#l h#r$#+
BAB 6II
A/ASHUKUM
P!n (!r$i#n #0#s huu& #d#l#h " rin si" '"rin si" y#n (
di#n((#" d #s#r #$#u fund#& !n huu& #$#u "!n (!r $i#n d#n nil# i'n il#i
y#n( &!n, j #d i $i$i $ol# b!r"i ir $!n$#n( huu rn #$# u $i$i $ol#
b#(i "!&b !n,
$u#n und#n('und #n ( d#n in$!r"r !$ #si und#n('und#n( #$#u
"rinsi", "rinsi" y#n( !dudu#nny# l!bih $in (( i d #ri"#d# huu&
y#n( di$ !n$u, #n &#nusi# * Ad# $i(# &# /#& #0#s h u u& H uijb!rs *
<?? :5
I+ A0#s obj !$if huu& y#n( b!r si f#$ &or#l+ Prin si" ini $!l#h
#d# "#d# "#r# "!&iir ;#&#n 3l# si
5+ A 0#s obj !$i f huu& y#n( b!rsif#$ r#sion# l* y#i$u "r insi"'"rin,si" y#n( $!r& #su "!n(!r$i#n huu& d#n #$ur#n hidu" b!rs#&#
y#n ( r#sion#l+ Prinsi" '"rinsi" ini ju(# $!l#h di$ !ri&# s! j # d#hu
, lu* ##n $!$#" i b#ru diun( #" #n s!/#r# ny#$# s!j#
&ul#iny# 0#&# n &od !& * y# i$u s!j# $i&bulny# n!(#r#'
n!(#r# n#sion#l d#n huu& y#n ( dibu#$ ol !h #u& yuris s!/#r#
"ro f !sion#l+
9+ A0#s subj!$if huu& y#n( b!rsif#$ &or#l d#n r#sion#l* y#i$u
h#'h# y#n ( #d# "#d# &#nu si# d#n y#n( & !nj#di $i$i
$ol# "!&b!n$u#n huu& + P!r!&b#n(#n huu& "#lin(
n#&"# "#d# bid #n( ini+
Huu& d#l#& #r$i obj!$if &!n#nd##n #id#h y#n( s!b#(#i
nor&#$if &!n(#$ur #id#h !h idu" #n b!r&#sy#r## $+ Hu u& d#l#&
#r$i subj!$if &!n #nd # #n h# d#n !-#jib#n y#n( #d# "#d#
or#n( y#n( &!ru"##n #n ((o$# &#sy#r# #$ * y#n i s!b#(#i subj! h
uu& + S!"!r$i #0#s '#0# s y#n(
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<<6
#r!n# b!r#i$#n d!n(#n n!(#r# d#n b!rsif#$ &!nun$u$ un$u
di$##$i+
Di#$#s diny#$##n b#h-# nor&#'nor&# b!rd#s#r #$#s !h!nd# *
s!b#bny# #d#l#h b#h-# su#$u !h#rus#n y#n( d#l#& $i#"'$i#" nor&#
&!n(#nd#i#n b#h-# #d# 2s!su#$u y#n( &!n(h!nd#i2+ D!&ii#n
"ul# d#l#& bid#n( huu& * 2s!su#$u y#n( &!n(h!nd#i2 i$u #d#l#h
-#r(# n!(#r# y#n( b!rs#&#'s#&# &#u &!n(#$ur hidu"ny# s!/#r#
yuridis+ >l!h #r/n# i$u d#l#& bid#n( huu&* sus$u !h!nd# yuridis
&!ru"##n ##r d#n sy#r#$ s/luruh huu& "osi$if+
R+ S$#&&l!r &!n!r#n(#n b#h-# !h!nd# yuridis $!rs!bu$
bu#nl#h su# $u r!#li$#s "siolo(is * s!"!r$i h#lny# !h!nd# un$u
&!&b!ri#n h#r$# ji# s!s!or#n( dir#&"o+ 3#r!n# &!&b!ri#n h#r$#
bu#nl#h su#$u !-#jib#n yuridis * &!l#in#n s!&#$#'&#$# ol!h s!b#b
$#u$ "siis+ >l!h #r/n# i$u !h!nd# "siolo(is $!r&#su bid#n(
2#d#2* bu#n bid#n( 2h#rus2+ T#&"# ju(# b#h-# !h!nd# "sio,
lo(is i$u b!rsif#$ subj!$if* s!d#n(#n !h!nd# yuridis b!rsif# n!$r#ld#n obj!$if 3!ls!n+ M!nuru$ S$#&&l!r !h!nd# b!b#s d#n o$ono&
y#n( &!&b#n(un hidu" b!rs#&# s!/#r# yuridis b!rsif#$ for&#l b!l##
d#l#& #r$i &ortnen a prio ri 9anti, d#n $id# #d# s#n(u$ "#u$ny#
d!n(#n isi su#$u $#$# huu& y#n( b/rsif#$ &#$!riil+ >l!h #r!n# i$u
h#rus dib!d##n d/n(#n $!li$i #n$#r# "!n(!r$i#n huu& y#n( for&#l*
d#n id! huu& y#n( &#$!ri#l Huijb!rs* <?:: <6'<7+
B. NILAI SUBJEKTIF HUKUM
+. H$ 4n Ke:(i.n
H# #d#l#h !is$i&!-##n y#n( &!&bu# !&un(in#n b#(iny#
un$u di"!rlu#n s!su#i d!n(#n !is$i&!-##n $!rs!bu$+ 3!-#jib#n
#d#l#h "!r&in$##n b!ru"# si#" #$#u $ind##n y#n( s!su# i d!n(#n
!is$i&!-##n y#n( #d# "#d# or#n( l#in+ Ad# du# &#/#& h#
<+ H# y#n( di#n((#" &!l!#$ "#d# $i#"'$i#" &#nusi# s!b#(#i
&#nusi# s!b#b b!r#i$#n d!n(#n r!#li$#s hidu" &#nusi# s!ndiri+
II I
H# ini &!ru"##n b#(i#n d#ri !sis$!nsi !$is &#nusi# di duni#
ini+ John 8o/! &!n!r#n(#n b#h-# &#nusi# "#d# 0#&#n
"urb## l# "un &!n(!$#hu i h# d#n !-#jib#n y#n( #d# "#d #
diriny# s!b#(#i&#n# di#j#r#n ol!h #l#&+ M!nuru$ 8o/!* 0*h e
state o$ nature has a law o$ nature to gove rn it , whi ch
olig es ever%one, and reason, which is that law, t ea ches all
man/ind who will ut consult it, that eing all equal and ind ep
endent, no one ought to to harm another in hi s li$ e, health,
li ert% or possesions0 2N!(#r# #l#&2 $!l#h &!&ilii
2huu& #l#&2 un$u &!n(#$u&y#* y#n( &!-#jib#n
s!s!or#n( d#n d!n(#n #l#s#n $!rs!bu$ i# i$# s!bu$ s!b#(#i
huu&* &!n(#j#r#n s!&u#
j!n is &#nus i# y#n( ##n &!&in$# "!$un juny#* d!n(#n &! &,
"!rl#u#nny# s#&# r#$# d#n $id# s#lin( b!r(#n$un( * $id# #d#
y#n( s# lin( &!ny#i$i s#$u s#& # l#in d#l#& !hidu"#nny#*
!s!h#$#nny#* !b!b#s#n #$#u d#l#& h#l !" !&ili#n =o"l!s,
$on* <?7<'<?C <9:
5+ H# y#n( #d# "#d# &#nusi# #ib#$ #d#ny# "!r#$ur# n "!run,
d#n('und#n(#n+ H# ini $id# l#n(sun( b!rhubun(#n d!n(#n
&#r$#b#$ &#nusi#* $!$#"i &!nj#di h# s!b#b $!r&u#$ d#l#&
und#n('und#n( y#n( s#h+
H# d#n !-#jib#n &#nusi# &!l!#$ s!b#(#i #ib #$ &#nusi#
&!&ilii &#r$#b#$+ M#nusi# &!&ilii &#r$#b#$* &!n(#"# 3#r!n#
&#nusi# &!ru"##n &#hlu is$i&!-# y#n( $id# #d# b#ndin(#nny#
di duni#+ 3!is$i&!-##n ini n#&"# d#l#& "#n(#$ny#* bobo$ny#* r!l#,
siny#* fun(siny# s!b#(#i &#nusi#+ .u#n s!b#(#i &#hlu indi4idu#l*
&!l#in#n s!b#(#i #n((o$# !l#s &#nusi#* y#n( b!rb!d# d!n(#n $u&, buh'$u&buh#n d#n bin#$#n(+ 3!is$ i&!-##n &#nusi# d#"# $ di$!r#n(,
#n s!b#(#i b!riu$
#+ S!/#r# on$olo(is
#+ M!nuru$ f ilsuf Yun#ni* Sol#s $i d#n Ar#b* &#nusi# #d# l#h
&#hlu is$i&!-# y#n( $in((#l "#d# $#n((# y#n( "#lin( #$#s
s!luruh hi!r#ri &#hlu'&#hlu* s!b#(#i -ujud y#n( b!r##l
budi d#n#$#u /i" $##n Tuh#n+ b+ M# S/h!l!r &#nusi# &!ru"##n su#$u &#hlu ruh#ni y#n(
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<<5
&!l!bihi &#hlu'&#hlu l#inny# #r!n# ##l budiny# y#n(
$r#ns!d!n+
/+ G M#r/!l &#nusi# b!r sif#$ is$i&!-# #r!n# s!b#(#i "rib#di
y#n( &!&!rlu#n or#n( l#in+
b+ S!/#r# !$isI&&#nu!l 3#n$ &!ny#$##n b#h-# nil#i&#nusi# $!rl!$# d#l#&
!b!b#s#nny# d#n o$ono&iny#* y#n( ny#$# d#l#& "r#sis hidu"*
d#l#& hidu" &or#lny#+ T!$#"i hidu" &or#l y#n( b!&il#i i$u b!r##r
d#l#& nil#i r!li(iusny#* s!b#b !b!b#s#nny# b!r#s#l d#ri Tuh#n +
&. H$ A;!i
H#'h# #s#si &#nusi# di#ui s!b#(#i b#(i#n hu&#nis#si hidu"
y#n( $!l#h &ul#i $!r(#l#n( s!j# &#nusi# &!nj#di s#d#r $!n$#n( $!rn,
"#$n y# d#n $u(#sn y# di duni# ini+ >l!h #r!n# i$u h# #s#si di#n((#"
s!b#(#i fund#&!n y#n( di#$#sny# s!luruh or(#nis#si hidu" b!rs#&#h#rus dib#n(un+ H# 'h# #0#si dib#(i d#l#& du# j!nis
<+ H# #0#si indi4idu#l y#i$u h# #$#s hidu" d#n "!r!&b#n(#n
hidu" s!"!r$i h# #$#s !b!b#s#n b#$in* h# #$#s n#&# b#i* h#
#$#s !b!b#s#n #(#&#* d#n s!b#(#iny#+ H#'h# d#s#r ini disu,
sun $!ru$#&# d!&i "!rlindun(#n "rib#di &#nusi# $!rh#d#"
!u#s##n N!(#r#+
5+ H# #0#si s!b#(#i &#h lu sosi#l* y#n( dib#(i d# l#& h#'h#
!ono&is* sosi#l d#n ul$ur#I+
Aniversal 1eclaration o$ +uman 3ight <?@: $id# &!n/i"$#,
#n h#'h# #0#si* $!$#"i h#ny# &!&#lu&#nny# * &!li"u$i
#+ M#nusi# &!&"uny#i h#'h# !b!b#s#n "oli$i* di&#n# $i#"
"rib#di h#rus dilindun(i $!rh#d#" "!ny!l!-!n(#n d#ri "ih#
"!&!rin$#h+
b+ M #nusi# &!&"uny#i h#'h# !b!b#s#n sosi#l * y#i$u h# un$u
&!&!nuhi !bu$uh#n "oo s!"!r$i s#nd#n(* "#n(#n* "!r#-#$,
#n* !s!h#$#n d#n "!ndidi#n+
##7
M#nusi# &!&"uny#i h#'h# !b!b#s#n si"il d#n "oli$i d#l#&
&!n!n$u#n "!&!rin$#h#n d#n poli c% "!&!rin$ #h#n $!rs!bu$+
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<<
BAB 6III
KEBEBASANMANUSIA
DANPEMBEBANANHUKUM
Huu& b!rsif#$ &!-#jib#n&!&b!b#n#n d#n l#-#n d#ri
"!&b!b#n#n #d#l#h /b/b#s#n + M#nusi# di/i"$##n ol!h Tuh#n d#l#&
!#d##n b!b#s d#n &!rd!#* l#lu b#(#i&#n# !dudu#n huu& d#l#&
on$!s !b!b#s#n &#nusi#
A+ EKSISTENSI
Esi s$/nsi #d#l#h /#r# &#nusi# b!r#d # di duni# s!b#(#i subj ! y#n( onri$+ P!n (!r$i#n &#nusi# s!b#(#i subj! y#n( onri$ disini
&#sudny# #d#l#h &#nusi# d#l#& "!n( !r$i#n subj !$ if'onr i$
y#i$u &#nusi# d#l#& !dudu#nny# s!b#(#i subj ! di duni#
Esis$!nsi &!li"u$i du# di&!nsi di&!nsi i&&#n!nsi *
y#i$u #"# s#j# y#n( dil#u#n &#nusi# b!r"us#$ "#d # ! s#d#r#n
&#nusi# $!n$#n( diriny#* s!hin((# s! luruh hidu"ny# di#l#&i
s!b#(#i b#(i#n diriny# (atinlsistit) , d#n di&!nsi $r#ns!d!nsi *
y#i$u &#nu si# $id# hidu" d#l#& b#$in s#j# * $/$#"i #"# y#n(
dir#s##nny# d#l#& b#$in i$u #d#l#h #"# y#n( #d# di lu#r diriny#+
I D#l#& fils#f#$ $!n$#n ( &#nusi#* "!r$#&#'$#&# &#nusi# di&!n(/r$i s!/#r#
oby!$if'#bs$r# y#i$u d#l#& d/finisi home est animal rationale &#nusi# #d#l#h
rn#hlu y#n( b/r##l budi+ 3/&udi# n &#nusi# di&!n (!r$i s//#r# subj!$if'#bs$r#
d#l#& u/#"#n D!s/#r$/s* co gi to ergo sum s#y# b/r"iir &## s#y# #d#* di&#n#
$!#n#nny# $/rl!$# d#l#& /hidu"#n b#$in + T!r#hir d#l#& fils#f#$ !sis$/nsi#l
&#nusi# di&!n(!r$i s// #r# subj!$if'onri$* &#nusi# #d#l#h subj! di duni#+ 8ih#$
Huijb!rs <?? 5 +
M#nusi# s!b# (#i subj ! y#n( i&&#n!n d#n $r#ns!d!n b!rsif# $
din#&is * h#l ini di$#nd#i d!n(#n !ny#$##n b#h- # &#nusi# b!r!&,
b#n( &!nuju #r#h ! d!" #n + S!l#in i$u &#nusi# ju(# b!r!&b#n(
&!l#lui $ind# #nny# s!n dir i+ Sif#$ &#nu si# y#n( din#&is $!rs!bu$
&!&un/ul#n id! un/i b#(i "!n(!r$i#n &#nusi# * y#i$u !b!b#s#n+
B. KEBEBASAN EKSISTENSIAL
M#nusi# &!&#n( $id # b!b# s un$u &#su ! duni# #r !n#
i# $id# d#"#$ &!&ilih d#ri s i#"# i# dil #hir#n * di&#n# i# ##n l#hir *
#"#
j!n is !l#&inny# * b#(#i& #n# b!n$u $ubuhny# d#n l#in s!b#(#iny# +
N#&un s!$!l#h &#nusi# b!r#d# di duni# s!sun((uhny# i# &!ru"##n
&#hlu y#n( b!b#s + 3!b !b#s#n $!rs!bu$ &!ny#n(u$ &#s# d!"#n *
bu#n &#s# y#n( l#&"#u + M# s# y#n( l#&"#u &!ru"##n &#s# y#n(
h#rus i# $!ri&# d#n s!b#(#i !n y#$##n d#ri diriny# y#n( $id# d#"#$ i#
hil#n(#n+ M#nusi# !&udi#n &!n !n$u#n #r$i diriny# d#n &!-ujud,#n !hidu"#nny# s!b#(#i ul$ur !bud#y##n + 3ul$ur &!ru"##n
si&bol !is$i&!-##n diriny# s!b#(#i &#hlu y#n( b!b#s+ 3ul$ur
$!rs!bu$ d#l#& $in(#$#n y#n( l!bih $in((i $!r&#nif!s$#si &!nj#di
"!r#d#b#n + >l!h !sis$!n si &#nusi# #d# !$i# i# s!b#(#i subj! di
duni# &#&"u &!n/i"$##n bud#y# d#n "!r#d#b#n d#l #& r#n(#
&!-ujud#n !hidu"#nny#+ D!n(#n #$# l#in &#nusi# y#n( $id#
b!rbud#y# d#n $id# b!r#d# b b!r#r$ i $!l#h !hi l#n(#n !sis$!nsiny#
s!b#(#i &#nusi# s! b#(#i &#hlu y#n( b!b#s !hil#n(#n !b!b#s#n
!sis$!nsi#lisny#+
M!n(#"# s!b#(#i &#hlu y#n( b!b#s &#nusi# jus$ru $!ri#$
d!n(#n bud#y# d#n #d#b M#nusi# di#r$i#n s!b#(#i &#hlu b!b#s*
$id# di&#sud#n b#h-# s!&u# $ind##nny# b!b#s + 3!b!b#s#n disini
#d#l#h b!b#s ##n su#$u $ind##n &#nusi#-i (actus humanus% d#n
bu#n b!b#s ##n su#$u $ind##n &#nusi# (actus hominisi. Tind##n
&#nusi# (actus hominist #d#l#h $ind##n y#n( d#"#$ dil#u#n &#nu,
si#* s!"!r$i b!rj#l#n * &!nolon( or#n( l#in* &!n/uri* &!&"!ros# *
&!&bunuh d#n l#in s!b#(#iny# * n#&un bu#n ini y#n( di&#sud
d!n(#n !b!b#s#n !sis$!nsi#l &#nu si#+ 3!b!b#s#n !sis$!nsi#l #d#l#h
<<C
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<<7
!b!b#s#n y#n( b!r"#n(#l "#d# !b!b#s#n ##n $ind##n &#nusi#-i
(actus humanus) , y#i$u "!rbu#$#n y#n( s!su#i d!n(#n odr#$lfi$r#h
&#nusi# s!su#i d!n(#n "!$unju d#ri y#n( &!n/i"$##nny#+
D#ri sini i$# d#"#$ &!&#h#&i ji# d#l#& s!j#r#h fils#f#$ s!n#n,
$i#s# $i&bul !r#(u#n $!n$#n( !&un(in#n &#nusi# &!&ilii $ind#,
#n b!b#s s!j #$i &!nuru$ 3 .!r$!ns <?: 9??'@<5 h#l ini dis!b#b,
#n ,
#+ M!nuru$ "#h#& &#$!ri#lis&!'d!$!r&inis$is* s!&u#ny# b!rj#l#n
&!nuru$ s!b#b'#ib#$ y#n( i$# !n#l d#ri #l#& &#$!ri#l+
M#nusi # s!b#(#i &#hluj #s&# ni $id# lu"u$ d#ri huu& s!b#b
#ib#$ ini+
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0?rang5orang %ang memperse/utu/an *uhan a/an mengata-
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ri%ah) &## h#l ini "un b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n n#sh AI LurB#n &#u"un
y#n( $!rj#di d#l#& !ny#$##n+ Sy#ih Muh#&&#d bin sh#l!h AI Us,$#i&in &!ny#$##n &!r!# y#n( &!n(#nu$ "!nd#"#$ ini s!b!n#&y#
$!l#h &!n(in(#ri s #l#h s#$u #s"! d#ri ruui%ah All#h* d#n
b!r"r#s#n( # b#h-# #d# d#l #& !r#j##n All #h ini #"# y#n( $id#
di!h!nd#i d#n $id# di/i"$##nNy# J#i0* <??7 @?+ P!r/#y# ##n
qadha d#n %adar, $id#l#h b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n us# h# d#n "!rju#n(#n
un$u &!n(!j#r s!su#$u y#n( di!h!nd#i #$#u &!n/!(#h s!su#$u
y#n( dib!n/i+ Tid# d#"#$ di$!ri&# #l#s#n b#(i or#n( &#l#s d#l#&
&!l!$##n !s#l#h#n* dos#ny#* d#n $#n((un(j#-#bny# #$#s qadha
d#n qadar. Y#n( d!&ii#n i$u &!nunju#n d#lil !l!&#h#n d#n
I#riny# d#ri $#n((un( j#-#b AI L#rdh#-i* <??9 + )ir&#n All#h
2+++ 9ata/anlah (wahai na'i) : se/i ran% a /amu erada dirutnah /amu. nisca%a orang5orang %ang t elah dita/dir/an a/an mati
terunuh itu /eluar (juga) /e tempat mere/a ter'unuh .... 0 Ls+ Ali
I&r#n <@
S!d#n(# n "!nd#"# $ y#n( !$i(# &!n (#n((#" b#h-# &#nusi#
b!rbu#$ #$#s d#s#r !&# u#nn y# d#n b!r#$# &!n uru $ !in(in#nny#*
$!$#"i !in(in#n d#n !&#u#nny# i$u $id# l!"#s d#ri !&#u#n d#n
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!h!nd# All#h+ D#n !h!nd# All#h $id# l!"#s d#ri hi&#h d#n
!bij#s#n##nNy#* bu#n !h!nd# y#n( &u$l# d#n #bsolu$!+
M#s#l#h $#Fdir ji# i$# #i$#n d!n(#n "!rbu#$#n &#nusi#
s!rin(#li &!ni&bul#n b!rb#(#i &#/#& "!r$#ny##n
#+ Ji# s!(#l# s!su#$u $!r(#n$un( "#d# !h!nd# All#h* l#lu #"#,
#h &#nusi# $id# &!&"uny#i "ilih#n d#l#& &!l#u#n s!,
su#$u did#l#& !hidu"#nny#
b+ Ji# s!(# l# s!su#$u sud#h di$!n$u# n All#h d#n sud #h di$ulis#n
di Lauh ah$ud! , l#lu un$u #"# &#nusi# b!rus#h# A"# "!r#n
d#ri us#h#ny# i$u
/+ J i# All#h y#n( &!n/i"$##n i$# d#n s!&u# "!rbu#$# n i$#*
l#lu &!n(#"# l# &!n(#dili "!rbu#$#n j#h#$ y#n( i$# l#u#n*
s!d#n( l# y#n( &!n/i"$##nny#
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&!&b!ri "!$unju !"#d# si#"# y#n( Di# !h!nd#i+ 8#lu
!n#"# or#n( y#n( $id# &!nd#"#$ "!$unju disis# di n!r##
n#n$i
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Isl#&* #$#u d!n(#n un(#"#n l#in #r!n# &/&#h#&i $#Fdir s!b#(#i
su#$u #j#r#n y#n( $!rl!"#s d#ri on$!s !s!luruh#n #j#r#n Isl#&+
M!&#h#&i #y#$ #lFurB#n $!n$#n( !&u$l##n mais%ah All#h $#n"#
&!&#h#&i b#h-# All#h ju(# &!&b!ri#n &#isy#h !"#d# &#nusi#
##n &!<#hir#n "!&#h#&#n d#n si#" j#b#riy#h &!ni#d##n !h!n,
d# d#n ih$i#r &#nusi#* s!b#liny# &!&#h#&i #y#$ #l LurB#n $!n,
$#n( mais%ah d#n irodah &#nusi# $#n"# &!&#h#&i !&u$l##n d#n
iradah d#n mais%ah All#h ##n &!l#hir#n "!&#h# &#n d#n si#"
qadari%ali &#nusi# s!"!nuhny# y#n( &!n!n$u#n "!rbu#$#nny# s!n,
diri $#n"# /#&"ur $#n(#n All#h Ily#s * <??5 <:C+
Abdul Mujid A0 ;#nd#ny &!&b!ri#n s# $u #n#lo(i s!"!r$i s!,
or#n( (uru y#n( /!rd#s d#n $#hu b!$ul $!n$#n( !#d##n &urid'rnurid,
ny#* &!&bu#$ b!b!r#"# so#l un$u diuji#n !"#d# &urid'&uridny#+
l# &!nulis di #$#s !r$#s d#f$#r n#rn#'n#&# &urid y#n( i# y#ini d#"#$
lulus uji#n d#n d#n n#&#'n#&# y#n( $id# ##n lulus uji#n+ %#$u
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uji#n $ib#* d#n h#silny# "un $!rbu$i+ A"##h &urid'&urid y#n( $id#
lulus uji#n d#"#$ &!ny#$##n b#h-# #"# y#n( di$ulis di#$#s !r$#s
i$ul#h y#n( &!ny!b#b#n &!r!# $id# lulus+ 3i$# $#hu b#h-# #"#
y#n( di$ulis di #$#s !r$#s $#di ol!h s#n( (uru #d#l#h !ny#$##n y#n(
b!r#i$ #n d!n(#n "!n(!$#hu# n d#n "!n(#l#&#nny# &!n (!n# i !d###n
&urid'&uridny#+ D#n "!ny!b#b !(#(#l#n &!r!# #d#l#h #r!n#
!l#l#i#n d#n !&#l#s#n &!r!# s!ndiri A0 ;#nd#ny* <?:@ <7 +
M!&#n( "!nil#i#n s!o#r#n( &#nusi# s!rin(#li $id# $!"#$* i$#
s!rin( &!ny!bu$ny# s!b#(#i "r!disi"!rir##n+ T!$#"i $#Fdir All#h
d!n(#n s!(#l# il&u'Ny# $!n$u $id# ##n &!l!s!$ d#n "#s$i $!rj#di + l#
&!nulis#n !(#(#l#n or#n( y#n( (#(#l d#n !b#h#(i#n or#n( y#n(
y#n( b!rh#sil s!su#i d!n(#n il&u'Ny#*
M!&#h#&i #y#$ #lFurB#n y#n( &!ny#$##n b#h-# s!(#l# s!su#,
$u $!l#h di$ulis#n di 8#uh M#hfud0 $#n"# &!&#h#&i b#h-# $id# #d#
s!or#n( &#nusi# "un y#n( $#hu #"# y#n( $!l#h di$ulis#n dis#n# ##n
&!ny!b#b#n s!sor#n( &!&"!r$#ny##n un$u #"# &#nusi# b!rus#h#*
"#d#h#l All #h d!n(#n s#n(#$ j!l #s $!l#h &!&!rin$#h#n &#nusi#
un$u &!l#u#n #&#l !b#ji#n d#n &!l#r#n( &!l#u#n !j#h#$#n+
M#nusi# dis#$u sisi #d#l#h &#hlu inussa%ar, y#i$u $id# rn!rn"uny#i
!b!b#s#n un$u &!n!ri&# #$#u &!nol# s!"!r$i $!n$#n( j!nis !l#,
&in* !$urun#n* !&#$i#n * !l#hir#n d#n s!b#(#iny# + D#n disisi l#in
#d#l#h &#hlu u/ha%%ar y#i$u &!&ilii !b!b#s#n un$u &!n!,
ri&# #$#u &!nol# y#n( b!ru"# ih$i#r Ily#s * <??5 <::+ AlUs$#i&in
&!&#"#r#n bu$i'bu$i $!n$#n( #d#ny# ih$i#r b#(i &#nusi#
#+ Did#l#& #lFurB# n All#h &!ny!bu$#n s!/#r# !s"lisi$ $!n$#n(
#d#ny# M#isy#h d#n ir#d#h &#nusi# s!"!r$i d#l#& sur#$ Al
.#F#r#h #y#$ 559 d#n A$ T#ub#h #y#$ @7+
b+ Ad#ny# "!ri n$#h d#n l#r #n(# n All#h $!rh#d#" h#&b#ny#+
/+ All#h &!&uji or#n('or#n( y#n( b#i* &!n/!l# or#n( y#n(
b!rbu#$ j#h#$ * d#n &!&b!r i#n b#l#s#n y#n ( s!su#i b#(i
!du#ny#+
d+ All#h $!l#h &!n(u$us "#r# R#sul un$u &!nj#di &ub#syirin d#n
&un0irin su"#y# $id# #d# #l#s#n l#(i b#(i u&#$ &#nu si# un$u
&!&b#n$#h All#h s!sud#h diu$us "#r# R#sul i$u lih#$ LS+ An
Nis# <7+
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!+ D#l#& !hidu"#n s!h#ri 'h#ri &#nusi# &!l#u##n s!su#$u #$#u
$id# b!rd#s#r #n ! &#u#nny# s!ndiri $#n"# #d# y#n( &!&#,
s##nny# + S#n(#$ bis# dib!d ##n &#n# "!rbu#$#n y#n ( dil#u,
#n d!n(#n $!r"#s# d#n "!rbu#$#n y#n( dil#u#n #$#s !&#u,
#n s!ndiri+ .#h#n Isl#& $id# ##n &!&in$# "!r$#n((un(,
j#- #b# n #$#s "!rbu#$# n y#n( dil#u# n d!n(#n $!rr"#s#+
M!&#h#&i b#h-# All#h &!n/i"$##n s!(#l# s!s#u$u* $!r&#su
&#nusi# d#n "!rbu#$#nny# $#n"# &!&#h#&i b#h-# All#h $id# "!&#h
&!nyuruh &#nusi# b!rbu#$ !j#h#$#n* b#h#n &!nyuruh &!r!#
b!rbu#$ !b#i#n+ M#n usi #l# h y#n( &!l#u#n !j#h#$#n $!rs !bu$ #$#s
!h!nd# d#n ih$i #&y# s!ndiri s!h in((# &#nusi#l#h y#n( n#n$iny#
h#rus &!&"!r$#n((un(j#-#b#n s!(#l# "!rbu#$#nny# $!rs!bu$+ Al
U$s#i&in &!n(#$##n b#h-# "!rbu#$#n d#n "!r#$##n i$# $i&bul
#r!n# du# f#$or* y#i$u !h!nd# d#n !&#&"u#n + Y#n( &!n/i"$#,
#n !h!nd# d#n !&#&"u#n $#di #d#l#h All#h+ And#i#$# $id# #d#
!h!nd# d#n !&#&"u#n $!n$u &#nusi# $id# ##n b!rbu#$+ 3#r!n# ji# i# &!n(h!nd#i * $!$#"i $id# &#&"u &## i# $id# ##n d#"#$
b!rbu#$+ D!&ii#n ju( # ji # i# &#&"u $!$#" i $id# b!r!h !nd # $!n$u
ju(# i# $id# ##n b!rbu#$+ S!&u# "!rbu#$ #n y#n( &#n usi # l#u#n
did#s#ri ol!h !h!nd# d#n !&#&"u#n y#n( di/i"$##n All#h+ T!$#"i
"#d# h#i#$ny# &#n usi#l#h y#n( b!rb u#$* h#ny# y#n( &!n/i"$##n
"!rbu#$ #n &#n usi# #d# l#h All#h+ Si#" # y#n ( & !n/i"$##n s!b# b* &##
Di#l#h y#n( &!n/i"$##n #ib#$ny# AI U$s#i&in d#l#& J#i0* <??7
75 +
M!&#&i #y#$ y#n( &!ny#$##n b#h-# All#h &!ny!s#$#n
si#"# s#j# y#n( di!h!nd#i d#n &!&b!ri hid#y#h !"#d# si#"# s#j#
y#n( Di# !h!nd#i+ T#n"# &!&#h#&i &#n# hid#y#h d#n "!rin$#h, "!r in$#h All #h un$u &!n/#r i hid#y#h d#n &!rnbi&bin( or#n( l#in
d#l#& &!n/#riny# ##n &!&un/ul#n "!r$#ny##n'"!r$#ny##n s!&#,
/#& ini+ .#h-# s!sun((uhny# hid#y#h "!$unju #d# du# &#/ #&*
hida%ah irs%ad d#n hida%ah #'anah A0 ;#nd#ny* <?:@ <7+ Hid#y#h
irsy#d dil#u#n ol!h "#r# R#sul d#l#& &!&bi&bin( i$# ! j#l#n
!b!n#r#n+ S!d#n(#n hida%ah ina%ah &!ru"##n $#h#" b!riu$ny#
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y#n( di d#"#$ &#nusi# s!$!I#h d#$#n(ny# hida% ah ir s %ad, d#n y#n( ini
&u$I# &iIi All#h+ P#r# r#sul &!nun#i #n hid#y#h ir sy#d $!$#"i
&!r!# $id# &!&ilii tauji/ d#n @#@a 'unah, # r!n# All#h h#ny# # #n
&!&b!ri#nny# !" #d# "#r# h#&b # y#n( di! $# hui'Ny# b!rh#
&!n!ri&#ny# + )ir&#n All#h
07 esungguhn %a /amu tida/ a/ an d ap at me m eri petunju/
pada orang %an g /amu /asihi , t etapi ;llah m ent eri pet unj u/ / epada
o rang %an g di/ eh enda/ilv%a, dan ; llah l eih m eng et ahui orm! g5
or4.ng %an g mau menerima pet unju/. LS+ AI L# shosh 7
D#n All#h $id# ##n &!ny!s#$#n &#nusi# !/u #li !"#d#
&!r!# y#n( &!nol# hid#y #h Ir sy#d + ) ir&#n All# h
0 ma/a tat/ala mere/a epaling (dari / eenaran). ;llah m e-
tnaling/an hati m ere/a, dan ;llah tiada m em er pet unj u/ oran g
%an g
$as i/0 (DH. ;s 7ha$ : H) .
9+ Si#" 3ri$is $!rh#d#" 3!b!r#d##n T#Fdir
P!r/#y# ##n #d#n y# qadlia d#n qadar $!r&#su ruun i&#n
y#n( !!n #&* s!"!r$i dis!bu$#n d#l#& h#di s$ n#bi y#n(
diri-#y#$#n ol!h I&#& Musli& d#ri U&#r ibn 3h#$$#b r #* y#n(
b!rbunyi
0B eritahulah a/u t en tan g iman . ++ 3asu l enjawa ' : 0 E ng
/au eriman / epada ;llah. /ita' 5/ita'lv%a , rasul5rasullv%a , dan
/ epada #!ari a/hir, serta eng /a u eritnan / epada taqdir5 %a %
ang ai/ ' maupun %ang uru/ . ( +3. u slim)
T!$#"i d#l#& Al Lur B#n s!ndiri $id# s!/#r# l!n(#" &!ny!,
bu$#n b#h-# ruun i&#n i$u #d# !n#&* d#l#& Al Lur B#n h#ny#
&!ny!bu$#n b#h-# ruun i&#n i$u h#ny# #d# li&#+ S!"!r$i dis!,
bu$#n d#l#& #y#$ b!riu$
.!b!r#"# ul#&# s!" !r$i H#run N# su$ion &!ny!$ujui
b#h-# ruun i&#n i$u #d# li&# s!su#i d!n(#n y#n( $!r$ !r# d#l#& AI
LurB#n+ Di# &!ny#$##n b#h-# h#dis y#n( diri-#y#$#n Musli&
d#ri U&#r bin 3h#$$#b bu#n h#dis y#n( &u$#-#$$ir+ 8!bih l#nju$
b!li#u &!ny#, $##n b#h-# &!&"!r/#y#i qadha d#n qadar
b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n
<5C y#n( l#in All#h &!n!(#s#n $!n$#n( !u#s##nny# #$#s $#Fdir
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il&u "!n(!$#hu#n d#n $!nolo(i* #r!n# d#l#& f#h#& $#Fdir y#n(
b#h#s# #r#bny# jaari %ah d#n b#h#s# b#r#$ny# f#$#lis&!* s!&u#ny#
di!h!nd#i * s!&u#ny# b!rj#l#n s!su#i d!n(#n !h!nd# Tuh#n+
.!li#u &!n/on$oh#n &is#lny# #"i * &!nuru$ Jaari%%al! y#n( &! &,
b## r #d#l#h Tuh#n * s!d#n(#n d#l#& IPTE3 y#n( &!&b##r #d#l#h
#"i i$u s!ndiri + T!$#"i h#l ini !&udi#n dib #n$#h ol!h Muh#&&#d bin
Sh#l!h AI U$s#i&in+ .!li#u &!n(#$##n b#h-# y#n( &!nj#di#n #"id#"#$ &!&b##r #d#l#h All#h+ A"i $id# d#"#$ &!&b##r d!n(#n
s!ndiriny# * s!b#b s!#nd#iny# #"i d#"#$ &!&b##r d!n(#n s!ndiriny#
$!n $u !$i# N#bi Ibr#hi& #s dil!rn"#r#n !d#l#& #"i* i# ##n h#n(us
$!rb##r+ T!$#"i $!&y#$# $id#* #r!n# All#h &!n(h!nd#i l#in+ All#h
b!rfi r&#n
0+ai api menjadi dinginlah /amu, dan selamatlah agi
#rahim .0 LS + AI Anbiy# 7? +
D#n ji# i$# "!rh#$i#n s!/#r# s!s#&#* h#dis$ n#bi $!rs!bu$
s#&# s!#Ii $id# b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n AI LurB #n+ 3#r!n# di #y#$'#y#$
&#hluny# J#i 0* <??7+
@+ Hi&#h P!r/#y# !"#d# T#Fdir
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"!r/#y# i $#Fdir+ D#n dih#r#"#n i$# s!&u# bis# &!&#h#&i &#s#l#h
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si#" y#n( s#l#h "ul# d#l#& &!n!&"uh !hidu"#n+ Ad# b!b!r#"# hi,&#h y#n( d#"#$ di"!$i d#ri &!&"!r/#y#i #d#ny# $#Fdir* y#i$u s!b#(#i
b!riu$<+ M!l#hir#n !s#d#r#n b#(i u&#$ &#nusi# b#h-# s!(#l# s!su#$u
di #l#& s!&!s$# ini b!rj#l#n s!su#i #$ur#n* und#n('und#n(* d#n
huu& y#n( $!l#h di$!$#"#n "#s$i ol!h All#h tsunnatullah).
5+ M!ndoron( &#nusi# un$u b!rus#h# d#n b!r#&#l d!n(#n sun(,
(uh'sun((uh un$u &!n/#"#i !hidu"#n y#n( b#i di duni# d#n
di #hir#$* &!n(iu$i huu& s!b#b #ib#$ y#n( $!l#h di$!$#"#n
All#h +
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9+ M!n#n#&#n si#" $#-##l d#l#& diri &#nusi#* #r !n# &!ny#,
d#r i b#h-# &#nus i# h#n y# bis# b!ru s#h# d#n b!r doB#
s!d#n( #n h#silny# dis!r#h#n !"#d# All #h+
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$id# d#"#$ didu(# d#n din# l#r ol!h &#nu si# bi# s#*
b!rd#s#r #n !h!nd# (iradah)5% a b#h-# s!su#$u "#s$ i
$!rj# di d!n(#n i0inNy# ++ M!nd#$#n(#n !$!n# n(#n ji-# d#n !$!n$!r#&#n hidu "* #r !n#
&!y#ini #"#"un y#n ( $!rj #di #d# l#h #$#s !h! nd# d#nqadar
All#h+
D. KEBEBASAN MORA L
3!b!b#s#n &or#l i#l#h ! &#&"u#n &# nu si# un$u
&!-ujud,
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b!r$in,
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d#ri s!(i $uju#nny# + A#n $!$#"i d is ini is$il#h $!r s!bu$ &!nd #" #$nil#i su# $u # r$ i y#n( l!bih obj !$i f d# ri" #d # !b !b #s#n ! sis $!ns
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!b !b #s#n indi4idu#l dib#$#si * ##n $!$#"i h#l ini $!rj#di d! &i$!r-ujudny# !h idu "#n b!r,
s#&# s!b#(#i&#n# di/i$#'/i$##n+ Ad# du# fun(si l#r #n (#n d#l #&
h#l ini "!r$#&# * l#r#n(#n'I#r#n(#n &!nj !l #s#n !- #j i b#n'!-#j
ib#n s!, s!or#n( s! b#(# i &#hlu sosi#l+ 3!du# * I#r#n(#n'I#r #n (#n
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diri* &!&bi#r#n diriny# dib#-# #rus + Di# &!nj#di bol# "!r&#in#n
d#ri r#n(s#n(#n 'r#n(s#n(#n y#n( &!&"!n(#ruhiny# S/h!l$!ns
Sir!(#r * <?:@ 5 +
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((#" b!n#r* bol!h + j #d i s##$ ini ol!h ##l "ul# i$u di#n((#" s# l# h* #$#u
s!b#liny# s!su#$u y#n( dulu ol!h # # l di #n((#" s#l#h* bol !h j#di s##$
ini ol!h ##l "ul# di#n((#" b!n#r+ =on$ohny# #d#l#h "r#$i "!r,
bud##n* "#d# 0#&#n d#hulu ol!h ## I h#l ini di#n((# " s!s u#$ u y#n(
b! n#r d#n ini &!nj#di !b!n#r#n y#n( u&u&* ol!h #r!n# i$u $id#
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b#n(s#+
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d#n b#h#n di"!rl#u#n s!b#(#i h#r$# -#ris y#n( bis# di-#ris#n+
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&!ni#h* d#n !dudu#nny# b!r#d# dib#-#h "!n(#&"u#n su#&iny#+ N#&un h#ri ini !dudu#n "!r!&"u#n y#n( s! &#/# & ini $!l#h
b!rub#h* "!r!&, "u#n s!j#j#r d!n(#n l#i'I#i* d#n &!nuru$ # #l
inil#h y#n( b!n#r * d#n di indon!si# s!ndiri h#l ini $!l#h dior!si
d!n(#n diund#n(#nny# VU No + < $#hun <?C@ $!n$#n( P!r #-in#n
y#n( &!ny#&##n !du, du#n "!r!&"u#n d#n l#i'I#i d#l#&
bid #n( h#r$ # !#y##n+
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asurd d#l#& "!nil#i#n !b!n#r#n s!j#$i+ Absurdi$#s i$u dis!b#b#n
ol!h !#d##n ##l s!ndiri y#n( &!&#n( s!l#lu b!rub#h* s!hin((# "!,
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#"# "ij##n y#n( &u$l# J#-#b#nny# #d#l#h -#hyu+ %#hyu &!ru"#,
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&or#l (d e !ed enwet erei/t hem sl echts via !ijn innerlij/
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-#ri# d#n s!b#(# iny#* b#(i "!n(#n u$"!nd!ri$# &#s#l#h ini* h#l ini
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h#$i nur#ni i$u s!l#lu b!n#r d#n &!nj #di uur#n &or#li$#s &#nusi#*
&!si"un h#l ini s!sun((uhny# ju(# b!r$!n$#n(#n d!n(#n fils#f#$ny#
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nusi# l#in* y#n( &!njus$ifi#si #d#ny# #$ur#n nor&#huu&+ T!rl!"#s
d#ri "!r$!n$#n(#n i$u * Isl#& &!&b#(i ji-# &#nusi# d#l#& $i(# !/!n,
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ji-# y#n( $id# b#i+ M!nuru $ Isl#& &#nusi# s!sun((u hny# &!&"u,
ny #i $i(# "o$!nsi i$u s!/#r# b!rs#&#'s#&#* d#n y#n( &!nj#di "ij##n
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h#l ini s!su#i denganjitrah odr#$ &#nusi#+
Si#" d#n "#nd#n(#n &#nusi# b!n#r !$i# i# &!&!do&#ni
-#hyu + >r#n( y#n( &!&!do&#ni -#hyu b!r#r$i i# &!n((un##n
na$su al 5muthmainnalnv%e s!b#liny# or#n( y#n( $id# &!&!do&#ni
-#hyu b!r#r$i i# &!n(iu$i !/!nd!run(#n na$su al 5amarah issu B*
D!n(#n d!&ii#n uur#n b!n#r d#n s#l#h d#l#& h#l ini &!nj#di
&u$l#* $id# r!l#$if s!b#(#i&#n# "#nd#n(#n "#r# #hli d#n r!#li$#s di
.#r#$* di$!n$u#n ol!h h#$i nur#ni y#n( dibi&bin( ol!h -#hyu+
E. KO*EKSISTENSI
M#nusi# #d#l#h &#hlu y#n( "#lin( s!&"u&# di #l#& ini*
b!rb!d# d#ri &#hlu '&#hlu l#in+ P!rb!d# #n i$u $#&"# d#ri
#r#$!ris$i s!b#(#i&#n# "#r# filosof &!ny!bu$ h#i#$ &#nusi#
d!n(#n is$il#h'is$il#h homo rationale, homo simolicuin, homo econo-
tnicus , homo social Arsi$o$!l!s * homo ludens Hui0in(#* homo men
- sura Pro$#(or#s * homo mechanicus 8# M!$$ri! * homo
viator G#bri!l M#r/!l* homo creator Mi/h#!l 8#nd&#n + Prof!ssor
No$o, n#(oro #I& &!&#nd#n( h#i#$ d#s#r on$olo(is &#nusi#
d#l#& N!(# r# R!"ubli Indon!si # y#n( b!r'P#n/#si l# s!b#(#i &#hlu
y#n( &ono"lur#lis + M#nusi# s!b#(#i &#hlu y#n( &ono"lur#lis
ol!h Prof!ssor No$on#(oro #I& di#r$i#n s!b#(#i &#hlu y#n(
&!rnilii
9 $i(# h#i#$ odr#$ s!b#(#i b!riu$
# Sif#$ odr#$* y#i$u &#nusi# s!b#(#i &#hlu indi4idu d#n
&#hlu sosi#l+
b+ Susu n#n odr#$ * y#i$u &#nusi # s!b#(#i &# hlu y#n ( $!rsusun
d#ri du# un sur* y#i$u r#(# d#nji-# +
/+ 3!dudu#n odr#$* y#i$u &#nusi # s!b#(#i &#hlu y#n( b!rdiri
s!ndiri d#n &#hlu /i"$##n Tuh#n Y#n( M#h# Es#+
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&ono"lur#lis i$u &## i$# d#"#$ d!n(#n &ud#h &!&#h#&i hubun(#n
#n$#r# &#nusi# d!n(#n nil#i'nil#i hidu"ny#+ P#d# !ny#$##nny# &#nu,
si# hidu" b!rs#&#'s#&# d!n(#n or#n( l#in d#n !b!rs#&##n ini ny#$#
d#l#& s!luruh hidu" &#nusi# d#l#& s!(#l# $ind##nny#+ >l!h #r!n#
i$u !sis$!nis &#nusi# s!l#lu b!r#r$i ju(# o'!sis$!nsi + D#l#&
o!sis$!nsi $!rd#"#$ $i(# $in(#$ Huijb!rs* <?? 75'7@
<+ 3o'!sis$!nsi biolo(is'"siis* y#n( b!rd#s#r#n /eutuhan B#uB+
D#l#& !#d##n ini B#uB di"#nd#n( l!bih $in((i d#ri"#d#
&#nusi# l#in+ >r#n( l#in s!d#"#$'d#"#$ny# di#r#h#n un$u &!&!,
nuhi !bu$uh#n'!bu$uh#n B#uB+ Aib#$ny# hidu" b!rs#&# i$u di,
$#nd#i d!n(#n !s"loi$#si d#n do&in# si &#nusi# "#d# &#nusi# l#in+
.il# !bu$uh#n'!bu$uh#n "rib#d i i$u &!nj#di s#$u's#$uny# $i#n(
b#(i "!&b!n$u#n hidu"* &## d!n(#n d!&ii #n hidu" i$u b!r$u&,
"u "#d# su#$u !(ois&! indi4idu#l b!l##+
H!rb!r$ S"!n/!r <:56'<?69 b!r"!ndiri#n b#h-# &!&#n(
inil#h si$u#si hidu" y#n( s!b!n#&y#+ S!su#i d!n(#n $!ori !4olusi
=h#rl!s D#r-in dij!l#s#n b#h-# "rinsi"'"rinsi" !4olusi b!rl#u
b#(i !hidu"#n &#nusi# ju(# * s!"!r $i struggl e $o r li$e, the survival
o$ the $ittest, natural selection. T!ori ini dis!bu$ D#r-inis&! sosi#l*
huu& dibu#$ un$u &!n(#$ur !4olusi !hidu"#n b!rs#&# d#l#&
&#sy#r##$ indus$ri &od!& y#n( b!r$u&"u "#d# !(ois&! indi4i,
du#l =o"l!s$on* <?7<'<?C <@5'<7:+ M
5+ 3o'!sis$!nsi !$is b!rd#s#r#n !s#&##n ha/.
D#l#& !#d##n ini #u di"#nd#n( s#&# $in((i d!n(#n &#nusi#
l#in+ Prinsi" r#sion#l ini y#n( &!nj#di su&b! r huu&+
9+ 3o'!sis$!nsi !$is b!rd#s##n /ewajian.D#l#& !#d##n ini &#nusi# l#in di"#nd#n( l!bih $in((i d#ri"#d#
#u+ Prinsi" r#sion#l ini y#n( &!nj#di su&b!r &or#l hidu"
&#nusi#+
F. KEPEMILIKAN
1. Pengertin H$ Mili$
Is$il#h &ili b!r#s#l d#ri b#h#s# #r#b y#i$u mil/. Mili s!/#r#
lughowi di#r$i#n s!b#(#i 2&!&ilii s!su#$u d#n s#n((u" b!r$ind#
s!/#r# b!b#s $!rh#d#"ny#2 H#sbi Ash'Shiddi!Fy* <?:? : + M!nuru$is$il#hi &ili did!finisi#n s!b#(#i su#$u i/litisas y#n( &!n(h#l#n(i
or#n( l#in * &!nuru$ sy#ri#$* y#n( &!&b !n#r#n "!&ili i/htisas i$u
b!r$i nd# $!rh#d#" b#r#n( &iliny# s!!h!nd#ny#* !/u#li #d#
"!n(h# l #n( H#sbi Ash'Shiddi!Fy* <?:? : +3#$# B&!n(h#l#n(iB d#l#& d!finisi di#$#s &#sudny# #d#l#h
s!su#$u y#n( &!n/!(#h or#n( y#n( bu#n "!&ili s!su#$u b#r#n(
un$u &!&"!r(un##n #$#u &!&#nf##$#n d#n b!r$ind# $#n"# "!r,
s!$uju#n $!rl!bih d#hulu d#ri "!&iliny# + S!d#n(#n "!n(!r$ i#n
B"!n(h#l#n(B #d#l#h s!su#$u !$!n$u#n y#n( &!n/!(#h "!&ili un$u
b!r$ ind# $!rh#d#" h#r$ # &iliny#+
H# &ili d#l#& "#nd#n(#n Huu& Isl#& d#"#$ dib!d##n&!nj#di
I + H# &ili y#n( s!&"u&# tmil/ut tam) , y#i$u !"!&ili#n y#n(
&!li"u$i "!n(u#s##n $!rh#d#" b!nd#ny# 0#$ny# d#n &#nf##$,
* ny# h#sil b!nd# s!/#r# !s!luruh#n +5 + H# &ili y#n( ur#n( s!&"u&# (mil/un naqish), dis!bu$
d!&ii#n #r!n# !"!&ili#n $!rs!bu$ h#ny# &!li"u$i b!nd#ny#
s#j# * #$#u &#nf##$ny# s#j#+
&. Se H$ Mili$
S!l#nju$ny# d#"#$ di!&u##n s!b#b's!b#b s!s!or#n( &!&"u,
ny#i h# &ili &!nuru$ Huu& Isl#&* d#"#$ di"!rol!h d!n(#n /#r#
<+ Dis!b#b#n #hra !ul mualtat &!&ilii b!nd# y#n( bol!h
di&ilii.#r#n(lb!nd# y#n( d#"#$ dij#di#n s!b#(#i obj! !"!&ili#n
#d#l#h bu#n b!nd# y#n( &!nj#di h# or#n( l#in d#n bu#n
"ul# b!nd# di&#n# #d# l#r#n(#n huu& #(#&# un$u di#&bil
<97 <9C
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s!b#(#i h# &ili+ Di#n$#r#ny# d!n(#n b!rburu* &!&bu# $#,
n#h b#ru y#n( b!lu& #d# "!&iliny#* #ir di sun(#i* "!n(us#,
h##n b#r#n( $#&b#n( (ri/a!) d#n h#r$ # r#&"#s#n "!r#n(+
5+ Dis!b#b#n al 5Aqud ##d
P!n(!r$i#n ##d #$#u "!ri#$#n d#l#& l#"#n(#n huu& h#r$#
!#y##n #d#l#h su#$u hubun(#n huu& &!n(!n#i !#y##n
h#r$# b!nd# #n$#r# du# or#n( y#n( &!&b!ri h# "#d# y#n( s#$uun$u &!nun$u$ s#r#n( s!su#$u d#ri y#n( l#inny#* s!d#n(#n
or#n( y#n( l#inny# ini di-#jib#n &!&!nuhi $un$u$#n i$u So!,
b!$i * <??7 <55'<59 + Ad#"un l#sifi#si "!rbu#$#n huu&
$!rs!bu$ #d#l#h
#+ P!rbu#$#n s!"ih#* y#i$u "!rbu#$#n huu& y#n( dil#u#n
ol!h s#$u "ih# s#j# d#n &!ni&bul#n h# d#n !-#jib#n
"#d# "ih# y#n( l#inn y#* &is#l "!&bu#$#n sur# $ -#si# $* d#n
"!&b!ri#n h#di#h hib#h+
b+ P!rbu#$#n huu& du# "ih#* y#i$ u "!rbu#$#n huu& y#n(
dil#u#n ol!h du# "ih# d#n &!ni&bul#n h#'h# d#n
!-#jib#n'!-#jib#n b#(i !du# b!l#h "ih# s!/#r# $i&b#l b#l i * &is#l ju#l b!li* s!-# &!ny!-# * "!rj #nji #n !rj# d#n
l#in s!b#(#iny#+
9+ Dis!b#b#n al59hala$i%ah "!-#ris#n
Y#i$u s!s!or#n( &!&"!rol! h h# &ili dis!b#b#n #r!n#
&!n!&"#$i $!&" #$ or#n( l#in Suhr#-#rdi* 566@ <<+ 8#hi&y#
h# &ili ini d#"#$ di!lo&"o#n &!nj#di du#
#+ 9hala$i%ah s%a/h s%a n s%a/hs%, s!rin( ju(# diis$il#h#n
d!n(#n irts, y#i$u #hli -#ris &!n!&"#$i $!&"#$ si "!-#ris
&!li"u$i !"!&ili#n s!(#l# h#r$# y#n( di$in((#l#n ol!h
"!-#ris $!rs! bu$+
b+ h#l# fiy#h sy# iB#n sy#ii n* s!ri n( din#&##n ju( # d!n(#n
$#dl&in #$#u $#B-ild #$#u &!nj#&in !ru(i#n + M#sudny#
#"#bil# s!s!or#n( &!l#u#n s!su#$u "!rbu#$#n y#n( &!ru,
(i#n or#n( l#in* &## or#n( $!rs!bu$ di-#jib#n un$u
&!n((#n$i !ru(i#n $!rs!bu$+ .#r #n( (#n$i !ru(i#n (di%atl
iwald, d#n ars%ul jina%at) &!nj#di s!"!nuhny# &ili d#ri
y#n( &!n!n&# +
G). ;ttawalludu minal mamlu/ b!r#n# "in#
S!(#l# y#n( l#hir$!rj#di d#ri b!nd# y#n( di&i li i &!ru"##n
h# b#(i "!&ili b#r#n( #$#u b!nd# $!rs!bu$ * &is#l #n#
bin#, $#n( ' y#n( l#h ir d#ri induny#* susu l!&bu y#n (
!lu#r d#ri s!!or l!&bu +
). Prin!i Kee%ili$n
P!&ili#n "rib#di d#l#& "#nd#n(#n Isl#& $id# b!rsi f#$ & u$l#
(asolute). D#l#& b!rb#(#i !$!n$u#n* Isl#& &!l#u#n "!&b#$#s#n
$!rh#d#" "!n(!lol##n d#n "!&#nf##$#n h#r$# b!nd # &il iny # + Ad#
b!b!r#"# "rins i" d#s#r &!n(!n#i !"!&il i#n $!rh#d#" h#r$# b!nd# *
s!"!r$i di!&u##n ol!h S#yyid Lu$hb b! riu$ in i
<+ P#d# h#i#$ny# ind i4idu h#ny#l#h -#il &#sy#r # #$
Prinsi" ini &!n!#n#n b#h-# s!sun((uhny# indi4idu "rib#di
h#ny# &!ru"##n -#il &#sy#r##$ y#n ( dis !r#hi #&#n#h
* y#i$u &!n(urus d#n &!&!(#n( h#r$# b!nd# +
S!sun((uhny# !s!luruh#n h#r$# b!nd# $!rs!bu$ s!/#r# u&u&#d#l#h h# &ili &# sy#r##$+ S!d#n( #n y#n( &!nj#di "!&il i
&u$l# d#ri h#r$# b!nd # $!rs! bu$ #d#l#h All#h+ H#l ini
did#s#r#n "#d # finn#n All#h
0Beritnanlah /amu /epada ;llah dan 3asul5%a dan na$/ah-
/anlah seagian dari hartamu %ang ;llah t elah menjadi/an
/amu menguasain%a 2+ LS+ AI'H#did C +
S!hin((# d#"#$ disi&"ul#n b#h-# "!&ili#n "rib#di #$#s
s!su#$u h#r$# b!nd# d#l#& "#nd#n(#n Isl#& s!b!n#&y# h#ny#
b!rs if#$ 2"!&il i#n h# "!&b!l#nj##n d#n "!&#nf# #$#n b!l##+
D!n(#n d!&ii #n * #"#"un b!n$u !"!&ili#n "rib#di y#n(
di"!rol!h b!rd#s#r#n us#h#'us#h# y#n( $id# &!nyi&"#n( d#ri
sy#ri#$ Isl#& ##n did#"#$i h# &#sy#r##$+ D#l#& b#h#s#
s!d!rh#n# d#"#$ di!&u# #n b#h-# h# !"!&ili#n "rib#di
d#l#& Isl#& &!&"uny#i di&!nsi fun(si sosi#l+
5+ H#r$# b!nd# $id# bol!h h#ny# b!r#d# di $#n(#n "rib#di s!!,
lo&"o #n((o$# &#sy#r##$+
Prinsi" ini di&#sud#n un$u &!nj#(# !s!i&b#n(#n d#n !'
#7- <9?
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s$#bil#n d#l#& &#sy#r##$+ 3#r!n# s!"!r$i i$# !$# h ui
b#h-# !"!&ili#n h#ny# "#d# s#$u or#n( #$#u !lo&"o
#n((o$# &# , sy#r##$ &ono"oli &!&b!ri#n d#&"# y#n(
d#"# $ &!ru(i, #n &#sy#r##$+ 3!$id#bol!h#n "!nu&"u#n
h#r$# ini did#s#r, #n "#d# finn#n All#h
+++ supa%a itu jan gan han%a eredar di antara orang-
orang %ang /a%a saja d iantara /amu +++ 2 LS + AI'H#syr C+
># l#& on$!s !ini#n* h#l $!rs!bu$ y#n( di#&bi l ilus$r#si
b#h-# si#" &!n$#l oli(o"oli* &ono"oli* #r$!l d#n y#n( s!j!nis
d!n(#nnny# &!ru"##n si#" &!n$#l "!n(in(#r#n nur# ni
!&#nusi##n d#n j!l#s'j!l#s &!nyi&"#n( d#ri #$ur#n Is l#&
Suhr#-#rdi* 5666 C +
%#l#u"un di d#l#& sy#ri#$ Isl#& di#ui #d#ny# h# 'h# y#n(
b!rsi f#$ "!ror#n(#n $!rh#d#" su#$u b!nd#* bu#n b!r#r$ i #$#s s!su#$u
b!nd# y#n( di&il iiny# $!rs!bu $ s!sor#n ( d#"#$ b!rb u#$ s!-!n#n(,
-!n#n( + Ad#ny# h# &#sy#r##$ y#n( &! l!#$ $!rh#d#" h# &i
li y#n( di"!rol!h s!s!or#n(* dibu$i#n d!n(#n /$!n$u#n
s!b#(#i b!riu$ Suhr#-#rdi* 566@ <5'<@
# + 8#r#n(#n &!ni&bun b#r#n(
D#l#& !$!n$u#n sy#ri#$ Isl#& s!s!or#n( "!&ili h#r$# $id#
di"!rbol!h#n un$ u &!ni&bun b#r#n( d!n(#n &#sud #(#r
h#r(# b#r#n( $/rs!bu$ n#i* !&udi#n "!nirnbun ##n &!nj u#l
b#r#n( "#d # h#r(# y#n ( $in((i $!rs!bu$+ 8#r#n(#n $!rs!bu$
$!r/!r&in d#ri h#dis y#n( diri -#y#$#n ol!h Ab u >#ud*
A$, Tir&id0i d#n Musli& d#ri MuB#&&#r b#h-# N #b i
SA% b!rs#bd#* 0siapa %ang tnela/ u/an penitnunan, ia
dianggap ersalah. 0
b+ 8#r#n(#n &!&#nf##$#n h#r$# un$u h#l'h#l y#n( &!rnb #h#y# ,
#n &#sy#r##$
P!n(!r$i#n &!&b#h#y##n di sini #d#l#h h#l'h#l y#n( y#n(
d#"#$ &!n(#ib#$#n b# h#y# #$#u !rus##n b#(i &#sy#r##$*
b#i fisi &#u"un non'fisi s!"!r $i &!&b#h# y##n !h idu"#n
b!r#(#&#* &!&b#h# y## n ##l "iir#n &#nusi# &# u" un &!&'
b#h#y##n !u$uh#n d#n "!r s#$u #n &#sy#r
##$+ /+ 8#r#n(#n "!&b!u #n h#r$#
P!&b !u#n h#r$ # di sini &# sudny# #d#l#h &!& bi# r# n
h#r$# #$#u b!nd # &il iny# $!rl# n$#r* $id# b!r&#n f##$ * d#n
$id# "ro, du$if+ P#d#h#l di sisi l#in j i# b#r# n( $!rs!b u$
diu# s#i ol!h or# n( l#in * &## s#n(#$ &un(in un$u di
&#n f##$#n b#(i us#h#'us#h# "rod u$ if y#n( b!r& #n f##$
b#(i or#n ( $!rs! bu$
&#u"un &#sy#r# #$ s!/#r# lu#s+ +
<@<
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<@<
.A.I1
POLITIK HUKUM
3!(i#$#n "oli$i #d#l#h !(i#$#n y#n( b!r$uju#n un$u &!r!bu$
d#n &!&"!rol!h !u#s##n * #r!n# d!n(#n !u#s##n di#n((#"
s!s!or#n( #$#u !lo&"o &#sy#r##$ ##n &!&"uny#i #s!s y#n(
b!s #r un$u iu$ &!r u&u s# n d#n &!n !$#"# n !b ij##n "ubli y#n(
&!n(un$un(#n diriny# #$#u !lo&"ony# + .#h#n !u#s##n "oli$i
di#n((#" s!b#(#i !u#$#n ny#$# un$u &!n(#$ur !hidu"#n &#sy#r#,
#$ d#l#& b!rb#(#i #s"!ny# * #r!n# $#n"# !u#s##n "oli$i* "!n(#
, ruh s !s!or#n( #$#u !lorn"o $id# ##n !f!$if d#l#& !hidu"#n
&#sy#r##$ AsyB#ri! * <??? <6C+
T!ori "oli$i #d#l#h b#h#s#n d#n (!n!r#lis#si d#ri f!no&!n#y#n( b!rsif#$ "oli$i * y#n( b#h#s#nny# &!li"u$i # $uju#n d#ri !(i#$,
#n "oli$i* b /#r#'/#r# &!n/#"#i $uju#n i$u* / !&un(in#n ,
!&un(in#n d#n !bu$uh#n' !bu$uh#n y#n( di$i&bul#n ol!h si$u#,
si "oli$i $!r$!n$u* d#n d !-#jib#n y#n( di$i&bul#n ol!h $uju#n
"ol i$i i$u+ 3ons !"'ons!" y#n ( dib#h#s d#l #& $!ori "oli $i &!n/#u"
#n $#r# l#in &#sy#r##$* !l#s sosi#l* n!(#r# * !u#s##n*
!d#ul#$#n*
h# d#n !-#jib#n* !&!rd!##n* l!rnb#(#'l!rnb#(# n!(#r#* "!rub#h,
#n sosi#l* "!&b#n(un#n "oli$ i* &od !&is# si d#n s!b#(#iny#+
M!nur u$ Tho&#s P+ J!nin d#l#& 7tud% o$ olitical *heor%
dib!d##n du# &#/#& $!ori "oli$i y#i$u
#. T!ori'$!ori y#n( &!&"uny#i d#s#r &oril d#n y#n( &!n!n$u#n
nor&#'nor&# "oli$i+ 3#r!n# #d#ny# unsur nor&#'nor&# d#n
nil#i &## $!ori'$!ori ini din#&##n volutional &!n(#ndun(
nil#i+ Y#n( $!r&#su (olon(#n ini #n$#r# l#in fils#f#$ "oli$i *
$!ori "oli$i sis$!&#$i s idiolo(i d#n s!b#(#iny#+ T!ori'$!ori y#n(
valuational d#"#$ dib#(i d#l#& $i(# (olon(#n
#+ )ils#f#$ "oli$i (political philosoph%)
)ils#f#$ "oli$i &!n/#ri "ilih#n b!rd#s#r#n r#sio* disini
$!rd#"#$ hubun( #n #n$#r# sif #$ d#n h#i#$ d#ri !hidu"#n
"oli $i di duni# f#n#+
b+ T!ori "ol i$i si s$!&#$ is (s%st ematic poli tical theor%)
T!ori ini &!nj! l#s# n r!#lis#s i d#ri d#n nil#i'nil#i !
d#l#& su#$u "ro(r#& "oli$i+
/ + Idiolo(i "oli$i (political ideolog%)M!ru"##n hi&"un#n nil#i'nil#i * id! * nor&#'nor&# *
!"!r , /#y##n* !y#in#n y#n( di&ilii or#n( #$#u
s!!lo&"o or#n( #$#s d#s#r &#n# i# &!n!n$u#n
si#"ny# #$#s su# $u "rob l!&# "oli$ i+ =on$oh b!b!r#"#
id!olo(i s!"!r$i M#ris, &!'8!ninis&!* 8ib!r#lis&!+
5+ T!ori'$!ori y#n( &!n((#&b#r# n d#n &!&b#h#s f!no&!n# d#n
f#$#'f#$# "oli$i d!n(#n $id# &!&"!rso#l#n nor&# #$#u
nil#i (noli valutionali, b!rsif#$ d!s ri "$i f d#n o&"#r#$if +
Al')#r#bi &!ny#$##n b#h-# il&u "oli$i d#n !$i# &!ru"##n
"/r lu#s##n #$#u "!r!&b#n(#n &!$ #fi si # #$#u s!b#(#i &#nif!s$#siny#y#n( $!r$in((i y#i$u $!olo(i* "oli$i "!&!rin$#h#n &!ru"##n j!l&##n
d#ri (#&b#r#n ny#$# ondisi id!#l+ l# &!ny!bu$ $#$#n#n i$u s!b#(#i al-
adinah al5&adilali, su#$u ondisi &#sy#r##$ id!#l y#n( b!rsu&b!r
d#ri id!'id! Y#n( S!&"u&# #$#u %ujud A0#li AI')#r#bi* <?? <6?,
<<6+
A+ NEGARA SE.AGAI SUM.ER HU3UM
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<+ Huu& $id# s#&# d!n(#n !u#s##n+ H#l ini did#s#r#n "#d#
du# #l#s#n
#+ I'Iuu& !hil#n(#n #r$iny# ji# dis#&##n d!n(#n !u#s#,
#n #r!n# huu& b!r&#sud &!n!i"$##n su#$u &#sy#r##$
y#n( #dil+ Tuju#n ini h#ny# $!r!#"#i ji# "!&!rin$#h ju(#
#dil d#n $id# s!&!n# '&!n# d!n(#n !u#s##nny# +
b+ I'Iuu& $id# h#ny# & !&b#$#si !b!b#s#n indi4idu#l
$!rh#, d#" !b !b#s#n indi4idu#l y#n( l#in* &!l#in#n ju(#
!b!, b#s# n -!-!n#n( d#ri y#n ( b!r u#s# d#l #& n!(#r#+
5+ Huu& $id# &!l#-#n "!&!rin $#h n!(#r#* s!b#liny# &!&bu,
$uh#nny# (u n# &!n(#$ur hidu" b!rs #&# + Y#n( dil#-#n #d#l#h
!s!-!n#n('-!n#n(#n indi4idu#l+ H#l ini did#s#r#n "#d# du#
#l#s#n
#+ D#l#& &#sy#r##$ y#n( lu# s * onfli h#ny# d#"#$
di#$#si ol!h !n$i$#s y#n( b!r#d# di #$#s !"!n$in(#n indi4idu
'indi4i, du * y#i$u "!&!rin$#h+
b+ 3!# &#n #n d#l #& hidu" b!r s#& # h#n y# $!rj#rnin bil# #d#
"!&!ri n$# h s!b #(# i " !$u (#s $!r $ib n !(#r# +
c. HUKUM DAN MAS0ARAKAT
A"#bil# i$# b!rbi!#r# &!n(!n#i huu& * &## ##n $!r"iir#n
ol!h i$# su#$u "ros!s "!n(#dil#n* #d# h#i&* j#s#* "!nun$u$ * d#n
"!n (#! #r# * y#n( s!&u#ny# &!n!ob# un$u &!ny!l!s#i#n su#$u "!r,
#r# #(#r $!r"!nuhi su#$u !#dil#n+ A#n $!$#"i huu& bu#n h#ny# di
d#l#& "!n(#dil#n s#j#* &!l#in#n huu& i$u #d# ju(# di B d#l#&
&#sy#r##$+ G!j#l# huu& d#"#$ $!rI ih#$ d#l#& !hidu"#n &#nusi#
s!h#ri 'h#ri * b#i d#l #& !h idu "#n &#n usi # s!/ #r# ind i4 idu &#u"un
s! ! #r # sosi#l+ Ju&l#h (!j #l# huu& i$u s#n(#$l#h b#ny# *
s!hin((# #d#n('#d#n( $id# i$# s#d#r i !b!r#d##nny#+ S!$i#"
-#$u i$# diu#s#i B ol!h huu& * s! j # &#nusi# l#h ir s#&"#i
s!sud#h &#$i+ Hubun(#n &#nusi# d!n(#n &#nusi# l#inny# d#l#& "!r
(#ul#n s!h#ri, h#ri ju(# $id# l!" #s d# ri "!r #$u r#n '"!r#$ur#n y#n(
&!ny!b#b #n #d#, ny# !h idu"#n y#n( b#i d#n $!r#$ur+ P!r#$ur#n'
"!r #$ur #n i$u rn!ru , "# #n "!r#$ur #n y#n ( 2 & !n(!j # - #n $# h2
d#l#& !hidu"#n &#nusi# s!h#r i'h#r i+ Mun(in #d# "!r#$u r#n y#n(
sud#h b!rl#u s!j# j#&#n d#hulu* n#&un &un(in "ul# #d# "!r#$ur#n
b#r u y#n ( s!s u#i d!n(#n !#d##n * -#$u d#n $!&"#$+ D#"#$ s#j#
"!r #$u r#n i$u b!r b!d# #n$#r s# $u b#n(s# d !n (#n b#n (s# y#n( l#in+
D!n(#n d!&ii#n d#"#$ di#$#, #n b#h-# huu& b!rl#u di s!
luru h duni# d#n d#"#$ di#$##n s!b#(#i (!j # l# y#n( b !r sif#$
uni4!rs#l+ N#&un s!/ #r# ny# $# * (!j#l# huu& d#"#$ i$# lih#$
d#l#& und#n('und#n( * !$!$#"#n'!$!$#"#n * d#n ju(# on$r#
"!r j#n ji# n + G !j#l# huu& inil#h y#n( di"/l#j#ri d#l#& il&u huu&
* y#n ( ji # dil ih# $ d#r i sudu$ il& u "!n(!$# hu#n &!ru"##n b#( i#n
d#ri !bud#y# #n A sdi * <?? : 9'@+
S!$i#" b#n (s# & !&"uny#i !bud#y##nny# s!ndiri's!ndiri* &##
huu& "un b!rb !d # #n$#r# b#n( s# s# $u d!n(#n b# n(s# y#n(
l#inny#+ M !nuru$ 4on S#4i(ny Th!o Huijb!r s * <??6 <<@ *
huu& #d#l#h "!&y#$##n ji-# b#n(s# ' 2ol/s g eist #r!n# "#d#
d#s#&y# huu& $id# dibu #$ ol !h &#nusi#* $!$#"i $u&buh d#l#&
&#sy#r##$ * y#n( l#hir * b!r!&b#n ( d#n l!n y#" d#l# & s!j# r#h + D! n(#n
d!&ii#n huu& b!r!&b#n( "ul# d#l#& s!j#r#h + D#l#&
"!&b!n $u#n huu& "!rIu "ul# di"!rh#$i#n !i$#'! i$# b#n (s# d#n
nil#i'nil#i y#n( $!rd#"#$ d#l# & b#n(s # $!rs!bu$+
M!si"un* huu& &!ru"##n b#( i#n !bud#y##n su#$u b#n (s# *
ol!h s!b#b i$u $i#"'$i#" b#n(s# &!&ilii huu& &#sin('&#sin( &!,
l#lui "ros!s s!j#r#h d#n !bud#y##nny#* n#&un $!rd#"#$ su#$u uni4!r,
s#li$#s ju(# d#l#& $#$# huu&'$#$# huu& y#n( b!rl#u di duni# +
3#r!n#ny# " !rlu dib!d##n #n$#r# B"oli$i huu&B y#n( &!ny#n(u$
&#n# d#n ji-# s!bu#h $#$# huu&* d#n B$!ni huu&B y#n(
&!ny#n(u$ !#r# &!&b!n$u huu& Huijb!rs* <?:: <<:'<5<+
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Huu& d#l#& hubun(#nny# d!n(#n !bud#y##n su#$u b#n(s#
d#l#& "!r!&b#n(#nny# di"!l#j#ri s!/#r# !&"iris d#l#& #n$ro"olo(i
huu&+ Disini huu& di"#nd#n( b!r#i$#n d!n(#n nil#i'nil#i bud#y# *
norrn# 'nor&# sosi#l d#n l!&b#(#'I!&b#(# sosi#l * s//#r# husus
d#l#& &#sy#r##$ s!d!rh#n# #$#u "ri&i$i f +
M#sy#r##$ $id# h#ny# di$#nd#i ol!h !bud#y##nny# s!b#(#i
/iri h#sny# * &!l#in#n ju(# ol!h si$u#si sosi#l !ono&iny# y#n(#$u#l+ >l!h s!b#b i$u "!rh#$i#n "!&!rin$#h d#n "#r# s#rj#n# huu&
$id# dib#$#si "#d# nil#i'nil#i !bud#y##n y#n( b!rsi(#$ s"iri$u#l*
&! l#in#n l!bih'I!bih di#r#h#n "#d# !bu$uh#n'!bu$uh#n &#sy#r#,
#$ y#n( b!rsif#$ &#$!ri#l+ P!&/rin$#h &!n(#$ur !hidu"#n &#sy#r#,
#$ s!/#r# huu& #$#s d#s#r si$u#s i sosi#l '!ono&is onr!$ y#n($!r$!n$u+
I<&u y#n( &!&"!l#j#ri huu& d#l#& hubun(#n d!n(#n si$u#si
&#sy#r##$* d#l#& on$!s &# sy#r##$ &od!& #d#l#h sosiolo(i hu,
u&+ Tuju#n sosiolo(i huu& b!r sif#$ "r#$ is* di&#n# y#n( di&#sud
#d#l#h b#h-# und#n('und#n( y#n( dib!n$u sun((uh'sun((uh /o/o
d!n(#n !bu$uh#n'!bu$uh#n d#n /i$#'/i$# su#$u &#sy#r##$ $!r$!n$u +
D. TUJUAN POLITIK HUKUM
S!/#r# urnu& d#l#& sis$/& "oli$i $!rd#"#$ !&"#$ 4#ri#b!l
"oli $i y#n( s!&#$# '&#$# di$uju#n un$u &!r!bu$ d#n &!&"!rol!h
!u#s##n* #-#n d#n l#-#n "oli $i di$!n$u#n s!"!nuhny# ol!h
!"!n$in(#n '!"!n$in(#n "oIi $i s!&#$# s!hin((# $id# #d# l#-#n
d#n #-#n #b#di* y#n( #d# #d #l#h !"!n$in(#n #b#di * y#i$u
!"!n$in(#n !u#s##n + S!d#n( #n d#l#& "ol i$i & or#l * !u#s ##n
bu#n &!ru"#, #n $uju#n #hir * $!$#"i #l#$ "!rju #n (# n d#ri
/i$#'/i$ # &or#l d#n !&#nusi##n+
Ad# b!b /r#"# $uju#n "oIi$i huu& y#n( diur#i#n ol !h
"#r# s#rj#n#* y#i$u
#+ M!nj#&in !#dil#n d#l#& &#sy#r# #$+
Tu(#s u$#&# "!&!rin$#h su#$u N!(#r# i#l#h &!-ujud#n
!#dil#n so/i#l (iustitia sociali s) y# n( dulu dis!bu$ !#dil#n dis$ri
, bu$i 4! (iustitia di striutive). Und#n('und#n( di s!bu$ #dil y#i$u
un, d#n('und#n( y#n ( &!n(#$ur s!d !&i#n ru"# !hidu"#n
&#nusi# di&#n# un$un( d#n b!b#n dib#(i s!/ #r# "#n$#s+ Und #n( '
und#n( y#n( $id# #dil #d#I#h y#n( &!l#n((#r h#'h# &#nusi# #$#u
&/n(un((ul, #n !"!n$in(#n s#I#h s#$u !lo&"o s#j# +
b+ M!n/ i"$##n !$!n$r#&#n hidu" d!n(#n &!&!lih#r# !"#s$i#n
huu&+
3!"#s$i#n huu& b!r#r$i b#h-# d#l#& N!(#r# $/rs !bu$ und#n(,
und#n( sun((uh b!rl#u s!b#(#i huu&* d#n b#h-# "u$us#n'"u$us#n
h#i& b!rsif#$ ons$#n s!su#i d!n(#n und#n('und#n( y#n( b!rl#u+y#i$u
<+ 3!u#s##n ' s!b#(#i /#r# un$u &!n/#"#i h#l y#n( diin(in#n
#n$#r# l#in &!&b#(i su&b!r'su&b! r di #n$#r# !lo&"o'!lo&,
"o d#l#& &#sy#r##$+
5+ 3!"!n$in(#n ' $uju#n y#n( di!j#r ol!h "!l#u #$#u !lo&"o "oIi$i+
9+ 3!bij#s#n##n ' h#sil d#ri in$!r#si #n$#r# !u#s##n d#n
!"!n$in(#n* bi#s#ny# d#l#& b!n$u "!rund#n('und#n(#n+
@+ .ud#y# "oli$i ' ori!n$#si suby!$if d#ri indi4idu $!rh#d#"sis$!& "oli$i+
Mus# Asy B#ri <??? <6C &!&b!d##n "oli$i &!nj#di du#*
"oli $i !u#s#n d#n "oli $i &or#l+ Poli $i !u#s## n #d# l#h $ind##n
/+ M!n#n(#ni !"!n$in(#n'!"!n$in(#n y#n( ny#$# d#l#& !hidu"#n
b!rs#&# s!/#r# onr!$+
3!"!n$in(#n $!rs !bu$ n#&"# d#l#& /i$#'/i$# &#sy#r##$ s!/#r#
ol!$if+ P!&!rin$#h !&udi#n &!n!$#"#n und#n('und#n( un$u
&!nduun( d#n &!n(!&b#n(#n /i$#'/i$# $!r s!bu$+
Tuju#n &#n# y#n( h#rus di"riori$#s#n #n$#r# !#dil#n* !"#s,
$i#n huu& #$#u nil#i 'nil#i husus M!nuru$ Huijb!rs y#n( h#rus
diu$#&##n #d#l#h !#dil#n * y#i$u "!&!lih#r##n h#'h# y#n( b!r#i$ ,
#n d!n(#n $i#" '$i#" &#nusi# s!b#(#i "rib# di+ 3#r!n# h# 'h# #0#si
$id# j#$uh dib#-#h -!-!n#n ( "!& !ri n$# h d#n $id# "!& #h d#"#$
dis!r#h#n !"#d# or#n( l#in+ N !(#r# didiri#n #$#s d#s#r h#'h# i$u
<5
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s!b#(#i #0#s'#0#s s!(#l# huu&+ S!sud# h !#dil#n b#ru !"#s$i#n
huu&* l#lu s#l#h s#$u nil#i husus d#"#$ di"ilh s! b#(# i $uju#n
"ol$ i huu&* s!su#i d!n(#n /i$#'/i$# d#n !bu$uh#n'!bu$uh#n b#n(s#
Huijb!rs * <?? <56+BAB3
PENEGAKAN HUKUM
A. PERAMPASAN KEMERDEKAAN DAN PEMIDANAAN
P!l#n((#r#n huu& &!&b#-# #ib#$ dib!ri#nny# huu&#n
!"#d# si "!l#n((#r+ Huu&#n i$u d#"#$ b!rb!n$u huu&#n fisi *
huu&#n d!nd# #$#u"un huu&#n d#l#& b!n$u l#in+ Ad#ny#
huu&#n y#n( dib!ri#n $!rs!bu$ ##n &!ni&bul#n &#s#l#h y#n(
&!n(#/ u "#d # !#dil#n+ Sud#h #di l#h hu u&#n y#n( dib!ri#n*
hususny# huu&#n y#n( dib!ri#n s!su#i d!n(#n !"u$us#n h#i&
d#n d#l#& huu& l!(#l+ .!rd#s#r#n "!&b!ri#n huu&#n i$u ##n
$i&bul "!r$#ny##n* 2A"##h s!sun((uhny# $uju#n &!&b!ri huu&#n
3!/u#li i$u #"##h huu&#n $! rs! bu$ s!su# i d!n(#n nil#i'nil#i
&or#l2
Mun( in #d# y#n( b!r"!nd#"#$ b#h-# &!&b!ri huu&#n $!r,
s!bu$ b#l#s d!nd#& * #$#u bi#r or#n( b!rs#l#h i$u 2#"o2* j!r#*
s!hin((# $id# &!l#u#nny# l#(i+ A$#u &un(in "ul# s!b#(#i /on$oh
#(#r or#n( l#in $id # &!l#u#n "!l#n((#r#n y#n( s#&# +
S!/#r# u&u&* d#"#$ di#$# #n b#h -# & !&b !ri #n hu u&#n &!ru"##n
"!n(ob#$# n #$#u $r!# $&!n$ * #$#u &!ru"##n d!nd# #r!n# &!l#n((#r
"!r#$ur#n+ A(#r su#$ u huu &#n d#" #$ di#$## n #dil * &## huu&#n
i$u h#&s &!n(#ndun( #s"! l!(#l d#n #s"! &or#l* s!hin((# $!r/#"#i
!$!n$r#&#n l#hir &#u"un b#$in* $id# h#ny# un$u si "!l#n((#r
huu& * &!l#in#n ju(# &#sy#r##$ "#d# u&u&ny#+
T!ori y#n( &!&b!n#r #n "!&b!r i#n huu &#n "#d # s!s!or#n(
y#n( &!l#n((#r huu& d#n dib!n#r#n s!/#r# &or#l #d#l#h $!ori
R!$ribu$i4is&!+ M!nuru$ $!ori ini* d#l#& &!&b!ri huu&#n h#rusl#h
dilih#$ #"##h s!s!or#n( i$u &!l#n((#r huu&+ Un$u &!n(!$#hui h#l
ini "!rlu dilih#$ "!rbu#$#n or#n( i$u "#d# &#s# l#lu + 3#l#u &!&#n(
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or#n( $!rs!bu$ "#d# &#s# l#lu $!l#h&!l#n((#r huu&* sud#h s!"#n,
$#sny#l#h i# + &!n!ri&# huu&#n + M## huu&#n y#n( dib!ri#n
$!rs!bu$ &!ru"##n r!$ribusi b#(i "!l#n((#r#n y#n( di#ib#$#n ol!h
"!l#n((#r#nny# + D!n(#n d!&ii#n $!l#h s!su#i "!&b!ri#n huu&#n
i$u d#n #r!n# i$u $!ori r!$ribusi ini ju(# din#&##n $!ori Pro"or,
sion#li$#s Yon( >hoi$i&ur * <??C 7+
P!n(duun( $!ori ini #d#l#h I&&#nu!l 3#n$ d#n )ri!dri/h
H!(!l+ 3!du# filsuf J!r&#n "#d# #b#d !'<: ini &!&"uny#i "#n ,
d#n(#n y#n( b!rb!d#* n#&un !du#ny# &!ny!$ujui $!ori R!$ribu$i,
4is&!+ 3#n$ &!n(#$##n* b#h-# &!n(huu& #d#l#h !-#jib#n &or#l *
#"#bil# &!&#n( $!rbu$i s!s/or#n( i$u &!l#u#n !s#l#h#n+ J#di
&!nuru$ 3#n$* huu&#n &!ru"##n s!su#$u y#n( h#rus di$!ri&# ol!h
or#n( y#n( b!rs#l#h* d#n huu&#n i$u #d#l#h h#di#h b#(iny#+
P#nd#"#$ B3#n $ ini d#"#$ di# $##n b#h-# #d# du# &#/#& hubun(#n
#n$#r# huu&#n d#n "!l#n((#r#n + Y#n( "!r$#&# * #d# hubun(#n lo(i s
#n$#r# huu&#n d#n "!l#n((#r#n* y#i$u si#"# y#n( &!l#n((#r ##n
&!nd#"#$ huu&#n + 3!du#* huu&#n &!ni&bul#n r#s# &or#l*
#r!n# s!s!or#n( y#n ( b!rbu #$ h#rus b!r$#n((un( j #-#b Y on(
>hoi$i&ur* <??C C'<6+
H!(!l b!r"!nd#"#$ b#h-# huu&#n &!ru"##n !h!nd#
u&u&* general will. Ini $id# b!r#r$i b#h-# gen eral will #d#l#h
!h!nd# ol!$if* $!$#"i g eneral will &!ny#$##n diriny# d#l#&
huu&* d#n di!n#l s!b#(#i huu & "osi$i f y#i$u huu& y#n( s!su#i
d!n(#n r#sio+ Huu& &!n(h#rus#n s!$i#" indi4idu (#rus dih#r(#i
d#n i"!rl#u#n s!b#(#i &#nusi# b!b#s+ M!l#n((#r huu& b!r#r$i
&!l#n((#r !h!nd# b!b#s+ M## &!nuru$ H!(!l* huu&#n #d#l#h
ons!u!nsi d#ri "!rbu#$#n y#n( &!l#n((#r huu& Yon( >hoi$i&!r*
<??C ?'<C+
Di s#&"in( R!$ribu$i4is&! y#n( &!n(#d##n !4#lu#si huu&*
#d# #lir#n y#n( l#in* y#i$u #lir#n U$ili$#ris&!+ 3#u& u$ili$#ri#nis&!
&!n(#$##n b#h-# "!&b!ri#n huu&#n b!r#r$i "!n/!(#h#n* "r!4!n$if+
T!ori ini $!l#h #d# s!j# j#&# n Pl#$o+ P#d# d#s #&y# $!ori ini b!r,
"!ndi ri#n b#h-# huu&#n $id# d#"# $ &!&b#$#l#n !s# l#h#n y#n(
$!l#h dibu#$ ol!h s!s!or#n(* $!$#"i huu&#n i$u jus$ru &!n(in(#$#n
"#d# &#s# d!"# n si "!l#u "!l#n((#r#n + T!ori Pl#$o ini ju(# diiu$i
ol!h b!b!r#"# or#n( filsuf* di #n$#r#ny# ol!h J!r!&y .!n$h# & d#ri
<n((ris+
.!rb!d# d!n(#n $!ori R!$ribu$i4is&! y#n( &!&#nd#n( "#d#
&!&!n$in(#n &#s# d!"#n+ D#&"# #"# y#n( ##n $!rj#diB #"#bil#
s!s!or#n( &!n!ri&# huu&#n+ Huu&#n y#n( dib!ri#n dih#r#"#n
&!n(#ndun( ons!u!nsi "osi$ifb#(i si $!rhuu& d#nju(# b#(i or#n(
l#in hususny#* d#n &#sy#r##$ "#d# u&u&ny#+ P!nd#"#$ ini $!n$u
$id# j#uh b!rb!d# d!n(#n $!ori &or#l U$ili$#ris&! y#n( &!n(#$##n
b#h-# su#$u $ind##n &!&"uny#i nil#i &or#l #"#b il# $ind##n $!r,
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abu ;#hr#h* Muh#&&#d* <??@* Ashul al5&iqh, $!rj !&#h * J##r$#Pus$## )ird#us +
Al ')#r#bi* 3a sail, Hyd !r#b #d* $+$+
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Juni5666
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Ris#l#h Gus$i * !!$ #
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Yo(y##r$# UII Pr!ss+
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